{"id":99,"files":[],"main_image":null,"latitude":"52.368266","longitude":"4.881189","events":[],"subjects":[{"id":396124419,"image":null,"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/","published":true,"uuid":"f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd","name":"Businesses","name_nl":"Bedrijven","name_en":"Businesses","description":"
The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","description_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.
","description_en":"The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","summary":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","summary_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.","summary_en":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","same_as":["https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"],"parent":null,"files":[]},{"id":193,"image":null,"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795/","published":true,"uuid":"b899f734-7c38-4278-a303-32a277fd1795","name":"Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex","name_nl":"Kolen, gas en licht in het Achterhuis","name_en":"Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex","description":"In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.
\r\n\r\nIn early November 1942, the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,[1] meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.[2] As of 10 November 1941, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.[3] As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.[4] Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.
\r\n\r\nDaily newspapers in autumn 1942 warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.[5] In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on 1 December 1942 that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.[6] During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.
\r\n\r\nIn the 1943 St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.[7] In early February '44, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.[8] In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.[9] By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In March '44, Anne writes that "most people" had already run out of coal for a month.[10] This claim gets support in the underground press.[11] She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.
\r\n\r\nThe electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after July '43, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in June 1941.[12] The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent[13] cannot be correct, at least not in November '42. Such a sanction was not really possible until spring 1943 at the earliest.[14] There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.
\r\n\r\nThe office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.[15] In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,[16] one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.[17] As with electricity, the gas ration in mid-1941 was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m3.[18]
\r\n\r\nSanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.[19] There were shortages, though: Anne writes in autumn 1942 about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.[20] Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' Red Cross box was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.[21]
\r\n\r\nMrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in October '42.[22] Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in January '44, according to Anne.[23] Nevertheless, she wrote that in May '43, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.[24] The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.[25] As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.[26] This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in 1943[27] also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.[28] One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.[29]
\r\n\r\nA related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.[30]
\r\n\r\nPfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.[31] Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.[32]
\r\n\r\nDuring the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since 1933. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.[33] Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.[34]
\r\n\r\nMrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on 29 September 1942, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.[35] As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.[36] At St Nicholas celebrations in December that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.[37] In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.[38]
\r\n\r\nIn the spring of 1944, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.[39] Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on 12 May.[40] A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.[41] In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.[42] At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.[43]
\r\n\r\nThe energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.
\r\n\r\nSupplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.
\r\n\r\nThe flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.
\r\n\r\nNaast de aanvoer van kleding en levensmiddelen waren er in het Achterhuis meer zaken nodig, zoals brandstoffen, elektriciteit en gas. Voor de lichaamsverzorging waren zeep, cosmetica, medicijnen en verbandmiddelen nodig. Verder lukte het bij tal van feestelijke gelegenheden bloemen in huis te halen.
\r\n\r\nBegin november 1942 ging in het Achterhuis voor het eerst de kachel aan,[1] wat betekent dat er toen ook brandstof moest zijn. Het particuliere kolenverbruik in Amsterdam was ongeveer 280.000 ton per jaar. Een gemiddeld huishouden gebruikte zo’n 1.200 kilo.[2] Per 10 november 1941 gold voor de kolenhandel een stelsel van klantenbinding door middel van inschrijving bij een leverancier.[3] De families Frank en Van Pels hadden daar als huurders van centraal verwarmde woningen niet mee te maken. Fritz Pfeffer kon als kamerhuurder geen kolentoewijzingen meenemen naar het Achterhuis, omdat die alleen geldig waren voor een specifiek en officieel gehuurd vertrek.[4] Het kan niet anders of de onderduikers liftten mee op de kolenvoorraad van Gies & Co. en Opekta.
\r\n\r\nDagbladen waarschuwden in de herfst van 1942 tegen te enthousiast stoken voordat het werkelijk koud werd.[5] In het dagboekje dat twee Amsterdamse zusters tijdens de oorlogsjaren bijhielden, schreven zij op 1 december 1942 dat hun kolenleverancier al een maand geen antraciet had en zij daarom noodgedwongen parelcokes stookten.[6] In de eerste onderduikwinter was er in Amsterdam al een duidelijk tekort aan brandstof.
