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"uuid": "08fd1bc5-beab-416c-bae2-857a189bb409",
"name": "010_010",
"title": "Prinsengracht 263, waar Opekta was gevestigd, 1947",
"alt": "Carel Blazer. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
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"id": 284,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf2de677-9784-493d-b179-c4034e48c92f/",
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"name": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"name_nl": "Inbraak in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank",
"name_en": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"content": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hans Wijnberg en zijn zus Els, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen. Ze hadden de noten al gepakt toen ze hoorden dat het toilet werd doorgetrokken. Ze begrepen toen dat er mensen in het pand waren en maakten zich snel uit de voeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In haar dagboek beschrijft Anne vier inbraken. De eerste inbraak werd gepleegd door twee kinderen uit de buurt.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"same_as": null,
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{
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"name": "SAA 5225-2036 9 april 1944.PNG",
"title": "Melding van poging tot inbraak in het pand Prinsengracht 263",
"alt": "Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
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"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/3d65f630-4e2a-4c22-b725-d16c80bdf6b1/",
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"name": "Break-in at Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Inbraak in Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Break-in at Prinsengracht 263",
"content": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rond half tien in de avond van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> ontdekte Peter, die in de regel de deuren voor de nacht controleerde, dat er iets loos was. Hij alarmeerde stilletjes 'de heren' en zij gingen poolshoogte nemen. Later vertelden zij de in de schuilplaats achtergebleven dames dat de inbrekers nog aan de magazijndeur wrikten toen zij vanaf de trap het pakhuis inkwamen. Van Pels riep 'politie', waarop de inbrekers vluchtten. Maar niet zonder nog eens een plank van de deur te trappen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteraard was de kans groot dat de politie de geforceerde deur zou opmerken, en dat gebeurde ook. Slegers surveilleerde al jarenlang in binnenstad langs panden waarvoor hij als nachtwaker was ingehuurd. Daarbij trof hij geregeld verdachte situaties en zijn naam duikt dan ook in tal van politierapporten op. De agent die hij waarschuwde, Cornelis den Boef, doorzocht rond kwart voor elf het pand maar trof zijn inziens niets verdachts aan. Hij rapporteerde later op de avond aan de wachtcommandant van bureau Warmoesstraat: 'Binnenshuis was van diefstal echter niets te constateeren.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan de andere kant van de boekenkast zaten de onderduikers in grote angst. Anne schreef in haar dagboek: 'Stappen in huis, privékantoor, keuken, dan..... onze trap, niemand ademde nu hoorbaar, 8 harten bonkten, stappen op onze trap, dan gerammel aan de draaikast. Dit moment is onbeschrijvelijk.' Tot overmaat van ramp was het deze zondag eerste Paasdag, wat betekende dat het kantoorpersoneel pas dinsdag zou komen. Tot zolang verkeerden de onderduikers in onzekerheid over wat er gaande was en zaten zij in doodse stilte bijeen in de kamer van Van Pels, in de veronderstelling dat er wel politie in het gebouw de wacht zou houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dinsdagochtend lukte het Jo Kleiman telefonisch te bereiken. Kort daarna verschenen Jan en Miep Gies, en bleek de kust - voorlopig - redelijk veilig. Later hoorde Jan van groenteman Van Hoeve dat ook hij het gat in de deur had opgemerkt, maar dacht er beter geen politie bij te halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-04-09",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In de avond van 9 april 1944 zag nachtwaker Martin Slegers dat er een deurpaneel van Prinsengracht 263 was geforceerd en waarschuwde een politieagent.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "012_067",
"title": "Overloop met de boekenkast",
"alt": "Vervaardiger Maria Austria. Collectie Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/aecf1efe-2eb5-f666-4f38-7f2aa2f946c0.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De ruimte waar de draaibare boekenkast staat",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "In Copyright (rechten Derden)"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9416a2c0-6022-4bfe-8ffb-2abb17e6e9f6/",
"subjects": [
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"published": true,
"uuid": "9416a2c0-6022-4bfe-8ffb-2abb17e6e9f6",
"name": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"name_nl": "De ontdekking van de boekenkast",
"name_en": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de draaibare boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd helper Victor Kugler tijdens een inval van de Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst meegenomen om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Daarbij ontdekten zij de draaibare boekenkast die toegang gaf tot het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
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"name": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"name_nl": "De arrestatie van de onderduikers",
"name_en": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de SD al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriend drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers werden samen met Kleiman en Kugler voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werden de onderduikers overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> getransporteerd naar Westerbork. Kleiman en Kugler werden na verhoor opgesloten in het Huis van Bewaring II op de Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). Daar verbleven ze bijna zes weken totdat ze op <strong>7 september</strong> werden overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring I op de Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen).</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (Nl-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 deed een arrestatieteam van Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
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"name": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler",
"name_en": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> rond half elf 's ochtends viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was. Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de <em>Sichterheitsdienst</em> (SD) al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriende drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman noemde in<strong> januari 1948</strong> de SD' ers Karl Silberbauer en (rechercheurs) Gezinus Gringhuis en Willem Grootendorst die het kantoor binnenkwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler, die op dat moment directeur van Opekta/Pectacon was. De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van de <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) na de oorlog, werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’ </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk werd Kugler samen met de acht onderduikers en Kleiman naar het gebouw van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Kugler noemde in zijn vrij summiere verklaring voor de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van <strong>14 januari 1948</strong> geen details over de arrestatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964), NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dosier van Maaren, procesverbaal; In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de inval van 4 augustus 1944 van het Achterhuis werden ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124465,
"image": {
"id": 1002,
"uuid": "74898da1-bdff-4cbb-8b9e-c3dd1c2a711a",
"name": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co.",
"title": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Papier_en_stempels_Gies__Co.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Papier en clichés Gies & Co. De locatie van het bedrijf, aan de voet van de Westertoren, zit verwerkt in het logo.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf",
"name": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_nl": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_en": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"description": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Share ownership</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_nl": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. werd opgezet omdat Pectacon, een van de bedrijven van Otto Frank, wegens ariseringsmaatregelen gevaar liep te worden geliquideerd. Aanvankelijk heette het bedrijf La Synthèse. Deze firma werd op <strong>23 oktober 1940</strong> opgericht door Victor Kugler en Jan Gies. Op <strong>4 november 1940</strong> werd de nieuwe firma ingeschreven in het handelsregister met Victor Kugler als eigenaar en directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris en aandeelhouder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was gevestigd op het privé-adres van Victor Kugler in Hilversum. Kugler bezat vijftien aandelen ter waarde van 1.500 gulden in totaal; Jan Gies bezat de rest van de aandelen ter waarde van 500 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vertegenwoordigers waren Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naamsverandering</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Evenals Pectacon legde het bedrijf zich toe op handel in en fabricage van chemicaliën en levensmiddelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>8 mei 1941 </strong>veranderden Kugler en Gies de bedrijfsnaam in N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. Dit op last van de secretaris-generaal van Justitie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank zei hierover in <strong>1963</strong> dat de zaak "<em>haar Frans klinkende naam, wijl zij een onderneming was van Duitse afkomst, moest laten vallen."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Aanwijzingen dat het ministerie bezwaar tegen Frans klinkende namen had zijn er verder niet. Wel bepaalde het vaker dat wijziging nodig was, bijvoorbeeld wanneer een bedrijfsnaam teveel op een andere leek. Op <strong>19 augustus 1941 </strong>registreerde het Handelsregister de nieuwe bedrijfsnaam, en werd Jan Gies ingeschreven als commissaris van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als commissaris had Jan Gies de bevoegdheid alle lokaliteiten van de onderneming te betreden. Zodoende was het ook niet ongewoon dat hij veel aanwezig was en later bijvoorbeeld met nachtwaker Slegers over de inbraak van <strong>april 1944 </strong>sprak.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Vliegende start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf<strong> september 1941 </strong>ging Pectacon, op voorstel van Johannes Kleiman, in liquidatie. De voorraden en machines werden met verlies aan Gies & Co. verkocht. Ook allerhande andere kosten kwamen nog ten laste van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kunstgreep voorkwam dat deze goederen, of hun waarde, ten goede kwamen van Duitse instellingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Gies & Co. op <strong>29 oktober 1941</strong> verhuisde naar de Prinsengracht 263, nam het het huurcontract over van Opekta. Opekta werd vervolgens onderhuurder van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ook ontving het een voorschot van 5.000 gulden van Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Met het voorschot van Opekta en de door Pectacon gedragen kosten kon Gies & Co. een vliegende start maken.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Cruciaal voor de onderduik</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vrijwel zeker was Gies & Co. het belangrijkst voor de financiering van de onderduik in het Achterhuis. Voor het belang van Gies & Co. in dit verband zijn drie aanwijzingen. Als eerste benoemde Otto Frank expliciet dat Kugler specerijen verkocht buiten de boekhouding ter financiering van de noden in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ten tweede was Gies & Co. volledig ‘arisch’ waardoor het zich makkelijk aan Duits toezicht kon onttrekken. Ten derde, Van Pels en Otto Frank waren woedend toen Kugler laboratoriumproefjes deed in plaats van de leverantie voor specerijenmakelaar Westermann in orde te maken. Dit alles onderstreept dat Gies & Co. van cruciaal belang was voor de onderduik.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Aandelenbezit</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de oorlogsjaren had Otto Frank uiteraard geen formele banden met het bedrijf. Een briefje in het Hofhuisarchief geeft een overzicht van het aandelenbezit, vermoedelijk gedateerd in eind <strong>1943</strong> of begin <strong>1944</strong>. Op papier bezat Kleiman 3.500, Gies 2.500 en Kugler 4.000 gulden. De investeringen in aandelen en deposito van Kleiman en Otto Frank liepen zo door elkaar heen, dat het erop lijkt alsof Otto's en Kleimans geld één geheel vormden. Wie welke aanspraak precies kon maken is niet helder. Wel is duidelijk dat Otto in Gies & Co. heeft geïnvesteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gaf op per <strong>1 september 1945</strong> aandelen Gies & Co. te bezitten met een nominale waarde van 5.800 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong> beschikte hij over 58 procent van de aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Forse verliezen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>april ’50</strong> traden Otto Frank en Pal Klein als commissarissen tot de N.V. toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In<strong> januari 1954 </strong>bezat Otto Frank voor 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co. (en 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Pectacon was uiteindelijk namelijk niet geliquideerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Het bedrijf leed in de <strong>eerste helft van de jaren '50</strong> forse verliezen. Over <strong>1953 </strong>respectievelijk 5.200 gulden en ruim 14.000 gulden over <strong>1954</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>maart ’55 </strong>kondigde Kugler liquidatie van Gies & Co. aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> maar een paar weken later was dit gevaar geweken, want Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel uit Rotterdam verklaarde zich onder voorwaarden bereid Gies & Co. over te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> En dat gebeurde ook. Of Jan Gies bij de zaak betrokken bleef tot de overname door Verstegen is niet bekend. Kugler emigreerde in <strong>juni 1955</strong> naar Canada.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_en": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Share ownership</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"summary": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"summary_nl": "Gies & Co. was een nieuwe onderneming die, omdat het geen Joods bedrijf was, Otto Frank's bedrijf Pectacon verving in verband met anti-Joodse maatregelen.",
"summary_en": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124655,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140",
"name": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"name_nl": "Opekta en Gies & Co na de inval van 4 augustus 1944",
