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"title": "Woning Hunzestraat aangeboden.",
"alt": "Delpher. Algemeen Handelsblad, 5 november 1940.",
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"name": "Hermine Santrouschitz moves in with Jan Gies",
"name_nl": "Miep Santrouschitz en Jan Gies wonen samen na hun huwelijk",
"name_en": "Hermine Santrouschitz moves in with Jan Gies",
"content": "<p>From <strong>16 July 1941</strong> to <strong>1 June 1946</strong>, Hermine ('Miep') Santrouschitz was registered at Hunzestraat 25hs, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gwnpc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was Miep's first address after the foster parents' home. According to her <em>Herinneringen</em>, she lived here unmarried together with Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0f0n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They lived here with Henderina Stoppelman-van der Reis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h3v8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Her husband had gone to England in <strong>May 1940</strong>, so she rented out rooms. <sup data-footnote-id=\"epkv3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank had pointed out the advertisement to them looking for tenants for these furnished rooms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yoroc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan Gies had been registered at this address since <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eegzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Mrs Stoppelman corresponded with her husband in London through the Red Cross. From <strong>6 September 1942,</strong> she wrote as sender next to her name: "c/o J. Gies, Hunzestraat No 25 house".<sup data-footnote-id=\"d2b6j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>4 September 1943</strong>, Max Stoppelman wrote to his father in London: "Address parcels to Gies, otherwise they will be lost."<sup data-footnote-id=\"wacpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> On <strong>1 July 1943</strong>, Mrs Stoppelman wrote to her husband with <em>"</em>Mrs J. Gies vd Reis" as the sender <em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"wgvdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Stoppelman also went into hiding during <strong>1942</strong>. A son of the family where she stayed was a student and in turn went into hiding with Jan and Miep in Hunzestraat around <strong>October-November 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ksp06\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gwnpc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/f33cb3b9-6e4d-4ad1-a2ba-cf2aa3725d06\" target=\"_blank\">Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0f0n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h3v8a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr 138: Woningkaart Hunzestraat 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"epkv3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p 59. Mevrouw Stoppelman heet hier mevrouw Samson.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yoroc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Miep Gies: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 2, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eegzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d2b6j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Correspondentieformulier Rode Kruis nr. 179663.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wacpf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Corresponentieformulier Rode Kruis, nr. 26102/43, achterzijde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgvdo\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Correspondentieformulier nr. 285603.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ksp06\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 11. De naam van deze jongen is niet met zekerheid bekend. Mogelijk heette hij Kuno van der Horst.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Van <strong>16 juli 1941</strong> tot <strong>1 juni 1946</strong> stond Hermine (Miep) Santrouschitz ingeschreven op Hunzestraat 25hs, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gwnpc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit was Mieps eerste adres na de pleegouderlijke woning. Volgens haar <em>Herinneringen</em> woonde ze hier ongehuwd samen met Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0f0n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zij woonen hier in bij Henderina Stoppelman-van der Reis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h3v8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Haar man was in <strong>mei 1940</strong> in Engeland terecht gekomen en zij verhuurde daarom kamers. Miep <sup data-footnote-id=\"epkv3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank had hen op de advertentie gewezen waarin huurders voor deze gemeubileerde kamers werden gevraagd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yoroc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan Gies stond op dit adres al vanaf <strong>4 december 1940</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eegzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Mevrouw Stoppelman correspondeerde via het Rode Kruis met haar man in London. Vanaf <strong>6 september 1942</strong> schreef ze als afzender bij haar naam: <em>"p/a J. Gies, Hunzestraat No 25 huis"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d2b6j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 september 1943</strong> schreef Max Stoppelman aan zijn vader in London: <em>"Pakketjes adresseeren aan Gies, anders gaan ze verloren."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"wacpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Op <strong>1 juli 1943</strong> schreef mevrouw Stoppelman aan haar man met als afzender <em>"Mevr J. Gies vd Reis".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"wgvdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Stoppelman ging in de loop van <strong>1942</strong> ook onderduiken. Een zoon van de familie waar ze verbleef, was student en dook rond <strong>oktober-november 1942</strong> op zijn beurt onder bij Jan en Miep in de Hunzestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ksp06\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gwnpc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/f33cb3b9-6e4d-4ad1-a2ba-cf2aa3725d06\" target=\"_blank\">Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0f0n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h3v8a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr 138: Woningkaart Hunzestraat 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"epkv3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p 59. Mevrouw Stoppelman heet hier mevrouw Samson.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yoroc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Miep Gies: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 2, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eegzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d2b6j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Correspondentieformulier Rode Kruis nr. 179663.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wacpf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Corresponentieformulier Rode Kruis, nr. 26102/43, achterzijde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgvdo\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Correspondentieformulier nr. 285603.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ksp06\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 11. De naam van deze jongen is niet met zekerheid bekend. Mogelijk heette hij Kuno van der Horst.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>16 July 1941</strong> to <strong>1 June 1946</strong>, Hermine ('Miep') Santrouschitz was registered at Hunzestraat 25hs, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gwnpc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was Miep's first address after the foster parents' home. According to her <em>Herinneringen</em>, she lived here unmarried together with Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0f0n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They lived here with Henderina Stoppelman-van der Reis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h3v8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Her husband had gone to England in <strong>May 1940</strong>, so she rented out rooms. <sup data-footnote-id=\"epkv3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank had pointed out the advertisement to them looking for tenants for these furnished rooms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yoroc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jan Gies had been registered at this address since <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eegzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Mrs Stoppelman corresponded with her husband in London through the Red Cross. From <strong>6 September 1942,</strong> she wrote as sender next to her name: "c/o J. Gies, Hunzestraat No 25 house".<sup data-footnote-id=\"d2b6j\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>4 September 1943</strong>, Max Stoppelman wrote to his father in London: "Address parcels to Gies, otherwise they will be lost."<sup data-footnote-id=\"wacpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> On <strong>1 July 1943</strong>, Mrs Stoppelman wrote to her husband with <em>"</em>Mrs J. Gies vd Reis" as the sender <em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"wgvdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Stoppelman also went into hiding during <strong>1942</strong>. A son of the family where she stayed was a student and in turn went into hiding with Jan and Miep in Hunzestraat around <strong>October-November 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ksp06\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gwnpc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/f33cb3b9-6e4d-4ad1-a2ba-cf2aa3725d06\" target=\"_blank\">Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0f0n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h3v8a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr 138: Woningkaart Hunzestraat 25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"epkv3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p 59. Mevrouw Stoppelman heet hier mevrouw Samson.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yoroc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Miep Gies: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 2, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eegzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d2b6j\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Correspondentieformulier Rode Kruis nr. 179663.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wacpf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Corresponentieformulier Rode Kruis, nr. 26102/43, achterzijde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgvdo\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit A.S. Cohen: Correspondentieformulier nr. 285603.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ksp06\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 11. De naam van deze jongen is niet met zekerheid bekend. Mogelijk heette hij Kuno van der Horst.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their marriage on July 16, 1941, Miep Santrouschitz and Jan Gies lived together.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun huwelijk op 16 juli 1941 woonden Miep Santrouschitz en Jan Gies samen.",
"summary_en": "After their marriage on July 16, 1941, Miep Santrouschitz and Jan Gies lived together.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"published": true,
"uuid": "5db3a57f-942d-49e5-9478-631a0e8ad789",
"name": "Return Otto Frank: back in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Terugreis Otto Frank: terug in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Return Otto Frank: back in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">On <strong>3 June 1945</strong>, Otto Frank was brought from Arnhem to Amsterdam by car via Utrecht and Rotterdam. At half past nine in the evening, Otto arrived at the house of Jan and Miep Gies at 25 Hunzestraat, where he learned that both Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman had survived the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Otto's arrival, Miep went straight to Kleiman, whereupon Kleiman and his wife came to Hunzestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hcram\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Lotte Kaletta also came to Hunzestraat. Otto noted in his booklet: "What a joy to see us again and how much suffering! A huge relief that everyone was there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kugler is in inverted commas in the notebook. He lived in Hilversum so possibly he was not there in person.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The next day,<strong> on </strong><strong>4 June 1945</strong>, Otto<strong> </strong>wrote "office" in his diary, so he probably visited the office on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snkep\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is possible that this was also when he visited the Secret Annexe again for the first time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">In Amsterdam, Otto continued his search for Anne and Margot, but for a long time he received no news. On <strong>8 June</strong>, for example, he wrote to his mother: "I am writing here from my office and it is all like a grim dream, I cannot yet grasp reality...Where [the children] are, I do not know, but I think of them constantly."<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3o9u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On <strong>9 June</strong>, Otto reported back to the Amsterdam police Aliens Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tecug\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On <strong>18 July</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, Otto suffered his second major blow. Looking through a Red Cross list, he saw the names of his two daughters with a cross behind them, which meant they had perished. Not long after, Miep Gies gave him his daughter's diary, which she had kept for Anne for months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"srnp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA) reg. code OFA_002: Agenda Otto Frank 1945, 3 juni.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hcram\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Mededeling J. v.d. Broek-Kleiman, 17 april 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snkep\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_002: Agenda Otto Frank 1945, 4 juni.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3o9u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: <em>‘Ich schreibe hier im Büro, es ist alles wie ein schwerer Traum. Ich kann mich in der Wirklichkeit noch nicht zurecht finden […] Wo sie sind, weiss ich nicht und die Gedanke an sie verlässt mich nicht</em>.’ Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank-Stern, AlF_corr_10_0029, Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern 8 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tecug\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Politie, toegangsnummer 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srnp3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">Op <strong>3 juni 1945 </strong>werd Otto Frank vanuit Arnhem met de auto via Utrecht en Rotterdam naar Amsterdam gebracht. 's avonds om half tien kwam Otto aan bij Jan en Miep Gies op de Hunzestraat 25. Daar hoorde hij dat zowel Victor Kugler als Johannes Kleiman de oorlog hadden overleefd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep ging na de aankomst van Otto direct naar Kleiman, waarop Kleiman en zijn vrouw naar de Hunzestraat kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hcram\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook Lotte Kaletta kwam naar de Hunzestraat. Otto noteerde in zijn boekje: ‘Wat een vreugde ons weer te zien en hoeveel leed! Een steen van het hart, dat allen er zijn.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kugler staat in het notieboekje tussen aanhalingstekens. Hij woonde in Hilversum dus mogelijk was hij er in persoon niet bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">De volgende dag,<strong> op </strong><strong>4 juni 1945</strong><strong>, schreef</strong> Otto in zijn agenda "kantoor" en bezocht hij dus waarschijnlijk het kantoor aan de Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snkep\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Mogelijk bezocht hij toen ook voor het eerst weer het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">In Amsterdam zette Otto zijn zoektocht naar Anne en Margot voort, maar lange tijd kreeg hij geen nieuws. Zo schreef hij op <strong>8 juni</strong> aan zijn moeder: ‘Ik schrijf hier vanuit mijn kantoor en het is allemaal als een akelige droom, ik kan de werkelijkheid nog niet bevatten...Waar [de kinderen] zijn, weet ik niet, maar ik denk voortdurend aan hen.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3o9u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Op <strong>9 juni </strong>meldde Otto zich weer bij de Vreemdelingendienst van de Amsterdamse politie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tecug\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Op <strong>18 juli</strong> <strong>1945 </strong>kreeg Otto uiteindelijk zijn tweede grote slag te verduren. Bij het doornemen van een lijst van het Rode Kruis zag hij de namen van zijn twee dochters met daarachter een kruis, wat betekende dat ze waren omgekomen. Niet lang daarna kreeg hij van Miep Gies het dagboek van zijn dochter, dat zij maandenlang voor Anne had bewaard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"srnp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA) reg. code OFA_002: Agenda Otto Frank 1945, 3 juni.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hcram\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Mededeling J. v.d. Broek-Kleiman, 17 april 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snkep\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_002: Agenda Otto Frank 1945, 4 juni.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3o9u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘<em>Ich schreibe hier im Büro, es ist alles wie ein schwerer Traum. Ich kann mich in der Wirklichkeit noch nicht zurecht finden […] Wo sie sind, weiss ich nicht und die Gedanke an sie verlässt mich nicht</em>.’ Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank-Stern, AlF_corr_10_0029, Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern 8 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tecug\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Politie, toegangsnummer 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srnp3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">On <strong>3 June 1945</strong>, Otto Frank was brought from Arnhem to Amsterdam by car via Utrecht and Rotterdam. At half past nine in the evening, Otto arrived at the house of Jan and Miep Gies at 25 Hunzestraat, where he learned that both Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman had survived the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Otto's arrival, Miep went straight to Kleiman, whereupon Kleiman and his wife came to Hunzestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hcram\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Lotte Kaletta also came to Hunzestraat. Otto noted in his booklet: "What a joy to see us again and how much suffering! A huge relief that everyone was there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kugler is in inverted commas in the notebook. He lived in Hilversum so possibly he was not there in person.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The next day,<strong> on </strong><strong>4 June 1945</strong>, Otto<strong> </strong>wrote "office" in his diary, so he probably visited the office on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snkep\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is possible that this was also when he visited the Secret Annexe again for the first time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">In Amsterdam, Otto continued his search for Anne and Margot, but for a long time he received no news. On <strong>8 June</strong>, for example, he wrote to his mother: "I am writing here from my office and it is all like a grim dream, I cannot yet grasp reality...Where [the children] are, I do not know, but I think of them constantly."<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3o9u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On <strong>9 June</strong>, Otto reported back to the Amsterdam police Aliens Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tecug\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On <strong>18 July</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, Otto suffered his second major blow. Looking through a Red Cross list, he saw the names of his two daughters with a cross behind them, which meant they had perished. Not long after, Miep Gies gave him his daughter's diary, which she had kept for Anne for months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"srnp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j5rsy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA) reg. code OFA_002: Agenda Otto Frank 1945, 3 juni.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hcram\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Mededeling J. v.d. Broek-Kleiman, 17 april 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snkep\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_002: Agenda Otto Frank 1945, 4 juni.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3o9u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: <em>‘Ich schreibe hier im Büro, es ist alles wie ein schwerer Traum. Ich kann mich in der Wirklichkeit noch nicht zurecht finden […] Wo sie sind, weiss ich nicht und die Gedanke an sie verlässt mich nicht</em>.’ Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank-Stern, AlF_corr_10_0029, Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern 8 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tecug\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Politie, toegangsnummer 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srnp3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-06-03",
"date_end": "1945-07-18",
"summary": "On 3 June 1945, Otto Frank returned to Amsterdam to his friends Jan and Miep Gies. From there he went in search of his daughters. On 18 July, he received the news that his daughters had perished in Bergen-Belsen. Soon after, Miep Gies gave him his daughter Anne's diary.",
"summary_nl": "Op 3 juni 1945 kwam Otto Frank terug in Amsterdam bij zijn vrienden Jan en Miep Gies. Vandaaruit ging hij opzoek naar zijn dochters. Op 18 juli kreeg hij het nieuws dat zijn dochters waren omgekomen in Bergen-Belsen. Snel daarna kreeg hij van Miep Gies het dagboek van zijn dochter Anne.",
"summary_en": "On 3 June 1945, Otto Frank returned to Amsterdam to his friends Jan and Miep Gies. From there he went in search of his daughters. On 18 July, he received the news that his daughters had perished in Bergen-Belsen. Soon after, Miep Gies gave him his daughter Anne's diary.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124664,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7e865a71-4c4f-4910-b778-75c9a2761d19/",
"published": false,
"uuid": "7e865a71-4c4f-4910-b778-75c9a2761d19",
"name": "Jan Gies helpt onderduikers",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies helpt onderduikers",
"name_en": null,
"description": "<h1>Hulp aan het Achterhuis</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vroeg in <strong>1971 </strong>de Yad Vashem onderscheiding “Rechtvaardige onder de Volken” aan voor zijn vier kantoormedewerkers en ook voor Jan Gies. Otto beschreef in zijn voordracht de rol van Jan als helper bij het verkrijgen van distributiebonnen en het verkopen van kostbaarheden, als het geld op dreigde te raken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wt7jz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zelf verklaarde Jan dat hij distributiebonnen kocht op “de zwarte markt”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"04rjf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In ieder geval kwamen er bonnen het Achterhuis binnen via de Gies & Co.-vertegenwoordigers Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"re7ni\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een directe rol van Jan Gies daarbij is niet bekend, maar ligt wel voor de hand. Hij was namelijk commissaris bij de firma Gies & Co en had onbeperkte toegang tot de bedrijfsgebouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va7o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen de middag kwam Jan regelmatig in het Achterhuis langs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18w5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Dan besprak hij met de onderduikers het nieuws en het verloop van de oorlog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f46qd\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Jan leende ook boeken voor hen bij leesbibliotheek COMO aan de Rijnstraat, waar hij bevriend was met de eigenaar Jacob Licht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi8ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Naar eigen zeggen voorzag hij de onderduikers ook van sigaretten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ym0\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerder hielp Jan samen met zijn vrouw Miep de familie Frank ook bij de voorbereiding van de onderduik. Ze kwamen in de avond van <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> naar de woning op het Merwedeplein om spullen op te halen, die zij later naar het Achterhuis zouden brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3tdx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Annes dagboek ging Jan na de inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944 </strong>naar het politiebureau en naar de nachtwaker Slegers om het gebeurde te bespreken en zo de onderduikers af te schermen van ontdekking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hc12y\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Daar was op zich niets vreemds aan, gezien het al genoemde commissariaat bij Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Familie Stoppelman en Kuno van der Horst</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Via een advertentie kwamen Jan en Miep aan een kamer op de Hunzestraat nummer 25 bij mevr. Stoppelman-Van der Reis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a5d8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Mevrouw Stoppelman had veel contacten in en om Hilversum, en toen zij moest gaan onderduiken vond zij daardoor een plek bij mevrouw Van der Horst. Jan en Miep bleven in de woning van mevrouw Stoppelman in de Hunzestraat wonen. Volgens Anne bezochten Jan en Miep mevrouw Stoppelman op haar onderduikadres bij mevrouw Van der Horst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivcyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Zij namen in de lente van <strong>1943</strong> haar zoon Kuno van der Horst in huis. Het verhaal wil dat Kuno (in Mieps door een <em>ghost writer </em>geschreven autobiografie ‘Karel’ geheten) als student weigerde de loyaliteitsverklaring te tekenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr5o0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Hoe lang Kuno precies ondergedoken zat bij Jan en Miep is onduidelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarnaast bracht Jan mevrouw Stoppelmans jonge kleinkinderen, die ternauwernood aan een razzia ontkwamen, in veiligheid. Alfred Cohen, een van de kinderen, overleefde de oorlog, maar zijn zus Lida Cohen stierf tijdens de onderduik aan een ziekte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9m4b\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan Jans onderduikhulp kwam een einde, toen op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> de Achterhuisbewoners werden gearresteerd. Betrokkenheid bij andere illegale activiteiten had hij al eerder gestopt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ob0fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 maart 1972</strong> kreeg Jan op voordracht van Otto Frank van Yad Vashem de onderscheiding “Rechtvaardige onder de Volken".</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wt7jz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_082, voordracht Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem.; Website Yad Vashem, https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/pdf-drupal/en/righteous/otto-frank-letter.pdf (Geraadpleegd op 20-11-2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"04rjf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Beheerd archief AV, Televizier, 5 mei 1987, tijdcode 24.40-25.00 min.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"re7ni\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10, 14 en 23 maart 1944, 25 mei 1944; Dagboek B, 4 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.;</em><em> </em>Daatzelaar wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>Daatselaar of D</em>., Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, 12 maart 1944, 14 maart 1944, 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va7o7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Staatscourant 13 augustus 1941, akteletter d, Noord-Hollands Archief, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18w5r\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Verhaaltjesboek, Schaftuurtje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f46qd\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi8ae\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief Gies, interview Jan en Miep Gies door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boomsma, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ym0\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief, interview 1992, deel 2, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3tdx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hc12y\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 11 april 1944. Tot op heden is geen bevestiging in het archief van de Amsterdamse politie aangetroffen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a5d8v\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief, interview 1992, deel 2, p. 4; er stond een advertentie voor inwoning in de rubriek “Te huur aangeboden”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 november 1940. Jans inschrijving in de woning is op 4 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivcyk\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr5o0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2009, p. 145. De controverse over het wel of niet tekenen in Delft vond plaats in maart en april 1943. De SD nam op 4 mei de studentenregistratie in beslag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnywz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kuno is in zijn vrij beknopt neergeschreven herinneringen aan de oorlogsjaren niet expliciet over zijn eigen ervaringen. Zijn moeder is uitvoeriger, maar geeft ook weinig aanknopingspunten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9m4b\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief Stoppelman: brief M. Stoppelman aan AFS, 9 augustus 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ob0fc\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief, interview 1992, deel 2, p. 11.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Hulp aan het Achterhuis</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vroeg in <strong>1971 </strong>de Yad Vashem onderscheiding “Rechtvaardige onder de Volken” aan voor zijn vier kantoormedewerkers en ook voor Jan Gies. Otto beschreef in zijn voordracht de rol van Jan als helper bij het verkrijgen van distributiebonnen en het verkopen van kostbaarheden, als het geld op dreigde te raken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wt7jz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zelf verklaarde Jan dat hij distributiebonnen kocht op “de zwarte markt”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"04rjf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In ieder geval kwamen er bonnen het Achterhuis binnen via de Gies & Co.-vertegenwoordigers Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"re7ni\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een directe rol van Jan Gies daarbij is niet bekend, maar ligt wel voor de hand. Hij was namelijk commissaris bij de firma Gies & Co en had onbeperkte toegang tot de bedrijfsgebouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va7o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen de middag kwam Jan regelmatig in het Achterhuis langs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18w5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Dan besprak hij met de onderduikers het nieuws en het verloop van de oorlog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f46qd\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Jan leende ook boeken voor hen bij leesbibliotheek COMO aan de Rijnstraat, waar hij bevriend was met de eigenaar Jacob Licht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi8ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Naar eigen zeggen voorzag hij de onderduikers ook van sigaretten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9ym0\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerder hielp Jan samen met zijn vrouw Miep de familie Frank ook bij de voorbereiding van de onderduik. Ze kwamen in de avond van <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> naar de woning op het Merwedeplein om spullen op te halen, die zij later naar het Achterhuis zouden brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3tdx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Annes dagboek ging Jan na de inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944 </strong>naar het politiebureau en naar de nachtwaker Slegers om het gebeurde te bespreken en zo de onderduikers af te schermen van ontdekking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hc12y\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Daar was op zich niets vreemds aan, gezien het al genoemde commissariaat bij Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Familie Stoppelman en Kuno van der Horst</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Via een advertentie kwamen Jan en Miep aan een kamer op de Hunzestraat nummer 25 bij mevr. Stoppelman-Van der Reis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a5d8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Mevrouw Stoppelman had veel contacten in en om Hilversum, en toen zij moest gaan onderduiken vond zij daardoor een plek bij mevrouw Van der Horst. Jan en Miep bleven in de woning van mevrouw Stoppelman in de Hunzestraat wonen. Volgens Anne bezochten Jan en Miep mevrouw Stoppelman op haar onderduikadres bij mevrouw Van der Horst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivcyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Zij namen in de lente van <strong>1943</strong> haar zoon Kuno van der Horst in huis. Het verhaal wil dat Kuno (in Mieps door een <em>ghost writer </em>geschreven autobiografie ‘Karel’ geheten) als student weigerde de loyaliteitsverklaring te tekenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr5o0\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Hoe lang Kuno precies ondergedoken zat bij Jan en Miep is onduidelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarnaast bracht Jan mevrouw Stoppelmans jonge kleinkinderen, die ternauwernood aan een razzia ontkwamen, in veiligheid. Alfred Cohen, een van de kinderen, overleefde de oorlog, maar zijn zus Lida Cohen stierf tijdens de onderduik aan een ziekte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9m4b\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan Jans onderduikhulp kwam een einde, toen op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> de Achterhuisbewoners werden gearresteerd. Betrokkenheid bij andere illegale activiteiten had hij al eerder gestopt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ob0fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 maart 1972</strong> kreeg Jan op voordracht van Otto Frank van Yad Vashem de onderscheiding “Rechtvaardige onder de Volken".