\r\n\r\nIn het Sinterklaasgedicht van 1943 werd Peter van Pels geprezen omdat hij kolen haalde en hout hakte.[7] Begin februari ‘44, toen de angst voor een evacuatie van de westelijke steden groeide, schrijft Anne dat er genoeg kolen en brandhout voorhanden waren.[8] In dezelfde maand schrijft ze dat Peter op de zolder hout hakte.[9] De tweede winter in het Achterhuis liep toen al enigszins ten einde. Brandhout kon vanwege de lagere stookwaarde antraciet maar gedeeltelijk vervangen. In maart ‘44 schrijft Anne dat 'de meeste mensen' al een maand zonder kolen zaten.[10] Die bewering krijgt steun in de illegale pers.[11] Over de situatie in het Achterhuis zegt ze niets. Ervan uitgaande dat de acht onderduikers samen een gemiddeld huishouden vormden, en bovendien hun huisvuil moesten verbranden, hadden ze dan toch zo’n tweeduizend kilo steenkool verstookt, dus er moet regelmatige aanvoer van brandstof zijn geweest.
\r\n\r\nHet elektraverbruik van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was niet groot. Meer dan wat lampen, een stofzuiger, waarschijnlijk een elektrische strijkbout en na juli ’43 een klein radiootje waren er niet aanwezig. In de rest van het gebouw waren zwaardere elektrische apparaten in bedrijf. Er kwamen in juni 1941 machines met een gezamenlijk motorvermogen van zo'n 10 PK (7,45 kW) te staan.[12] Het machinepark was daarmee goed voor een aanzienlijk deel van het stroomverbruik in het pand. Annes bewering dat er een 14-daagse stroomafsluiting dreigde[13] kan niet juist zijn, althans niet in november ’42. Een dergelijke sanctie was pas op zijn vroegst in het voorjaar van 1943 werkelijk mogelijk.[14] Er is geen reden om aan te nemen dat die situatie zich daadwerkelijk voordeed.
\r\n\r\nDe kantoorkeuken had een gasgeiser en een tweepits komfoor.[15] In kamer van Van Pels was een kookgelegenheid, waarvan aan te nemen is – gezien het bakken door mevrouw[16] – dat deze van een oven was voorzien. Geiser en komfoor deden dienst bij het baden en de was. In de kantoorruimtes op de eerste verdieping stonden gaskachels.[17] Evenals bij de elektriciteit was het gasrantsoen medio 1941 bepaald op 75 procent van dezelfde perioden in het voorgaande jaar, waarbij een minimum van 60 m3 geldt.[18]
\r\n\r\nMaandverband, watten en andere verbandmiddelen behoorden tot de textielgoederen die vrij van distributieregels blijven.[19] Er was wel schaarste: Anne schrijft in de herfst van 1942 over maandverband dat niet meer te krijgen was.[20] Het dagboek geeft verder nauwelijks inlichtingen over zaken als verband en pleisters. De Rode-Kruis-doos van de Franks behoorde tot de spullen die bij de familie Amende waren ondergebracht, en is dus niet in het Achterhuis aanwezig.[21]
\r\n\r\nMevrouw Van Pels bestelde in oktober ’42 verschillende toiletartikelen bij Johannes Kleiman.[22] Tandpasta “en dergelijke” werden volgens Anne in januari ’44 nog altijd geleverd.[23] Desondanks schrijft ze dat in mei ’43 de shampoo op was, en ze haar moeders haar met groene zeep waste.[24] Het gebrek aan middelen maakte de hygiëne steeds moeilijker.[25] In de regel moest iedereen in Nederland het doen met ongeveer de helft van de voorheen gebruikelijke hoeveelheid zeep.[26] Dit algemene zeeptekort en de hierdoor mede veroorzaakte landelijke vlooienplaag in 1943[27] deden zich ook in het Achterhuis gelden. Fritz Pfeffer kreeg eens per maand een stuk ‘luchtzeep’, en Anne trapte er per ongeluk een stuk af.[28] Een stuk zeep per maand was de gebruikelijke hoeveelheid die de reguliere distributie verschafte.[29]