"name_en": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"description": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Johannes Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de inval van vier augustus bleven de firma’s Gies & Co en Opekta zonder directie achter. Het personeel, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies op kantoor en magazijnchef Willem van Maaren en zijn los-vaste werkers, zette de zaken desondanks voort. En natuurlijk met Jan Gies, die altijd nog commissaris van Gies & Co was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was een beetje improviseren. Aanvankelijk gaf de Duitse politieman Silberbauer de sleutels van het pand aan Miep, en zij gaf ze weer door aan Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong> zei Miep tegen de Rijksrecherche dat Van Maaren bij haar om de sleutels kwam omdat ‘ze’ (d.w.z. de <em>SD</em>) zeiden dat hij ze moest hebben. Volgens Van Maaren deed zij het uit eigen beweging. Hij gaf ook een praktisch argument: Kugler opende de deuren altijd om half negen voor het magazijnpersoneel, terwijl Miep pas om negen uur op kantoor kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler verklaarde in <strong>september 1945</strong> dat vertegenwoordiger Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar destijds had willen proberen de <em>directie</em>, dat wil zeggen Kugler en Kleiman, op de Euterpestraat vrij te kopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In een gesprek met de journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>eind jaren vijftig</strong> bevestigde Miep Gies het initiatief van Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Zij sprak daar over de ‘Verhafteten’. In <strong>1963</strong> vertelde ze nog eens aan de Rijksrecherche dat zij met geld ‘de gearresteerden’ wilde vrijkopen, zonder daarbij Daatzelaar nog te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In hoeverre echt de hoop leefde ook de <em>onderduikers </em>vrij te kunnen kopen is niet te zeggen. De directeuren waren opgepakt om wat ze hadden gedaan, de onderduikers om wie ze waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de dagen na de inval ging Van Maaren nog naar het Huis van Bewaring (HvB) toe om wat receptuur aan Kugler te vragen. Toen Kleiman en Kugler uit het HvB vertrokken, was het aanvankelijk onduidelijk waar zij naartoe gingen. Op <strong>29 augustus</strong> schreef Miep Gies aan een hulpverleenster in Kamp Vught met de vraag of zij daar wellicht waren heengebracht. Zij schreef daarbij dat een van hen maaglijder was, en doelde daarmee op Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een antwoord is niet bekend, maar later zou blijken dat het tweetal in Kamp Amersfoort was opgesloten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 september</strong> kwam Johannes Kleiman weer vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort. Vanwege zijn maagklachten had het Rode Kruis zich voor zijn vrijlating ingespannen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij verscheen weer op de Prinsengracht om zijn taak op zich te nemen. Zo gingen de twee bedrijven langzaamaan de laatste oorlogswinter tegemoet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel geen van de onderduikers Van Maaren kende, spraken zij met de helpers geregeld over hem. Zijn mogelijke betrokkenheid bij diefstallen uit het pand kwam daarbij naar voren. Er zijn echter geen aangiften uit de onderduikperiode bekend. Dat werd in de latere wintermaanden anders. Op <strong>16 januari 1945</strong> deed vertegenwoordiger Broks bij de recherche op politiebureau Singel namens Gies & Co. aangifte van diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker. Broks zei ‘geen vermoeden’ te hebben van de dader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Otto Frank en zijn medewerkers in <strong>1948</strong> een zaak tegen Van Maaren aanspanden bleek deze echter wel verdacht te zijn geweest. Zijn huis was door rechercheurs, kennelijk in het bijzijn van Broks, doorzocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Die huiszoeking leverde niets op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn weinig gegevens over hoe de bedrijven de laatste winter verder doorkwamen. In de persoonlijke sfeer valt te vermelden dat in december de moeder van Jan Gies en in februari de vader van Johannes Kleiman overleden. In zakelijk opzicht zijn de bronnen schaars. Het jaarverslag van Opekta over <strong>1944</strong> vermeldde: ‘De goede verstandhouding en samenwerking met de firma Gies & Co., bleef even als voorheen bestendigd.’ Het vermeldde eveneens dat door de luchtoorlog tal van Duitse industrieën, waaronder pectineproducent Pomosin, waren stilgevallen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Pas na de bevrijding kon serieus werk worden gemaakt van de wederopbouw van de bedrijven. En van het land.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Johannes Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A/Opekta/I/10: Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
"summary_nl": "Door de arrestatie van de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman was de directie van Gies & Co en Opekta weg. De drie andere helpers, Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl, bleven vrij en zetten het bedrijf voort. Kleiman kwam na zijn vrijlating (18 september 1944) terug op kantoor.",
"summary_en": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c/",
"published": true,
"name": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"uuid": "c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"content": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf 1960 is hier het Anne Frank Huis gevestigd.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884037 52.3753)",
"summary": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Kantoor en magazijn-werkplaats van Opekta, Pectacon en Gies & Co. van 1940 tot 1955. Het achterhuis was van juli 1942 tot augustus 1944 de schuilplaats van de familie Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
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"street": "Prinsengracht 263",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
284,
302,
161,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf2de677-9784-493d-b179-c4034e48c92f/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf2de677-9784-493d-b179-c4034e48c92f",
"name": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"name_nl": "Inbraak in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank",
"name_en": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"content": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hans Wijnberg en zijn zus Els, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen. Ze hadden de noten al gepakt toen ze hoorden dat het toilet werd doorgetrokken. Ze begrepen toen dat er mensen in het pand waren en maakten zich snel uit de voeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In haar dagboek beschrijft Anne vier inbraken. De eerste inbraak werd gepleegd door twee kinderen uit de buurt.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
196,
91
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{
"type": "event",
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"latitude": "50.11912",
"longitude": "8.66336",
"events": [
{
"id": 126,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/56a658bd-410d-49ee-8829-27f9ade4163a/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47",
"published": true,
"uuid": "56a658bd-410d-49ee-8829-27f9ade4163a",
"name": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_nl": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_en": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"content": "<p>Werthauer lived at two addresses in Frankfurt before ending up at the address Wiesenau 8 in <strong>1932</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From there he left for Amsterdam, followed a few months later by his wife and children.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Werthauer woonde op twee adressen in Frankfurt alvorens in <strong>1932</strong> terecht te komen op het adres Wiesenau 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Van daaruit vertrok hij naar Amsterdam, na enkele maanden gevolgd door vrouw en kinderen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Werthauer lived at two addresses in Frankfurt before ending up at the address Wiesenau 8 in <strong>1932</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From there he left for Amsterdam, followed a few months later by his wife and children.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1923-01-01",
"date_end": "1933-11-22",
"summary": "Until November 1933, the Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt.",
"summary_nl": "Tot november 1933 woonde de familie Werthauer in Frankfurt.",
"summary_en": "Until November 1933, the Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
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"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47/",
"published": true,
"name": "Home of Werthauer family in Frankfurt",
"name_nl": "Woning Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_en": "Home of Werthauer family in Frankfurt",
"uuid": "e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47",
"content": "<p>The Werthauer family lived on on two addresses in Frankfurt before moving to this address in <strong>1932</strong>.<strong> </strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770, <a href=\"https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika\" target=\"_blank\">https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika</a> (geraadpleegd 22 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De Werthauers woonden op twee adressen in Frankfurt alvorens in <strong>1932 </strong>terecht te komen op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770, <a href=\"https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika\" target=\"_blank\">https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika</a> (geraadpleegd 22 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Werthauer family lived on on two addresses in Frankfurt before moving to this address in <strong>1932</strong>.<strong> </strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyhby\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770, <a href=\"https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika\" target=\"_blank\">https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/periodika</a> (geraadpleegd 22 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (8.663360000000001 50.11912)",
"summary": "The Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt until November 1933.",
"summary_nl": "De familie Werthauer woonde tot november 1933 in Frankfurt.",
"summary_en": "The Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt until November 1933.",
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"street": "Wiesenau 8 II",
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"city": "Frankfurt am Main",
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"land": "Duitsland",
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126
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/56a658bd-410d-49ee-8829-27f9ade4163a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "56a658bd-410d-49ee-8829-27f9ade4163a",
"name": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_nl": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"name_en": "Familie Werthauer in Frankfurt",
"content": "<p>Werthauer lived at two addresses in Frankfurt before ending up at the address Wiesenau 8 in <strong>1932</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From there he left for Amsterdam, followed a few months later by his wife and children.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Werthauer woonde op twee adressen in Frankfurt alvorens in <strong>1932</strong> terecht te komen op het adres Wiesenau 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Van daaruit vertrok hij naar Amsterdam, na enkele maanden gevolgd door vrouw en kinderen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Werthauer lived at two addresses in Frankfurt before ending up at the address Wiesenau 8 in <strong>1932</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From there he left for Amsterdam, followed a few months later by his wife and children.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jok6m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtlicher Frankfurter Adreßbuch </em>1932, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1932, deel I, p. 770. De eerste vermelding in de stad is in 1923: <em>Adreßbuch für Frankfurt am Main und Umgebung </em>1923. <em>Unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em>, deel I, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl GmbH, 1923, p. 616.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1923-01-01",
"date_end": "1933-11-22",
"summary": "Until November 1933, the Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt.",
"summary_nl": "Tot november 1933 woonde de familie Werthauer in Frankfurt.",
"summary_en": "Until November 1933, the Werthauer family lived in Frankfurt.",
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396124556
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"title": "Diploma voor de stage van Victor Kugler als electricien bij de Handswerkskammer, Münster, 7 september 1920",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: onbekend. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Schachtanlage Scholven, Gelsenkirchen.",
"title": "Schachtanlage Scholven, Gelsenkirchen, juli 1922.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Uitgever: Allgemeiner Verkehrsverein für den Stadtkreis Buer e.V.",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
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{
"id": 201,
"main_image": {
"id": 1134,
"uuid": "5233bd05-b622-463d-9afd-829f3ac38a5a",
"name": "undefined",
"title": "Diploma voor de stage van Victor Kugler als electricien bij de Handswerkskammer, Münster, 7 september 1920",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: onbekend. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/922e41ec-328d-6f4f-c69f-72e24b3aa3d7.jpg",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5c30932a-9a7e-4bc5-83fd-c6c66e6f89eb/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/70f873fd-626d-4e78-adff-965921995437",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5c30932a-9a7e-4bc5-83fd-c6c66e6f89eb",
"name": "Victor Kugler trains as an electrical engineer",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler volgt een opleiding tot elektrotechnicus",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler trains as an electrical engineer",
"content": "<p>During his employment at the Schachtanlage Scholven in Zweckel-Gladbeck, Kugler trained as an electrician. He received his certificate on <strong>7 September 1920</strong> from the <em>Handwerkskammer Müster i/Westpf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_022: Lehrbrief Handwerkskammer te Münster van Victor Kugler, 7 september 1920.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Tijdens zijn dienstverband bij de Schachtanlage Scholven in Zweckel-Gladbeck volgde Kugler een opleiding tot elektrotechnicus. Het certificaat hiervoor ontving hij op <strong>7 september 1920 </strong>van de <em>Handwerkskammer Münster i/Westpf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_022: Lehrbrief Handwerkskammer te Münster van Victor Kugler, 7 september 1920.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During his employment at the Schachtanlage Scholven in Zweckel-Gladbeck, Kugler trained as an electrician. He received his certificate on <strong>7 September 1920</strong> from the <em>Handwerkskammer Müster i/Westpf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_022: Lehrbrief Handwerkskammer te Münster van Victor Kugler, 7 september 1920.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1920-09-07",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Kugler trained as an electrical engineer.",