</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wt7jz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_082, voordracht Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem.; Website Yad Vashem, https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/pdf-drupal/en/righteous/otto-frank-letter.pdf (Geraadpleegd op 20-11-2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"04rjf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Beheerd archief AV, Televizier, 5 mei 1987, tijdcode 24.40-25.00 min.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"re7ni\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10, 14 en 23 maart 1944, 25 mei 1944; Dagboek B, 4 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.;</em><em> </em>Daatzelaar wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>Daatselaar of D</em>., Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, 12 maart 1944, 14 maart 1944, 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va7o7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Staatscourant 13 augustus 1941, akteletter d, Noord-Hollands Archief, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18w5r\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Verhaaltjesboek, Schaftuurtje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f46qd\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi8ae\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief Gies, interview Jan en Miep Gies door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boomsma, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9ym0\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief, interview 1992, deel 2, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3tdx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hc12y\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 11 april 1944. Tot op heden is geen bevestiging in het archief van de Amsterdamse politie aangetroffen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a5d8v\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief, interview 1992, deel 2, p. 4; er stond een advertentie voor inwoning in de rubriek “Te huur aangeboden”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 november 1940. Jans inschrijving in de woning is op 4 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivcyk\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Kenniscentrum, Manuscripten Huygenseditie, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr5o0\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2009, p. 145. De controverse over het wel of niet tekenen in Delft vond plaats in maart en april 1943. De SD nam op 4 mei de studentenregistratie in beslag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnywz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kuno is in zijn vrij beknopt neergeschreven herinneringen aan de oorlogsjaren niet expliciet over zijn eigen ervaringen. Zijn moeder is uitvoeriger, maar geeft ook weinig aanknopingspunten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9m4b\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief Stoppelman: brief M. Stoppelman aan AFS, 9 augustus 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ob0fc\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, getuigenarchief, interview 1992, deel 2, p. 11.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Jan Gies verleende op verschillende manieren hulp aan onderduikers.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies verleende op verschillende manieren hulp aan onderduikers.",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124657,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Plan Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein. Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Victorieplein (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">Amstellanen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Rivierenbuurt (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Plan Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein. Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Victorieplein (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">Amstellanen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Rivierenbuurt (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Plan Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein. Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Victorieplein (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">Amstellanen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Rivierenbuurt (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
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"content": "<p>Hunzestraat 25hs, Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep was registered here from <strong>16 July 1941 to 1 June 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>This was Miep's first address after her foster parents' home. According to her memoir <em>Herinneringen</em>, she lived here unmarried with Jan. They lived here with Henderina Stoppelman-van der Reis. Her husband had gone to England in <strong>May 1940</strong>, so she rented out rooms.</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank had pointed them to the advertisement looking for tenants for these furnished rooms.</li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>3 June 1945</strong>, Otto Frank arrived at 25 Hunzestraat.</li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>9-10 June 1945,</strong> Otto Frank moved with Jan and Miep Gies to Hunzestraat 120, the home of Jan Gies' sister Fenna Gies.</li>\r\n</ul>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hunzestraat 25hs, Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Jan Gies stond op dit adres al vanaf <strong>4 december 1940</strong> ingeschreven. </li>\r\n\t<li>Miep stond hier van <strong>16 juli 1941 tot 1 juni 1946</strong> ingeschreven.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dit was Mieps eerste adres na de pleegouderlijke woning. Volgens haar <em>Herinneringen</em> woonde ze hier ongehuwd met Jan samen. Zij woonden hier in bij Henderina Stoppelman-van der Reis. Haar man was in <strong>mei 1940</strong> in Engeland terecht gekomen en zij verhuurde daarom kamers. </li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank had hen op de advertentie gewezen waarin huurders voor deze gemeubileerde kamers werden gevraagd.</li>\r\n\t<li>Op <strong>3 juni 1945</strong> kwam Otto Frank aan op de Hunzestraat 25.</li>\r\n\t<li>Op <strong>9-10 juni 1945</strong> verhuisde Otto Frank samen met Jan en Miep Gies naar Hunzestraat 120, de woning van Jan Gies' zus Fenna Gies.</li>\r\n</ul>",
"content_en": "<p>Hunzestraat 25hs, Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep was registered here from <strong>16 July 1941 to 1 June 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>This was Miep's first address after her foster parents' home. According to her memoir <em>Herinneringen</em>, she lived here unmarried with Jan. They lived here with Henderina Stoppelman-van der Reis. Her husband had gone to England in <strong>May 1940</strong>, so she rented out rooms.</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank had pointed them to the advertisement looking for tenants for these furnished rooms.</li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>3 June 1945</strong>, Otto Frank arrived at 25 Hunzestraat.</li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>9-10 June 1945,</strong> Otto Frank moved with Jan and Miep Gies to Hunzestraat 120, the home of Jan Gies' sister Fenna Gies.</li>\r\n</ul>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.90509 52.344345)",
"summary": "Jan and Miep Gies lived here from July 1941 to June 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Hier woonden van Jan en Miep Gies van juli 1941 tot juni 1945.",
"summary_en": "Jan and Miep Gies lived here from July 1941 to June 1945.",
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"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
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"latitude": "52.36892",
"longitude": "4.88745",
"events": [
{
"id": 248,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b3ea76ee-3018-44a6-9c71-bc5a1800aef5/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a871bcad-3786-4974-baaa-c342c48eabbd",
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"persons": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b3ea76ee-3018-44a6-9c71-bc5a1800aef5",
"name": "Otto Frank takes over Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank neemt Pectacon over",
"name_en": "Otto Frank takes over Pectacon",
"content": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded on <strong>1 June 1938</strong> by Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Not long after this, on <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Opekta's pectin business was seasonal as the fruit required was only available in summer and early autumn. To smooth out the resulting sales fluctuations, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in Pectacon, which traded in spices and preservatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd op <strong>1 juni 1938</strong> opgericht door Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat het benodigde fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer te krijgen was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in Pectacon, dat handelde in specerijen en conserveermiddelen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded on <strong>1 June 1938</strong> by Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Not long after this, on <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Opekta's pectin business was seasonal as the fruit required was only available in summer and early autumn. To smooth out the resulting sales fluctuations, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in Pectacon, which traded in spices and preservatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1938-10-21",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In October 1938, Otto Frank took over Pectacon from its founders Johannes Kleiman and Ton Dunselman. This company traded in spices and preservatives. It provided income in winter and spring, when Opekta's sales were low. In 1939, Hermann van Pels joined the company.",
"summary_nl": "In oktober 1938 neemt Otto Frank Pectacon over van de oprichters Johannes Kleiman en Ton Dunselman. Dit bedrijf handelt in specerijen en conserveermiddelen. Het zorgt voor inkomsten in winter en voorjaar, wanneer Opekta weinig verkocht wordt. In 1939 komt Hermann van Pels erbij werken.",
"summary_en": "In October 1938, Otto Frank took over Pectacon from its founders Johannes Kleiman and Ton Dunselman. This company traded in spices and preservatives. It provided income in winter and spring, when Opekta's sales were low. In 1939, Hermann van Pels joined the company.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 114,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4337998-21c4-46dc-aa67-08dcc0c82f20"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44",
"name": "Fire at Singel 400",
"name_nl": "Brand op Singel 400",
"name_en": "Fire at Singel 400",
"content": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Opekta gebruikte de benedenverdiepingen van het gebouw aan Singel 400. Boven woonde de kunstschilder Gerrit Jongert met zijn gezin. In <strong>april 1940</strong> ontstond brand doordat het zoontje van Jongert in een onbewaakt moment met lucifers speelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De brandweer rukte met drie motorspuiten en een ladderwagen uit. Dertien brandwachten gebruikten 4.500 liter Vechtwater voor het blussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In de woning en het atelier van Jongert gingen de lambrizering en enkele doeken verloren, maar op de benedenverdieping was alleen waterschade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1940-04-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"summary_nl": "Een spelende kleuter veroorzaakte onbedoeld brand.",
"summary_en": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124625,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl werkzaam bij verschillende bedrijven",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"description": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de lagere school had Bep Voskuijl verschillende banen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Volgens haar, bijna drie jaar jongere zus, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, werkte Bep Voskuijl in een naaiatelier en als dienstbode in een restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Ton van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder ook werkte als winkelmeisje bij banketbakker Ruperink in de Jan Evertsenstraat en als hulp bij Ruttens cafetaria in de Kalverstraat (filiaal van horecaketen Heck’s).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Joop van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder begon met werken als kamermeisje in hotels en pensionnetjes en dat zij zich vervolgens ging scholen om verder te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op de gezinskaart van haar vader Johannes Voskuijl, staat Bep geregistreerd als mantelnaaister.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend waar en wanneer dit was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Medio 1937</strong> werd Bep aangenomen bij Opekta, in die periode gevestigd op Singel 400. Ze was de opvolgster van Isa Cauvern, die stenotypiste was. Victor Kugler was haar chef. Ze kreeg haar opdrachten van hem en van Johannes Kleiman en een enkele keer van de Otto Frank. Net als Miep Gies verrichtte Bep werkzaamheden voor Opekta en voor Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op haar persoonsbewijs, uitgegeven op <strong>19 augustus 1941</strong> staat: ‘Kantoorbediende (Pektine prod.)”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Na de arrestatie bleef ze samen met Miep Gies op kantoor werken tot Kleimans terugkeer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1947</strong> verliet Bep Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep voerde de boekhouding voor haar man, Cor van Wijk, die een stoffeerderij aan huis had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl had veel verschillende banen.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124597,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/12c654f5-46bf-46d9-b083-a7d05d7f6064/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "12c654f5-46bf-46d9-b083-a7d05d7f6064",
"name": "Hermann van Pels - work at Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels werkzaam bij Pectacon",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels - work at Pectacon",
"description": "<p>According to his personal card, Hermann van Pels was a: 'merchant/butcher's waste (casings, etc)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined Pectacon, Otto Frank's company, in <strong>1939</strong>. According to Otto, Van Pels owned nothing at the time, but earned enough to rent a nice house and live a good life. He just couldn't save anything from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels was considered an expert on spices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He was listed in the telephone directory at the end of <strong>1940</strong> as 'Wholesaler in herbs, manufacturer of brine salt and mixed spices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pectacon's product range showed similarities with that of the <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em> firm.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels' involvement with Pectacon's successor Gies & Co. does not appear from the source material, yet it is plausible that he was employed there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Hermann van Pels was blijkens zijn persoonskaart: <em>koopman i/slagersafval (darmen enz)</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij kwam in <strong>1939 </strong>bij Pectacon in dienst, het bedrijf van Otto Frank. Volgens Otto bezat Van Pels toen niets meer, maar verdiende hij genoeg om een mooie woning te huren en een goed leven te leiden. Hij kon er alleen niet van sparen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels gold als deskundige op het gebied van kruiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hij stond eind <strong>1940</strong> in de telefoongids als <em>Grooth. in kruiden, fabr. v. pekelzout en gemengde spec</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het assortiment van <em>Pectacon</em> vertoonde overeenkomsten met dat van de firma <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Betrokkenheid van Van Pels bij <em>Pectacons</em> opvolger Gies & Co. blijkt niet uit het bronnenmateriaal, toch is het wel aannemelijk dat hij er werkzaam was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>According to his personal card, Hermann van Pels was a: 'merchant/butcher's waste (casings, etc)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined Pectacon, Otto Frank's company, in <strong>1939</strong>. According to Otto, Van Pels owned nothing at the time, but earned enough to rent a nice house and live a good life. He just couldn't save anything from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels was considered an expert on spices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He was listed in the telephone directory at the end of <strong>1940</strong> as 'Wholesaler in herbs, manufacturer of brine salt and mixed spices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pectacon's product range showed similarities with that of the <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em> firm.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels' involvement with Pectacon's successor Gies & Co. does not appear from the source material, yet it is plausible that he was employed there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Hermann van Pels was employed by Otto Frank's company Pectacon.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels was in dienst bij Otto Franks bedrijf Pectacon.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels was employed by Otto Frank's company Pectacon.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124605,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4c3330e3-201e-49a8-a9ad-2ab2af54f1c4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4c3330e3-201e-49a8-a9ad-2ab2af54f1c4",
"name": "Johannes Kleiman - work at Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij Pectacon",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman - work at Pectacon",
"description": "<p>Johannes Kleiman's involvement in the establishment and operation of Pectacon is evident from the documents made available by Frans Hofhuis. Hofhuis' parents had been friends with the Frank family since the <strong>early 1930</strong> s. In the <strong>1960s</strong>, Frans Hofhuis took over Pectacon, hence his possession of these documents.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Brief timeline of the company:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman receives the draft articles of association of Pectacon from Otto Frank. On <strong>28 May 1938</strong>, Kleiman sends lawyer Dunselman a number of proposed amendments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 June 1938</strong> Pectacon is incorporated by Kleiman and Dunselman at notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 June 1938</strong> Kleiman receives the General Terms and Conditions for account holders at the Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The same day, Kleiman sends the bank a cheque for NLG 2,000, asking them to credit the account to be opened with NLG 500 from Dunselman and NLG 1,500 from himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 June 1938</strong> Kleiman writes to Luykx and Dunselman that the deposits referred to above had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman, as director of Pectacon, signs the interim certificates for 15 shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 June 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to transfer NLG 245.40 to Dunselman as a fee for work pertaining to the establishment.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 October 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to close his account, as a temporary account of Pectacon, and transfer the balance to a new account to be opened in the name of Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 April 1941</strong> Kleiman receives an interim receipt for fifty shares in the context of his deposit of NLG 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 April 1941</strong> Kleiman is listed with Otto Frank as director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 April 1941</strong> Kleiman as supervisory director and Otto as director issue thirty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 September 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters writes to Kleiman about the liquidation of Pectacon. He asks Kleiman to come to his office on <strong>28 September 1942</strong> in connection with the liquidation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After the liberation, measures to restore justice resulted in Pectacon being re-registered in the Commercial Register.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 November 1945</strong> Kleiman is listed as a director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman signs interim certificates as director for twenty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>February 1951</strong> Kleiman is sole director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 December 1954 </strong>Kleiman goes with Dikker to Polak in Weener Germany (close to the border with Groningen). Followed by a brief report on trials including by TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>De betrokkenheid van Johannes Kleiman bij de oprichting en bedrijfsvoering van Pectacon blijkt uit de documenten die door Frans Hofhuis beschikbaar zijn gesteld. De ouders van Hofhuis waren sinds de <strong>vroege jaren dertig</strong> bevriend met de familie Frank. In de <strong>jaren zestig</strong> nam Frans Hofhuis Pectacon over, vandaar dat hij deze documenten in bezit heeft.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Korte tijdlijn van het bedrijf:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman ontvangt van Otto Frank de conceptstatuten van Pectacon. Op <strong>28 mei 1938</strong> stuurde Kleiman aan advocaat Dunselman een aantal wijzigingsvoorstellen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 juni 1938</strong> Pectacon wordt door Kleiman en Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx opgericht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman ontvangt de Algemeene Voorwaarden voor rekeninghouders bij de Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dezelfde dag stuurt Kleiman de bank een cheque van fl 2000,- met het verzoek de te openen rekening te crediteren met fl 500,- van Dunselman en fl 1500,- van zichzelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman schrijft aan Luykx en Dunselman dat de hierboven bedoelde stortingen zijn gedaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Dezelfde dag tekent Kleiman als directeur van Pectacon de interim-bewijzen voor vijftien aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman geeft de bank opdracht fl 245,40 over te maken naar Dunselman als honorarium voor werkzaamheden rond de oprichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> Kleiman geeft de bank opdracht zijn rekening, als tijdelijke rekening van Pectacon, af te sluiten en het saldo over te boeken naar een nieuw te openen rekening t.n.v. Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 april 1941</strong> Kleiman krijgt vanwege zijn storting van fl 5000,- een interim-bewijs voor vijftig aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 april 1941</strong> Kleiman staat met Otto Frank als directeur vermeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 april 1941</strong> Kleiman als commissaris en Otto als directeur geven dertig aandelen à fl 100,- uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 september 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters schrijft aan Kleiman over de liquidatie van Pectacon. Hij verzoekt Kleiman op <strong>28 september 1942</strong> op zijn kantoor te komen in verband met de afwikkeling.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na de bevrijding wordt Pectacon door maatregelen tot rechtsherstel opnieuw in het Handelsregister ingeschreven.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 november 1945</strong> Kleiman staat als directeur vermeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dezelfde dag tekent Kleiman als directeur interim-bewijzen voor twintig aandelen à fl 100,-.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951</strong> Kleiman is enig directeur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 december 1954 </strong>Kleiman is met Dikker naar Polak in Weener Duitsland, tegen grens met Groningen) geweest. Verder kort verslag over proefen o.a. door TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>Johannes Kleiman's involvement in the establishment and operation of Pectacon is evident from the documents made available by Frans Hofhuis. Hofhuis' parents had been friends with the Frank family since the <strong>early 1930</strong> s. In the <strong>1960s</strong>, Frans Hofhuis took over Pectacon, hence his possession of these documents.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Brief timeline of the company:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman receives the draft articles of association of Pectacon from Otto Frank. On <strong>28 May 1938</strong>, Kleiman sends lawyer Dunselman a number of proposed amendments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 June 1938</strong> Pectacon is incorporated by Kleiman and Dunselman at notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 June 1938</strong> Kleiman receives the General Terms and Conditions for account holders at the Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The same day, Kleiman sends the bank a cheque for NLG 2,000, asking them to credit the account to be opened with NLG 500 from Dunselman and NLG 1,500 from himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 June 1938</strong> Kleiman writes to Luykx and Dunselman that the deposits referred to above had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman, as director of Pectacon, signs the interim certificates for 15 shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 June 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to transfer NLG 245.40 to Dunselman as a fee for work pertaining to the establishment.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 October 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to close his account, as a temporary account of Pectacon, and transfer the balance to a new account to be opened in the name of Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 April 1941</strong> Kleiman receives an interim receipt for fifty shares in the context of his deposit of NLG 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 April 1941</strong> Kleiman is listed with Otto Frank as director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 April 1941</strong> Kleiman as supervisory director and Otto as director issue thirty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 September 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters writes to Kleiman about the liquidation of Pectacon. He asks Kleiman to come to his office on <strong>28 September 1942</strong> in connection with the liquidation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After the liberation, measures to restore justice resulted in Pectacon being re-registered in the Commercial Register.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 November 1945</strong> Kleiman is listed as a director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman signs interim certificates as director for twenty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>February 1951</strong> Kleiman is sole director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 December 1954 </strong>Kleiman goes with Dikker to Polak in Weener Germany (close to the border with Groningen). Followed by a brief report on trials including by TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman was involved in the establishment and operation of Pectacon.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman was betrokken bij de oprichting en bedrijfsvoering van Pectacon.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman was involved in the establishment and operation of Pectacon.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124628,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976",