\r\n\r\nEen verwant hygiënisch probleem deed zich voor bij de kattenbak van Mouschi. Hij plaste naast zijn bak toen er geen turfmolm voor verschoning meer voorhanden is.[30]
\r\n\r\nPfeffer was zowel de tandarts als de huisarts van het gezelschap. Bij een behandeling van het gebit van mevrouw Van Pels gebruikte hij kennelijk eau de cologne als ontsmettingsmiddel en vaseline als was.[31] Anne schrijft dat hij na enige maanden een ‘trapboormachientje’ ontving, en verwachtte dan ook snel een tandartsbehandeling te zullen ondergaan.[32]
\r\n\r\nBep Voskuijls jongere zus Willy werkte tijdens de oorlogsjaren bij farmaceuticabedrijf Brocades Stheeman aan de Looiersgracht, overigens al sinds 1933 een zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Bep vroeg haar zus soms om medicijnen, waarvan later bleek dat die in het Achterhuis belandden.[33] Anne noemt in haar dagboek de aanwezigheid van biomals, valeriaantjes en codeïne.[34]
\r\n\r\nMevrouw Van Pels kreeg op 29 september 1942, haar verjaardag, van haar man rode anjers, van de helpers chrysanten en van de familie Frank - Pfeffer kwam pas in november - rozen.[35] Omdat er geen bolbloemen mochten worden opgekweekt, waren chrysanten het belangrijkste alternatief. De prijzen waren hoog.[36] Bij de Sinterklaasviering in december van dat jaar kregen de dames van de inmiddels drie heren veel bloemen.[37] In die maand werkte de Aalsmeerder bloemenveiling wel, maar vanwege stookverboden en brandstofbeperkingen kwam het enige aanbod uit de ‘koude kas’. Daardoor waren veel gewilde soorten niet verkrijgbaar.[38]
\r\n\r\nIn het voorjaar van 1944 waren er veel klachten over bloemenhandelaren die veel te hoge prijzen rekenden.[39] Desondanks kreeg Otto Franks voor zijn verjaardag op 12 mei rozen en anjers.[40] Een maand later was Anne jarig en kreeg van Pfeffer lathyrussen, terwijl Peter voor haar een bos pioenrozen wist te bemachtigen.[41] Bloemen waren toen nog steeds producten waar fors op werd verdiend.[42] Bij dertig Amsterdamse bloemisten werd de hele voorraad in beslag genomen en gedwongen tegen vastgestelde prijzen verkocht, maar deze meevaller kwam voor Annes verjaardag net te laat.[43]
\r\n\r\nDe energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van Opekta en Gies & Co. in het pand. Kolentoewijzingen en stroomrantsoenen van de bedrijven gaven de onderduikers de gelegenheid zonder eigen inbreng – afgezien van financiële – te stoken en energie te gebruiken.
\r\n\r\nAanvoer van toiletartikelen, medicijnen en aanverwante artikelen waren soms afhankelijk van de distributie, maar veeleer van de externe contacten van de helpers. Deze contacten hielden veelal weer verband met de netwerken rond de bedrijven.
\r\n\r\nDe bloemen dienden natuurlijk het moreel, maar waren uiteindelijk toch een vorm van luxe. Uit de regelmatige aanvoer van bloemen blijkt dat er gedurende de hele onderduikperiode toch financiële ruimte voor zulke uitgaven was.
\r\n\r\nIn addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.
\r\n\r\nIn early November 1942, the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,[1] meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.[2] As of 10 November 1941, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.[3] As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.[4] Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.