"summary_nl": "Kugler volgde een opleiding tot elektrotechnicus.",
"summary_en": "Kugler trained as an electrical engineer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/70f873fd-626d-4e78-adff-965921995437/",
"published": true,
"name": "Schachtanlage Scholven",
"name_nl": "Schachtanlage Scholven",
"name_en": "Schachtanlage Scholven",
"uuid": "70f873fd-626d-4e78-adff-965921995437",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (7.0034 51.5969)",
"summary": "Mining company where Victor Kugler trained as an electrical engineer.",
"summary_nl": "Mijnbouwbedrijf waar Victor Kugler een opleiding volgde tot elektrotechnicus.",
"summary_en": "Mining company where Victor Kugler trained as an electrical engineer.",
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"street": "Glückaufstraße",
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"city": "Gelsenkirchen",
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201
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"published": true,
"uuid": "5c30932a-9a7e-4bc5-83fd-c6c66e6f89eb",
"name": "Victor Kugler trains as an electrical engineer",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler volgt een opleiding tot elektrotechnicus",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler trains as an electrical engineer",
"content": "<p>During his employment at the Schachtanlage Scholven in Zweckel-Gladbeck, Kugler trained as an electrician. He received his certificate on <strong>7 September 1920</strong> from the <em>Handwerkskammer Müster i/Westpf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_022: Lehrbrief Handwerkskammer te Münster van Victor Kugler, 7 september 1920.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Tijdens zijn dienstverband bij de Schachtanlage Scholven in Zweckel-Gladbeck volgde Kugler een opleiding tot elektrotechnicus. Het certificaat hiervoor ontving hij op <strong>7 september 1920 </strong>van de <em>Handwerkskammer Münster i/Westpf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_022: Lehrbrief Handwerkskammer te Münster van Victor Kugler, 7 september 1920.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During his employment at the Schachtanlage Scholven in Zweckel-Gladbeck, Kugler trained as an electrician. He received his certificate on <strong>7 September 1920</strong> from the <em>Handwerkskammer Müster i/Westpf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqxw9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_022: Lehrbrief Handwerkskammer te Münster van Victor Kugler, 7 september 1920.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1920-09-07",
"date_start": null,
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"title": "Diploma van de Nederlandsche Handelscorrespondentie voor Victor Kugler, Leiden, 21 maart 1923",
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"name": "Victor Kugler takes a course in Dutch commercial correspondence",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler volgt cursus Nederlandse handelscorrespondentie",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler takes a course in Dutch commercial correspondence",
"content": "<p>Victor Kugler successfully completed a course in Dutch commercial correspondence. His diploma was signed in Leiden on <strong>21 May 1923</strong> by H. Vissinga, teacher of bookkeeping, Dutch and French language and commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"of08g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vissinga offered written courses in bookkeeping, commercial accounting and Dutch commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"of08g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, A_Kugler_I_024: Diploma t.n.v. Victor Gustave Kugler, d.d. 23 maart 1923.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Advertenties", <em>Het Volk. Dagblad voor de arbeiderspartij</em>, 10 juni 1922.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Victor Kugler volgde met goed resultaat een cursus Nederlandse handelscorrespondentie. Zijn diploma werd op <strong>21 mei 1923 </strong>in Leiden ondertekend door H. Vissinga, leraar boekhouden en onderwijzer Nederlandse en Franse taal en handelscorrespondentie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"of08g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Vissinga bood schriftelijke cursussen boekhouden, handelsrekenen en Nederlandse handelscorrespondentie aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"of08g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, A_Kugler_I_024: Diploma t.n.v. Victor Gustave Kugler, d.d. 23 maart 1923.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Advertenties", <em>Het Volk. Dagblad voor de arbeiderspartij</em>, 10 juni 1922.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Victor Kugler successfully completed a course in Dutch commercial correspondence. His diploma was signed in Leiden on <strong>21 May 1923</strong> by H. Vissinga, teacher of bookkeeping, Dutch and French language and commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"of08g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vissinga offered written courses in bookkeeping, commercial accounting and Dutch commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"of08g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, A_Kugler_I_024: Diploma t.n.v. Victor Gustave Kugler, d.d. 23 maart 1923.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Advertenties", <em>Het Volk. Dagblad voor de arbeiderspartij</em>, 10 juni 1922.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1923-05-21",
"date_start": null,
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"summary": "Victor Kugler took a course in Dutch commercial correspondence.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
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"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
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"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"name": "Victor Kugler takes a course in Dutch commercial correspondence",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler volgt cursus Nederlandse handelscorrespondentie",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler takes a course in Dutch commercial correspondence",
"content": "<p>Victor Kugler successfully completed a course in Dutch commercial correspondence. His diploma was signed in Leiden on <strong>21 May 1923</strong> by H. Vissinga, teacher of bookkeeping, Dutch and French language and commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"of08g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vissinga offered written courses in bookkeeping, commercial accounting and Dutch commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"of08g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, A_Kugler_I_024: Diploma t.n.v. Victor Gustave Kugler, d.d. 23 maart 1923.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Advertenties", <em>Het Volk. Dagblad voor de arbeiderspartij</em>, 10 juni 1922.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Victor Kugler volgde met goed resultaat een cursus Nederlandse handelscorrespondentie. Zijn diploma werd op <strong>21 mei 1923 </strong>in Leiden ondertekend door H. Vissinga, leraar boekhouden en onderwijzer Nederlandse en Franse taal en handelscorrespondentie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"of08g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Vissinga bood schriftelijke cursussen boekhouden, handelsrekenen en Nederlandse handelscorrespondentie aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"of08g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, A_Kugler_I_024: Diploma t.n.v. Victor Gustave Kugler, d.d. 23 maart 1923.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Advertenties", <em>Het Volk. Dagblad voor de arbeiderspartij</em>, 10 juni 1922.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Victor Kugler successfully completed a course in Dutch commercial correspondence. His diploma was signed in Leiden on <strong>21 May 1923</strong> by H. Vissinga, teacher of bookkeeping, Dutch and French language and commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"of08g\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vissinga offered written courses in bookkeeping, commercial accounting and Dutch commercial correspondence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"of08g\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, A_Kugler_I_024: Diploma t.n.v. Victor Gustave Kugler, d.d. 23 maart 1923.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjclg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Advertenties", <em>Het Volk. Dagblad voor de arbeiderspartij</em>, 10 juni 1922.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1923-05-21",
"date_start": null,
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"summary": "Victor Kugler took a course in Dutch commercial correspondence.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler volgde een cursus Nederlandse handelscorrespondentie.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler took a course in Dutch commercial correspondence.",
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"name": "Victor Kugler escapes during an air raid",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler ontsnapt bij een luchtaanval",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler escapes during an air raid",
"content": "<p>Due to the advance of Allied troops, the prisoners were sent on foot towards Germany at the end of March. During this march, Victor Kugler managed to escape. About his escape and journey home, Kugler wrote the following in <strong>1963</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'On that day [28 March] about 600 prisoners left Wageningen and marched across Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort to Zevenaar, with the intention of proceeding to Germany the next day. On the outskirts of Zevenaar, our column was attacked and fired on by English Spitfires. There were unfortunately some casualties. I took advantage of the confusion and fled into the field.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>After Kugler fled into the field, he reportedly went into hiding 'with a farmer, Mr Barends' and then left by bicycle heading towards the IJssel River. In Lathum, he waited several days in a brickworks until he could be ferried across the river. In Barneveld, he almost fell into the hands of the Gestapo, but on Good Friday he returned home to Hilversum, where he hid until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The chronology of Kugler's escape as he describes it himself may not be entirely accurate. Good Friday fell on<strong> 30 March</strong> in<strong> 1945</strong>. That would mean that everything would have to have taken place in two days, while he wrote that he spent several days at Barends and also several days at the brickworks. Either he escaped earlier than 28 March, or he only got home after Good Friday.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A diarist from Barneveld noted that on<strong> 27 March 1945</strong>, people were taken off the streets there to dig tank barriers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Possibly this was the moment Kugler managed to escape what he called the Gestapo in Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Records from the Historical Society in Zevenaar indicate that the day of Kugler's escape may have been <strong>24 March 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'24-03-1945 Around noon, a German car was destroyed by an Allied fighter. At half past three an Allied fighter carried out an attack on artillery on Arnhemseweg. A column of OT diggers returning from Oosterbeek was hit by 2 bombs. W. Donk (aged 44) and W. Nagtegaal (aged 24) from Utrecht and a German soldier were killed.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mailwisseling met de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Door de opmars van de geallieerde troepen werden de gevangenen eind maart te voet richting Duitsland gestuurd. Tijdens deze tocht wist Victor Kugler te ontsnappen. Over zijn ontvluchting en thuisreis schreef Kugler in <strong>1963</strong> het volgende:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Op die dag [28 maart] vertrokken ongeveer 600 gevangen uit Wageningen en marcheerden over Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort naar Zevenaar, met de bedoeling de volgende dag naar Duitsland te gaan. Bij de ingang van Zevenaar werd onze colonne door Engelse Spitfires aangevallen en beschoten. Er vielen helaas enige doden. Ik maakte van de verwarring gebruik en vluchtte in het veld.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat Kugler het veld in was gevlucht zou hij zijn ondergedoken ‘bij een boer, de heer Barends’ en vervolgens per fiets naar de IJssel zijn vertrokken. In Lathum wachtte hij enkele dagen in een steenbakkerij tot hij de rivier kon worden overgezet. In Barneveld viel hij bijna in handen van de Gestapo, maar op Goede Vrijdag zou hij weer zijn thuisgekomen in Hilversum, waar hij zich tot de bevrijding verborgen hield.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De chronologie van Kuglers ontsnapping zoals hij die zelf beschrijft kan niet helemaal kloppen. Goede Vrijdag viel in <strong>1945</strong><strong> </strong>op<strong> 30 maart</strong>. Alles zou dan in twee dagen hebben moeten plaatsvinden, terwijl hij schreef enkele dagen bij Barends en ook enkele dagen in de steenfabriek te zijn geweest. Ofwel hij ontsnapt eerder dan 28 maart, ofwel hij was pas na Goede Vrijdag thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een dagboekschrijfster uit Barneveld noteerde dat daar op<strong> 27 maart 1945</strong> mensen van de straat zijn geplukt om tankversperringen te graven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mogelijk was dit het moment dat Kugler in Barneveld aan wat hij de Gestapo noemde wist te ontsnappen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit gegevens van de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar blijkt dat de dag van Kuglers ontsnapping mogelijk <strong>24 maart 1945</strong> was:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘24-03-1945 Tegen 12 uur wordt een Duitse auto vernietigd door een Geallieerde jager. Om half vier voert een Geallieerde jager een aanval uit op geschut aan de Arnhemseweg. Een colonne OT gravers die uit Oosterbeek terugkomt wordt getroffen door 2 bommen. W. Donk (44 jaar) en W. Nagtegaal (24 jaar) uit Utrecht en een Duitse soldaat komen hierbij om het leven.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Due to the advance of Allied troops, the prisoners were sent on foot towards Germany at the end of March. During this march, Victor Kugler managed to escape. About his escape and journey home, Kugler wrote the following in <strong>1963</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'On that day [28 March] about 600 prisoners left Wageningen and marched across Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort to Zevenaar, with the intention of proceeding to Germany the next day. On the outskirts of Zevenaar, our column was attacked and fired on by English Spitfires. There were unfortunately some casualties. I took advantage of the confusion and fled into the field.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>After Kugler fled into the field, he reportedly went into hiding 'with a farmer, Mr Barends' and then left by bicycle heading towards the IJssel River. In Lathum, he waited several days in a brickworks until he could be ferried across the river. In Barneveld, he almost fell into the hands of the Gestapo, but on Good Friday he returned home to Hilversum, where he hid until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The chronology of Kugler's escape as he describes it himself may not be entirely accurate. Good Friday fell on<strong> 30 March</strong> in<strong> 1945</strong>. That would mean that everything would have to have taken place in two days, while he wrote that he spent several days at Barends and also several days at the brickworks. Either he escaped earlier than 28 March, or he only got home after Good Friday.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A diarist from Barneveld noted that on<strong> 27 March 1945</strong>, people were taken off the streets there to dig tank barriers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Possibly this was the moment Kugler managed to escape what he called the Gestapo in Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Records from the Historical Society in Zevenaar indicate that the day of Kugler's escape may have been <strong>24 March 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'24-03-1945 Around noon, a German car was destroyed by an Allied fighter. At half past three an Allied fighter carried out an attack on artillery on Arnhemseweg. A column of OT diggers returning from Oosterbeek was hit by 2 bombs. W. Donk (aged 44) and W. Nagtegaal (aged 24) from Utrecht and a German soldier were killed.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mailwisseling met de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1945-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In late March 1945, Victor Kugler was sent to Germany on foot with about 600 fellow prisoners. Near Zevenaar, the column came under fire from British aircraft. Kugler took advantage of the confusion and escaped. After a few days, he arrived home in Hilversum.",