"name": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_nl": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_en": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"description": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer verkrijgbaar was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in <strong>1938</strong> bij Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, dat hij vlak na oprichting overnam van Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Oprichting</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1 juni 1938</strong>: Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd opgericht door Jo Kleiman en Ton Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Grondstoffen importeerde Pectacon uit Hongarije en België; naar België vond ook afzet plaats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het jaarverslag van <strong>1939</strong> maakte Opekta melding van de samenwerking met Pectacon. De handel van Pectacon was, in tegenstelling tot die van Opekta, voornamelijk in de wintermaanden geconcentreerd. Opekta hoopte het volgende jaar van de samenwerking te kunnen profiteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omvang en aard van de handel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei '41</strong> registreerde Pectacon een beeldmerk met daarbij de toelichting:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Soort der waren: kruiden en specerijen en vervangingsmiddelen voor kruiden en specerijen; chemische producten en smaakstoffen (aroma's) voor het aromatiseeren en/of conserveeren van voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; pharmaceutische producten, medicijnen, chemische producten voor medische en hygiënische doeleinden; drogerijen; graan- en meelproducten; zetmeel en zetmeelproducten; zoetstoffen; reuk- en smaakessences; thee, koffie, cacao, honing en vervangingsstoffen voor deze waren; sappen, bouillon en extracten van vleesch, visch, week- en schaaldieren, planten, zaden en vruchten in vloeibaren-, vasten- en pastavorm; kleurstoffen voor voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; soepen en soeppreparaten; gist en gistpreparaten, rijsmiddelen, bakkerijcrêmes, bakpoeders; puddingpoeders, saus- en juspreparaten, geconserveerde plantendeelen (zooals gember, angelique, sucade); mout, moutextract en andere moutproducten, voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken, die in hoofdzaak bestaan uit mout, moutextract of moutproducten; diëtische voedingsmiddelen, vitaminepreparaten; pectine, bindmiddelen; poets-, polijst-, schuur- en reinigingsmiddelen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon deed onder meer zaken met makelaar in specerijen Van Jinnelt. In <strong>september </strong>en<strong> oktober '39</strong> kwamen via deze zakenpartner de volgende goederen binnen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 balen witte Batavia Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 balen Ambon nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) kisten Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen Menado nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 kisten Banda foeliegruis.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Cassia Lignea (kaneel).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen zwarte Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 balen Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ca. 1 ton witte Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Jamaica piment.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Sommige van deze goederen verkocht het bedrijf meteen door. Andere werden eerst verwerkt. In deze periode leverde Pectacon aan de kruideniersketen SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg witte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " zwarte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " gemalen kaneel.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " gemalen nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " gemalen piment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari '41</strong> kwam er nog eens 1000 kg Marokkaanse koriander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober '41</strong> verkocht Pectacon aan worstkruidenhandel EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg kruidnagelaroma, f 2,- p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg peperaroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nootmuskaataroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nootmuskaatemulsie, f 8,50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citroenzuur, f 1,30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boorzuurschubben, f 0,36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg soeparoma, f 2,05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier waren al de eerste surrogaatproducten in opkomst.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In eerste instantie profiteerde het bedrijf van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. De reductie van de veestapel stimuleerde de vleesverwerkende industrie, waarvoor Pectacon kruidenmengels produceerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot Opekta vonden er voor dit bedrijf wel productieactiviteiten plaats in het pand. Daarvoor schafte Pectacon <strong>begin 1941</strong> bij Peppink twee specerijmolens aan, die het bij de 'arisering' weer doorverkocht aan Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 maart 1942</strong> ging de tenaamstelling van de vergunning over op Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september 1941</strong> had het bedrijf al meer dan 22.000 gulden aan onverdeelde winsten op de balans staan. Dat was elf maal zoveel als het ingelegde aandelenkapitaal van <strong>eind 1938</strong>. Kortom, tot aan de liquidatie was Pectacon een uitermate winstgevende onderneming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Arisering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 oktober 1940:</strong> afkondiging <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), gepubliceerd <strong>26 oktober 1940</strong>. Deze verordening verplichtte Joodse eigenaren hun bedrijven aan te melden. Het was de eerste stap in de zogenaamde <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (bedrijfseconomische 'arisering').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 oktober 1940:</strong> omdat Otto Frank directeur was van Pectacon en om bij gedwongen arisering een alternatief achter de hand te hebben werd La Synthèse opgericht met Kugler als directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris. Op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> nam deze firma de naam N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co aan. De doelstelling en de werkzaamheden waren gelijk aan die van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens eigen opgave werd op de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>13 februari 1941</strong> besloten de zich nog in portefeuille bevindende aandelen terwaarde van fl. 8.000 te plaatsen. Op <strong>4 april 1941</strong> stortten de oprichters Kleiman en Dunselman hiertoe respectievelijk fl. 5.000 en fl. 3.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Als gevolg hiervan zakte Otto's aandeel in het aandelenkapitaal naar 20 procent. Dat betekende dat zijn aandeel daarmee onder de cruciale grens van 25 procent kwam, die gold als criterium van een 'Joodse' onderneming en zodoende voor aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>4 april 1941 </strong>werden nieuwe interimbewijzen voor de nieuw uitgegeven aandelen verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 september 1941:</strong> K.O.M. Wolters werd op grond van paragraaf 7 van de <em>Verordening tot verwijdering van joden uit het bedrijfsleven</em> tot bewindvoerder van Pectacon aangesteld, met de opdracht het bedrijf te liquideren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman en Otto gingen naar Wolters’ kantoor om de zaak te bespreken. Wolters ging akkoord met Kleimans voorstel om zelf in acht tot tien dagen tot liquidatie over te gaan. Daardoor hadden Kleiman en Otto de mogelijkheid machines en voorraden door te sluizen naar Gies & Co., toen nog in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ze verkochten vrijwel alles met verlies aan Gies & Co. Alleen op de kantoorinventaris werd winst gemaakt; die verkochten ze aan Wolters zelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gemaakte verlies tijdens de liquidatie bedroeg 14.000 gulden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het saldo na liquidatie bedroeg 18.000 gulden. Kleiman kreeg 5.000 gulden en Dunselman 3.000 gulden. De resterende 10.000 gulden werd na aftrek van 2.300 gulden voor de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, gestort bij de bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. verhuisde naar Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was tijdens de liquidatiefase gevestigd op Rokin 6, Wolters’ kantoor (het Peek & Cloppenburg-gebouw op de Dam in Amsterdam).<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De verdeling van de liquidatiewaarde ging overigens in tegen het voorstel van Wolters. Die had namelijk voorgesteld het resterende saldo naar rato van het aandelenbezit te verdelen, d.w.z. 50 procent naar Kleiman, 30 procent naar Dunselman en de resterende 20 procent naar Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, ten gunste van Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In praktijk ontvingen Kleiman en Dunselman alleen hun inleg uit <strong>april 1941</strong> retour, zonder winstdeling.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank uit Auschwitz terugkwam werd Pectacon nieuw leven ingeblazen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rechtsherstel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na <strong>mei 1945</strong> behoorde Pectacon tot de bedrijven die ingevolge de besluiten van de Londense regering ambtshalve in het Handelsregister kunnen worden heringeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>augustus 1945</strong> was Pectacon nog een 'lege huls', een bedrijf zonder kapitaal Otto wilde met het bedrijf echter onder meer een anti-diarreemiddel, een anti-schimmelmiddel en een schoonmaakmiddel produceren, alle drie op pectine gebaseerd. Dit nog steeds vanuit de gedachte om de seizoensfluctuaties van de Opekta-omzet te ondervangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>november 1945</strong> stonden Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman als directeur vermeld. Enig procuratiehouder was Victor Kugler, met algemene volmacht: 'Z<em>oals deze ook aan de directeur volgens de statuten is toegekend.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto schreef in <strong>juni 1947</strong> dat hij het zakelijk moeilijk had. Hij wilde iets in textiel en kunstzijde doen, maar de gevestigde bedrijven duldden geen nieuwkomers. Hij beperkte zich toen maar tot chemicaliën en levensmiddelen, de kernproducten van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951:</strong> Kugler en Otto Frank stonden niet meer voor Pectacon in het Handelsregister. Kleiman was enig directeur en Jeanne Kwakernaak secretaresse met algemene volmacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>januari 1952</strong> was Ton Dunselman nog altijd commissaris.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> januari 1954 </strong> bezat Otto Frank voor fl. 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon (en fl. 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en fl. 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> maart 1955 </strong><strong> </strong>betaalde Pectacon J. Dikker provisie over februari, waarover omzetbelasting betaald werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Januari 1959:</strong> Na het overlijden van Kleiman werd J. Dikker directeur van Pectacon. Hij legde contacten met ijs- (o.a. Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) en chocoladefabrikanten (o.a. Verkade, Rademakers). Ook legde hij contacten met bedrijven in puddingproductie en bakkerijgrondstoffen.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>April 1959: </strong>Toen in 1959 onderhandelingen gevoerd werden die leidden tot de overname van Opekta door Opekta-Keulen, werd Pectacon buiten deze aandelentransactie gehouden. Volgens mw. Kwakernaak wilde 'Keulen', naast Opekta, ook graag Pectacon overnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Een zoon van Joop Hofhuis wilde in <strong>1959 </strong>Opekta kopen, maar viste achter het net. Jaren later kwam hij Kleimans opvolger, J. Dikker, bij Pectacon tegen en nam het bedrijf vervolgens alsnog over. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Dit was rond <strong>1977</strong>. In een interview met Dineke Stam, d.d. 10 december 1997, zei Hofhuis dat hij Pectacon “20 jaar geleden” kocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon bestond voort als Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, met als KvK-nummer 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWanneer en hoe Otto zijn Pectacon-aandelen van de hand deed, is op dit moment bij gebrek aan bronnen niet te zeggen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (kantoor Wolters), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"summary_nl": "Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, was een van de ondernemingen van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124439,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4",
"name": "Pomosin Werke",
"name_nl": "Pomosin Werke",
"name_en": "Pomosin Werke",
"description": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was a centre for the soya processing industry in the <strong>early 1920s</strong>. Here there were three companies involved in soy milk production, and one of them was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This company was located at Schmickstraße 45 in the city's <em>Osthafen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was owned by the Jewish Scheinberger family and made soy products as well as pectin and bakery ingredients, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Chemist Robert Feix, nephew of the family and attached to the company, also wanted to open the domestic market for pectin and in <strong>1928</strong> started trading the gelling agent Opekta, which he developed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was the producer of this Opekta pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Pomosin was represented from <strong>1928</strong> by Frans van Angeren and Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank took over the Dutch household market with his <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> in <strong>1933</strong>. He undertook to source all pectin from Pomosin and pay a percentage for the licence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Feix and his aunt Emmy Scheinberger were stripped of the management of the Pomosin group during the Nazi era. Walter Fischer was appointed in their place. In previous years, there had already been many struggles for control and assets within the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two members of the Pomosin management, Joachim Rieke and Heinrich Sauerbrey, visited the Amsterdam Opekta office in spring <strong>1943</strong>. Kugler conducted the meeting because Kleiman was absent due to illness. One floor up, Otto Frank - in hiding - listened in. Three weeks later, on Saturday <strong>24 April 1943</strong>, these Pomosin representatives came to the office again for a meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 and 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was <strong>begin jaren twintig</strong> een centrum voor de sojaverwerkende industrie. Hier zaten drie ondernemingen die zich bezig hielden met de productie van sojamelk, en een daarvan was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit bedrijf was gevestigd op de Schmickstraße 45 in de <em>Osthafen</em> van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was eigendom van de Joodse familie Scheinberger en maakte naast sojaproducten ook onder meer pectine en bakkerijgrondstoffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De scheikundige Robert Feix, neef van de familie en aan het bedrijf verbonden, wilde ook de huishoudelijke markt voor pectine openen en begon in <strong>1928</strong> de handel in het door hem ontwikkelde geleermiddel Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4y0oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was de producent van deze Opekta-pectine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In Nederland werd Pomosin vanaf <strong>1928</strong> vertegenwoordigd door Frans van Angeren en Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Franks nam in <strong>1933</strong> met zijn <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> de Nederlandse huishoudelijke markt over. Hij verplichtte zich alle pectine van Pomosin te betrekken en een percentage voor de licentie te betalen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan Feix en zijn tante Emmy Scheinberger werd tijdens de nazi-tijd het beheer over het Pomosin-concern ontnomen. In hun plaats trad Walter Fischer naar voren. In voorgaande jaren was er binnen de familie al veel strijd geweest om zeggenschap en vermogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Twee leden van de Pomosin-directie, Joachim Rieke en Heinrich Sauerbrey, bezochten in het voorjaar van <strong>1943</strong> het Amsterdamse Opekta-kantoor. Kugler voerde de bespreking omdat Kleiman wegens ziekte afwezig was. Een verdieping hoger luisterde de ondergedoken Otto Frank mee. Drie weken later, op zaterdag <strong>24 april 1943</strong>, kwamen deze vertegenwoordigers van Pomosin opnieuw naar kantoor voor een bespreking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4y0oz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was a centre for the soya processing industry in the <strong>early 1920s</strong>. Here there were three companies involved in soy milk production, and one of them was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This company was located at Schmickstraße 45 in the city's <em>Osthafen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was owned by the Jewish Scheinberger family and made soy products as well as pectin and bakery ingredients, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Chemist Robert Feix, nephew of the family and attached to the company, also wanted to open the domestic market for pectin and in <strong>1928</strong> started trading the gelling agent Opekta, which he developed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was the producer of this Opekta pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Pomosin was represented from <strong>1928</strong> by Frans van Angeren and Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank took over the Dutch household market with his <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> in <strong>1933</strong>. He undertook to source all pectin from Pomosin and pay a percentage for the licence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Feix and his aunt Emmy Scheinberger were stripped of the management of the Pomosin group during the Nazi era. Walter Fischer was appointed in their place. In previous years, there had already been many struggles for control and assets within the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two members of the Pomosin management, Joachim Rieke and Heinrich Sauerbrey, visited the Amsterdam Opekta office in spring <strong>1943</strong>. Kugler conducted the meeting because Kleiman was absent due to illness. One floor up, Otto Frank - in hiding - listened in. Three weeks later, on Saturday <strong>24 April 1943</strong>, these Pomosin representatives came to the office again for a meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 and 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pomosin is known as a producer of pectin.",
"summary_nl": "Pomosin is bekend geworden als producent van pectine.",
"summary_en": "Pomosin is known as a producer of pectin.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124616,
"image": {
"id": 896,
"uuid": "ac160611-2c49-4e00-a5fb-8c2b1f38bf81",
"name": "A_Opekta_III_004",
"title": "Foto van medewerkers van Opekta Miep Gies, Isa Cauvern, Henk van Beusekom, Hetty Levie en Victor Kugler op het bordes van het kantoor aan de Singel 400, Amsterdam, 1935-1937",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/01cd478c-9fad-9004-919a-0f61346ceb2a.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Otto Frank richt in 1933 de Nederlandse tak van Opekta op, een van oorsprong Duits bedrijf dat zich richt op de import van pectine voor Nederlandse huishoudens. Pectine is een middel dat vruchten en gelei sneller laat geleren tot jam, en via advertenties, recepten in kranten en presentaties op beurzen wordt het product vanaf1933 aangeboden aan de detailhandel. In 1938 neemt Otto Frank het bedrijf Pectacon over van Johannes Kleiman en Ton Dunselman, een bedrijf dat handelt in specerijen en conserveermiddelen. Vanaf respectievelijk 1933 en 1937 werken Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl voor het bedrijf. Vanwege de gedwongen arisering van het Joodse bedrijfsleven in 1941 gaat op 25 maart 1942 de tenaamstelling van de vergunning van Pectacon over op het bedrijf Gies & Co., waar Jan Gies de commissaris is en Viktor Kugler optreedt als directeur. Aanvankelijk profiteert Opekta net als veel andere Nederlandse bedrijven van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. Later in de oorlog en na het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog wordt de import van pectine moeilijker. In 1959 neemt de Keulse vestiging van Opekta de Amsterdamse tak over, later wordt het bedrijf overgenomen door Dr. Oetker. De Anne Frank Stichting beheert van Opekta objecten uit de periode van 1935 tot en met 1955. Het betreft verpakkingsmateriaal voor pectine en andere producten, voorwerpen die werden gebruikt om de pectine te produceren, zakelijke administratie en correspondentie, reclamemateriaal en foto's van het personeel. Dit object is een voorbeeld uit deze collectie.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f997b534-3e67-4c27-b888-3680fa329ea2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f997b534-3e67-4c27-b888-3680fa329ea2",
"name": "Victor Kugler, work at Opekta",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler werkzaam bij Opekta",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler, work at Opekta",
"description": "<p>Otto Frank visited Frans van Angeren's office <strong>in mid-July 1933</strong> in the company of his brother-in-law, Joop Hofhuis. There he met Victor Kugler, with whom he worked ever since.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At that time, Kugler worked for De Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij until, in <strong>October 1940</strong>, he founded the company Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. with Jan Gies, initially called La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of Victor Kugler with four other Opekta employees on the pavement in front of the Singel 400 building, taken between <strong>1934 </strong>and <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio 1934 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Otto Frank bezocht <strong>half juli 1933</strong> het kantoor van Frans van Angeren in het gezelschap van diens zwager, Joop Hofhuis. Daar ontmoette hij Victor Kugler, met wie hij sindsdien samenwerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kugler werkte vervolgens voor de Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij tot hij in <strong>oktober 1940</strong> met Jan Gies het bedrijf Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. oprichtte, aanvankelijk genaamd La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een foto bewaard gebleven van Victor Kugler met vier andere Opekta-employees op de stoep van het pand Singel 400. Deze is gemaakt tussen <strong>1934 </strong>en <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio 1934 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Otto Frank visited Frans van Angeren's office <strong>in mid-July 1933</strong> in the company of his brother-in-law, Joop Hofhuis. There he met Victor Kugler, with whom he worked ever since.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At that time, Kugler worked for De Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij until, in <strong>October 1940</strong>, he founded the company Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. with Jan Gies, initially called La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of Victor Kugler with four other Opekta employees on the pavement in front of the Singel 400 building, taken between <strong>1934 </strong>and <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio 1934 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Victor Kugler worked for De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler werkte voor de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler worked for De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
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"name": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"name_nl": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"name_en": "Opekta | Singel 400",
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"content": "<p>The property previously housed the textile firm Hofhuis & Janus. It was also the home address of Joop Hofhuis <strong>in the late 1920</strong>s,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his brother-in-law owned it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It therefore looks like Otto Frank was able to move to this location through his business network.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the <strong>summer of 1933</strong>, Opekta visited fairs and women's organisations across the country for years to demonstrate the product. In January <strong>1937</strong>, its own company kitchen served as a demonstration room. The second class of the Alkmaar household school visited the Singel on the 20th to learn the use of Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November of 1940</strong>, Opekta and Pectacon moved to Prinsengracht 263. A short time later, the paramilitary Resistance Division (WA) of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) occupied Singel 400 as a Unit House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het pand was eerder de textielfirma Hofhuis & Janus gevestigd. Ook was het <strong>eind jaren twintig</strong> het woonadres van Joop Hofhuis,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> en zijn zwager was er eigenaar van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het ziet er dan ook naar uit dat Otto Frank zich hier via zijn zakelijk netwerk kon vestigen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf de <strong>zomer van 1933</strong> bezocht Opekta jarenlang in het hele land beurzen en vrouwenorganisaties om het product te demonstreren. In <strong>januari 1937</strong> diende de eigen bedrijfskeuken als demonstratielokaal. De tweede klas van de Alkmaarse huishoudschool kwam de 20e op het Singel langs om het gebruik van Opekta te leren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november van 1940</strong> vertrokken Opekta en Pectacon naar Prinsengracht 263. Korte tijd later had de paramilitaire Weerbaarheidsafdeling (WA) van de Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB) Singel 400 in gebruik als Vendelhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The property previously housed the textile firm Hofhuis & Janus. It was also the home address of Joop Hofhuis <strong>in the late 1920</strong>s,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his brother-in-law owned it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It therefore looks like Otto Frank was able to move to this location through his business network.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the <strong>summer of 1933</strong>, Opekta visited fairs and women's organisations across the country for years to demonstrate the product. In January <strong>1937</strong>, its own company kitchen served as a demonstration room. The second class of the Alkmaar household school visited the Singel on the 20th to learn the use of Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November of 1940</strong>, Opekta and Pectacon moved to Prinsengracht 263. A short time later, the paramilitary Resistance Division (WA) of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) occupied Singel 400 as a Unit House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Singel 400 was the home of the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij from late 1934 to late 1940.",
"summary_nl": "Singel 400 was van eind 1934 tot eind 1940 het onderkomen van de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_en": "Singel 400 was the home of the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij from late 1934 to late 1940.",
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"street": "Singel 400",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"title": "Prinsengracht 263, waar Opekta was gevestigd, 1947",
"alt": "Carel Blazer. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
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"name": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"name_nl": "Inbraak in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank",
"name_en": "Break-in at Otto Frank's business premises",
"content": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hans Wijnberg en zijn zus Els, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen. Ze hadden de noten al gepakt toen ze hoorden dat het toilet werd doorgetrokken. Ze begrepen toen dat er mensen in het pand waren en maakten zich snel uit de voeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hans Wijnberg and his sister Els, who both lived at Prinsengracht 251 during this period, said in an interview that they had entered the building on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and that they took some nutmeg while they were there. They had already taken the nuts when they heard the toilet being flushed. They understood that there were people in the building and quickly ran off.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jezfu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-03-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In haar dagboek beschrijft Anne vier inbraken. De eerste inbraak werd gepleegd door twee kinderen uit de buurt.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In her diary, Anne described four incidents. The first break-in was committed by two children from the neighbourhood.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 302,
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"name": "SAA 5225-2036 9 april 1944.PNG",
"title": "Melding van poging tot inbraak in het pand Prinsengracht 263",
"alt": "Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/SAA_5225-2036.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/3d65f630-4e2a-4c22-b725-d16c80bdf6b1/",
"subjects": [],
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"published": true,
"uuid": "3d65f630-4e2a-4c22-b725-d16c80bdf6b1",
"name": "Break-in at Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Inbraak in Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Break-in at Prinsengracht 263",
"content": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rond half tien in de avond van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> ontdekte Peter, die in de regel de deuren voor de nacht controleerde, dat er iets loos was. Hij alarmeerde stilletjes 'de heren' en zij gingen poolshoogte nemen. Later vertelden zij de in de schuilplaats achtergebleven dames dat de inbrekers nog aan de magazijndeur wrikten toen zij vanaf de trap het pakhuis inkwamen. Van Pels riep 'politie', waarop de inbrekers vluchtten. Maar niet zonder nog eens een plank van de deur te trappen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteraard was de kans groot dat de politie de geforceerde deur zou opmerken, en dat gebeurde ook. Slegers surveilleerde al jarenlang in binnenstad langs panden waarvoor hij als nachtwaker was ingehuurd. Daarbij trof hij geregeld verdachte situaties en zijn naam duikt dan ook in tal van politierapporten op. De agent die hij waarschuwde, Cornelis den Boef, doorzocht rond kwart voor elf het pand maar trof zijn inziens niets verdachts aan. Hij rapporteerde later op de avond aan de wachtcommandant van bureau Warmoesstraat: 'Binnenshuis was van diefstal echter niets te constateeren.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan de andere kant van de boekenkast zaten de onderduikers in grote angst. Anne schreef in haar dagboek: 'Stappen in huis, privékantoor, keuken, dan..... onze trap, niemand ademde nu hoorbaar, 8 harten bonkten, stappen op onze trap, dan gerammel aan de draaikast. Dit moment is onbeschrijvelijk.' Tot overmaat van ramp was het deze zondag eerste Paasdag, wat betekende dat het kantoorpersoneel pas dinsdag zou komen. Tot zolang verkeerden de onderduikers in onzekerheid over wat er gaande was en zaten zij in doodse stilte bijeen in de kamer van Van Pels, in de veronderstelling dat er wel politie in het gebouw de wacht zou houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dinsdagochtend lukte het Jo Kleiman telefonisch te bereiken. Kort daarna verschenen Jan en Miep Gies, en bleek de kust - voorlopig - redelijk veilig. Later hoorde Jan van groenteman Van Hoeve dat ook hij het gat in de deur had opgemerkt, maar dacht er beter geen politie bij te halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Around half past nine in the evening of <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, Peter, who usually checked the doors for the night, discovered that something was wrong. He quietly alerted "the men" and they went to investigate. Later they told the women who remained in the annex that the burglars were still prying at the warehouse door when they entered the warehouse from the stairs. Van Pels shouted "police", after which the burglars fled. But not without kicking another plank off the door.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of course, there was a good chance that the police would notice the forced door, and they did. Slegers had been patrolling the city center for years along buildings for which he was hired as a night watchman. He regularly encountered suspicious situations and his name appears in numerous police reports. The police officer he alerted, Cornelis den Boef, searched the building around a quarter to eleven but, in his opinion, found nothing suspicious. Later that evening he reported to the watch commander of the Warmoesstraat police station: "However, there were no traces of theft found inside the house."<sup data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the other side of the bookcase, the people in hiding sat in great fear. Anne wrote in her diary: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then..... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now, 8 hearts thumped, footsteps on our staircase, then a rattling of the swining cupboard. This moment is indescribable." To make matters worse, this Sunday was Easter Sunday, which meant the office staff wouldn't arrive until Tuesday. Until then, the people in hiding were unsure about what was going on and sat in dead silence in Van Pels' room, under the assumption that the police would be on guard in the building.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday morning they managed to reach Jo Kleiman by telephone. Shortly afterwards, Jan and Miep Gies showed up, and, for the time being, the coast seemed to be reasonably safe. Later, Jan heard from greengrocer Van Hoeve that he too had noticed the hole in the door, but thought it better not to call the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vp0k3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 2036: rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25. Anne schreef in haar dagboek dat Jan op de elfde nog langs de politie gaat, maar daarvan is geen melding te vinden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rurv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Worksr</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-04-09",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens de onderduik werd er verschillende keren ingebroken in het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank. In de avond van 9 april 1944 zag nachtwaker Martin Slegers dat er een deurpaneel van Prinsengracht 263 was geforceerd en waarschuwde een politieagent.",
"summary_en": "During the hiding period, Otto Frank's business premises were broken into several times. In the evening of 9 April 1944, night watchman Martin Slegers saw that a door panel at Prinsengracht 263 had been forced open and alerted a police officer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"uuid": "307dd411-db82-4321-8a44-6fa988545b39",
"name": "012_067",
"title": "Overloop met de boekenkast",
"alt": "Vervaardiger Maria Austria. Collectie Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/aecf1efe-2eb5-f666-4f38-7f2aa2f946c0.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De ruimte waar de draaibare boekenkast staat",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "In Copyright (rechten Derden)"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9416a2c0-6022-4bfe-8ffb-2abb17e6e9f6/",
"subjects": [
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9416a2c0-6022-4bfe-8ffb-2abb17e6e9f6",
"name": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"name_nl": "De ontdekking van de boekenkast",
"name_en": "The discovery of the bookcase",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de draaibare boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of<em> Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst,</em> (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked passed from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken for interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the revolving bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he had strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "<em>They knew"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r5lkk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cikjq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cei6p\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd helper Victor Kugler tijdens een inval van de Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst meegenomen om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Daarbij ontdekten zij de draaibare boekenkast die toegang gaf tot het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, helper Victor Kugler was taken along to search the building during a raid by the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst. In the process, they discovered the revolving bookcase that gave access to the Secret Annex.",
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"name": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"name_nl": "De arrestatie van de onderduikers",