\r\n\r\nDaily newspapers in autumn 1942 warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.[5] In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on 1 December 1942 that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.[6] During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.
\r\n\r\nIn the 1943 St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.[7] In early February '44, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.[8] In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.[9] By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In March '44, Anne writes that "most people" had already run out of coal for a month.[10] This claim gets support in the underground press.[11] She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.
\r\n\r\nThe electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after July '43, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in June 1941.[12] The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent[13] cannot be correct, at least not in November '42. Such a sanction was not really possible until spring 1943 at the earliest.[14] There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.
\r\n\r\nThe office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.[15] In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,[16] one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.[17] As with electricity, the gas ration in mid-1941 was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m3.[18]
\r\n\r\nSanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.[19] There were shortages, though: Anne writes in autumn 1942 about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.[20] Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' Red Cross box was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.[21]
\r\n\r\nMrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in October '42.[22] Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in January '44, according to Anne.[23] Nevertheless, she wrote that in May '43, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.[24] The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.[25] As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.[26] This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in 1943[27] also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.[28] One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.[29]
\r\n\r\nA related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.[30]
\r\n\r\nPfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.[31] Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.[32]
\r\n\r\nDuring the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since 1933. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.[33] Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.[34]
\r\n\r\nMrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on 29 September 1942, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.[35] As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.[36] At St Nicholas celebrations in December that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.[37] In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.[38]
\r\n\r\nIn the spring of 1944, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.[39] Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on 12 May.[40] A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.[41] In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.[42] At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.[43]
\r\n\r\nThe energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.
\r\n\r\nSupplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.
\r\n\r\nThe flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.
\r\n\r\nAddresses: Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nBrocades-Stheeman, since 1927 fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,[2] was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.[3] The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.[4] The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on 10 August 1934. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.[5] Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.[6]
\r\n\r\nOn Tuesday, 30 November 1934, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the Groene-Kruis building in Lisse.[7] As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.
\r\n\r\nIn 1938, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.[8] The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In 1940, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.[9]
\r\n\r\nBep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.
\r\n\r\nAdressen: Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nBrocades-Stheeman, sinds 1927 voluit N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,[2] was een farmaceutisch bedrijf dat zaken deed met de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.[3] Firmant van het bedrijf was P.J. Stheeman.[4] De commissarissen van Brocades richtten op 10 augustus 1934 de N.V. Sangostop op. Dit bedrijf was vernoemd naar het bloedstelpend middel dat door de vennootschap werd gefabriceerd. Naast dit middel maakte ze ook andere chemische en farmaceutische producten.[5] Sangostop werd geproduceerd met pectine van Pomosin.[6]
\r\n\r\nDinsdag 20 november 1934 demonstreerde een vertegenwoordiger van Brocades-Stheeman uit Meppel het artikel Opekta voor de Ned. Chr. Vrouwenbond in het Groene-Kruisgebouw in Lisse.[7] Voor zover bekend was deze promotie, door een andere partij dan Opekta, eenmalig.
\r\n\r\nBrocades-Stheeman was in 1938 debiteur van Opekta voor ruim twaalfhonderd gulden.[8] De fabriek van Brocades in Meppel vulde voor Opekta zakjes met droge pectine. In 1940 mengde het bedrijf voor Opekta nog wel twaalfhonderd kilo droge pectine, maar kon het verpakken er niet meer bij doen.[9]
\r\n\r\nBep Voskuijls zus Willy werkt in de oorlogsjaren bij Brocades. Zij kon zo aan vitaminepreparaten en andere middelen komen, die zij deels ook aan Bep gaf.
\r\n\r\nAddresses: Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nBrocades-Stheeman, since 1927 fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,[2] was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.[3] The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.[4] The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on 10 August 1934. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.[5] Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.[6]
\r\n\r\nOn Tuesday, 30 November 1934, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the Groene-Kruis building in Lisse.[7] As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.
\r\n\r\nIn 1938, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.[8] The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In 1940, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.[9]
\r\n\r\nBep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.
\r\n\r\n