"summary_nl": "Eind maart 1945 werd Victor Kugler met ongeveer 600 medegevangenen lopend naar Duitsland gestuurd. Bij Zevenaar werd de kolonne door Britse vliegtuigen beschoten. Kugler maakte van de verwarring gebruik en vluchtte. Na een paar dagen kwam hij thuis in Hilversum.",
"summary_en": "In late March 1945, Victor Kugler was sent to Germany on foot with about 600 fellow prisoners. Near Zevenaar, the column came under fire from British aircraft. Kugler took advantage of the confusion and escaped. After a few days, he arrived home in Hilversum.",
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"uuid": "f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4",
"name": "Imprisonment",
"name_nl": "Gevangenschap",
"name_en": "Imprisonment",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Imprisonment is the detention of people after an arrest or before or after trial.",
"summary_nl": "Gevangenschap is het vasthouden van mensen na een arrestatie of, voor of na berechting.",
"summary_en": "Imprisonment is the detention of people after an arrest or before or after trial.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1928"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/bcfae2a9-9686-442a-a108-f29c7800cc69/",
"published": true,
"name": "Zevenaar - Arnhemseweg",
"name_nl": "Zevenaar - Arnhemseweg",
"name_en": "Zevenaar - Arnhemseweg",
"uuid": "bcfae2a9-9686-442a-a108-f29c7800cc69",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (6.052437 51.940244)",
"summary": "The railway station and railway yard in Zevenaar were frequent targets of Allied air raids.",
"summary_nl": "Het station en spooremplacement in Zevenaar waren veelvuldig doelwit van geallieerde luchtaanvallen.",
"summary_en": "The railway station and railway yard in Zevenaar were frequent targets of Allied air raids.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "",
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"city": "Zevenaar",
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"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "Victor Kugler escapes during an air raid",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler ontsnapt bij een luchtaanval",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler escapes during an air raid",
"content": "<p>Due to the advance of Allied troops, the prisoners were sent on foot towards Germany at the end of March. During this march, Victor Kugler managed to escape. About his escape and journey home, Kugler wrote the following in <strong>1963</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'On that day [28 March] about 600 prisoners left Wageningen and marched across Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort to Zevenaar, with the intention of proceeding to Germany the next day. On the outskirts of Zevenaar, our column was attacked and fired on by English Spitfires. There were unfortunately some casualties. I took advantage of the confusion and fled into the field.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>After Kugler fled into the field, he reportedly went into hiding 'with a farmer, Mr Barends' and then left by bicycle heading towards the IJssel River. In Lathum, he waited several days in a brickworks until he could be ferried across the river. In Barneveld, he almost fell into the hands of the Gestapo, but on Good Friday he returned home to Hilversum, where he hid until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The chronology of Kugler's escape as he describes it himself may not be entirely accurate. Good Friday fell on<strong> 30 March</strong> in<strong> 1945</strong>. That would mean that everything would have to have taken place in two days, while he wrote that he spent several days at Barends and also several days at the brickworks. Either he escaped earlier than 28 March, or he only got home after Good Friday.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A diarist from Barneveld noted that on<strong> 27 March 1945</strong>, people were taken off the streets there to dig tank barriers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Possibly this was the moment Kugler managed to escape what he called the Gestapo in Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Records from the Historical Society in Zevenaar indicate that the day of Kugler's escape may have been <strong>24 March 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'24-03-1945 Around noon, a German car was destroyed by an Allied fighter. At half past three an Allied fighter carried out an attack on artillery on Arnhemseweg. A column of OT diggers returning from Oosterbeek was hit by 2 bombs. W. Donk (aged 44) and W. Nagtegaal (aged 24) from Utrecht and a German soldier were killed.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mailwisseling met de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Door de opmars van de geallieerde troepen werden de gevangenen eind maart te voet richting Duitsland gestuurd. Tijdens deze tocht wist Victor Kugler te ontsnappen. Over zijn ontvluchting en thuisreis schreef Kugler in <strong>1963</strong> het volgende:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Op die dag [28 maart] vertrokken ongeveer 600 gevangen uit Wageningen en marcheerden over Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort naar Zevenaar, met de bedoeling de volgende dag naar Duitsland te gaan. Bij de ingang van Zevenaar werd onze colonne door Engelse Spitfires aangevallen en beschoten. Er vielen helaas enige doden. Ik maakte van de verwarring gebruik en vluchtte in het veld.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat Kugler het veld in was gevlucht zou hij zijn ondergedoken ‘bij een boer, de heer Barends’ en vervolgens per fiets naar de IJssel zijn vertrokken. In Lathum wachtte hij enkele dagen in een steenbakkerij tot hij de rivier kon worden overgezet. In Barneveld viel hij bijna in handen van de Gestapo, maar op Goede Vrijdag zou hij weer zijn thuisgekomen in Hilversum, waar hij zich tot de bevrijding verborgen hield.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De chronologie van Kuglers ontsnapping zoals hij die zelf beschrijft kan niet helemaal kloppen. Goede Vrijdag viel in <strong>1945</strong><strong> </strong>op<strong> 30 maart</strong>. Alles zou dan in twee dagen hebben moeten plaatsvinden, terwijl hij schreef enkele dagen bij Barends en ook enkele dagen in de steenfabriek te zijn geweest. Ofwel hij ontsnapt eerder dan 28 maart, ofwel hij was pas na Goede Vrijdag thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een dagboekschrijfster uit Barneveld noteerde dat daar op<strong> 27 maart 1945</strong> mensen van de straat zijn geplukt om tankversperringen te graven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mogelijk was dit het moment dat Kugler in Barneveld aan wat hij de Gestapo noemde wist te ontsnappen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit gegevens van de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar blijkt dat de dag van Kuglers ontsnapping mogelijk <strong>24 maart 1945</strong> was:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘24-03-1945 Tegen 12 uur wordt een Duitse auto vernietigd door een Geallieerde jager. Om half vier voert een Geallieerde jager een aanval uit op geschut aan de Arnhemseweg. Een colonne OT gravers die uit Oosterbeek terugkomt wordt getroffen door 2 bommen. W. Donk (44 jaar) en W. Nagtegaal (24 jaar) uit Utrecht en een Duitse soldaat komen hierbij om het leven.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Due to the advance of Allied troops, the prisoners were sent on foot towards Germany at the end of March. During this march, Victor Kugler managed to escape. About his escape and journey home, Kugler wrote the following in <strong>1963</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'On that day [28 March] about 600 prisoners left Wageningen and marched across Renkum, Heelsum, Oosterbeek, Arnhem, Westervoort to Zevenaar, with the intention of proceeding to Germany the next day. On the outskirts of Zevenaar, our column was attacked and fired on by English Spitfires. There were unfortunately some casualties. I took advantage of the confusion and fled into the field.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>After Kugler fled into the field, he reportedly went into hiding 'with a farmer, Mr Barends' and then left by bicycle heading towards the IJssel River. In Lathum, he waited several days in a brickworks until he could be ferried across the river. In Barneveld, he almost fell into the hands of the Gestapo, but on Good Friday he returned home to Hilversum, where he hid until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m49up\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The chronology of Kugler's escape as he describes it himself may not be entirely accurate. Good Friday fell on<strong> 30 March</strong> in<strong> 1945</strong>. That would mean that everything would have to have taken place in two days, while he wrote that he spent several days at Barends and also several days at the brickworks. Either he escaped earlier than 28 March, or he only got home after Good Friday.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A diarist from Barneveld noted that on<strong> 27 March 1945</strong>, people were taken off the streets there to dig tank barriers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Possibly this was the moment Kugler managed to escape what he called the Gestapo in Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Records from the Historical Society in Zevenaar indicate that the day of Kugler's escape may have been <strong>24 March 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'24-03-1945 Around noon, a German car was destroyed by an Allied fighter. At half past three an Allied fighter carried out an attack on artillery on Arnhemseweg. A column of OT diggers returning from Oosterbeek was hit by 2 bombs. W. Donk (aged 44) and W. Nagtegaal (aged 24) from Utrecht and a German soldier were killed.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m49up\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bhd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeentearchief Barneveld, Documentatiecollectie Tweede Wereldoorlog, bestandsnummer 408, dagboeken Gonny Noorlander, notitie 27 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igx1b\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mailwisseling met de Historische Vereniging in Zevenaar, 1 november 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1945-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In late March 1945, Victor Kugler was sent to Germany on foot with about 600 fellow prisoners. Near Zevenaar, the column came under fire from British aircraft. Kugler took advantage of the confusion and escaped. After a few days, he arrived home in Hilversum.",
"summary_nl": "Eind maart 1945 werd Victor Kugler met ongeveer 600 medegevangenen lopend naar Duitsland gestuurd. Bij Zevenaar werd de kolonne door Britse vliegtuigen beschoten. Kugler maakte van de verwarring gebruik en vluchtte. Na een paar dagen kwam hij thuis in Hilversum.",
"summary_en": "In late March 1945, Victor Kugler was sent to Germany on foot with about 600 fellow prisoners. Near Zevenaar, the column came under fire from British aircraft. Kugler took advantage of the confusion and escaped. After a few days, he arrived home in Hilversum.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124391,
396124668
],
"persons": [
262
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 106,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 186,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.09179",
"longitude": "5.11993",
"events": [
{
"id": 106,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/ae783658-8799-4851-b512-8399cfd6b1da/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5794caf1-4f4f-4bd8-a080-e570d395af02",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5ac2ed39-67d2-4324-b622-f9da2401afeb",
"published": true,
"uuid": "ae783658-8799-4851-b512-8399cfd6b1da",
"name": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Victor Kugler en Laua Maria Buntenbach",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach",
"content": "<p>Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married in the town hall of Utrecht. The usher and the caretaker acted as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage ended with Laua's death on <strong>6 December 1952</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief (HUA), Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht, 1903-1942, toegang 463, inv. nr. 358-04, huwelijksakte 81, 2 februari 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Burgerlijke Stand Gemeente Hilversum, overlijdensakte 1952, nr. 836 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichtiing, Getuigenarchief, Kugler). Otto Frank noteert het overlijden in zijn agenda van 1953 op 7 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Victor Kugler en Laua Maria Buntenbach trouwden in het gemeentehuis van Utrecht. De bode en de conciërge traden op als getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het huwelijk bleef kinderloos en werd op <strong>6 december 1952</strong> ontbonden door Laua's overlijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht, 1903-1942, toegang 463, inv. nr. 358-04, Huwelijksakte 81, 2 februari 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Burgerlijke Stand Gemeente Hilversum, Overlijdensakte 1952, nr. 836. Otto Frank noteert het overlijden in zijn agenda van 1953 op 7 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married in the town hall of Utrecht. The usher and the caretaker acted as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage ended with Laua's death on <strong>6 December 1952</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief (HUA), Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht, 1903-1942, toegang 463, inv. nr. 358-04, huwelijksakte 81, 2 februari 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Burgerlijke Stand Gemeente Hilversum, overlijdensakte 1952, nr. 836 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichtiing, Getuigenarchief, Kugler). Otto Frank noteert het overlijden in zijn agenda van 1953 op 7 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1928-02-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married on 2 February 1928.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler en Laua Maria Buntenbach trouwden op 2 februari 1928.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married on 2 February 1928.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [],