"name_en": "The arrest of the people in hiding",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> viel rond half elf in de ochtend een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het team stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. De eerste twee waren werkzaam voor de Sipo-SD, de laatste was van die dienst overgestapt naar de Nederlandse Rijksrecherchecentrale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de SD al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriend drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler. Ze ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit de tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank herinnerde zich later dat hij op het moment van de arrestatie in het bovenste deel van het Achterhuis was, waar hij Peter op diens kamer met schoolwerk hielp en hem net op een fout in zijn dictee wees toen hij plotseling iemand de trap op hoorde rennen: ‘<em>Plotseling kwam iemand de trap op rennen en toen ging de deur open en een man stond vlak voor ons met een pistool in zijn hand. Beneden waren ze allemaal verzameld</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong> voegde hij daar aan toe:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hij liet ons de handen omhoog steken en fouilleerde ons daarna op wapens. (…) Vervolgens gelastte hij ons naar beneden te gaan. Hij kwam achter ons aan met een getrokken pistool. Wij kwamen eerst in de kamer van de familie Pels, alwaar ik de heer en mevrouw Pels, alsook de heer Pfeffer met omhoog geheven handen zag staan. Ook hier stond een in burger geklede, mij onbekende man, die eveneens zijn pistool getrokken had. Daarna moesten wij allen weer een verdieping lager, waar ik met mijn gezin woonde. Daar zag ik mijn vrouw en beide dochters staan, eveneens met de handen in de hoogte. (…) Tevens zag ik daar een in groen uniform geklede, mij onbekende man staan, die ook al zijn pistool getrokken had. Deze man bleek mij nadien Silberbauer te heten’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer vroeg de onderduikers ook naar sieraden en geld. Hij schudde de aktetas waarin Anne haar dagboekaantekeningen bewaarde leeg en stopte er geld en sieraden in. De arrestanten kregen vijf minuten om zich voor vertrek klaar te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In afwachting van dit alles liep Silberbauer door onze kamer heen en hij zag naast het bed van mijn vrouw een kist staan. Het was een grijze kist met ijzerbeslag, waarop mijn naam vermeld stond en mijn rang in het Duitse leger. Ik vertelde hem daarop dat ik in de Eerste Wereldoorlog reserve-luitenant van het Duitse leger was geweest. Op slag veranderde toon en houding van Silberbauer. (…) Daarop zei hij tegen mij, waarom ik mij destijds dan niet gemeld had, dan zou ik destijds naar het werkkamp “Theresienstadt” zijn gestuurd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers werden samen met Kleiman en Kugler voor verhoor naar de SD in de Euterpestraat overgebracht. De volgende dag werden de onderduikers overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en van daaruit op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> getransporteerd naar Westerbork. Kleiman en Kugler werden na verhoor opgesloten in het Huis van Bewaring II op de Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). Daar verbleven ze bijna zes weken totdat ze op <strong>7 september</strong> werden overgebracht naar het Huis van Bewaring I op de Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen).</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0s5ae\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, around 10:30 in the morning, an arrest team of <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided the premises on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The team was led by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer </em>Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. The first two were working for the Sipo-SD, the latter had transferred from that service to the Dutch State Criminal Investigation Department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies were sitting there at the time, both of whom knew about the people in hiding. It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the SD was already in the building. According to them, when they entered he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to hand it over to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler. They questioned him and took him to search the building.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch), Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them directly to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Kugler's statements, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when he, followed by the SDs, entered the Secret Annex. He said: '<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"miswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank later recalled that at the time of the arrest he was in the upper part of the Secret Annex, helping Peter with his schoolwork in his room and just pointing out a mistake in his dictation when he suddenly heard someone running up the stairs: "Suddenly someone came running up the stairs and then the door opened and a man was standing right in front of us with a gun in his hand. Downstairs they were all gathered".<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1963</strong>, he added:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"He made us raise our hands and then searched us for weapons. (...) Then he ordered us to go downstairs. He came after us with a gun drawn. We first entered the room of the Pels family, where I saw Mr and Mrs Pels, as well as Mr Pfeffer [also] standing with their hands raised. Here too stood a man dressed in civilian clothes, unknown to me, who had also drawn his pistol. Then we all had to go down another floor, where I lived with my family. There I saw my wife and both daughters standing, also with their hands raised. (...) I also saw a man in a green uniform, unknown to me, who had already drawn his gun. I found out later that this man was called Silberbauer."<sup data-footnote-id=\"phj01\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Silberbauer also asked the detainees about jewellery and money. He emptied the briefcase in which Anne kept her diary entries and put money and jewellery in it. The detainees were given five minutes to get ready for departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank said:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"While waiting for all this to happen, Silberbauer walked through our room and he saw a chest next to my wife's bed. It was a grey chest with iron fittings, on which was written my name and my rank in the German army. I then told him that I had been a reserve lieutenant in the German army in the First World War. At once Silberbauer's tone and attitude changed. (...) He then asked me why I hadn't reported back then, I would have been sent to the Theresienstadt labour camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding, together with Kleiman and Kugler, were taken to the SD in Euterpestraat for interrogation. The next day, the people in hiding were transferred to Detention Centre at the Weteringschans and from there transported to Westerbork on <strong>8 August 1944</strong>. After interrogation, Kleiman and Kugler were locked up in Detention Centre II on the Amstelveenseweg (Havenstraat 6). They stayed there for almost six weeks until they were transferred to Detention Centre I on the Weteringschans (Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen) on <strong>7 September</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqgw2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963. Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzgsb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De formuleringen van de getuigen laten ruimte voor de mogelijkheid dat er meer dan deze drie bij aanwezig waren. Zekerheid is daar echter niet meer over te verkrijgen. De Nederlandse rechercheurs werden op 10 november 1945 door Otto Frank van foto’s herkend bij Bureau Nationale Veiligheid; Anne Frank Stchting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_072: O. Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945. Silberbauer wordt door Jo Kleiman met name genoemd in zijn brief aan de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van 16 juli 1947. Zie hiervoor David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2003, p. 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ngmg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"miswe\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5aloj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Broek, <em>Onderzoeksverslag</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wx51\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958,<em> </em>107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phj01\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
"summary_nl": "OpĀ 4 augustus 1944Ā deed een arrestatieteam van Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, an arrest team of Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested.",
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"name": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler",
"name_en": "The arrest of Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> rond half elf 's ochtends viel een arrestatieteam het pand aan de Prinsengracht binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De politiemannen reden met een auto voor, stapten uit, waarop een van de Nederlandse rechercheurs iets aan het pakhuispersoneel vroeg, dat hem naar de bovengelegen kantoorverdieping verwees. Daar troffen zij het kantoorpersoneel dat aan het werk was. Op dat moment zaten daar in ieder geval Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies, die beiden op de hoogte waren van de onderduikers. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet helemaal duidelijk waar Kleiman precies was op het moment van de inval. Miep en Bep verklaarden in <strong>december 1963</strong> dat zij samen in het voorkantoor zaten en dat Kleiman pas binnenkwam toen de <em>Sichterheitsdienst</em> (SD) al in het gebouw was. Volgens hen gaf hij bij binnenkomst zijn portefeuille aan Bep met het verzoek deze af te geven bij een bevriende drogist in de buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman noemde in<strong> januari 1948</strong> de SD'ers Karl Silberbauer en (rechercheurs) Gezinus Gringhuis en Willem Grootendorst die het kantoor binnenkwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De rechercheurs liepen van het voorkantoor door naar het kantoor van Victor Kugler, die op dat moment directeur van Opekta/Pectacon was. De politiemannen ondervroegen hem en namen hem mee om het gebouw te doorzoeken. Aanvankelijk ging alleen Kugler mee het Achterhuis in, maar later werd ook Kleiman daarnaartoe gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van de <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (die geen Nederlands verstond) na de oorlog, werd Kugler direct door een van de Nederlandse SD’ers in verhoor genomen. Daarna zou Kugler hen rechtstreeks naar de boekenkast hebben geleid. Jaren later verklaarde Kugler zelf dat hij de SD’ers zo lang mogelijk aan het lijntje hield. Echter, aldus Kugler: ‘<em>Zij wisten het</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Verdere verklaringen omtrent Kugler tijdens de inval zijn uit tweede hand, en lopen nogal uiteen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verklaringen van Victor Kugler was Edith Frank-Holländer de eerste die hij zag toen hij, gevolgd door de SD'ers, het Achterhuis binnenging. Hij zei hierover: ‘<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da.’ </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk werd Kugler samen met de acht onderduikers en Kleiman naar het gebouw van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het gebouw van de SD werden zij samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Kugler noemde in zijn vrij summiere verklaring voor de Politieke Recherche Afdeling van <strong>14 januari 1948</strong> geen details over de arrestatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist was Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaetn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66h6h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 januari 1964), NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dosier van Maaren, procesverbaal; In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong> around 10.30 am, an arrest team raided the building on Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egkla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The policemen drove a car ahead, got out, whereupon one of the Dutch detectives asked the warehouse staff something, who directed him to the office floor upstairs. There they found the office staff working. At least Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies, both of whom knew about the people in hiding, were sitting there at the time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not entirely clear exactly where Kleiman was at the time of the raid. Miep and Bep stated in <strong>December 1963</strong> that they were together in the front office and that Kleiman only entered when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) was already in the building. According to them, when they entered, he gave his wallet to Bep with a request to deliver it to a drugstore owner friend nearby.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1948</strong>, Kleiman mentioned the SD officer Karl Silberbauer and (detectives) Gezinus Gringhuis and Willem Grootendorst entering the office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The detectives walked on from the front office to the office of Victor Kugler, who at the time was director of Opekta/Pectcon. The policemen questioned him and took him along while they searched the building. Initially, only Kugler went into the Secret Annex, but later Kleiman was also taken there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements made by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Karl Silberbauer (who did not understand Dutch) after the war, Kugler was immediately taken into interrogation by one of the Dutch SD officers. Afterwards, Kugler allegedly led them straight to the bookcase. Years later, Kugler himself stated that he strung the SDs along for as long as possible. However, according to Kugler: "They knew".<sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><em> </em>Further statements regarding Kugler during the raid are second-hand, and vary considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to statements by Kugler, Edith Frank-Holländer was the first person he saw when, followed by the SDs, he entered the Secret Annexe. He said: "<em>Ich konnte nur mit vieler Mühe sagen: die Gestapo ist da." </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was eventually taken to the SD building at Adema van Scheltamaplein 1 along with the eight people in hiding and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the SD building, they were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Kugler mentioned no details about the arrest in his rather brief statement to the <em>Politieke Recherche Afdeling</em> of <strong>14 January 1948</strong>.\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egkla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit tijdstip gaf Jo Kleiman in 1948 aan, en werd door Otto Frank in 1963 herhaald. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen J. Kleiman, 12 januari 1948 en O. Frank, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j6xzk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaringen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl in p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H. De drogist is waarschijnlijk Derk Kollen op de Leliegracht.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsfip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring 12 januari 1948 aan Politeke Recherche Afdeling (P.R.A.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39n9c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Schriftelijke verklaring van Victor Kugler, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akcfi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatiedoor de SD naar de <em>Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat in Amsterdam. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde echter dat hij de onderduikers mee had genomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein. NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer (3 janauari 1964). In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de inval van 4 augustus 1944 van het Achterhuis werden ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler gearresteerd.",
"summary_en": "In the 4 August 1944 raid of the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124465,
"image": {
"id": 1002,
"uuid": "74898da1-bdff-4cbb-8b9e-c3dd1c2a711a",
"name": "Papier en clichƩs Gies & Co.",
"title": "Papier en clichƩs Gies & Co.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Papier_en_stempels_Gies__Co.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Papier en clichƩs Gies & Co. De locatie van het bedrijf, aan de voet van de Westertoren, zit verwerkt in het logo.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf",
"name": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_nl": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"name_en": "Gies & Co., N.V. Handelsvereeniging",
"description": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Share ownership</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_nl": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. werd opgezet omdat Pectacon, een van de bedrijven van Otto Frank, wegens ariseringsmaatregelen gevaar liep te worden geliquideerd. Aanvankelijk heette het bedrijf La Synthèse. Deze firma werd op <strong>23 oktober 1940</strong> opgericht door Victor Kugler en Jan Gies. Op <strong>4 november 1940</strong> werd de nieuwe firma ingeschreven in het handelsregister met Victor Kugler als eigenaar en directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris en aandeelhouder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was gevestigd op het privé-adres van Victor Kugler in Hilversum. Kugler bezat vijftien aandelen ter waarde van 1.500 gulden in totaal; Jan Gies bezat de rest van de aandelen ter waarde van 500 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vertegenwoordigers waren Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naamsverandering</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Evenals Pectacon legde het bedrijf zich toe op handel in en fabricage van chemicaliën en levensmiddelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>8 mei 1941 </strong>veranderden Kugler en Gies de bedrijfsnaam in N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. Dit op last van de secretaris-generaal van Justitie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank zei hierover in <strong>1963</strong> dat de zaak "<em>haar Frans klinkende naam, wijl zij een onderneming was van Duitse afkomst, moest laten vallen."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Aanwijzingen dat het ministerie bezwaar tegen Frans klinkende namen had zijn er verder niet. Wel bepaalde het vaker dat wijziging nodig was, bijvoorbeeld wanneer een bedrijfsnaam teveel op een andere leek. Op <strong>19 augustus 1941 </strong>registreerde het Handelsregister de nieuwe bedrijfsnaam, en werd Jan Gies ingeschreven als commissaris van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als commissaris had Jan Gies de bevoegdheid alle lokaliteiten van de onderneming te betreden. Zodoende was het ook niet ongewoon dat hij veel aanwezig was en later bijvoorbeeld met nachtwaker Slegers over de inbraak van <strong>april 1944 </strong>sprak.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Vliegende start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf<strong> september 1941 </strong>ging Pectacon, op voorstel van Johannes Kleiman, in liquidatie. De voorraden en machines werden met verlies aan Gies & Co. verkocht. Ook allerhande andere kosten kwamen nog ten laste van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kunstgreep voorkwam dat deze goederen, of hun waarde, ten goede kwamen van Duitse instellingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Gies & Co. op <strong>29 oktober 1941</strong> verhuisde naar de Prinsengracht 263, nam het het huurcontract over van Opekta. Opekta werd vervolgens onderhuurder van Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ook ontving het een voorschot van 5.000 gulden van Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Met het voorschot van Opekta en de door Pectacon gedragen kosten kon Gies & Co. een vliegende start maken.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Cruciaal voor de onderduik</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vrijwel zeker was Gies & Co. het belangrijkst voor de financiering van de onderduik in het Achterhuis. Voor het belang van Gies & Co. in dit verband zijn drie aanwijzingen. Als eerste benoemde Otto Frank expliciet dat Kugler specerijen verkocht buiten de boekhouding ter financiering van de noden in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ten tweede was Gies & Co. volledig ‘arisch’ waardoor het zich makkelijk aan Duits toezicht kon onttrekken. Ten derde, Van Pels en Otto Frank waren woedend toen Kugler laboratoriumproefjes deed in plaats van de leverantie voor specerijenmakelaar Westermann in orde te maken. Dit alles onderstreept dat Gies & Co. van cruciaal belang was voor de onderduik.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Aandelenbezit</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de oorlogsjaren had Otto Frank uiteraard geen formele banden met het bedrijf. Een briefje in het Hofhuisarchief geeft een overzicht van het aandelenbezit, vermoedelijk gedateerd in eind <strong>1943</strong> of begin <strong>1944</strong>. Op papier bezat Kleiman 3.500, Gies 2.500 en Kugler 4.000 gulden. De investeringen in aandelen en deposito van Kleiman en Otto Frank liepen zo door elkaar heen, dat het erop lijkt alsof Otto's en Kleimans geld één geheel vormden. Wie welke aanspraak precies kon maken is niet helder. Wel is duidelijk dat Otto in Gies & Co. heeft geïnvesteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gaf op per <strong>1 september 1945</strong> aandelen Gies & Co. te bezitten met een nominale waarde van 5.800 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong> beschikte hij over 58 procent van de aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Forse verliezen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>april ’50</strong> traden Otto Frank en Pal Klein als commissarissen tot de N.V. toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In<strong> januari 1954 </strong>bezat Otto Frank voor 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co. (en 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Pectacon was uiteindelijk namelijk niet geliquideerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>Het bedrijf leed in de <strong>eerste helft van de jaren '50</strong> forse verliezen. Over <strong>1953 </strong>respectievelijk 5.200 gulden en ruim 14.000 gulden over <strong>1954</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>maart ’55 </strong>kondigde Kugler liquidatie van Gies & Co. aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> maar een paar weken later was dit gevaar geweken, want Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel uit Rotterdam verklaarde zich onder voorwaarden bereid Gies & Co. over te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> En dat gebeurde ook. Of Jan Gies bij de zaak betrokken bleef tot de overname door Verstegen is niet bekend. Kugler emigreerde in <strong>juni 1955</strong> naar Canada.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"description_en": "<h1>La Synthèse</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. was set up because Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to anti-Jewish measures. Initially, the company was called La Synthèse. This firm was founded on <strong>23 October 1940</strong> by Victor Kugler and Jan Gies. On <strong>4 November 1940</strong>, the new firm was registered in the trade register with Victor Kugler as owner and director and Jan Gies as supervisory director and shareholder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> La Synthèse was located at Victor Kugler's private address in Hilversum. Kugler owned 15 shares worth 1,500 guilders in total; Jan Gies owned the rest of the shares worth 500 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"caefw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Its representatives were Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Name change</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like Pectacon, the company focused on trading and manufacturing chemicals and foodstuffs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, Kugler and Gies changed the company name to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. This was by order of the secretary-general of Justice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this in <strong>1963</strong> that the business<em> "had to drop its French-sounding name, as it was a company of German origin.''</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> On <strong>19 August 1941</strong>, the Trade Register registered the new company name, and Jan Gies was registered as a supervisory director of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As supervisory director, Jan Gies had the authority to enter all the premises of the company. So it was also not uncommon for him to be present a lot and later speak to night watchman Slegers, for example, about the burglary in <strong>April 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Flying start</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From<strong> September 1941</strong>, at the suggestion of Johannes Kleiman, Pectacon went into liquidation. Stocks and machinery were sold at a loss to Gies & Co. All kinds of other costs were also still charged to Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That artifice prevented these goods, or their value, from benefiting German institutions.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263 on <strong>29 October 1941</strong>, it took over the lease from Opekta. Opekta then became a subtenant of Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It also received an advance of 5,000 guilders from Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> With Opekta's advance and the costs borne by Pectacon, Gies & Co. was able to get off to a flying start.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Crucial to the Secxret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Almost certainly Gies & Co. was the most important factor in financing the period of hiding in the Secret Annex. There are three clues to the importance of Gies & Co. in this context. First, Otto Frank explicitly mentioned that Kugler sold spices off the books to finance the needs in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Second, Gies & Co. was completely 'Aryan', which made it easy to evade German scrutiny. Third, Van Pels and Otto Frank were furious when Kugler conducted laboratory tests instead of approving the supply by spice broker Westermann. All this underlines the fact that Gies & Co. was crucial to the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Share ownership</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Otto Frank obviously had no formal ties with the company. A note in the Hofhuis archives lists share ownership, presumably dated late <strong>1943</strong> or early <strong>1944</strong>. On paper, Kleiman had shareholdings of 3,500 guilders, Gies 2,500 and Kugler 4,000. Kleiman and Otto Frank's investments in shares and deposit were so intermingled that it looks as if Otto's and Kleiman's money formed a single entity. Exactly who was entitled to what is not clear. What is clear, however, is that Otto invested in Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank gave up owning Gies & Co. shares with a nominal value of 5,800 guilders as of <strong>1 September 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In <strong>1948</strong>, he owned 58 per cent of the shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Substantial losses</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1950</strong>, Otto Frank and Pal Klein joined the N.V. as supervisory directors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned 9,000 guilders worth of shares in Gies & Co (and 20,000 guilders worth of Opekta shares and 2,000 guilders worth of shares in Pectacon).<sup data-footnote-id=\"e58km\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Indeed, Pectacon had not been liquidated in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>The company suffered substantial losses in the <strong>first half of the 1950s</strong>. 5,200 guilders in <strong>1953 </strong>and over 14,000 guilders in <strong>1954</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Kugler announced the liquidation of Gies & Co,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> but a few weeks later the danger had passed, because Verstegen's Sperijenhandel from Rotterdam declared its willingness to take over Gies & Co. under certain conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> This they then did. Whether Jan Gies remained involved in the business until Verstegen took it over is not known. Kugler emigrated to Canada in <strong>June 1955</strong>.</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ong8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Dossier Gies & Co, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"caefw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1k9q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) , Getuigenarchief, Brouwer: Interview met kinderen van Brouwer, 15 mei 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zjj6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, volgnr. 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvhhi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): P.v.b. Rijksrecherche No. 86/1963 v.H. inzake Silberbauer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctrzh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co. akteletter c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v6kp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocuats- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqgnk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, 292 Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V., inv.nr. 19, bericht over het boekjaar 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2zk9q\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AF_A-Opekta-Pectacon-I_0007_0007 &8: Balans 31 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugna5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_082, 10 juni 1971, Yad Vashem: “Mr. Kugler sold spices without booking the sales to help to finance our needs.”</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ktk3\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Hofhuisarchief, losse notities (Map 8, 006.1).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu9vs\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut, inv.nr. 77827, brief van 22 feburari 1946 met vermogensopstelling per 1 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u26v\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Ministerie van Justitie / Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4e1ez\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Dossier Gies & Co., akteletter f.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e58km\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05 </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u8e0\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mediabibliotheek: 5_A_Kleiman_I_56: brief 26-2-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank & 7_A_Kleiman_I_195: brief 31-10-1954: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fmgn8\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_044: Victor Kugler aan J.C Frèrejean, 26 maart 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xmyg0\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_045: Verstegen’s Specerijenhandel aan J.C. Frèrejean, 15 april 1955.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>",
"summary": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"summary_nl": "Gies & Co. was een nieuwe onderneming die, omdat het geen Joods bedrijf was, Otto Frank's bedrijf Pectacon verving in verband met anti-Joodse maatregelen.",
"summary_en": "Gies & Co. was a new company which, not being a Jewish company, replaced Otto Frank's company Pectacon due to anti-Jewish measures.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124655,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140",
"name": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"name_nl": "Opekta en Gies & Co na de inval van 4 augustus 1944",
"name_en": "Opekta and Gies & Co after the 4 August 1944 raid",
"description": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Johannes Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_I_010: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/fa4d2cbe-7830-4f37-8605-650d2a6bc461\" target=\"_blank\">Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de inval van vier augustus bleven de firma’s Gies & Co en Opekta zonder directie achter. Het personeel, Bep Voskuijl en Miep Gies op kantoor en magazijnchef Willem van Maaren en zijn los-vaste werkers, zette de zaken desondanks voort. En natuurlijk met Jan Gies, die altijd nog commissaris van Gies & Co was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was een beetje improviseren. Aanvankelijk gaf de Duitse politieman Silberbauer de sleutels van het pand aan Miep, en zij gaf ze weer door aan Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong> zei Miep tegen de Rijksrecherche dat Van Maaren bij haar om de sleutels kwam omdat ‘ze’ (d.w.z. de <em>SD</em>) zeiden dat hij ze moest hebben. Volgens Van Maaren deed zij het uit eigen beweging. Hij gaf ook een praktisch argument: Kugler opende de deuren altijd om half negen voor het magazijnpersoneel, terwijl Miep pas om negen uur op kantoor kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler verklaarde in <strong>september 1945</strong> dat vertegenwoordiger Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar destijds had willen proberen de <em>directie</em>, dat wil zeggen Kugler en Kleiman, op de Euterpestraat vrij te kopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In een gesprek met de journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>eind jaren vijftig</strong> bevestigde Miep Gies het initiatief van Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Zij sprak daar over de ‘Verhafteten’. In <strong>1963</strong> vertelde ze nog eens aan de Rijksrecherche dat zij met geld ‘de gearresteerden’ wilde vrijkopen, zonder daarbij Daatzelaar nog te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In hoeverre echt de hoop leefde ook de <em>onderduikers </em>vrij te kunnen kopen is niet te zeggen. De directeuren waren opgepakt om wat ze hadden gedaan, de onderduikers om wie ze waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de dagen na de inval ging Van Maaren nog naar het Huis van Bewaring (HvB) toe om wat receptuur aan Kugler te vragen. Toen Kleiman en Kugler uit het HvB vertrokken, was het aanvankelijk onduidelijk waar zij naartoe gingen. Op <strong>29 augustus</strong> schreef Miep Gies aan een hulpverleenster in Kamp Vught met de vraag of zij daar wellicht waren heengebracht. Zij schreef daarbij dat een van hen maaglijder was, en doelde daarmee op Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een antwoord is niet bekend, maar later zou blijken dat het tweetal in Kamp Amersfoort was opgesloten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 september</strong> kwam Johannes Kleiman weer vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort. Vanwege zijn maagklachten had het Rode Kruis zich voor zijn vrijlating ingespannen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij verscheen weer op de Prinsengracht om zijn taak op zich te nemen. Zo gingen de twee bedrijven langzaamaan de laatste oorlogswinter tegemoet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel geen van de onderduikers Van Maaren kende, spraken zij met de helpers geregeld over hem. Zijn mogelijke betrokkenheid bij diefstallen uit het pand kwam daarbij naar voren. Er zijn echter geen aangiften uit de onderduikperiode bekend. Dat werd in de latere wintermaanden anders. Op <strong>16 januari 1945</strong> deed vertegenwoordiger Broks bij de recherche op politiebureau Singel namens Gies & Co. aangifte van diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker. Broks zei ‘geen vermoeden’ te hebben van de dader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Otto Frank en zijn medewerkers in <strong>1948</strong> een zaak tegen Van Maaren aanspanden bleek deze echter wel verdacht te zijn geweest. Zijn huis was door rechercheurs, kennelijk in het bijzijn van Broks, doorzocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Die huiszoeking leverde niets op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn weinig gegevens over hoe de bedrijven de laatste winter verder doorkwamen. In de persoonlijke sfeer valt te vermelden dat in december de moeder van Jan Gies en in februari de vader van Johannes Kleiman overleden. In zakelijk opzicht zijn de bronnen schaars. Het jaarverslag van Opekta over <strong>1944</strong> vermeldde: ‘De goede verstandhouding en samenwerking met de firma Gies & Co., bleef even als voorheen bestendigd.’ Het vermeldde eveneens dat door de luchtoorlog tal van Duitse industrieën, waaronder pectineproducent Pomosin, waren stilgevallen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Pas na de bevrijding kon serieus werk worden gemaakt van de wederopbouw van de bedrijven. En van het land.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_I_010: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/fa4d2cbe-7830-4f37-8605-650d2a6bc461\" target=\"_blank\">Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944</a>. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After the August 4 raid, the firms Gies & Co and Opekta were left without management. The staff, Bep Voskuijl and Miep Gies in the office and warehouse manager Willem van Maaren and his casual workers nevertheless kept the businesses running. And of course Jan Gies, who was still the supervisory director of Gies & Co.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was all rather improvised. Initially, German policeman Silberbauer gave the keys to the property to Miep, and she passed them back to Van Maaren. In <strong>1963</strong>, Miep told the National Criminal Investigation Department that Van Maaren came to her for the keys because "they" (i.e. the SD) said he should have them. According to Van Maaren, she did it of her own accord. He also gave a practical reason: Kugler always opened the doors to the warehouse staff at eight-thirty, while Miep only came to the office at nine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler stated in <strong>September 1945</strong> that representative Hendrik Pieter Daatzelaar had wanted to try to buy the freedom of the management, i.e. Kugler and Kleiman, on Euterpestraat at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In a conversation with the journalist Ernst Schnabel <strong>in the late 1950s</strong>, Miep Gies confirmed Daatzelaar's initiative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She referred at that time to the 'Verhafteten'. In <strong>1963</strong>, she told the National Criminal Investigation Department again that she wanted to use money to buy the freedom of 'those arrested', without mentioning Daatzelaar at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> To what extent there was a real hope of also buying the freedom of the people from the Secret Annex is impossible to say. The directors had been arrested for what they had done, the people in hiding for who they were.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the days following the raid, Van Maaren went to the Detention Centre to ask Kugler for some preparation methods. When Kleiman and Kugler left the Detention Centre, it was initially unclear where they went. On <strong>29 August</strong>, Miep Gies wrote to an aid worker in Camp Vught asking whether they might have been taken there. She also mentioned that one of them had stomach problems, referring to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An answer is not known, but it would later emerge that the pair had been imprisoned in Camp Amersfoort.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 September</strong>, Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort. Because of his stomach problems, the Red Cross had worked to secure his release.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He reappeared at Prinsengracht to take up his duties. Thus, the two companies slowly entered the last winter of the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although none of the people in hiding knew Van Maaren, they regularly talked to the helpers about him. His possible involvement in thefts from the premises came up during these converstations. However, no police reports from the period in hiding are known. That changed in the later winter months. On <strong>16 January 1945</strong>, representative Broks reported the theft of 70 kilos of sugar to the criminal investigation department at Singel police station on behalf of Gies & Co. Broks said he had 'no suspicions' regarding the culprit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> However, when Otto Frank and his associates filed a case against Van Maaren in <strong>1948</strong>, it turned out he had been a suspect. His house had been searched by detectives, apparently in the presence of Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> That search yielded nothing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There are few records of how the businesses got through the last winter. On the personal front, it is worth mentioning that Jan Gies' mother died in December and Johannes Kleiman's father died in February. On the business front, sources are scarce. Opekta's <strong>1944</strong> annual report stated: 'The good relationship and cooperation with the firm of Gies & Co. remained as steady as ever'. It also mentioned that the air war had brought numerous German industries to a standstill, including pectin producer Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Only after the liberation could serious work start on rebuilding the businesses - and the country.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8iqah\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), toegang 2.09.09, inv. nr. 23892: verklaringen Miep Gies en W.G. van Maaren, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13-14 en 30. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0phd3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 105746: brief Victor Kugler namens fa. Gies & Co. aan PRA Haarlem, 29 september 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gkqss\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. </em><em>Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 123. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"klmqd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: verklaring Miep Gies, 23 december 1963, p.v.b. 85/1963 v.H., p. 13. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r8vk8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen, toegang 250m, inv. nr. 143: brief H. Gies aan mw. Timmenga – Hiemstra, 29 augustus 1944. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxso1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier PRA 61169 : Verklaring Kleiman aan de Politiek Recherche Afdeling, 12 januari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wivsl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7014: meldingsrapport recherche Singel, 16 januari 1945, mut. 12.50. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xz9r\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892:, Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co, W.G. van Maaren, 2 februari 1948. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xrxer\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_I_010: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/fa4d2cbe-7830-4f37-8605-650d2a6bc461\" target=\"_blank\">Balans en Verlies- en winstrekening per 31 december 1944</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
"summary_nl": "Door de arrestatie van de helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman was de directie van Gies & Co en Opekta weg. De drie andere helpers, Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl, bleven vrij en zetten het bedrijf voort. Kleiman kwam na zijn vrijlating (18 september 1944) terug op kantoor.",
"summary_en": "With the arrest of helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, the management of Gies & Co and Opekta was gone. The three other helpers, Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl, remained free and continued the businesses. Kleiman returned to the office after his release (18 September 1944).",
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"published": true,
"name": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_nl": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"name_en": "Opekta | Prinsengracht 263",
"uuid": "c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"content": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf 1960 is hier het Anne Frank Huis gevestigd.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>It has been home to the Anne Frank House since 1960.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884037 52.3753)",
"summary": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Kantoor en magazijn-werkplaats van Opekta, Pectacon en Gies & Co. van 1940 tot 1955. Het achterhuis was van juli 1942 tot augustus 1944 de schuilplaats van de familie Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer.",
"summary_en": "Office and warehouse-workshop of Opekta, Pectacon and Gies & Co. from 1940 to 1955. The back of the house was the hiding place of the Frank family, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer from July 1942 to August 1944.",
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"name": "A04139001095",
"title": "Schoolgebouwen aan de Dintelstraat, met in de linkervleugel de Diezeschool op nummer 11",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Fototechnisch- en Cartografisch Bedrijf KLM. Collectie: Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
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"name": "Peter van Pels' education",
"name_nl": "Opleidingen van Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "Peter van Pels' education",
"description": "<h1><strong>Kindergarten</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is as yet known about a kindergarten that Peter van Pels is said to have attended in Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Primary school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück, Peter van Pels attended the<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>at Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This school was attached to the Synagogue-Gemeinde of Osnabrück. Peter was taught there by Abraham Trepp who, in addition to being a teacher, held the position of preacher, cantor and teacher of religion in the synagogue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pupils from different year levels were in one class together; practically all the lessons were taught by Abraham Trepp. The school initially provided only the first four years of schooling, but when it was made increasingly difficult for Jewish children to attend public schools after <strong>1933</strong>, the Israelitischen Elementarschule extended its four years of schooling to the upper grades of primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More and more children left the school as they moved abroad with their parents, and by the <strong>1936-1937 </strong>school year only 13 children were still in school. As part of the increasing <em>Auswanderung</em>, New Hebrew was taught and there were English courses for adults in the evenings. Kristallnacht put a definitive end to education at the <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During Peter's school days, students were regularly sworn at and attacked by members of the Hitler Youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three class photos of Peter van Pels with his classmates/classmates are known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (b. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Miriam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1937</strong>, Peter emigrated with his parents to Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known exactly which primary school he attended. A former classmate of Peter van Pels at the MULO school, Wim van de Graaff, said in an interview that Peter first did the transition course in the Diez school before going to the regular primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The same Wim van de Graaff also relates that at the Spinoza School (MULO), Peter van Pels sat next to him in the first grade <strong>(August 1940 - July 1941</strong>). Class teacher was Mr Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No official records are known of Peter van Pels' enrolment at the Spinoza School. As a Jewish pupil, he had to leave the school after the summer of <strong>1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Trade school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote in a letter that Peter van Pels ended up at a <em>Handwerkschule, '</em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what course this involved. However, a photograph has survived in which Peter appears to be working on the inner springs of a chair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary that Kleiman gave Peter a new spring for his divan so that he could upholster it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While in hiding in the Secret Annex, Peter learned English and French and did schoolwork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz<strong> (3 September 1944</strong>), Peter is listed as <em>Metallarb.</em> (metal worker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Peter's Jewish Council card indicates that he was without occupation and <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Mauthausen camp records give his occupation as <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Red Cross settlement records after the war gave his occupation as: <em>Tischler</em> and <em>Furniture Maker/Turner</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, 22 March 1944 and 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1><strong>Kleuterschool</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over een kleuterschool die Peter van Pels in Duitsland bezocht zou hebben is vooralsnog niets bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Lagere school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück bezocht Peter van Pels de<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>in de Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Deze school was verbonden aan de Synagoge-Gemeinde van Osnabrück. Peter kreeg daar les van Abraham Trepp die naast zijn leraarschap ook de functie van predikant, kantor en godsdienstleraar in de synagoge uitoefende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Leerlingen van verschillende jaarlagen zaten bij elkaar in een klas, praktisch alle lessen werden gegeven door Abraham Trepp. De school voorzag aanvankelijk alleen in de eerste vier schooljaren, maar toen het Joodse kinderen na <strong>1933</strong> steeds moeilijker gemaakt werd om openbare scholen te bezoeken breidde de <em>Israelitischen Elementarschule</em> haar vier leerjaren uit naar het onderwijs naar de hogere klassen van de lagere school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Steeds meer kinderen verlieten de school omdat ze met hun ouders naar het buitenland vertrokken en in het schooljaar <strong>1936-1937 </strong>zaten er nog maar dertien kinderen op school. In het kader van de toenemende <em>Auswanderung</em> werd Nieuw-Hebreeuws onderwezen en ’s avonds waren er cursussen Engels voor volwassenen. De <em>Kristallnacht</em> maakte definitief een einde aan het onderwijs op de <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de schoolperiode van Peter werden de leerlingen regelmatig uitgescholden en belaagd door leden van de <em>Hitlerjugend</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn drie klassenfoto’s van Peter van Pels bekend met zijn klasgenoten/medeleerlingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (geb. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Mirjam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van <strong>1937 </strong>emigreerde Peter met zijn ouders naar Nederland, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet exact bekend welke lagere school hij bezocht. Oud-klasgenoot van Peter van Pels op de MULO, Wim van de Graaff, vertelt in een interview dat Peter eerst de 'Overgangscursus<em>'</em> in de Diezeschool deed voordat hij naar de gewone lagere school ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Dezelfde Wim van de Graaff vertelt ook dat Peter van Pels op de Spinozaschool (MULO) in de eerste klas (<strong>augustus 1940 – juli 1941</strong>) naast hem in de bank zat. Klassenleraar was de heer Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn geen officiële gegevens bekend van Peter van Pels’ inschrijving op de Spinozaschool. Als Joodse leerling moest hij na de zomer van <strong>1941</strong> de school verlaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ambachtsschool</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef in een brief dat Peter van Pels op een <em>Handwerkschule</em> terecht kwam: <em>'da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet bekend welke opleiding dit was. Wel is er een foto bewaard gebleven waarop Peter lijkt te werken aan de binnenvering van een stoel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne schrijft in haar dagboek dat Kleiman Peter een nieuwe veer voor zijn divan gaf zodat hij die kon stofferen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis leerde Peter Engels en Frans en deed hij schoolwerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Op de transportlijst van Westerbork naar Auschwitz (<strong>3 september 1944</strong>) staat bij Peter vermeld <em>Metallarb.</em> (metaalwerker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>De Joodsche Raadkaart van Peter geeft aan dat hij zonder beroep was en <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>De kampadministratie van Mauthausen geeft als beroep <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In de afwikkelingsadministratie van het Rode Kruis na de oorlog werd als beroep gegeven: <em>Tischler</em> en <em>Meubelmaker/draaier</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, 22 maart 1944 en 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Kindergarten</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is as yet known about a kindergarten that Peter van Pels is said to have attended in Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Primary school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück, Peter van Pels attended the<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>at Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This school was attached to the Synagogue-Gemeinde of Osnabrück. Peter was taught there by Abraham Trepp who, in addition to being a teacher, held the position of preacher, cantor and teacher of religion in the synagogue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pupils from different year levels were in one class together; practically all the lessons were taught by Abraham Trepp. The school initially provided only the first four years of schooling, but when it was made increasingly difficult for Jewish children to attend public schools after <strong>1933</strong>, the Israelitischen Elementarschule extended its four years of schooling to the upper grades of primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More and more children left the school as they moved abroad with their parents, and by the <strong>1936-1937 </strong>school year only 13 children were still in school. As part of the increasing <em>Auswanderung</em>, New Hebrew was taught and there were English courses for adults in the evenings. Kristallnacht put a definitive end to education at the <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During Peter's school days, students were regularly sworn at and attacked by members of the Hitler Youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three class photos of Peter van Pels with his classmates/classmates are known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (b. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Miriam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1937</strong>, Peter emigrated with his parents to Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known exactly which primary school he attended. A former classmate of Peter van Pels at the MULO school, Wim van de Graaff, said in an interview that Peter first did the transition course in the Diez school before going to the regular primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The same Wim van de Graaff also relates that at the Spinoza School (MULO), Peter van Pels sat next to him in the first grade <strong>(August 1940 - July 1941</strong>). Class teacher was Mr Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No official records are known of Peter van Pels' enrolment at the Spinoza School. As a Jewish pupil, he had to leave the school after the summer of <strong>1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Trade school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote in a letter that Peter van Pels ended up at a <em>Handwerkschule, '</em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what course this involved. However, a photograph has survived in which Peter appears to be working on the inner springs of a chair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary that Kleiman gave Peter a new spring for his divan so that he could upholster it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While in hiding in the Secret Annex, Peter learned English and French and did schoolwork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz<strong> (3 September 1944</strong>), Peter is listed as <em>Metallarb.</em> (metal worker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Peter's Jewish Council card indicates that he was without occupation and <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Mauthausen camp records give his occupation as <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Red Cross settlement records after the war gave his occupation as: <em>Tischler</em> and <em>Furniture Maker/Turner</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, 22 March 1944 and 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Peter van Pels attended the Israelitische Elementarschule in OsnabrĆ¼ck and the MULO stream at the Spinoza School in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels ging in OsnabrĆ¼ck naar de Israelitische Elementarschule en in Amsterdam naar de MULO op de Spinozaschool.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels attended the Israelitische Elementarschule in OsnabrĆ¼ck and the MULO stream at the Spinoza School in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124547,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124688,
"image": {
"id": 1224,
"uuid": "fd79af67-491c-488b-bc7d-a7f824e35fd4",
"name": "Advertentie voor de \"Overgangscursus\"",
"title": "Advertentie voor de \"Overgangscursus\", Centraal blad voor Israƫlieten in Nederland, 20 januari 1938",
"alt": "www.delpher.nl",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Overgangscursus-CBIN-193800120.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7eaef6db-5d69-466c-a948-9d51fa897c9b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7eaef6db-5d69-466c-a948-9d51fa897c9b",
"name": "The Transition Course",
"name_nl": "Overgangscursus",
"name_en": "The Transition Course",
"description": "<p>A <em>Transitional Course (Overgangscursus)</em> was set up for children of Jewish and non-Jewish emigrants in <strong>June 1933</strong> at the Public School, Govert Flinckstraat 64.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To prepare them well for a Dutch school, they were taught Dutch, arithmetic and gymnastics. Over time, the course duration, the number of lessons and subject matter were adjusted. After <strong>November 1938</strong>, courses such as English, Spanish, French, Hebrew, geography and history were added.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The preparatory school was paid for by a subsidy from the Committee for Special Jewish Interests and by school fees that parents paid themselves. Children of poor parents could attend for free. The school was under medical supervision by the school doctor's service and was visited by a school nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The school moved locations several times: in <strong>1934</strong> to the Vondelschool in Moreelsestraat<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> and then in <strong>1935</strong> to the Diezeschool at Dintelstraat 11 in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of 1938</strong> or the <strong>beginning of 1939</strong>, the course was first moved to the Deurlooschool at Dintelstraat 7,<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and then in <strong>August 1939</strong> to the Valeriusschool in Des Prèsstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even though Hello Silberberg already spoke Dutch, his grandfather sent him to the Transition Course at the Diezeschool to learn Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Peter van Pels probably took the Transition Course at the Diezeschool before going to secondary school, but it is not known when and for how long. His cousin Trude Leeser was also on it, as were probably his cousins Doris and Günter Goldschmidt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Overgangscursus</em> is the title of a collection of columns that writer Renate Rubinstein (<strong>1929-1990</strong>) wrote under her pseudonym Tamar in the weekly magazine <em>Vrij Nederland</em>. In it she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'My mind drifted back to a long time ago, when I was still a child with a different language and culture who nevertheless had to go to primary school in the Netherlands. It was 1938, so before the war. My brother, sister and I had fled Germany by way of England. There suddenly were a lot of such children and the government had set up a Transition Course for them. The course lasted two months, after which you were placed in the class they deemed you suitable for: I was placed in the third grade, my brother and sister in the first grade, which was entirely in accordance with my ideas about our pecking order. (I was the eldest, they were a year and a half younger.) They still learned to how to read with a primer, I could already read. In German and English of course and now a third language to boot. Children find that a very usual thing.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Transition Course was led by Benjamin Reens.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, three weeks after the compulsory segregation of Jewish students in education introduced by the occupying forces, Reens still advertised his course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He then organized the course at his home address at Eemsstraat 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wkbr8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">'Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000577017:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">'Zes jaren Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010662197:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan Duitsche kinderen'</a>, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 30 januari 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen'</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935. Deze verhuizing was ingegeven door bezuiniginen van het Amsterdamse college van B&W: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010871416:mpeg21:p005\" target=\"_blank\">'Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 2 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\" target=\"_blank\">'De overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief Silberberg, Helmut, transcriptie interview Edmond Silberberg door Teresien da Silva, 1 september 2012, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Renate Rubinstein, <em>Overgangscursus</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joods Monument, <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/205614/benjamin-reens\" target=\"_blank\">Benjamin Reens</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010318174:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">'Overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 26 september 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Voor kinderen van Joodse en niet-Joodse emigranten was in <strong>juni 1933</strong> een 'Overgangscursus' opgezet in de Openbare school, Govert Flinckstraat 64.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Om ze goed voor te bereiden op een Nederlandse school kregen ze les in Nederlands, rekenen en gymnastiek. In de loop van de tijd werd de cursusduur, het aantal lessen en het vakkenpakket aangepast. Na <strong>november 1938</strong> kwamen er vakken bij als Engels, Spaans, Frans, Hebreeuws, aardrijkskunde en geschiedenis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De voorbereidende school werd betaald door subsidie van het Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen en door schoolgeld dat ouders zelf betaalden. Kinderen van arme ouders konden er gratis terecht. De school stond onder medisch toezicht van de schoolartsendienst en werd bezocht door een schoolverpleegster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De school verhuisde meerdere malen van locatie: in <strong>1934 </strong>naar de Vondelschool in de Moreelsestraat<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> en vervolgens in <strong>1935 </strong>naar de Diezeschool op Dintelstraat 11 in de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <strong>Eind 1938</strong> of <strong>begin</strong><strong> 1939</strong> werd de cursus eerst verplaatst naar de Deurlooschool op Dintelstraat 7,<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> en daarna in <strong>augustus 1939</strong> naar de Valeriusschool in de Des Prèsstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks dat Hello Silberberg al aardig Nederlands sprak, werd hij door zijn opa naar de 'Overgangscursus<em>'</em> op de Diezeschool gestuurd om Nederlands te leren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Vermoedelijk heeft Peter van Pels de 'Overgangscursus<em>'</em> op de Diezeschool gevolgd voordat hij naar de MULO ging, maar het is niet bekend wanneer en hoe lang. Zijn nicht Trude Leeser zat er ook op, evenals vermoedelijk zijn nicht Doris en neef Günter Goldschmidt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Overgangscursus</em> is de titel van een verzameling van columns die Renate Rubinstein (<strong>1929-1990</strong>) als Tamar schreef in het weekblad <em>Vrij Nederland</em>. Daarin schrijft zij:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Mijn gedachten gingen terug naar lang geleden, toen ik zelf nog een kind was met een andere taal en cultuur dat niettemin in Nederland op de lagere school moest. Het was in 1938, dus nog vóór de oorlog. Mijn broertje, zusje en ik kwamen met een omweg over Engeland uit Duitsland gevlucht. Er waren ineens erg veel van dergelijke kinderen en de overheid had er een Overgangscursus voor ingesteld. Die cursus duurde twee maanden, daarna werd je ingedeeld in de klasse waar ze je geschikt voor vonden: ik kwam in de derde, mijn broer en zusje in de eerste klas, wat geheel in overeenstemming was met mijn ideeën over onze hiërachie. (Ik was de oudste, zij waren anderhalf jaar kleiner.) Zij hebben nog lezen geleerd met het leesplankje, ik kon al lezen. In Duits en Engels natuurlijk en daar kwam nu een derde taal bij. Kinderen vinden dat heel gewoon.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De 'Overgangscursus<em>'</em> stond onder leiding van Benjamin Reens.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1941</strong>, drie weken na de door de bezetter ingevoerde verplichtte segregatie van Joodse leerlingen in het onderwijs, adverteerde Reens nog voor zijn cursus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hij organiseerde de cursus toen op zijn eigen woonadres op Eemsstraat 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wkbr8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">'Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000577017:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">'Zes jaren Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010662197:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan Duitsche kinderen'</a>, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 30 januari 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen'</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935. Deze verhuizing was ingegeven door bezuiniginen van het Amsterdamse college van B&W: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010871416:mpeg21:p005\" target=\"_blank\">'Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 2 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\" target=\"_blank\">'De overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief Silberberg, Helmut, transcriptie interview Edmond Silberberg door Teresien da Silva, 1 september 2012, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Renate Rubinstein, <em>Overgangscursus</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joods Monument, <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/205614/benjamin-reens\" target=\"_blank\">Benjamin Reens</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010318174:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">'Overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 26 september 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>A <em>Transitional Course (Overgangscursus)</em> was set up for children of Jewish and non-Jewish emigrants in <strong>June 1933</strong> at the Public School, Govert Flinckstraat 64.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To prepare them well for a Dutch school, they were taught Dutch, arithmetic and gymnastics. Over time, the course duration, the number of lessons and subject matter were adjusted. After <strong>November 1938</strong>, courses such as English, Spanish, French, Hebrew, geography and history were added.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The preparatory school was paid for by a subsidy from the Committee for Special Jewish Interests and by school fees that parents paid themselves. Children of poor parents could attend for free. The school was under medical supervision by the school doctor's service and was visited by a school nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The school moved locations several times: in <strong>1934</strong> to the Vondelschool in Moreelsestraat<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> and then in <strong>1935</strong> to the Diezeschool at Dintelstraat 11 in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of 1938</strong> or the <strong>beginning of 1939</strong>, the course was first moved to the Deurlooschool at Dintelstraat 7,<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and then in <strong>August 1939</strong> to the Valeriusschool in Des Prèsstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even though Hello Silberberg already spoke Dutch, his grandfather sent him to the Transition Course at the Diezeschool to learn Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Peter van Pels probably took the Transition Course at the Diezeschool before going to secondary school, but it is not known when and for how long. His cousin Trude Leeser was also on it, as were probably his cousins Doris and Günter Goldschmidt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Overgangscursus</em> is the title of a collection of columns that writer Renate Rubinstein (<strong>1929-1990</strong>) wrote under her pseudonym Tamar in the weekly magazine <em>Vrij Nederland</em>. In it she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'My mind drifted back to a long time ago, when I was still a child with a different language and culture who nevertheless had to go to primary school in the Netherlands. It was 1938, so before the war. My brother, sister and I had fled Germany by way of England. There suddenly were a lot of such children and the government had set up a Transition Course for them. The course lasted two months, after which you were placed in the class they deemed you suitable for: I was placed in the third grade, my brother and sister in the first grade, which was entirely in accordance with my ideas about our pecking order. (I was the eldest, they were a year and a half younger.) They still learned to how to read with a primer, I could already read. In German and English of course and now a third language to boot. Children find that a very usual thing.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Transition Course was led by Benjamin Reens.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, three weeks after the compulsory segregation of Jewish students in education introduced by the occupying forces, Reens still advertised his course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He then organized the course at his home address at Eemsstraat 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wkbr8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">'Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000577017:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">'Zes jaren Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010662197:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan Duitsche kinderen'</a>, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 30 januari 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\" target=\"_blank\">'Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen'</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935. Deze verhuizing was ingegeven door bezuiniginen van het Amsterdamse college van B&W: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010871416:mpeg21:p005\" target=\"_blank\">'Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 2 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\" target=\"_blank\">'De overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief Silberberg, Helmut, transcriptie interview Edmond Silberberg door Teresien da Silva, 1 september 2012, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Renate Rubinstein, <em>Overgangscursus</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joods Monument, <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/205614/benjamin-reens\" target=\"_blank\">Benjamin Reens</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010318174:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">'Overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 26 september 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Transition Course was intended to prepare children of German immigrants, mainly Jewish refugees, for Dutch education and Dutch society.",