"related_locations": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/5ac2ed39-67d2-4324-b622-f9da2401afeb/",
"published": true,
"name": "Utrecht City Hall",
"name_nl": "Stadhuis Utrecht",
"name_en": "Utrecht City Hall",
"uuid": "5ac2ed39-67d2-4324-b622-f9da2401afeb",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (5.11993 52.09179)",
"summary": "Utrecht City Hall was the venue for marriages in that city at the time.",
"summary_nl": "Het stadhuis van Utrecht was destijds de plaats waar de huwelijken in die stad gesloten werden.",
"summary_en": "Utrecht City Hall was the venue for marriages in that city at the time.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Korte Minrebroederstraat",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Utecht",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
106
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/ae783658-8799-4851-b512-8399cfd6b1da/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "ae783658-8799-4851-b512-8399cfd6b1da",
"name": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Victor Kugler en Laua Maria Buntenbach",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach",
"content": "<p>Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married in the town hall of Utrecht. The usher and the caretaker acted as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage ended with Laua's death on <strong>6 December 1952</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief (HUA), Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht, 1903-1942, toegang 463, inv. nr. 358-04, huwelijksakte 81, 2 februari 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Burgerlijke Stand Gemeente Hilversum, overlijdensakte 1952, nr. 836 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichtiing, Getuigenarchief, Kugler). Otto Frank noteert het overlijden in zijn agenda van 1953 op 7 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Victor Kugler en Laua Maria Buntenbach trouwden in het gemeentehuis van Utrecht. De bode en de conciërge traden op als getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het huwelijk bleef kinderloos en werd op <strong>6 december 1952</strong> ontbonden door Laua's overlijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht, 1903-1942, toegang 463, inv. nr. 358-04, Huwelijksakte 81, 2 februari 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Burgerlijke Stand Gemeente Hilversum, Overlijdensakte 1952, nr. 836. Otto Frank noteert het overlijden in zijn agenda van 1953 op 7 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married in the town hall of Utrecht. The usher and the caretaker acted as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage ended with Laua's death on <strong>6 December 1952</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hsj58\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief (HUA), Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht, 1903-1942, toegang 463, inv. nr. 358-04, huwelijksakte 81, 2 februari 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqyni\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Burgerlijke Stand Gemeente Hilversum, overlijdensakte 1952, nr. 836 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichtiing, Getuigenarchief, Kugler). Otto Frank noteert het overlijden in zijn agenda van 1953 op 7 december 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1928-02-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married on 2 February 1928.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler en Laua Maria Buntenbach trouwden op 2 februari 1928.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler and Laua Maria Buntenbach married on 2 February 1928.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
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{
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"name": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"content": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op <strong>20 februari 1919 </strong>in Amsterdam. De ouders stemden met het huwelijk in en twee zwagers traden op als getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hun eerste kind werd viereneenhalve maand later geboren. Uiteindelijk kwamen er acht kinderen, op één na allen in Amsterdam geboren. Van de jongsten zijn de geboortedata om privacyredenen niet vermeld.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth {Bep}, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 juli 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 mei 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 juli 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 augustus 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 februari 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door Johans overlijden op <strong>27 november 1945 </strong>ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1919-02-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op 20 februari 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 237,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/365661ab-d9e8-47ca-b687-e5e149e67e61/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "365661ab-d9e8-47ca-b687-e5e149e67e61",
"name": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Reuman",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman vond plaats op <strong>12 juli 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' broer Cornelis en een broer van Johanna waren getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het echtpaar kreeg een dochter, genaamd Johanna. Het gezin, bestaande uit Johannes (Jo), echtgenote Johanna (Jo en later Joke) en dochter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), stond ook wel bekend als: <em>Jo, Jo en Jo</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Johannes Kleiman op <strong>28 januari 1959</strong> ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1923-07-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman trouwden op 12 juli 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885",
"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Maria Netten",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Jan Gies en Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten vond plaats op<em> </em><strong>13 december 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het huwelijk was mogelijk door tussenkomst van de kantonrechter. Jans zwager J.H.A. van Steenvelt was getuige, samen met de verloofde van een zus van de bruid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Bij het huwelijk van de laatsten in <strong>1931</strong> was Jan op zijn beurt getuige.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk bleef kinderloos en werd op <strong>7 november 1940</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Sinds <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> stonden zij al niet meer op hetzelfde adres ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: Register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6058: Register van huwelijksakten 1931, deel 35-3d, 22f, akte 430.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1928-12-13",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Maria Netten trouwden op 13 december 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"name": "3007",
"title": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941.",
"alt": "Onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/3007_Huwelijksdag_Miep_groepsfoto_buiten.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman and Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>They had a son Paul, and the marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz vond plaats op <strong>16 juli 1941</strong>. Jans eerdere huwelijke was door scheiding ontbonden op <strong>7 november 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Getuigen waren Miep haar pleegvader Laurens Nieuwenburg en Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op overgeleverde trouwfoto’s zijn de volgende gasten te zien: Laurens en Anna Nieuwenburg, hun kleindochter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman en Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op een andere foto staan Hermann en Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler en twee onbekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Er zijn ook twee foto’s gemaakt in en voor het Opektagebouw op de Prinsengracht. Hierop staan Jan en Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl en een onbekende man en vrouw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep beschreef in haar <em>Herinneringen</em> hoeveel moeite het haar kostte om een geboortebewijs uit Wenen te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Een afschrift van haar <em>Geburts- und Tauf-Schein</em> werd op <strong>29 januari 1941 </strong>afgegeven; een afschrift van de officiële bevestiging van het vaderschap door Eipeldauer uit <strong>1909 </strong>werd afgegeven op <strong>2 mei 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In de twee jaar voorafgaand aan het huwelijk werden ook de geboorte- en doopbewijzen van Mieps moeder (afschrift <strong>29 november 1940</strong>), grootvader (afschrift <strong>17 februari 1939</strong>) en grootmoeder (afschrift <strong>23 februari 1939</strong>) afgegeven. Op het laatste afschrift stond gestempeld: '<em>Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze documenten waren zeer waarschijnlijk met het oog op het voorgenomen huwelijk verstrekt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een interview vertelde Miep dat de worst voor op het bruiloftsfeest was geregeld door Daatzelaar, vertegenwoordiger van Gies & Co. en later bonnenleverancier van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter gelegenheid van hun éénjarige huwelijk op 18 juli 1942 werd er een etentje georganiseerd in het Achterhuis. Het menukaartje is bewaard gebleven:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>aangeboden door "HET ACHTERHUIS" ter gelegenheid<br />\r\nvan het eenjarig bestaan van het huwelijk van<br />\r\nden Weled. heer en Mevrouw GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoastbeef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF (JUS)<br />\r\nzeer miniem gebruiken svp. in verband<br />\r\nmet verlaging v.h.boterrantsoen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogaat)<br />\r\nSuiker, Kaneel, Frambozensap<br />\r\n<br />\r\nKO F F I E met suiker, room<br />\r\nen div. verrassingen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze kregen een zoon, genaamd Paul. Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Jan in <strong>1993 </strong>ontbonden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten dienden wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman and Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>They had a son Paul, and the marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz trouwden op 16 juli 1941 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
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{
"id": 278,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119/",
"subjects": [
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"published": true,
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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer getuige bij huwelijk",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"content": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>juli 1942</strong> trouwden Rosel Goldschmidt en Paul Wronker, een voormalig huishoudster en een voormalig onderhuurder van de familie Frank. Fritz Pfeffer, op dat moment nog niet ondergedoken, was getuige bij het huwelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 236,
"main_image": {
"id": 1206,
"uuid": "ed94c397-1540-4194-b263-9878432c4e09",
"name": "A_Voskuijl_III_003",
"title": "Foto van de huwelijksdag van Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk, Amsterdam, 15 mei 1946.",
"alt": "Fotobureau Actueel. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/4a73d0ab-b5a7-1b03-ace7-00a11bd85c03.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e7af8db5-750c-4d29-b7bd-f04b9b57821b/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/89e27821-d4c8-4fc1-a532-2fc9fcfd67b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7f401256-5ce0-43cd-a15a-94336d90290d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/4c522795-4951-4f97-b632-b86737beddaa",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d4d2b97f-aa09-44d3-9392-8b18dc5457ad",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/65f64103-5a1b-4d6e-975e-0282052a9be1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d896ce48-0dbe-40a3-a6d6-7245cc237ce7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/960fd1b1-4b84-4e4b-9eac-145c17dbf2b2",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
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"name": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"content": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de oorlogsjaren was Bep Voskuijl verloofd met A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). Daarna ontmoette zij Cor van Wijk. Zij trouwden op <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> om 14.40 uur in Amsterdam. De getuigen waren Otto Frank en Cornelis Groen, de echtgenoot van Beps jongere zus Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Verder waren onder de gasten ook Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna en Jopie Kleiman, Miep en Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cors familie was niet aanwezig op deze dag. Zij hadden bezwaren tegen het huwelijk omdat Bep Nederlands-Hervormd was en de familie Van Wijk Rooms-Katholiek. Toen Bep beloofde de kinderen naar catechisatie en katholieke scholen te sturen, vond er acht jaar later toch ook nog een kerkelijke inzegening plaats op <strong>26 mei 1954</strong> in de kerk van de H.H. Martelaren van Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in de Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stuurde op <strong>13 mei 1971</strong> een brief aan Bep en Cor van Wijk dat hij wegens gezondheidsredenen niet bij het zilveren huwelijksfeest aanwezig kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de zilveren bruiloft stuurden Otto en Fritzi Frank op <strong>15 mei 1971</strong> een telegram aan hen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1946-05-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk trouwden op 15 mei 1946.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 234,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/eee82427-a974-49e7-adfa-5e90a69632b6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822",
"name": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Victor Kugler en Lysia van Langen",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen vond plaats op <strong>22 oktober 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteerde deze dag in zijn agenda als volgt: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-10-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen trouwden op 22 oktober 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 220,
"main_image": {
"id": 1191,
"uuid": "24ee80d7-acff-40f7-a1d5-ec4118150611",
"name": "A_OFrank_III_075",
"title": "Foto van Otto Frank en Fritzi Frank-Markovits voor het stadhuis op hun huwelijksdag, met Jan Gies, Johannes Kleiman, Johanna Kleiman-Reuman en Miep Gies, Amsterdam, 10 november 1953",
"alt": "Fotobureau Colson. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/68ae4415-9e33-d855-e27b-9e3b3f97e0dd.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Rechthebbende(n) onvindbaar"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7ea5464e-0a3d-4617-9ad1-cbed5582c6c4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4e66990-6a0c-4c36-97f2-14d2f76e99b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/960fd1b1-4b84-4e4b-9eac-145c17dbf2b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f2004ab1-f62f-43c5-9864-18eea838d81e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/b0c081c5-dd52-49af-bcb7-6217fd2e801b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36",