"summary_nl": "De Overgangscursus was bedoeld om kinderen van Duitse immigranten, voornamelijk Joodse vluchtelingen, klaar te stomen voor het Nederlands onderwijs en de Nederlandse samenleving.",
"summary_en": "The Transition Course was intended to prepare children of German immigrants, mainly Jewish refugees, for Dutch education and Dutch society.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124547,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c13379-72d1-4290-867e-acc5b91003c6"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/ca99d4c6-909d-4e6a-a314-b70871f9e132/",
"published": true,
"name": "Diezeschool",
"name_nl": "Diezeschool",
"name_en": "Diezeschool",
"uuid": "ca99d4c6-909d-4e6a-a314-b70871f9e132",
"content": "<p>From <strong>1935</strong> onwards, children of German refugees children were prepared for Dutch education and Dutch society at this school through the so-called 'Overgangscursus' (transitional course).<sup data-footnote-id=\"ev3cv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The 'Overgangscursus' had originally started at the Public School at Govert Flinckstraat 64 in <strong>June 1933</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"af7qv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and moved to the Valeriusschool at Des Prèsstraat in <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9fea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ev3cv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\">Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen'</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"af7qv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\">Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\">'Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9fea2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\">'De overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op deze school werden vanaf <strong>1935</strong> kinderen van Duitse vluchtelingen via de zogenaamde 'Overgangscursus<em>'</em> klaargestoomd voor het Nederlands onderwijs en de Nederlandse samenleving.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ghka\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De 'Overgangscursus' was in <strong>juni 1933</strong> opgezet in de Openbare school op de Govert Flinckstraat 64<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytj7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> en verhuisde in <strong>1939 </strong>naar de Valeriusschool in de Des Prèsstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"axj2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ghka\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\">Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen'</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytj7q\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\">Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\">'Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"axj2j\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\">'De overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>1935</strong> onwards, children of German refugees children were prepared for Dutch education and Dutch society at this school through the so-called 'Overgangscursus' (transitional course).<sup data-footnote-id=\"ev3cv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The 'Overgangscursus' had originally started at the Public School at Govert Flinckstraat 64 in <strong>June 1933</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"af7qv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and moved to the Valeriusschool at Des Prèsstraat in <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9fea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ev3cv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\">Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen'</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"af7qv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\">Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen'</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor IsraeĢlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\">'Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen'</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9fea2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\">'De overgangscursus'</a>, <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89302 52.34499)",
"summary": "The Dieze School is located in the school complex on Dintel Street, at number 11.",
"summary_nl": "De Diezeschool is gevestigd in het scholencomplex aan de Dintelstraat, op nummer 11.",
"summary_en": "The Dieze School is located in the school complex on Dintel Street, at number 11.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Dintelstraat 11",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
"score": 1.2941792
},
{
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"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1057,
"uuid": "d6a85e6f-0100-45e2-b177-28d85860cbd6",
"name": "012_021",
"title": "Het achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263, 1954",
"alt": "Maria Austria. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/012_021.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "In copyright (rechten derden)"
},
"latitude": "52.37521",
"longitude": "4.884335",
"events": [
{
"id": 242,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2bb25db7-bba0-4765-976e-f67315d0642a/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2bb25db7-bba0-4765-976e-f67315d0642a",
"name": "Anne Frank brings her diary when she goes into hiding",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt haar dagboek mee als ze onderduikt",
"name_en": "Anne Frank brings her diary when she goes into hiding",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank took her red-checked diary with her when she went into hiding. On the first page she wrote: "<em>Oh, I'm so glad I brought you along".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When she rewrote her diary on loose sheets (Diary B), she elaborated on this:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>"Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a schoolbag. The first thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the bag, but I'm not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>By the end of <strong>October 1942</strong>, the red checked diary was almost full. She wrote:<em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she can go to Perrij to see if they sell diaries, otherwise I will soon have to get a notebook, because my diary is getting full, too bad!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>The first diary ends with the note of <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Anne did add notes of later dates and (due to lack of space) pasted in pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many of Anne's experiences and opinions from her time in hiding are recorded in her diary entries and some of her short stories.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes in her diary that she did not hear where they were going until the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Her parents informed her on the way about the hiding place in the Opekta building, and about the preparations that had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in the Secret Annex, Anne tried to keep up with her schoolwork. In the Secret Annex, she studied English, French, German, shorthand, geometry, algebra, history, geography, art history, mythology, biology, biblical history and Dutch literature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the period in hiding began, Anne was 13 years old. Her sexual development was also covered in her diary. She noted in <strong>October 1942</strong> that she expected to get her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>In early 1944,</strong> she wrote about it again, by which time it had<em> "only happened three times".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With Peter, Anne talked about the time before going into hiding. A few weeks later, they talked about the early days in hiding, and how they couldn't stand each other then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March 19444</strong>, the romance with Peter played out, which faded again after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a good relationship with Bep Voskuijl. Bep was by far the youngest of the helpers, and two of her sisters were younger than Anne. Besides herself, Margot and Peter, Anne also counted Bep among the youth who were not well understood by the adults in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, Anne's notes became more introspective. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, she writes about her increased people skills, noting that after six months, she actually thought it was enough.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>7 March 1944,</strong> she looks back on her development of about two years. In <strong>1942</strong>, she experienced a 'carefree school time', only to be overwhelmed by loneliness and enter into all kinds of conflicts after <strong>6 July</strong>. <strong>In early 1943</strong>, she lost herself in grief and loneliness, while in the second half of that year, she grew to become a teenage girl, became more concerned with philosophical questions and got to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Moreover, this is when, by her own admission, she started thinking and writing. Her Short Stories are dated from <strong>July 1943</strong> onwards, except for three. On <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne writes that she has finally started writing <em>The Secret Annex</em>, the rewriting of her earlier diary entries with a view to publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This process was in itself the most extensive reflection on earlier notes and thoughts that appear in the manuscripts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It goes without saying that Anne too must have found her forced stay in the Secret Annex difficult. About her experience of the time in hiding, her father writes more than 20 years later that she especially looked forward every day to someone bringing news from outside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, at the bottom of the first page (no date, on or after 28 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March. 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank nam haar roodgeruite dagboek mee toen ze ging onderduiken. Op de eerste pagina schrijft ze: '<em>Ik ben, O, zo blij dat ik je meegenomen heb.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"5vcgo\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Als ze haar dagboek herschrijft op losse vellen (dagboek B) gaat ze hier uitgebreider op in:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Margot en ik begonnen het nodigste in een schooltas te pakken, het eerste wat ik er in stopte was dit gecartonneerde schrift, daarna krulpennen, zakdoeken, schoolboeken, kam, oude brieven, ik dacht aan het schuilen en stopte daardoor de gekste onzin in de tas, maar ik heb er geen spijt van, ik geef meer om herinneringen, dan om jurken.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"7k0dg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>oktober 1942</strong> was het roodgeruite dagboek bijna vol. Ze schrijft hierover: '<em>Ik mag Bep misschien vragen of zij bij Perrij eens kan gaan kijken of die dagboeken verkopen, want anders moet ik gauw een schrift nemen, want mijn dagboek raakt vol, jammer!'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"7ogx5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het eerste dagboek eindigt met de notitie van <strong>5 december 1942</strong>. Anne heeft nog wel (uit ruimtegebrek) notities van later datum toegevoegd en pagina’s ingeplakt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Veel van Annes ervaringen en meningen uit de onderduiktijd liggen vast in haar dagboeknotities en een deel van haar verhaaltjes.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar dagboek dat ze pas in de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> hoorde waar ze naartoe gingen. Haar ouders lichtten haar onderweg in over de schuilplaats in het Opekta-pand, en over de voorbereidingen die waren getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de periode in het Achterhuis probeerde Anne haar schoolwerk bij te houden. In het Achterhuis leerde ze Engels, Frans, Duits, steno, meetkunde, algebra, geschiedenis, aardrijkskunde, kunstgeschiedenis, mythologie, biologie, bijbelse geschiedenis en Nederlandse literatuur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de onderduikperiode begon was Anne dertien jaar. Haar seksuele ontwikkeling vond ook een plaats in haar dagboek. Ze noteerde in <strong>oktober 1942</strong> dat ze verwachtte snel ongesteld te zullen worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>Begin 1944</strong> schrijft ze er nog eens over, dan is het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Peter sprak Anne over de tijd voor het onderduiken. Enkele weken later spreken ze over de begintijd van de onderduik, en hoe ze elkaar toen niet konden uitstaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1944</strong> tekende zich de romance met Peter af, die na een week of zes weer verflauwde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Bep Voskuijl had ze een goede band. Bep was veruit de jongste van de helpers, en twee van haar zusjes waren jonger dan Anne. Anne rekende naast zichzelf, Margot en Peter ook Bep tot de jeugd die door de volwassenen in het Achterhuis niet goed werd begrepen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naarmate de tijd vorderde werden Annes notities introspectiever. <strong>Begin 1944</strong> schrijft ze over haar toegenomen mensenkennis, met de kanttekening dat ze het na een half jaar eigenlijk wel genoeg vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 maart 1944</strong> blikt ze terug op haar ontwikkeling van ongeveer twee jaar. In <strong>1942</strong> beleefde zij een 'onbezorgde schooltijd', om na <strong>6 juli</strong> te worden overrompeld door eenzaamheid en allerlei conflicten aan te gaan. <strong>Begin 1943</strong> verloor ze zich in verdriet en eenzaamheid, terwijl ze in de tweede helft van dat jaar tot ‘bakvis’ uitgroeide, zich meer met levensbeschouwelijke vragen bezig ging houden en God leerde kennen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bovendien begon ze toen, naar eigen zeggen, te denken en te schrijven. Haar ‘verhaaltjes’ zijn op drie na gedateerd vanaf <strong>juli 1943</strong>. Op <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft Anne dat ze eindelijk met schrijven van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> is begonnen, de herschrijving van haar eerdere dagboeknotities met het oog op publicatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dit proces is in zichzelf de meest omvangrijke reflectie op eerdere notities en gedachten die in de manuscripten voorkomt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>āHet spreekt vanzelf dat ook voor Anne het gedwongen verblijf in het Achterhuis moeilijk moet zijn geweest. Over haar beleving van de onderduiktijd schrijft haar vader ruim twintig jaar later dat zij vooral elke dag uitkeek naar iemand die nieuws van buiten kwam brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5vcgo\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, onderaan de eerste pagina (zonder datum, maar op of na 28 september 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7k0dg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ogx5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 februari 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 en 23 maart. 2 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank took her red-checked diary with her when she went into hiding. On the first page she wrote: "<em>Oh, I'm so glad I brought you along".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When she rewrote her diary on loose sheets (Diary B), she elaborated on this:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>"Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a schoolbag. The first thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the bag, but I'm not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>By the end of <strong>October 1942</strong>, the red checked diary was almost full. She wrote:<em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she can go to Perrij to see if they sell diaries, otherwise I will soon have to get a notebook, because my diary is getting full, too bad!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>The first diary ends with the note of <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Anne did add notes of later dates and (due to lack of space) pasted in pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many of Anne's experiences and opinions from her time in hiding are recorded in her diary entries and some of her short stories.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes in her diary that she did not hear where they were going until the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Her parents informed her on the way about the hiding place in the Opekta building, and about the preparations that had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in the Secret Annex, Anne tried to keep up with her schoolwork. In the Secret Annex, she studied English, French, German, shorthand, geometry, algebra, history, geography, art history, mythology, biology, biblical history and Dutch literature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the period in hiding began, Anne was 13 years old. Her sexual development was also covered in her diary. She noted in <strong>October 1942</strong> that she expected to get her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>In early 1944,</strong> she wrote about it again, by which time it had<em> "only happened three times".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With Peter, Anne talked about the time before going into hiding. A few weeks later, they talked about the early days in hiding, and how they couldn't stand each other then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March 19444</strong>, the romance with Peter played out, which faded again after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a good relationship with Bep Voskuijl. Bep was by far the youngest of the helpers, and two of her sisters were younger than Anne. Besides herself, Margot and Peter, Anne also counted Bep among the youth who were not well understood by the adults in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, Anne's notes became more introspective. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, she writes about her increased people skills, noting that after six months, she actually thought it was enough.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>7 March 1944,</strong> she looks back on her development of about two years. In <strong>1942</strong>, she experienced a 'carefree school time', only to be overwhelmed by loneliness and enter into all kinds of conflicts after <strong>6 July</strong>. <strong>In early 1943</strong>, she lost herself in grief and loneliness, while in the second half of that year, she grew to become a teenage girl, became more concerned with philosophical questions and got to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Moreover, this is when, by her own admission, she started thinking and writing. Her Short Stories are dated from <strong>July 1943</strong> onwards, except for three. On <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne writes that she has finally started writing <em>The Secret Annex</em>, the rewriting of her earlier diary entries with a view to publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This process was in itself the most extensive reflection on earlier notes and thoughts that appear in the manuscripts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It goes without saying that Anne too must have found her forced stay in the Secret Annex difficult. About her experience of the time in hiding, her father writes more than 20 years later that she especially looked forward every day to someone bringing news from outside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, at the bottom of the first page (no date, on or after 28 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March. 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When she had to go into hiding, Anne Frank put the red-checked diary in her bag.",
"summary_nl": "Toen ze moest onderduiken stopte Anne Frank het roodgeruite dagboek in haar tas.",
"summary_en": "When she had to go into hiding, Anne Frank put the red-checked diary in her bag.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 176,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b9781179-f22b-4234-a686-ee696a1c144e/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b9781179-f22b-4234-a686-ee696a1c144e",
"name": "Frank family in hiding",
"name_nl": "Familie Frank is ondergedoken",
"name_en": "Frank family in hiding",
"content": "<p>On <strong>6 July 1942, </strong>the whole family went into hiding in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The original plan to go into hiding <strong>on 16 July 1942</strong> was brought forward ten days by the call-up Margot received to go and work in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Preparations for hiding began much earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank says:<em> </em>"<em>As a result of the increasingly stringent provisions against Jews, it became necessary for me and my family to go into hiding</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day they went into hiding, Otto, Edith and Anne walked from Merwedeplein to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot had already gone on her bicycle earlier that morning.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The raid and arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> put an end to the period of hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The period in hiding is also recorded with these start and end dates on Otto's aliens card in the police archives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A note left behind in the house at Merwedeplein, with an address in Maastricht, was intended to give the impression that the family had left the country. Van Pels told Werner Goldschmidt, the Frank family's subtenant, that an officer - a childhood friend of Otto Frank - was helping him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Unfortunately, it is unclear which address this relates to.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto sent a birthday card to Leni<em> </em>(Lunni) in Basel on <strong>5 July 1942,</strong> from which it can be deduced that he and his family were about to go into hiding. This is because Leni's birthday is not until <strong>September 8</strong>. He wrote: "<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He returned to this card in a letter to his family in Basel dated <strong>8 June 1945</strong>: "<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The letter was apparently returned on <strong>3 July</strong>; postal traffic with Switzerland was difficult. This preparation also emerges from the diary: "<em>Papa and Mama had long since got a lot of things out of our house (...)</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Prior to going into hiding, Otto Frank said he had earned enough to support his family. <sup data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B. 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. According to Victor Kugler, Otto Frank planned to go into hiding when the yellow star was introduced. If it turned out that the outcome of the measure (in view of outrage and opposition) was not as expected, he would have postponed his decision. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AFS A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). There is no support for Kugler's view in other sources.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In<strong> </strong>late 1941 to early 1942 according to Johannes Kleiman in the transcript of Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Ernst Schnabel Archive, transcript, p. 39-40..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigenverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. In the A version, the note is limited to "We had to walk to the office." The pouring rain and pitying looks are from the B version written almost two years later.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (red), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds Family (AFF), Basel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>6 juli 1942 </strong>dook het hele gezin onder in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het oorspronkelijke plan om <strong>16 juli 1942</strong> onder te duiken was door de oproep aan Margot om in Duitsland te gaan werken tien dagen vervroegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v60se\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De voorbereidingen voor de onderduik waren al veel eerder begonnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyvl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank zei hierover:<em> "Tengevolge van de steeds stringenter wordende bepalingen contra de joden werd het voor mij en mijn gezin noodzakelijk te gaan onderduiken.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de dag van de onderduik ging Otto met Edith en Anne lopend van het Merwedeplein naar de Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onakq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot was in de vroege ochtend al op de fiets gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De inval en arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> maakten een eind aan de onderduikperiode.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ap1nu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De onderduikperiode staat met deze begin- en einddata ook aangetekend op Otto’s vreemdelingenkaart in het politiearchief.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63lvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een achtergelaten briefje in de woning aan het Merwedeplein, met een adres in Maastricht diende om de indruk te wekken dat de familie het land verlaten had. Van Pels vertelde aan Werner Goldschmidt, de onderhuurder van de familie Frank, dat een officier - een jeugdvriend van Otto Frank - hem hielp. Helaas is het onduidelijk welk adres het zou betreffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hzmul\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto stuurde op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> aan Leni (<em>Lunni</em>) in Bazel een verjaardagskaart waar uit op te maken viel dat hij en zijn gezin op het punt stonden onder te duiken. Leni was namelijk pas op <strong>8 september</strong> jarig. Hij schreef: '<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4bkfr\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hij kwam op deze kaart terug in een brief aan zijn familie in Bazel van <strong>8 juni 1945</strong>: '<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h2ucg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De brief kwam kennelijk <strong>3 juli</strong> retour; het postverkeer met Zwitserland verliep stroef. Die voorbereiding komt ook naar voren uit het dagboek: '<em>Papa en mama hadden al lang een heleboel uit ons huis gedaan (...).</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank had voorafgaand aan de onderduik naar eigen zeggen genoeg verdiend om voor zijn gezin in het levensonderhoud te voorzien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fq82b\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v60se\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> Volgens Kugler is Otto Frank van plan onder te duiken bij de invoering van de gele ster. Als blijkt dat het resultaat van de maatregel (gezien verontwaardiging en tegenstand) niet volgens verwachting is, stelt hij zijn besluit uit. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). De visie van Kugler vindt geen steun in andere bronnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyvl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eind 1941-begin 1942 volgens Kleiman in het transcript van Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel, transcript, p. 39-40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigeverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onakq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. In de A-versie is de notitie beperkt tot '<em>Wij moesten lopen naar kantoor</em>.' De stromende regen en de medelijdende blikken komen uit de bijna twee jaar later geschreven B-versie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap1nu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63lvs\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegangsnummer 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzmul\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4bkfr\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2ucg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fq82b\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>6 July 1942, </strong>the whole family went into hiding in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The original plan to go into hiding <strong>on 16 July 1942</strong> was brought forward ten days by the call-up Margot received to go and work in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Preparations for hiding began much earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank says:<em> </em>"<em>As a result of the increasingly stringent provisions against Jews, it became necessary for me and my family to go into hiding</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day they went into hiding, Otto, Edith and Anne walked from Merwedeplein to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot had already gone on her bicycle earlier that morning.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The raid and arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> put an end to the period of hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The period in hiding is also recorded with these start and end dates on Otto's aliens card in the police archives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A note left behind in the house at Merwedeplein, with an address in Maastricht, was intended to give the impression that the family had left the country. Van Pels told Werner Goldschmidt, the Frank family's subtenant, that an officer - a childhood friend of Otto Frank - was helping him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Unfortunately, it is unclear which address this relates to.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto sent a birthday card to Leni<em> </em>(Lunni) in Basel on <strong>5 July 1942,</strong> from which it can be deduced that he and his family were about to go into hiding. This is because Leni's birthday is not until <strong>September 8</strong>. He wrote: "<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He returned to this card in a letter to his family in Basel dated <strong>8 June 1945</strong>: "<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The letter was apparently returned on <strong>3 July</strong>; postal traffic with Switzerland was difficult. This preparation also emerges from the diary: "<em>Papa and Mama had long since got a lot of things out of our house (...)</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Prior to going into hiding, Otto Frank said he had earned enough to support his family. <sup data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B. 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. According to Victor Kugler, Otto Frank planned to go into hiding when the yellow star was introduced. If it turned out that the outcome of the measure (in view of outrage and opposition) was not as expected, he would have postponed his decision. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AFS A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). There is no support for Kugler's view in other sources.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In<strong> </strong>late 1941 to early 1942 according to Johannes Kleiman in the transcript of Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Ernst Schnabel Archive, transcript, p. 39-40..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigenverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. In the A version, the note is limited to "We had to walk to the office." The pouring rain and pitying looks are from the B version written almost two years later.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (red), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds Family (AFF), Basel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1942-07-06",