"name": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"content": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp. On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>10 november 1953 </strong>trouwden Otto Frank en Elfriede Edith (Fritzi) Markovits in Amsterdam. Het was voor allebei hun tweede huwelijk. De getuigen waren Jo Kleiman en Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Net als Otto had Fritzi haar partner verloren in een concentratiekamp. Op de dag van het huwelijk lieten zij bij notaris Jacob van Hasselt een akte van huwelijkse voorwaarden opstellen. Ook maakten allebei bij hem een testament op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel Fritzi vanaf <strong>begin 1940 </strong>met haar gezin tegenover de familie Frank op Merwedeplein woonde, leerden zij en Otto elkaar pas kennen tijdens de terugreis uit Auschwitz. Volgens de dochter van Fritzi, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, bracht zij haar moeder en Otto tijdens de treinreis van Auschwitz naar Odessa in de buurt van Czernowitz met elkaar in contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Volgens Fritzi zelf ontmoette zij Otto tijdens een oponthoud vlakbij Lvov toen Eva Otto Frank bij de trein herkende als de vader van Anne met wie ze op het Merwedeplein had gespeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later vertelde Fritzi in haar opstel <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> dat Otto haar al was opgevallen bij een door de Sovjettroepen georganiseerde 'herdenking van de revolutie' in het net bevrijde Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens Otto's notitieboekje uit 1945 zou dit dan <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em> kunnen zijn geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Terug in Amsterdam ging Otto bij Fritzi langs omdat haar naam op een overlevendenlijst stond. Hij hoopte dat zij iets over Margot en Anne wist. Hij herinnerde zich de ontmoeting bij de trein niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de briefwisseling tussen Otto en Fritzi in het <strong>najaar van 1952, </strong>toen Otto in verband met de toneelbewerking van het dagboek langere tijd in de Verenigde Staten verbleef, blijkt dat hun huwelijk aanstaande was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp. On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-11-10",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits trouwden op 10 november 1953 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901/",
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"name": "Amsterdam City Hall",
"name_nl": "Stadhuis Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam City Hall",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89523 52.37098)",
"summary": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
"summary_nl": "Het stadhuis van Amsterdam was de plek waar in die stad de huwelijken werden gesloten.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
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"street": "Oudezijds Voorburgwal 197",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "Noord-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822/",
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"name": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Victor Kugler en Lysia van Langen",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen vond plaats op <strong>22 oktober 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteerde deze dag in zijn agenda als volgt: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-10-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen trouwden op 22 oktober 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
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"uuid": "23e0ded6-8dbe-4d6a-a89b-bf01326638c6",
"name": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"content": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op <strong>20 februari 1919 </strong>in Amsterdam. De ouders stemden met het huwelijk in en twee zwagers traden op als getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hun eerste kind werd viereneenhalve maand later geboren. Uiteindelijk kwamen er acht kinderen, op één na allen in Amsterdam geboren. Van de jongsten zijn de geboortedata om privacyredenen niet vermeld.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth {Bep}, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 juli 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 mei 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 juli 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 augustus 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 februari 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door Johans overlijden op <strong>27 november 1945 </strong>ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1919-02-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op 20 februari 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 237,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/365661ab-d9e8-47ca-b687-e5e149e67e61/",
"subjects": [
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "365661ab-d9e8-47ca-b687-e5e149e67e61",
"name": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Reuman",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman vond plaats op <strong>12 juli 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' broer Cornelis en een broer van Johanna waren getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het echtpaar kreeg een dochter, genaamd Johanna. Het gezin, bestaande uit Johannes (Jo), echtgenote Johanna (Jo en later Joke) en dochter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), stond ook wel bekend als: <em>Jo, Jo en Jo</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Johannes Kleiman op <strong>28 januari 1959</strong> ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1923-07-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman trouwden op 12 juli 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 239,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885/",
"subjects": [
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"persons": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/4027ba4e-edb8-4dcd-ba79-8ab04dd8de95"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885",
"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Maria Netten",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Jan Gies en Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten vond plaats op<em> </em><strong>13 december 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het huwelijk was mogelijk door tussenkomst van de kantonrechter. Jans zwager J.H.A. van Steenvelt was getuige, samen met de verloofde van een zus van de bruid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Bij het huwelijk van de laatsten in <strong>1931</strong> was Jan op zijn beurt getuige.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk bleef kinderloos en werd op <strong>7 november 1940</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Sinds <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> stonden zij al niet meer op hetzelfde adres ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: Register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6058: Register van huwelijksakten 1931, deel 35-3d, 22f, akte 430.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1928-12-13",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Maria Netten trouwden op 13 december 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "3007",
"title": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941.",
"alt": "Onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/3007_Huwelijksdag_Miep_groepsfoto_buiten.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/1afcf3ea-95ab-4128-86c5-eaa35e2b8b23/",
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"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman and Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>They had a son Paul, and the marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz vond plaats op <strong>16 juli 1941</strong>. Jans eerdere huwelijke was door scheiding ontbonden op <strong>7 november 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Getuigen waren Miep haar pleegvader Laurens Nieuwenburg en Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op overgeleverde trouwfoto’s zijn de volgende gasten te zien: Laurens en Anna Nieuwenburg, hun kleindochter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman en Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op een andere foto staan Hermann en Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler en twee onbekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Er zijn ook twee foto’s gemaakt in en voor het Opektagebouw op de Prinsengracht. Hierop staan Jan en Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl en een onbekende man en vrouw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep beschreef in haar <em>Herinneringen</em> hoeveel moeite het haar kostte om een geboortebewijs uit Wenen te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Een afschrift van haar <em>Geburts- und Tauf-Schein</em> werd op <strong>29 januari 1941 </strong>afgegeven; een afschrift van de officiële bevestiging van het vaderschap door Eipeldauer uit <strong>1909 </strong>werd afgegeven op <strong>2 mei 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In de twee jaar voorafgaand aan het huwelijk werden ook de geboorte- en doopbewijzen van Mieps moeder (afschrift <strong>29 november 1940</strong>), grootvader (afschrift <strong>17 februari 1939</strong>) en grootmoeder (afschrift <strong>23 februari 1939</strong>) afgegeven. Op het laatste afschrift stond gestempeld: '<em>Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze documenten waren zeer waarschijnlijk met het oog op het voorgenomen huwelijk verstrekt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een interview vertelde Miep dat de worst voor op het bruiloftsfeest was geregeld door Daatzelaar, vertegenwoordiger van Gies & Co. en later bonnenleverancier van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter gelegenheid van hun éénjarige huwelijk op 18 juli 1942 werd er een etentje georganiseerd in het Achterhuis. Het menukaartje is bewaard gebleven:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>aangeboden door "HET ACHTERHUIS" ter gelegenheid<br />\r\nvan het eenjarig bestaan van het huwelijk van<br />\r\nden Weled. heer en Mevrouw GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoastbeef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF (JUS)<br />\r\nzeer miniem gebruiken svp. in verband<br />\r\nmet verlaging v.h.boterrantsoen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogaat)<br />\r\nSuiker, Kaneel, Frambozensap<br />\r\n<br />\r\nKO F F I E met suiker, room<br />\r\nen div. verrassingen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze kregen een zoon, genaamd Paul. Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Jan in <strong>1993 </strong>ontbonden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten dienden wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman and Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>They had a son Paul, and the marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_038; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen.en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz trouwden op 16 juli 1941 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
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{
"id": 278,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119/",
"subjects": [
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"published": true,
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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer getuige bij huwelijk",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"content": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>juli 1942</strong> trouwden Rosel Goldschmidt en Paul Wronker, een voormalig huishoudster en een voormalig onderhuurder van de familie Frank. Fritz Pfeffer, op dat moment nog niet ondergedoken, was getuige bij het huwelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 236,
"main_image": {
"id": 1206,
"uuid": "ed94c397-1540-4194-b263-9878432c4e09",
"name": "A_Voskuijl_III_003",
"title": "Foto van de huwelijksdag van Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk, Amsterdam, 15 mei 1946.",
"alt": "Fotobureau Actueel. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/4a73d0ab-b5a7-1b03-ace7-00a11bd85c03.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e7af8db5-750c-4d29-b7bd-f04b9b57821b/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/89e27821-d4c8-4fc1-a532-2fc9fcfd67b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7f401256-5ce0-43cd-a15a-94336d90290d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/4c522795-4951-4f97-b632-b86737beddaa",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d4d2b97f-aa09-44d3-9392-8b18dc5457ad",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/65f64103-5a1b-4d6e-975e-0282052a9be1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d896ce48-0dbe-40a3-a6d6-7245cc237ce7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/960fd1b1-4b84-4e4b-9eac-145c17dbf2b2",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
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"name": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"content": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de oorlogsjaren was Bep Voskuijl verloofd met A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). Daarna ontmoette zij Cor van Wijk. Zij trouwden op <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> om 14.40 uur in Amsterdam. De getuigen waren Otto Frank en Cornelis Groen, de echtgenoot van Beps jongere zus Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Verder waren onder de gasten ook Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna en Jopie Kleiman, Miep en Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cors familie was niet aanwezig op deze dag. Zij hadden bezwaren tegen het huwelijk omdat Bep Nederlands-Hervormd was en de familie Van Wijk Rooms-Katholiek. Toen Bep beloofde de kinderen naar catechisatie en katholieke scholen te sturen, vond er acht jaar later toch ook nog een kerkelijke inzegening plaats op <strong>26 mei 1954</strong> in de kerk van de H.H. Martelaren van Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in de Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stuurde op <strong>13 mei 1971</strong> een brief aan Bep en Cor van Wijk dat hij wegens gezondheidsredenen niet bij het zilveren huwelijksfeest aanwezig kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de zilveren bruiloft stuurden Otto en Fritzi Frank op <strong>15 mei 1971</strong> een telegram aan hen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"prnms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"prnms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De huwelijksakte is ingeschreven in register 29, folio 19. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1946-05-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk trouwden op 15 mei 1946.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 234,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/eee82427-a974-49e7-adfa-5e90a69632b6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822",
"name": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Victor Kugler en Lysia van Langen",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen vond plaats op <strong>22 oktober 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteerde deze dag in zijn agenda als volgt: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-10-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen trouwden op 22 oktober 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 220,
"main_image": {
"id": 1191,
"uuid": "24ee80d7-acff-40f7-a1d5-ec4118150611",
"name": "A_OFrank_III_075",
"title": "Foto van Otto Frank en Fritzi Frank-Markovits voor het stadhuis op hun huwelijksdag, met Jan Gies, Johannes Kleiman, Johanna Kleiman-Reuman en Miep Gies, Amsterdam, 10 november 1953",
"alt": "Fotobureau Colson. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/68ae4415-9e33-d855-e27b-9e3b3f97e0dd.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Rechthebbende(n) onvindbaar"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7ea5464e-0a3d-4617-9ad1-cbed5582c6c4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4e66990-6a0c-4c36-97f2-14d2f76e99b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/960fd1b1-4b84-4e4b-9eac-145c17dbf2b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f2004ab1-f62f-43c5-9864-18eea838d81e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/b0c081c5-dd52-49af-bcb7-6217fd2e801b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36",
"name": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"content": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp. On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>10 november 1953 </strong>trouwden Otto Frank en Elfriede Edith (Fritzi) Markovits in Amsterdam. Het was voor allebei hun tweede huwelijk. De getuigen waren Jo Kleiman en Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Net als Otto had Fritzi haar partner verloren in een concentratiekamp. Op de dag van het huwelijk lieten zij bij notaris Jacob van Hasselt een akte van huwelijkse voorwaarden opstellen. Ook maakten allebei bij hem een testament op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel Fritzi vanaf <strong>begin 1940 </strong>met haar gezin tegenover de familie Frank op Merwedeplein woonde, leerden zij en Otto elkaar pas kennen tijdens de terugreis uit Auschwitz. Volgens de dochter van Fritzi, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, bracht zij haar moeder en Otto tijdens de treinreis van Auschwitz naar Odessa in de buurt van Czernowitz met elkaar in contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Volgens Fritzi zelf ontmoette zij Otto tijdens een oponthoud vlakbij Lvov toen Eva Otto Frank bij de trein herkende als de vader van Anne met wie ze op het Merwedeplein had gespeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later vertelde Fritzi in haar opstel <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> dat Otto haar al was opgevallen bij een door de Sovjettroepen georganiseerde 'herdenking van de revolutie' in het net bevrijde Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens Otto's notitieboekje uit 1945 zou dit dan <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em> kunnen zijn geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Terug in Amsterdam ging Otto bij Fritzi langs omdat haar naam op een overlevendenlijst stond. Hij hoopte dat zij iets over Margot en Anne wist. Hij herinnerde zich de ontmoeting bij de trein niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de briefwisseling tussen Otto en Fritzi in het <strong>najaar van 1952, </strong>toen Otto in verband met de toneelbewerking van het dagboek langere tijd in de Verenigde Staten verbleef, blijkt dat hun huwelijk aanstaande was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp. On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-11-10",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits trouwden op 10 november 1953 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124553,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2",
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/locations/9577"
],
"parent": 396124554,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa71d2a7-0c30-4015-b90a-a791f0cb4049"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam City Hall",
"name_nl": "Stadhuis Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam City Hall",
"uuid": "4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89523 52.37098)",
"summary": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
"summary_nl": "Het stadhuis van Amsterdam was de plek waar in die stad de huwelijken werden gesloten.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Oudezijds Voorburgwal 197",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "Noord-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
238,
237,
239,
230,
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},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885",
"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Maria Netten",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Jan Gies en Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten vond plaats op<em> </em><strong>13 december 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het huwelijk was mogelijk door tussenkomst van de kantonrechter. Jans zwager J.H.A. van Steenvelt was getuige, samen met de verloofde van een zus van de bruid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Bij het huwelijk van de laatsten in <strong>1931</strong> was Jan op zijn beurt getuige.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk bleef kinderloos en werd op <strong>7 november 1940</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Sinds <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> stonden zij al niet meer op hetzelfde adres ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: Register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6058: Register van huwelijksakten 1931, deel 35-3d, 22f, akte 430.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1928-12-13",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Maria Netten trouwden op 13 december 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
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396124669,
396124544
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/dd24e98e-78ff-4e6d-bf81-42c8f0513cd6/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05475d33-2d79-448d-8c92-93db3e298026",
"published": true,
"uuid": "dd24e98e-78ff-4e6d-bf81-42c8f0513cd6",
"name": "Jan Gies lives in Eindhoven",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies woont in Eindhoven",
"name_en": "Jan Gies lives in Eindhoven",
"content": "<p>On <strong>6 April 1927</strong>, Jan Gies moved from Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam to Kruisstraat 7 in Eindhoven. He listed his occupation as office clerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The Van Gemert family was registered at this same address between <strong>1925</strong> and <strong>1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Why Jan stayed with this family for six months is unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan moved back to Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam on <strong>24 October 1927</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Regionaal Historisch Centrum Eindhoven (RHCE), Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1920-1933 (toegang 10247), inv. nr. 5057: register van ingekomen personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1933-1969 (toegang 10491), inv. Nr. 7186: Gezinskaarten, alfabetisch geordend op naam, Waggelmans-Gerstinger, 1921-1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, inv. nr. 5063: register van vertrokken personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>6 april 1927</strong> verhuisde Jan Gies van de Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam naar de Kruisstraat 7 in Eindhoven. Als beroep gaf hij kantoorbediende op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op ditzelfde adres stond tussen <strong>1925</strong> en <strong>1930</strong> de familie Van Gemert ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Waarom Jan een half jaar bij deze familie in huis verbleef is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan verhuisde per <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> weer terug naar de Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Regionaal Historisch Centrum Eindhoven (RHCE), Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1920-1933 (toegang 10247), inv. nr. 5057: register van ingekomen personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1933-1969 (toegang 10491), inv. Nr. 7186: Gezinskaarten, alfabetisch geordend op naam, Waggelmans-Gerstinger, 1921-1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, inv. nr. 5063: register van vertrokken personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>6 April 1927</strong>, Jan Gies moved from Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam to Kruisstraat 7 in Eindhoven. He listed his occupation as office clerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The Van Gemert family was registered at this same address between <strong>1925</strong> and <strong>1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Why Jan stayed with this family for six months is unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan moved back to Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam on <strong>24 October 1927</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Regionaal Historisch Centrum Eindhoven (RHCE), Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1920-1933 (toegang 10247), inv. nr. 5057: register van ingekomen personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1933-1969 (toegang 10491), inv. Nr. 7186: Gezinskaarten, alfabetisch geordend op naam, Waggelmans-Gerstinger, 1921-1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, inv. nr. 5063: register van vertrokken personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1927-04-06",
"date_end": "1927-10-24",
"summary": "In 1927 Jan Gies lived in Eindhoven for six months.",
"summary_nl": "In 1927 woonde Jan Gies een half jaar in Eindhoven.",
"summary_en": "In 1927 Jan Gies lived in Eindhoven for six months.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/05475d33-2d79-448d-8c92-93db3e298026/",
"published": true,
"name": "Address of Jan Gies in Eindhoven",
"name_nl": "Adres van Jan Gies in Eindhoven",
"name_en": "Address of Jan Gies in Eindhoven",
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"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (5.47486 51.44515)",
"summary": "In 1927 Jan Gies lived in Eindhoven for several months.",
"summary_nl": "In 1927 woonde Jan Gies enkele maanden in Eindhoven.",
"summary_en": "In 1927 Jan Gies lived in Eindhoven for several months.",
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"street": "Kruisstraat 7",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/dd24e98e-78ff-4e6d-bf81-42c8f0513cd6/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "dd24e98e-78ff-4e6d-bf81-42c8f0513cd6",
"name": "Jan Gies lives in Eindhoven",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies woont in Eindhoven",
"name_en": "Jan Gies lives in Eindhoven",
"content": "<p>On <strong>6 April 1927</strong>, Jan Gies moved from Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam to Kruisstraat 7 in Eindhoven. He listed his occupation as office clerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The Van Gemert family was registered at this same address between <strong>1925</strong> and <strong>1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Why Jan stayed with this family for six months is unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan moved back to Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam on <strong>24 October 1927</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Regionaal Historisch Centrum Eindhoven (RHCE), Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1920-1933 (toegang 10247), inv. nr. 5057: register van ingekomen personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1933-1969 (toegang 10491), inv. Nr. 7186: Gezinskaarten, alfabetisch geordend op naam, Waggelmans-Gerstinger, 1921-1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, inv. nr. 5063: register van vertrokken personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>6 april 1927</strong> verhuisde Jan Gies van de Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam naar de Kruisstraat 7 in Eindhoven. Als beroep gaf hij kantoorbediende op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op ditzelfde adres stond tussen <strong>1925</strong> en <strong>1930</strong> de familie Van Gemert ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Waarom Jan een half jaar bij deze familie in huis verbleef is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan verhuisde per <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> weer terug naar de Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Regionaal Historisch Centrum Eindhoven (RHCE), Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1920-1933 (toegang 10247), inv. nr. 5057: register van ingekomen personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1933-1969 (toegang 10491), inv. Nr. 7186: Gezinskaarten, alfabetisch geordend op naam, Waggelmans-Gerstinger, 1921-1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, inv. nr. 5063: register van vertrokken personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>6 April 1927</strong>, Jan Gies moved from Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam to Kruisstraat 7 in Eindhoven. He listed his occupation as office clerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The Van Gemert family was registered at this same address between <strong>1925</strong> and <strong>1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Why Jan stayed with this family for six months is unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan moved back to Eikenweg 20 in Amsterdam on <strong>24 October 1927</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze30m\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Regionaal Historisch Centrum Eindhoven (RHCE), Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1920-1933 (toegang 10247), inv. nr. 5057: register van ingekomen personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"urq0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, 1933-1969 (toegang 10491), inv. Nr. 7186: Gezinskaarten, alfabetisch geordend op naam, Waggelmans-Gerstinger, 1921-1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hg7vr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>RHCE, Gemeentebestuur Eindhoven, inv. nr. 5063: register van vertrokken personen 1927.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1927-04-06",
"date_end": "1927-10-24",
"summary": "In 1927 Jan Gies lived in Eindhoven for six months.",
"summary_nl": "In 1927 woonde Jan Gies een half jaar in Eindhoven.",
"summary_en": "In 1927 Jan Gies lived in Eindhoven for six months.",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/4027ba4e-edb8-4dcd-ba79-8ab04dd8de95"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb477898-2459-4169-90dc-8ee19165711b",
"name": "Jan Gies lives in Amsterdam for almost his entire life",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies woont bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Jan Gies lives in Amsterdam for almost his entire life",