"date_end": "1944-08-04",
"summary": "On 6 July 1942, the Frank family went into hiding in the secret annex of the Opekta company building.",
"summary_nl": "Op 6 juli 1942 dook de familie Frank onder in het achterhuis van het bedrijfsgebouw van Opekta.",
"summary_en": "On 6 July 1942, the Frank family went into hiding in the secret annex of the Opekta company building.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
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"uuid": "b59c8c6f-eb57-46a8-8ecb-a9d5b05dbbf9",
"name": "Van Pels family goes into hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Familie Van Pels duikt onder in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Van Pels family goes into hiding in the Secret Annex",
"content": "<p>According to Anne Frank's diary, the plan was for them to arrive on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>. Due to many reports of call-ups to work, they were so concerned that they left for the Secret Annex a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Incidentally, Peter was not yet 16, and both his parents had been born <strong>before 1902</strong>, meaning they were not among the first-ever called-up categories.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens Anne Franks dagboek was het plan dat zij <strong>14 juli 1942</strong> zouden komen. Door vele berichten over oproepen waren zij zodanig verontrust dat ze een dag eerder naar het Achterhuis vertrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Peter was overigens nog geen zestien, en zijn beide ouders waren geboren <strong>voor 1902</strong>, wat wil zeggen dat zij niet tot de allereerst opgeroepen categorieen behoorden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to Anne Frank's diary, the plan was for them to arrive on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>. Due to many reports of call-ups to work, they were so concerned that they left for the Secret Annex a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Incidentally, Peter was not yet 16, and both his parents had been born <strong>before 1902</strong>, meaning they were not among the first-ever called-up categories.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
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{
"id": 303,
"main_image": {
"id": 993,
"uuid": "a85f9f89-b53d-4e41-bb44-45d3470f79be",
"name": "Helen Zenna Smith",
"title": "Trilogie Helen Zenna Smith",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Helen_Zenna_Smith_hEWsIBn.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Omslag van de trilogie van Helen Zenna Smith",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a829e308-1301-4261-8635-a0d4f506c45f/",
"subjects": [
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"name": "Anne on the book that Peter was not allowed to read",
"name_nl": "Anne over het boek dat Peter niet mocht lezen",
"name_en": "Anne on the book that Peter was not allowed to read",
"content": "<p>Jo Kleiman regularly brought books for the people in hiding. In the <strong>late summer of 1942</strong>, when the Secret Annex had only been inhabited for a few weeks, he brought a book that was to cause quite a stir. Although the book title was not mentioned, it concerned a trilogy by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> a Dutch translation of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932), published in a single volume by <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The first part is about a group of British young ladies, who drive ambulances behind the front lines in northern France during the First World War. Their dangerous work and contact with German prisoners of war lead to coarser manners and looser sexual morals.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's parents did not want him to read the book, which Anne said was "very outspoken". His mother later relented somewhat, but his father stood his ground. Peter rebelled against his parents and indignantly holed himself up in the attic, threatening that he wouldn't study English either if he wasn't allowed to read the book. Incidentally, Edith Frank thought her daughter Margot was very sensible "in such matters", but even so, she was not allowed to read the trilogy either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several passages that may have raised eyebrows at the time would not cause much of a stir in this day and age:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"How disgusting you all are!" says Etta Potato. "I'm sure the prisoners weren't thinking horrid things, Tosh. They've all got sisters of their own."<br />\r\n"I hope they don't look at them in the same way, then. Isn't Etta Potato sweet, girls? The one and only virgo intacta<em> in the convoy.”<br />\r\nThere is a yell of indignation. "Here, what about me?" "And me?" "And me?"<br />\r\n“Children,” says Tosh, “you may be virgo, but I'm blowed if you're intacta."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></em></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Meanwhile, the question remains whether Peter managed to read the book in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">Evadne Price</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Helen Zenna Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...., </em><em>Vrouwen in nood </em>en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1938. Quotation from the original: <em>Not so quiet. </em><em>Stepdaughters of war.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. She returns to the topic in Diary Version B: 2 September 1942<em>. </em>The book could be identified through the information from both entries. Thanks to Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p><em> </em></p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Jo Kleiman bracht geregeld boeken mee voor de onderduikers. In de <strong>nazomer van 1942</strong>, het Achterhuis was nog maar enkele weken bewoond, bracht hij een boek mee dat de gemoederen flink zou beroeren. De titel van het boek blijft ongenoemd, maar het ging om een trilogie<em> </em>van de Australisch-Britse schrijfster Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"n94cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> in <strong>1938</strong> in één band bij <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> verschenen, namelijk <em>Gij Vrouwen..!</em>, <em>Vrouwen in nood</em> en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zdij\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het eerste deel gaat over een groep Britse jongedames van goede komaf, die tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in Noord-Frankrijk met ambulances achter de frontlinies reden. Het gevaarlijke werk en de contacten met Duitse krijgsgevangenen leidden tot de nodige verruwing en een lossere seksuele moraal.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peters ouders wilden niet hebben dat hij dit boek, volgens Anne 'erg vrij geschreven', zou lezen. Zijn moeder bond later wat in, maar zijn vader hield voet bij stuk. Peter rebelleerde tegen zijn ouders en verschanste zich verontwaardigd op zolder, dreigend dat hij ook geen Engels meer zou leren als hij het boek niet lezen mocht. Overigens vond Edith Frank haar dochter Margot heel verstandig 'in die dingen', maar desondanks mocht ook zij het boek niet lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verschillende passages die destijds opvoeders mogelijk de wenkbrauwen deden fronsen zullen in deze tijd niet veel opzien meer baren: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Ik vind het weerzinwekkend, dat gepraat van jullie", zegt Etta Potato. "Ik ben er zeker van dat die gevangenen niets lelijks dachten, Tosh. Ze hebben zelf ook zusters."<br />\r\n"Dan hoop ik, dat ze die niet op zo'n manier aankijken. Zeg, is Etta Potato geen lief kind? De ene en enige virgo intacta in de hele ploeg."<br />\r\nEen kreet van verontwaardiging. "Zeg, wou je soms wat van mij zeggen?" "En ik dan?" "En ik?"<br />\r\n"Kinderen", zegt Tosh, "jullie zijn misschien virgo, maar ik mag een staart krijgen als je intacta bent."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De grote vraag blijft intussen of Peter het boek uiteindelijk toch nog heeft kunnen lezen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n94cg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">Evadne Price</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zdij\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het betrof een vertaling in het Nederlands van <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Ze komt er later op 2 september 1942 in de B-versie op terug. De combinatie van gegevens uit beide notities maakten het mogelijk het boek te identificeren. Met dank aan Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_en": "<p>Jo Kleiman regularly brought books for the people in hiding. In the <strong>late summer of 1942</strong>, when the Secret Annex had only been inhabited for a few weeks, he brought a book that was to cause quite a stir. Although the book title was not mentioned, it concerned a trilogy by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> a Dutch translation of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932), published in a single volume by <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The first part is about a group of British young ladies, who drive ambulances behind the front lines in northern France during the First World War. Their dangerous work and contact with German prisoners of war lead to coarser manners and looser sexual morals.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's parents did not want him to read the book, which Anne said was "very outspoken". His mother later relented somewhat, but his father stood his ground. Peter rebelled against his parents and indignantly holed himself up in the attic, threatening that he wouldn't study English either if he wasn't allowed to read the book. Incidentally, Edith Frank thought her daughter Margot was very sensible "in such matters", but even so, she was not allowed to read the trilogy either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several passages that may have raised eyebrows at the time would not cause much of a stir in this day and age:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"How disgusting you all are!" says Etta Potato. "I'm sure the prisoners weren't thinking horrid things, Tosh. They've all got sisters of their own."<br />\r\n"I hope they don't look at them in the same way, then. Isn't Etta Potato sweet, girls? The one and only virgo intacta<em> in the convoy.”<br />\r\nThere is a yell of indignation. "Here, what about me?" "And me?" "And me?"<br />\r\n“Children,” says Tosh, “you may be virgo, but I'm blowed if you're intacta."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></em></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Meanwhile, the question remains whether Peter managed to read the book in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">Evadne Price</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Helen Zenna Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...., </em><em>Vrouwen in nood </em>en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1938. Quotation from the original: <em>Not so quiet. </em><em>Stepdaughters of war.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. She returns to the topic in Diary Version B: 2 September 1942<em>. </em>The book could be identified through the information from both entries. Thanks to Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p><em> </em></p>",
"date": "1942-09-21",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the Secret Annex, there was often not much more to do than read. But not every book was deemed suitable.",
"summary_nl": "In het Achterhuis viel vaak niet veel meer te doen dan lezen. Maar niet ieder boek viel in goede aarde.",
"summary_en": "In the Secret Annex, there was often not much more to do than read. But not every book was deemed suitable.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 309,
"main_image": {
"id": 1064,
"uuid": "2e008dd4-50fe-442f-a7f4-e6de24db4659",
"name": "Het Beursspel",
"title": "Het Beursspel",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/afh_beursspel0000.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d5a710eb-8d2f-4e2e-be80-361365106d16/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/483c6a65-8444-4374-8969-77b720556935"
],
"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d5a710eb-8d2f-4e2e-be80-361365106d16",
"name": "Peter gets a stock exchange board game for his birthday",
"name_nl": "Peter krijgt Beursspel voor zijn verjaardag",
"name_en": "Peter gets a stock exchange board game for his birthday",
"content": "<p>The <em>Beursspel</em> (Stock Exchange Game) was a board game where players could speculate on price fluctuations, trade in shares and invest in (overseas) trade and industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o1pj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne's diary later states that they played it occasionally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"got0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1pj9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collection online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/4d60f5e0-308c-46ca-8fc1-1a5aca7103a9\">Het Beursspel, 1941</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"got0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Beursspel was een bordspel waarbij de spelers konden speculeren op koersschommelingen, in aandelen handelen en investeren in (overzeese) handel en industrie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xeqr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In Annes dagboek is later te lezen dat ze het af en toe speelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8gmba\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xeqr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/4d60f5e0-308c-46ca-8fc1-1a5aca7103a9\" target=\"_blank\">Het Beursspel, 1941</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8gmba\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Beursspel</em> (Stock Exchange Game) was a board game where players could speculate on price fluctuations, trade in shares and invest in (overseas) trade and industry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o1pj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne's diary later states that they played it occasionally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"got0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o1pj9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collection online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/4d60f5e0-308c-46ca-8fc1-1a5aca7103a9\">Het Beursspel, 1941</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"got0l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-11-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Peter celebrated his sixteenth birthday. He received a stock exchange board game as a gift from the office staff.",
"summary_nl": "Peter vierde zijn zestiende verjaardag. Van het kantoorpersoneel kreeg hij een Beursspel cadeau.",
"summary_en": "Peter celebrated his sixteenth birthday. He received a stock exchange board game as a gift from the office staff.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 112,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf1d0f70-0256-4d10-b157-61718883963a/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf1d0f70-0256-4d10-b157-61718883963a",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer in hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer duikt onder in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer in hiding in the Secret Annex",
"content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer's Amsterdam circle of acquaintances were unaware that - due to the Nuremberg laws - he was not officially married to Charlotte Kaletta. As a result, his status was not that of a mixed married person, but of an unmarried <em>Volljude</em>.He was therefore also forced to go into hiding. Before doing so, he wrote a farewell letter to Charlotte Kaletta on <strong>15 November 1942</strong>, explaining to her in covert language that he had decided to go into hiding<sup data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 November 1942,</strong> Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the annex at Prinsengracht 263. There he remained until the raid of <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He slept in the narrow room, which he shared with Anne Frank, in the back right-hand corner of the second floor of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's possible arrival at the Secret Annex was first mentioned in Anne Frank's diary on <strong>21 September 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is about two months before he actually arrived. The A-version does not give an exact date of Pfeffer's arrival. According to this version, Johannes Kleiman met Pfeffer at the Main Post Office and they walked to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne writes about the arrival of Pfeffer on <strong>17 November 1942</strong>. Kleiman would have gone by tram: "Kleiman took a streetcar back to the office while Pf. walked on foot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, his landlord Felix Mittwoch reported that Pfeffer had told him that he might have to undergo an operation in an unspecified hospital because of kidney disease. After Mittwoch heard nothing more from his tenant for several days, he notified the police's Immigration Department that he had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In the Secret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. He performed dentistry in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne describes how he examined her when she was ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He moved into the small room where Anne and Margot had slept until then, and thereafter shared it with Anne. Margot moved into her parents' bedroom. At first, Anne writes that the atmosphere in the house was good. Later, there were more reports of conflicts between the people in hiding, and between her and Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_013: Brief van Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta, 15 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. This qualifies the story that Pfeffer had to come to the Secret Annex at a moment's notice somewhat.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works; </em>Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de Amsterdamse kennissenkring van Fritz Pfeffer was onbekend dat hij vanwege de Neurenberger wetten niet officieel met Charlotte Kaletta was getrouwd. Zijn status was dan ook niet die van een gemengd gehuwde, maar van een ongetrouwde <em>Volljude</em>. Daarom zag ook hij zich genoodzaakt onder te duiken. Voordat hij dit deed schreef hij op <strong>15 november 1942 </strong>een afscheidsbrief aan Charlotte Kaletta, waarin hij haar in bedekte termen uitlegde dat hij had besloten om ondertduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0jx1d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>16 november 1942</strong> dook Fritz Pfeffer onder in het achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263. Daar bleef hij tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hij sliep hier in het smalle kamertje, dat hij deelde met Anne Frank, rechtsachter op de tweede verdieping van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mogelijke komst van Pfeffer naar het Achterhuis komt in het dagboek van Anne Frank voor het eerst ter sprake op <strong>21 september 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dat is ongeveer twee maanden voor hij daadwerkelijk arriveerde. In de A-versie staat geen exacte datum van Pfeffers komst. Volgens deze versie zou Johannes Kleiman Pfeffer bij het Hoofdpostkantoor ophalen en zouden zij naar de Prinsengracht lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In de B-versie schrijft Anne op <strong>17 november 1942</strong> over de komst van Pfeffer. Kleiman zou met de tram zijn gegaan: <em>'Kleiman stapte in de tram, reed terug naar kantoor en Pf. liep dezelfde weg op.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>30 november 1942 </strong>meldde zijn huisbaas Felix Mittwoch dat Pfeffer hem had verteld dat hij vanwege een nierziekte misschien een operatie in een niet nader genoemd ziekenhuis moest ondergaan. Nadat Mittwoch enige dagen niets meer van zijn huurder hoorde, meldde hij hem bij de Vreemdelingendienst van de politie af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In het Achterhuis</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was arts en tandarts. Als tandarts trad hij ook in het Achterhuis op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft hoe hij haar onderzoekt toen ze ziek was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hij betrok het kleine kamertje waar tot dan Anne en Margot sliepen, en deelde dat voortaan met Anne. Margot verhuisde naar de slaapkamer van haar ouders. Aanvankelijk schrijft Anne dat de sfeer in huis goed is. Later komen er meer berichten over conflicten tussen de onderduikers en tussen haar en Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0jx1d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_013: Brief van Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta, 15 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A en B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Dit nuanceert het verhaal dat Pfeffer op stel en sprong naar het Achterhuis moest komen wel enigszins.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De tandarts", 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer's Amsterdam circle of acquaintances were unaware that - due to the Nuremberg laws - he was not officially married to Charlotte Kaletta. As a result, his status was not that of a mixed married person, but of an unmarried <em>Volljude</em>.He was therefore also forced to go into hiding. Before doing so, he wrote a farewell letter to Charlotte Kaletta on <strong>15 November 1942</strong>, explaining to her in covert language that he had decided to go into hiding<sup data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 November 1942,</strong> Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the annex at Prinsengracht 263. There he remained until the raid of <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He slept in the narrow room, which he shared with Anne Frank, in the back right-hand corner of the second floor of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's possible arrival at the Secret Annex was first mentioned in Anne Frank's diary on <strong>21 September 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is about two months before he actually arrived. The A-version does not give an exact date of Pfeffer's arrival. According to this version, Johannes Kleiman met Pfeffer at the Main Post Office and they walked to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne writes about the arrival of Pfeffer on <strong>17 November 1942</strong>. Kleiman would have gone by tram: "Kleiman took a streetcar back to the office while Pf. walked on foot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, his landlord Felix Mittwoch reported that Pfeffer had told him that he might have to undergo an operation in an unspecified hospital because of kidney disease. After Mittwoch heard nothing more from his tenant for several days, he notified the police's Immigration Department that he had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In the Secret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. He performed dentistry in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne describes how he examined her when she was ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He moved into the small room where Anne and Margot had slept until then, and thereafter shared it with Anne. Margot moved into her parents' bedroom. At first, Anne writes that the atmosphere in the house was good. Later, there were more reports of conflicts between the people in hiding, and between her and Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_013: Brief van Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta, 15 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. This qualifies the story that Pfeffer had to come to the Secret Annex at a moment's notice somewhat.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works; </em>Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1942-11-16",
"date_end": "1944-08-04",
"summary": "In November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. During the period in hiding, he shared a room with Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Op 16 november 1942 dook Fritz Pfeffer onder in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Tijdens de onderduik deelde hij een kamer met Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "In November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. During the period in hiding, he shared a room with Anne Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 299,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b05aace9-de43-47da-8b47-7f04db0cbf79/",
"subjects": [],
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"published": true,
"uuid": "b05aace9-de43-47da-8b47-7f04db0cbf79",
"name": "Prinsengracht 263 sold",
"name_nl": "Prinsengracht 263 verkocht",
"name_en": "Prinsengracht 263 sold",
"content": "<p>Maurits Wessels, the new owner, was a member of an extensive family whose registration as Jewish persons had been succesfully removed through a so-called Calmeyer procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htrog\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, he regained control of his assets and was able to resume his business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1943</strong> he already bought several properties in the <em>Pijp</em> and <em>Kinkerbuurt</em> districts. Anne Frank noted in her diary version dated <strong>27 February 1943</strong>, but rewritten in <strong>1944</strong>, that one morning "the new owner" came to inspect his purchase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> If her dating is correct, Wessels was at best an aspiring owner, he ultimately bought the property on <strong>22 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes that the new owner viewed the building together with an architect and Jo Kleiman. According to her, Kleiman pretended to have left the key to the connecting door - between the front house and the hall near the bookcase - at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is remarkable that on the floor below the architect did not see that there was a staircase leading to that hallway. In any case, it does not appear that Wessels had any actual plans for the building. Apparently it was intended as just an investment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htrog\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer\" target=\"_blank\">Hans Georg Calmeyer</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, [Eindhoven: DATO, 2012], p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De nieuwe eigenaar Maurits Wessels maakte deel uit van een omvangrijke familie die door een zogenaamde Calmeyer-procedure was 'ontjoodst'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vtick\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Daardoor kreeg hij de beschikking terug over zijn vermogen en kon hij zijn zaken weer opnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In februari kocht hij al enkele panden in de Pijp en in de Kinkerbuurt. Anne Frank noteerde in haar op <strong>27 februari 1943</strong> gedateerde, maar in <strong>1944</strong> herschreven dagboekversie dat op een morgen 'de nieuwe eigenaar' zijn aankoop kwam inspecteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Als haar datering juist is, was Wessels toen op zijn best aspirant-eigenaar, hij kocht het pand uiteindelijk pas op <strong>22 april 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft dat de nieuwe eigenaar samen met een architect en Jo Kleiman het pand bezichtigde. Kleiman veinsde volgens haar lezing de sleutel van de tussendeur - tussen het voorhuis en het halletje bij de boekenkast - thuis te hebben laten liggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wel is dan opmerkelijk dat de architect een verdieping lager niet zag dat er een trap naar dat halletje liep. In ieder geval ziet het er niet naar uit dat Wessels concrete plannen met het gebouw had. Kennelijk was het bedoeld als geldbelegging.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vtick\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Calmeyer\">Hans Calmeyer</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen: hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, [Eindhoven: DATO, 2021], p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 februari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Maurits Wessels, the new owner, was a member of an extensive family whose registration as Jewish persons had been succesfully removed through a so-called Calmeyer procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htrog\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, he regained control of his assets and was able to resume his business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1943</strong> he already bought several properties in the <em>Pijp</em> and <em>Kinkerbuurt</em> districts. Anne Frank noted in her diary version dated <strong>27 February 1943</strong>, but rewritten in <strong>1944</strong>, that one morning "the new owner" came to inspect his purchase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> If her dating is correct, Wessels was at best an aspiring owner, he ultimately bought the property on <strong>22 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes that the new owner viewed the building together with an architect and Jo Kleiman. According to her, Kleiman pretended to have left the key to the connecting door - between the front house and the hall near the bookcase - at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is remarkable that on the floor below the architect did not see that there was a staircase leading to that hallway. In any case, it does not appear that Wessels had any actual plans for the building. Apparently it was intended as just an investment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htrog\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer\" target=\"_blank\">Hans Georg Calmeyer</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, [Eindhoven: DATO, 2012], p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-04-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Prinsengracht 263 changed owner in 1943 without the buyer or seller knowing that eight people in hiding were hidden in the building.",
"summary_nl": "Prinsengracht 263 wisselde in 1943 van eigenaar zonder dat koper of verkoper wist dat er acht onderduikers in het pand verborgen waren.",
"summary_en": "Prinsengracht 263 changed owner in 1943 without the buyer or seller knowing that eight people in hiding were hidden in the building.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 178,
"main_image": {
"id": 1138,
"uuid": "ee9a83a2-109d-43b8-962f-798e20d1511e",
"name": "A_MFrank_I__089",
"title": "Les 17 van de LOI-cursus Latijn die Margot Frank volgde op naam van Bep Voskuijl, 11 maart 1944",
"alt": "Collectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/4b1b09ef-96e3-def1-e011-37b61f53ceab.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "undefined",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/09aa6f3d-7893-43eb-8b18-ad8f2851d7fb/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/767fd4d2-1b73-4dcf-9802-6a22e32167df",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/4da36e02-e29b-48b9-8cb5-5034731aa9ba"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0caec351-5030-4117-85e6-d60c5837523b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "09aa6f3d-7893-43eb-8b18-ad8f2851d7fb",