"content": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Jan Gies woonde gedurende zijn leven op de volgende Amsterdamse adressen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: van zijn geboorte tot <strong>12 december 1907</strong> (Dit adres werd in <strong>april 1906</strong> vernummerd tot 303).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: van <strong>12 december 1907</strong> tot <strong>10 september 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: van <strong>10 september 1914</strong> tot <strong>31 mei 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: vanaf <strong>31 mei 1917 </strong>(Watergraafsmeer was op dat moment nog een zelfstandige gemeente).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> kwam hij in Amsterdam terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk van Jan Gies zijn ouders werd <strong>2 januari 1925</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Volgens de bevolkingskaarten bleef hij bij zijn vader wonen, behoudens de korte periode in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> tot <strong>6 april 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 april 1927</strong> tot <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> (alleen Jan). Nadere gegevens ontbreken.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> tot <strong>18 december 1928.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 december 1928</strong> trouwde Jan Gies met M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>18 december 1928</strong> tot <strong>21 juli 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies stond op 3 hoog ingeschreven van <strong>21 juli 1931</strong> tot <strong>4 september 1931</strong>. Daarna stond hij tot <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> ingeschreven op 2 hoog.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>14 januari 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zijn echtgenote stond hier nog tot <strong>28 april 1937</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>12 december 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit huis staat op de hoek van de Amsteldijk en de Govert Flinckstraat. Het was het pension van de familie Amende. Er is een foto van de keuken van dit pension, met daarin J. Bunjes-Amende, haar moeder L. Amende-Zaaiman, een onbekende vrouw en de hond Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Toen er op de Amsteldijk problemen met de eigenaar ontstonden, verhuisde de familie Amende. Alle bewoners, ook Jan, verhuisden mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies stond hier van <strong>22 december 1938</strong> tot <strong>4 december 1940</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies stond op dit adres ingeschreven van <strong>4 december 1940</strong> tot <strong>1 juni 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij vertrok hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder, Gedurende een groot deel van het jaar <strong>1942 </strong>stond ook Dien Gendering in de woning ingeschreven. Hij woonde hier bij mevrouw Stoppelman-van der Reis. Volgens Mieps memoires woonden zij en Jan er aanvankelijk ongehuwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Volgens Mieps persoonskaart stond ze op dit adres ingeschreven vanaf haar huwelijksdag.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>1 juni 1946</strong> tot <strong>21 november 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Jans zus Fenna. Hij woonde hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder,</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>21 november 1946</strong> tot <strong>24 juni 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Ab Cauvern, waar ook Otto Frank woonde. Omdat de woning te groot was voor een gezin met één kind, moesten hij en Miep verhuizen toen Otto Frank naar Zwitserland vertrok.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>24 juni 1953</strong> tot zijn overlijden op <strong>26 januari 1993</strong>. Jan Gies vroeg op <strong>5 november 1952</strong> een woonvergunning voor de woning aan. Deze werd <strong>18 mei 1953</strong> verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Het huurcontract ging in op 1 augustus 1953. De huur bedroeg fl. 34,15 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, deel I, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1907-12-12",
"date_end": "1993-01-26",
"summary": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies woonde bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 224,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl woont haar hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"content": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bep Voskuijl heeft tijdens haar leven op de volgende adressen in Amsterdam gewoond (met uitzondering van de twee jaar dat zij in Hilversum woonde):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong> (geboorte) tot <strong>21 maart 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs, <strong>21 maart 1921</strong> tot <strong>4 maart 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 maart 1924</strong> tot <strong>2 juli 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 juli 1926</strong> tot <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, vanaf <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>12 mei 1933</strong> tot <strong>23 juli 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 juli 1941</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od31k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>6 mei 1943</strong> tot <strong>27 november 1944</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Idem, <strong>27 november 1944</strong> tot <strong>15 mei 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> (huwelijk) tot <strong>12 juni 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 juni 1948</strong> tot <strong>13 januari 1949</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs, <strong>13 januari 1949</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1983</strong> (overlijden).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Da Costakade 77-I woonde Beps tante Alida C. Sodenkamp. Zij vertrok op <strong>15 april 1943</strong> naar Eindhoven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep was toen waarschijnlijk alweer terug naar de Lumeystraat. Als deze inschrijfdata juist zijn, woonde Bep de eerste tien maanden van de onderduiktijd niet thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit zijn de adressen zoals ze uit officiële stukken naar voren zijn gekomen. Volgens zoon Ton van Wijk ging Bep na de inval in het Achterhuis van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> niet terug naar haar eigen huis, maar hield ze zich schuil in het ouderlijk huis van Cor van Wijk (haar latere echtgenoot). Cor zelf bevond zich dan in Osterode in de Harz. Het is niet duidelijk waarom en hoe ze op dat adres terecht is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od31k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In de zomer van 1942 werd de Da Costakade omgedoopt tot Goeverneurkade. Die wijziging werd ook op Beps persoonsbewijs (PB) aangetekend. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1919-07-05",
"date_end": "1983-05-06",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl heeft bijna haar hele leven in Amsterdam gewoond.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 188,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a623c65-adc8-45d7-a3a4-b593b436eb2c/",
"subjects": [
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"name": "Edith Frank's Dutch lessons",
"name_nl": "De Nederlandse lessen van Edith Frank",
"name_en": "Edith Frank's Dutch lessons",
"content": "<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around <strong>August 1934, </strong>she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> And in <strong>1935</strong> she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over de manier waarop en de mate waarin Edith Frank-Holländer zich de Nederlandse taal eigen gemaakte, is niets bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Boeken van haar die bewaard zijn gebleven zijn in het Duits en Frans. In de brieven aan Gertrud Naumann schreef Edith wel over de vorderingen in de Nederlandse taal van Margot en Anne, maar niet over die van haarzelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith schreef af en toe wel in het Nederlands, zoals blijkt uit enkele documenten. Omstreeks <strong>augustus 1934 </strong>schreef zij een referentie voor Renate Wolf: <em>Hiermede bevestigen wij dat mejuffrouw Renate Wolf bij ons werkzaam is. Salaris fl. 5.- p. week voor ½ dage. Mevr. Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> En in <strong>1935</strong> schreef zij een uitgebreide Nederlandse gelukwens ter gelegenheid van de geboorte van een zoon van de bevriende familie Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne sprak haar moeder erg slecht Nederlands. In haar dagboek schrijft ze:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Houd er alsje't blieft rekening mee, Kitty, dat de twee dames hier, schandelijk Nederlands spreken (van de heren durf ik niets te zeggen, die zouden erg beledigd zijn.), als je dat gehaspel eens zou horen zou je schateren; wij letten er niet eens meer op, verbeteren helpt toch niet. ik zal als ik over moeder of mevr.v.P. schrijf maar niet het originele taaltje weergeven doch behoorlijk Nederlands’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around <strong>August 1934, </strong>she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> And in <strong>1935</strong> she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Nothing is known about how Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.",
"summary_nl": "Over hoe Edith Frank-Holländer zich de Nederlandse taal eigen gemaakte, is niets bekend.",
"summary_en": "Nothing is known about how Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/0a9383f6-8b2e-43f1-81ab-8f962d3ad569/",
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"name": "Edith Frank's English lessons",
"name_nl": "De Engelse lessen van Edith Frank",
"name_en": "Edith Frank's English lessons",
"content": "<p>At <em>Viktoriaschule</em>, the secondary school Edith attended, English was part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an "English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children<em>".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op de <em>Viktoriaschule</em>, de middelbare school die Edith bezocht, behoorde Engels tot het gewone lesprogramma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In Nederland kreeg Edith Engelse les van Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank beschreef Rosey Pool aan Nathan Straus als een "English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children.''<sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne leerde Edith tijdens de onderduik ook Engels uit schriftelijke cursussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>At <em>Viktoriaschule</em>, the secondary school Edith attended, English was part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an "English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children<em>".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Edith Frank-Holländer learnt English not only during her secondary school days, but also afterwards.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank-Holländer leerde niet alleen Engels tijdens haar middelbare schooltijd, maar ook daarna.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer learnt English not only during her secondary school days, but also afterwards.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"uuid": "bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"content": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"skchv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"skchv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een overzicht van honderden adressen in Amsterdam die op de een of andere manier een rol speelden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, zie Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de loop van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> verzamelden alle hoofdrolspelers van de onderduik in het Achterhuis zich in de stad: de families Frank en Van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer. Behalve de forens Kugler waren allen er ook woonachtig. Miep Gies woonde er al sinds <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sinds <strong>1923</strong> was Amsterdam de vestigingsplaats van verschillende bedrijven van Otto Frank en zijn familie. Het is de geboorteplaats van Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09mv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09mv5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een overzicht van honderden adressen in Amsterdam die op de een of andere manier een rol speelden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, zie Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"skchv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"skchv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een overzicht van honderden adressen in Amsterdam die op de een of andere manier een rol speelden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, zie Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam had van oudsher een grote Joodse bevolkingsgroep. Tijdens de Duitse bezetting was het de stad waar vrijwel alle anti-Joodse maatregelen hun eerste toepassing vonden of het hardste aankwamen. Hoewel velen hun toevlucht op het platteland zochten, kende ook de hoofdstad een grote populatie van onderduikers.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl woont haar hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"content": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bep Voskuijl heeft tijdens haar leven op de volgende adressen in Amsterdam gewoond (met uitzondering van de twee jaar dat zij in Hilversum woonde):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong> (geboorte) tot <strong>21 maart 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs, <strong>21 maart 1921</strong> tot <strong>4 maart 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 maart 1924</strong> tot <strong>2 juli 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 juli 1926</strong> tot <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, vanaf <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>12 mei 1933</strong> tot <strong>23 juli 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 juli 1941</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od31k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>6 mei 1943</strong> tot <strong>27 november 1944</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Idem, <strong>27 november 1944</strong> tot <strong>15 mei 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> (huwelijk) tot <strong>12 juni 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 juni 1948</strong> tot <strong>13 januari 1949</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs, <strong>13 januari 1949</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1983</strong> (overlijden).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Da Costakade 77-I woonde Beps tante Alida C. Sodenkamp. Zij vertrok op <strong>15 april 1943</strong> naar Eindhoven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep was toen waarschijnlijk alweer terug naar de Lumeystraat. Als deze inschrijfdata juist zijn, woonde Bep de eerste tien maanden van de onderduiktijd niet thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit zijn de adressen zoals ze uit officiële stukken naar voren zijn gekomen. Volgens zoon Ton van Wijk ging Bep na de inval in het Achterhuis van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> niet terug naar haar eigen huis, maar hield ze zich schuil in het ouderlijk huis van Cor van Wijk (haar latere echtgenoot). Cor zelf bevond zich dan in Osterode in de Harz. Het is niet duidelijk waarom en hoe ze op dat adres terecht is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od31k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In de zomer van 1942 werd de Da Costakade omgedoopt tot Goeverneurkade. Die wijziging werd ook op Beps persoonsbewijs (PB) aangetekend. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1919-07-05",
"date_end": "1983-05-06",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl heeft bijna haar hele leven in Amsterdam gewoond.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124556
],
"persons": [
258
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
}
]
}