"name": "Margot Frank and Latin course with Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank en cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"name_en": "Margot Frank and Latin course with Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"content": "<p>In late 1943, Margot began a written Latin course through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She took the course under the name Elly Voskuijl.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She chose a pace of one lesson per week, to pay per month in advance, and she wanted to keep the teaching materials afterwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On 2 November 1943, LOI sent the acknowledgement of receipt of Margot's application.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The course lasted about 1 year and cost NLG 7.50 a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne wrote about this in her diary on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"To take our minds off matters as well as develop them, Father ordered a catalog from a correspondence school. Margot pored through the thick brochure three times without finding anything to her liking and within her budget. Father was easier to satisfy and decided to write and ask for a trial lesson in "Elementary Latin". No sooner said than done. The lesson arrived, Margot set to work enthusiastically and decided to take the course, despite the expense. It's much too hard for me, though I'd really like to learn Latin<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also writes in her diary that her father 'joined in' with Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She also wrote: "The Latin lessons Margot sends in are corrected by a teacher and returned.The teacher, a certain A.C.Nielson is very nice, and witty too. I expect he is glad to have such a clever pupil.<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe teacher was very appreciative of Margot's work. In subsequent lessons, he wrote comments:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lesson A2: <em>Your work is outstanding! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 7: <em>You have revised very well and can now move on with no problem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 8, the first lesson of the year <strong>1944</strong>: <em>May the noise of war remain far from you.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 9: <em>Excellent work. Kudos for your translation of Hannibal's portrait. I take pleasure in your superb work!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 13: <em>Exquisite, as always.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 32: <em>Excellent work! These were very difficult tasks.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 37 (the last one, stamped with the correction date <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong>): <em>Well philosophised and well translated!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 August 1944</strong>, Bep Voskuijl wrote to LOI that she could not continue participating in the course. She requested deregistration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <strong>On 14 August 1944</strong>, the LOI proposed to Bep that the course be temporarily suspended and possibly resumed at a later stage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> On <strong>11 June 1945</strong>, Bep wrote to the LOI that the course had actually been for a woman in hiding (Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen the diary was published, Otto Frank sent a copy to Margot's Latin teacher at LOI, Mr Nielson: "(...) You took great care with the lessons, which gave great satisfaction to my daughter Margot, even though you did not know the pupil, with whom you corresponded under the name Voskuyl<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson replied:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"(...) During the war, hundreds of people in hiding, often in the most remote places, attended our classes. How much good such an institution such as Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen can do has never been more evident than in the years behind us. I keep hundreds of letters from this time as precious reminders of the many lonely and frightened people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture in an often highly unintellectual environment."<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> begon Margot met een schriftelijke cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze volgde de cursus op naam van Elly 'Bep' Voskuijl. Ze koos voor een tempo van een les per week, voor betaling per maand vooruit en ze wilde het lesmateriaal na afloop behouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 november 1943</strong> verstuurde LOI de ontvangstbevestiging van Margots aanmelding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De cursus duurde ongeveer 1 jaar en kostte fl 7,50 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne schrijft hierover in haar dagboek op <strong>3 november 1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Om ons wat afleiding en ontwikkeling te bezorgen heeft vader een prospectus van de Leidse onderwijsinstellingen aangevraagd. Margot neusde het dikke boekje wel drie keer door zonder dat ze iets naar haar gading en haar beurs vond. Vader was vlugger voor iets te vinden, hij wilde naar de instelling schrijven en om een proefles ‘Elementair Latijn’ vragen. Zo gezegd, zo gedaan. De les kwam, Margot trok enthousiast aan ’t werk, en de cursus, hoe duur ook, werd genomen. Voor mij is hij veel te moeilijk, hoewel ik erg graag Latijn zou leren.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook schrijft Anne in haar dagboek dat haar vader <em>‘meedoet’</em> met Latijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0xo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verder schrijft ze: '<em>Margots ingestuurde Latijnse lessen worden door een leraar gecorrigeerd teruggezonden. Margot schrijft onder Bep's naam, de leraar, een zekere A.C. Nielson is erg aardig en geestig bovendien. Hij is zeker blij dat hij zo'n knappe leerlinge gekregen heeft.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nDe docent was erg te spreken over Margots werk. Bij de volgende lessen schreef hij opmerkingen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Les A2: <em>Uw werk is voortreffelijk! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 7: <em>U hebt uitstekend gerepeteerd en kunt rustig verder gaan.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 8, de eerste les van het jaar <strong>1944</strong>: <em>Moge het oorlogsrumoer ver van U blijven.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 9: <em>Uitstekend werk. Hulde voor Uw vertaling van Hannibals portret. Ik heb genoegen in Uw steeds zo goede werk!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 13: <em>Voortreffelijk, als steeds.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 32: <em>Uitstekend werk! Het waren zeer moeilijke opgaven.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 37 (de laatste, gestempeld met de correctiedatum <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong>): <em>Goed gephilosopheerd en goed vertaald!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>10 augustus 1944</strong> schreef Bep Voskuijl aan de LOI dat ze niet verder aan de cursus kon deelnemen. Ze verzocht om uitschrijving.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> De LOI deed Bep <strong>14 augustus 1944</strong> het voorstel de cursus tijdelijk op te schorten en in een later stadium eventueel te hervatten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Op <strong>11 juni 1945</strong> schreef Bep aan de LOI dat de cursus eigenlijk voor een onderduikster (Margot) was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOtto Frank stuurde bij het verschijnen van het dagboek een exemplaar naar Margots leraar Latijn van de LOI, de heer Neilson: <em>(…) U heeft veel zorg aan de lessen besteed, die aan mijn dochter Margot grote voldoening gaven, ook al kende U de leerlinge niet, met wie u onder de naam Voskuyl correspondeerde.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson antwoordt:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'(…) Gedurende de oorlog hebben honderden onderduikers, vaak op de meest afgelegen plaatsen, onze lessen gevolgd. Hoeveel goeds zo’n instituut als de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen kan doen, is nooit duidelijker gebleken dan in de jaren die achter ons liggen. Honderden brieven uit deze tijd bewaar ik als een kostbare herinnering aan de vele eenzame en angstige onderduikers, aan wie mijn lessen troost en cultuur brachten in een vaak hoogst-onintellectuele omgeving.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0xo7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In late 1943, Margot began a written Latin course through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She took the course under the name Elly Voskuijl.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She chose a pace of one lesson per week, to pay per month in advance, and she wanted to keep the teaching materials afterwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On 2 November 1943, LOI sent the acknowledgement of receipt of Margot's application.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The course lasted about 1 year and cost NLG 7.50 a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne wrote about this in her diary on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"To take our minds off matters as well as develop them, Father ordered a catalog from a correspondence school. Margot pored through the thick brochure three times without finding anything to her liking and within her budget. Father was easier to satisfy and decided to write and ask for a trial lesson in "Elementary Latin". No sooner said than done. The lesson arrived, Margot set to work enthusiastically and decided to take the course, despite the expense. It's much too hard for me, though I'd really like to learn Latin<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also writes in her diary that her father 'joined in' with Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She also wrote: "The Latin lessons Margot sends in are corrected by a teacher and returned.The teacher, a certain A.C.Nielson is very nice, and witty too. I expect he is glad to have such a clever pupil.<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe teacher was very appreciative of Margot's work. In subsequent lessons, he wrote comments:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lesson A2: <em>Your work is outstanding! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 7: <em>You have revised very well and can now move on with no problem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 8, the first lesson of the year <strong>1944</strong>: <em>May the noise of war remain far from you.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 9: <em>Excellent work. Kudos for your translation of Hannibal's portrait. I take pleasure in your superb work!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 13: <em>Exquisite, as always.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 32: <em>Excellent work! These were very difficult tasks.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 37 (the last one, stamped with the correction date <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong>): <em>Well philosophised and well translated!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 August 1944</strong>, Bep Voskuijl wrote to LOI that she could not continue participating in the course. She requested deregistration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <strong>On 14 August 1944</strong>, the LOI proposed to Bep that the course be temporarily suspended and possibly resumed at a later stage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> On <strong>11 June 1945</strong>, Bep wrote to the LOI that the course had actually been for a woman in hiding (Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen the diary was published, Otto Frank sent a copy to Margot's Latin teacher at LOI, Mr Nielson: "(...) You took great care with the lessons, which gave great satisfaction to my daughter Margot, even though you did not know the pupil, with whom you corresponded under the name Voskuyl<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson replied:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"(...) During the war, hundreds of people in hiding, often in the most remote places, attended our classes. How much good such an institution such as Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen can do has never been more evident than in the years behind us. I keep hundreds of letters from this time as precious reminders of the many lonely and frightened people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture in an often highly unintellectual environment."<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-11-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot took a written course in Latin through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\nā",
"summary_nl": "Margot volgde een schriftelijke cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\nā",
"summary_en": "Margot took a written course in Latin through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\nā",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"id": 243,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c646dbb2-7cc1-412a-8650-bba08874666e/",
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c646dbb2-7cc1-412a-8650-bba08874666e",
"name": "Anne Frank continues to write in notebooks",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank schrijft verder in schriften",
"name_en": "Anne Frank continues to write in notebooks",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank's first, red-checked diary (Diary A1) ran until <strong>5 December 1942.</strong> Even though it was not full at that point, Anne considered it full and then continued writing in notebooks, with Johannes Kleiman providing the next diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This diary has been lost - and possibly subsequent diaries as well. The next diary begins on <strong>22 December 1943</strong>. On average, a diary covered five months, so it is likely that there were several diaries in between. On <strong>11 November 1943</strong>, Anne wrote in the B-version (the A-version is missing here): "When I was thirteen the fountain pen went with me to the Annex, and together we've raced through countless dairies and compositions. I'd turned fourteen and my fountain pen was enjoying the last year of its life with me when ...<em>.</em> "<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From this, one might infer that more than one diary is missing. In the narrative <em>The Dentist</em>, Anne writes about a disinfectant. In a margin note, she notes: "In Dec. I wrote: decificator!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The word 'decificator' cannot be found in the preserved A volumes, which makes it plausible that Anne is referring to an entry in a lost diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The surviving diary A2 consists of a black mottled notebook with hard cover. Diary A2 does not connect to diary A1. It shows a gap of one year and begins on <strong>Wednesday 22 December 1943</strong>: "Dear Kitty, Father has tracked down another diary for me after all, and it is of a respectable thickness, of that, you can, in due course, convince yourself".<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote until <strong>17 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> in this diary. Diary A3, written in a green mottled notebook with hard cover, begins on <strong>18 April 1944</strong>: "Again there has been a treasure who has taken apart a chemistry notebook for me to get me a new diary, this time it is Margot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last diary entry of diary A3 dates from <strong>1 August 1944</strong> and was made three days before the arrest of Anne and the other people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Daddy has asked Mr Kleiman for a diary and Bep for a potty</em>'. Anne Frank, Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. '<em>I simply can't wait to ask Mr Kleiman for the new diary well so long', </em>Anne Frank, Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het eerste, roodgeruite dagboek van Anne Frank (dagboek A1) loopt tot <strong>5 december 1942.</strong> Ook al was het toen nog niet volgeschreven, Anne beschouwde het als vol en schreef daarna verder in schriften. Johannes Kleiman zorgde voor het volgende dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit dagboek is verloren gegaan - en mogelijk ook daarop volgende dagboeken. Het volgende dagboek begint op <strong>22 december 1943</strong>. Gemiddeld beslaat een dagboek vijf maanden, het is dus aannemelijk dat er meerdere dagboeken tussen zitten. Op <strong>11 november 1943</strong> schrijft Anne in de B-versie (de A-versie ontbreekt hier): '<em>Met 13 ging de vulpen mee naar 't Achterhuis waar hij met mij door talloze dagboeken en geschriften is gerend. Toen ik 14 jaar oud was, was dat het laatste jaar dat m'n vulpen met mij voltooid had (…).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hieruit zou men kunnen afleiden dat er meer dan een dagboek ontbreekt. In het verhaaltje <em>De tandarts</em> schrijft Anne over een desinfecteermiddel. In een margenotitie noteert ze: '<em>In Dec. schreef ik: decificeermiddel!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>Het woord 'decificeermiddel' is in de bewaarde A-delen niet te vinden, wat aannemelijk maakt dat Anne verwijst naar een verloren dagboekdeel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het overgeleverde dagboek A2 bestaat uit een zwart gemeleerd schrift met harde kaft. Dagboek A2 sluit niet aan op dagboek A1. Het vertoont een hiaat van een jaar en begint op <strong>woensdag 22 december 1943</strong>: '<em>Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In dit dagboek schrijft Anne tot <strong>17 april 1944</strong>. Dagboek A3, geschreven in een groen gemeleerd schrift met harde kaft, begint op <strong>18 april 1944</strong>: '<em>Weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De laatste dagboeknotitie van dagboek A3 dateert van <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong> en is gemaakt drie dagen voor de arrestatie van Anne en de andere onderduikers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Papa heeft mijnh Kleiman naar een dagboek gevraagd en Bep naar een po</em>'. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <strong>Verzameld werk</strong>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013: '<em>Ik zit gewoon te springen om mijnh. Kleiman voor het nieuwe dagboek te vragen nu tabeh Anne Frank</em>.' Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De tandarts", 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank's first, red-checked diary (Diary A1) ran until <strong>5 December 1942.</strong> Even though it was not full at that point, Anne considered it full and then continued writing in notebooks, with Johannes Kleiman providing the next diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This diary has been lost - and possibly subsequent diaries as well. The next diary begins on <strong>22 December 1943</strong>. On average, a diary covered five months, so it is likely that there were several diaries in between. On <strong>11 November 1943</strong>, Anne wrote in the B-version (the A-version is missing here): "When I was thirteen the fountain pen went with me to the Annex, and together we've raced through countless dairies and compositions. I'd turned fourteen and my fountain pen was enjoying the last year of its life with me when ...<em>.</em> "<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From this, one might infer that more than one diary is missing. In the narrative <em>The Dentist</em>, Anne writes about a disinfectant. In a margin note, she notes: "In Dec. I wrote: decificator!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The word 'decificator' cannot be found in the preserved A volumes, which makes it plausible that Anne is referring to an entry in a lost diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The surviving diary A2 consists of a black mottled notebook with hard cover. Diary A2 does not connect to diary A1. It shows a gap of one year and begins on <strong>Wednesday 22 December 1943</strong>: "Dear Kitty, Father has tracked down another diary for me after all, and it is of a respectable thickness, of that, you can, in due course, convince yourself".<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote until <strong>17 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> in this diary. Diary A3, written in a green mottled notebook with hard cover, begins on <strong>18 April 1944</strong>: "Again there has been a treasure who has taken apart a chemistry notebook for me to get me a new diary, this time it is Margot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last diary entry of diary A3 dates from <strong>1 August 1944</strong> and was made three days before the arrest of Anne and the other people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Daddy has asked Mr Kleiman for a diary and Bep for a potty</em>'. Anne Frank, Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. '<em>I simply can't wait to ask Mr Kleiman for the new diary well so long', </em>Anne Frank, Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-12-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "There is a year between the last entry in the red-checked diary and the next, preserved diary.",
"summary_nl": "Er zit een jaar tussen de laatste aantekening in het roodgeruite dagboek en het volgende, bewaard gebleven dagboek.",
"summary_en": "There is a year between the last entry in the red-checked diary and the next, preserved diary.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 244,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/eab8c158-7480-49f2-833a-c574268b06c3"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66",
"name": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank herschrijft haar dagboek",
"name_en": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"content": "<p>In response to Minister Bolkestein's appeal on <strong>28 March 1944</strong> on Radio Oranje to keep wartime diaries and letters, Anne Frank decided to rewrite her diary into a novel: "Imagine how interesting it would be if I published a novel of the Secret Annex, from the title alone people would think it was a detective novel." <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne rewrote and edited her diary on loose sheets of duplicator paper. On <strong>Saturday 20 May 1944,</strong> she wrote: "<em>Dear Kitty, At last after much contemplation I have begun my 'the Secret Annex', in my head it is already as finished as it can be, but in reality it will be a lot slower, if it ever gets finished at all</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne's rewritten version, known as Version B, ends with the diary entry of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRepeatedly, Anne expressed in her diaries that she wanted to publish a novel and become a writer or journalist.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Naar aanleiding van de oproep op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong> van minister Bolkestein op Radio Oranje om dagboeken en brieven uit de oorlogstijd te bewaren, besloot Anne Frank haar dagboek te herschrijven tot een roman: '<em>Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken, dat het een detective-roman was.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne herschreef en redigeerde haar dagboek op losse velletjes doorslag papier. Op <strong>zaterdag 20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft zij: '<em>Lieve Kitty, Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n "het Achterhuis" begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zo ver af als het af kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het al ooit afkomt.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Annes herschreven versie, dat bekend staat als dagboek B, eindigt met de dagboeknotitie van <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nHerhaaldelijk gaf Anne in haar dagboeken te kennen dat zij een roman wilde uitgeven en dat zij schrijfster of journaliste wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In response to Minister Bolkestein's appeal on <strong>28 March 1944</strong> on Radio Oranje to keep wartime diaries and letters, Anne Frank decided to rewrite her diary into a novel: "Imagine how interesting it would be if I published a novel of the Secret Annex, from the title alone people would think it was a detective novel." <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne rewrote and edited her diary on loose sheets of duplicator paper. On <strong>Saturday 20 May 1944,</strong> she wrote: "<em>Dear Kitty, At last after much contemplation I have begun my 'the Secret Annex', in my head it is already as finished as it can be, but in reality it will be a lot slower, if it ever gets finished at all</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne's rewritten version, known as Version B, ends with the diary entry of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRepeatedly, Anne expressed in her diaries that she wanted to publish a novel and become a writer or journalist.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-05-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank planned to publish a book after the war about her time in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank wil na de oorlog een boek uitgeven over haar tijd in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank planned to publish a book after the war about her time in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 185,
"main_image": {
"id": 888,
"uuid": "7a7a13d0-f345-4d63-8b29-b92ceb5e2f76",
"name": "012_101",
"title": "Vloer in de kamer van Anne Frank",
"alt": "Vervaardiger Maria Austria. Collectie Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/59239f6c-7dea-f2fb-ae11-7b543ebce0af.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten vloer in de kamer van Anne Frank",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "In Copyright (rechten Derden)"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bb325760-bc0b-4ef6-a242-e37d1d791188/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/960fd1b1-4b84-4e4b-9eac-145c17dbf2b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb325760-bc0b-4ef6-a242-e37d1d791188",
"name": "The discovery of the diary",
"name_nl": "De vondst van het dagboek",
"name_en": "The discovery of the diary",
"content": "<p>After the eight people in hiding were arrested on<strong> 4 August 1944</strong>, helpers Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl entered the Secret Annex a day later. In an interview with the television programme <em>Meridiaan</em> on 30 June 1958, Miep Gies described what she found there:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And when we got in there, the chaos was indescribable. The plates were still on the table, there were magazines scattered on the floor, books, newspapers, and then we started looking. I didn't know for what, but we were looking for something, and at one point then I saw the tip of a red checked diary. I said, look Elly [Bep], there's Anne's diary. I'll take that with me. We took it and went downstairs. (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies kept the diary in her desk drawer. When the warehouse staff went to clear out the Secret Annex, Miep asked them if they came across any loose papers to bring them to her. This is how more pages of Anne's diary were eventually found and kept by Miep to gikve to Anne for when she might return.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 July 1945</strong>, Otto Frank discovered that his daughters had died. Not long after, Miep gave Otto his daughter's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5veop\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> appeared on <strong>25 June 1947.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://zoeken.beeldengeluid.nl/program/urn:vme:default:program:2101608050038377331?ac=dgtl%2Canlg&q=meridiaan\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Frank Huis</a>, Meridiaan, AVRO, uitgezonden op 30 juni 1958, Beeld & Geluid, Hilversum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5veop\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Nadat de acht onderduikers op<strong> 4 augustus 1944</strong> waren gearresteerd, betraden helpers Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl een dag later het Achterhuis. Miep Gies vertelde in een interview bij het televisieprogramma "Meridiaan" van <strong>30 juni 1958</strong> wat ze daar aantrof: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'En toen we daar binnenkwamen, de chaos, die was onbeschrijflijk. De borden stonden nog op tafel, op de grond lagen tijdschriften verspreid, boeken, kranten, en toen gingen we zoeken. Ja wat dat weet ik niet, maar we zochten iets. En op een gegeven ogenblik toen zag ik het puntje van een rood geruite dagboek. Ik zeg, kijk Elly [Bep], daar heb je het dagboek van Anne. Dat neem ik mee. We hebben dit meegenomen en zijn naar beneden gegaan. (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies bewaarde het dagboek in haar bureaula. Toen het magazijnpersoneel het Achterhuis ging opruimen, vroeg Miep aan hen of ze als ze losse papieren tegenkwamen die aan haar wilde brengen. Zo werden er uiteindelijk nog meer pagina's van Annes dagboek gevonden en door Miep bewaard om aan Anne te geven mocht ze terugkomen. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 juli 1945</strong> ontdekte Otto Frank dat zijn dochters waren overleden. Niet lang daarna gaf Miep aan Otto het dagboek van zijn dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5veop\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://zoeken.beeldengeluid.nl/program/urn:vme:default:program:2101608050038377331?ac=dgtl%2Canlg&q=meridiaan\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Frank Huis</a>, Meridiaan, AVRO, uitgezonden op 30 juni 1958, Beeld & Geluid, Hilversum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5veop\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After the eight people in hiding were arrested on<strong> 4 August 1944</strong>, helpers Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl entered the Secret Annex a day later. In an interview with the television programme <em>Meridiaan</em> on 30 June 1958, Miep Gies described what she found there:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'And when we got in there, the chaos was indescribable. The plates were still on the table, there were magazines scattered on the floor, books, newspapers, and then we started looking. I didn't know for what, but we were looking for something, and at one point then I saw the tip of a red checked diary. I said, look Elly [Bep], there's Anne's diary. I'll take that with me. We took it and went downstairs. (...).'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies kept the diary in her desk drawer. When the warehouse staff went to clear out the Secret Annex, Miep asked them if they came across any loose papers to bring them to her. This is how more pages of Anne's diary were eventually found and kept by Miep to gikve to Anne for when she might return.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 July 1945</strong>, Otto Frank discovered that his daughters had died. Not long after, Miep gave Otto his daughter's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5veop\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> appeared on <strong>25 June 1947.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohkhf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://zoeken.beeldengeluid.nl/program/urn:vme:default:program:2101608050038377331?ac=dgtl%2Canlg&q=meridiaan\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Frank Huis</a>, Meridiaan, AVRO, uitgezonden op 30 juni 1958, Beeld & Geluid, Hilversum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5veop\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.<em> </em>310.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The day after the arrest of the people in hiding, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl walked through the rooms in the Secret Annex. They saw Anne's diaries lying around and took them to keep for her.",
"summary_nl": "De dag na de arrestatie van de onderduikers liepen Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl door de kamers in het Achterhuis. Ze zagen de dagboeken van Anne liggen en namen ze mee om voor haar te bewaren.",
"summary_en": "The day after the arrest of the people in hiding, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl walked through the rooms in the Secret Annex. They saw Anne's diaries lying around and took them to keep for her.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Premise and Background</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Research Question and Sources</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Research Cold Case Team</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After a well-orchestrated media campaign subject to strict embargo rules, a controversial book was launched in January 2022: <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a Cold Case Investigation</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5w0ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Cold Case Team went public with the news that it could identify - with a very high probability the traitor responsible for the raid on the Secret Annex. The name of Jewish civil-law notary Arnold van den Bergh went around the world as the most likely betrayer of Anne Frank and the other occupants the Secret Annex, but there has been so much criticism of this research that it prompted publisher AmboAnthos to withdraw the Dutch version of book from sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"93gr8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sa59d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010; Koos Groen, <em>Een prooi wordt jager: de zaak van de Joodse verraadster Ans van Dijk</em>, herz. ed., Meppel: Just Publishers, 2016; Gerard Kremer, <em>Anne Frank betrayed: the mystery unravelled after 75 years</em>, Ede: De Lantaarn, 2020; Joop van Wijk-Voskuijl & Jeroen De Bruyn, <em>The last secret of the Secret Annex : the untold story of Anne Frank, her silent protector, and a family betrayal</em>, London: Simon & Schuster, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qfz0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Carol Ann Lee, <em>The hidden life of Otto Frank</em>, London: Viking, 2002; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: the biography, u</em>pd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5w0ih\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: Harper, 2022 (upd. ed. with a new afterword 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93gr8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Gemeente Amsterdam Stadsarchief: <a href=\"https://www.amsterdam.nl/stadsarchief/nieuws/onderzoek-cold-case-team-arrestatie/cold-case-team-investigation-into-frank/\" target=\"_blank\">Cold Case Team investigation into Frank family arrest</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Opzet en achtergrond</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daaraan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Vraagstelling en bronnen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daaraan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van <strong>4 augustus</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9zinm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderzoek Cold case Team</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari 2022</strong> werd met een strak geregiseerde mediacampagne een geruchtmakend boek gelanceerd: <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal Cold Case|Team in Nederland</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"04slj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het zogenaame Cold Case Team kwam naar buiten met het nieuws dat het met een zeer grote waarschijnlijkheid de verrader kon aanwijzen die verantwoordelijk was voor de inval in het Achterhuis. De naam van de Joodse notaris Arnold van den Bergh ging de hele wereld over als de meest waarschijnlijke verrader van Anne Frank en de andere bewoners van het Achterhuis, maar er kwam zo veel kritiek op dit onderzoek dat de uitgever AmboAnthos besloot de Nederlandse versie van het boek uit de handel te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cgkkt\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1xj0u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Jo 
