Camp Westerbork was built in 1939 as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from October 1939.[1] After the German occupation in May 1940, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn 1942, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from 1 July 1942 the camp officially functioned as a Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.[3]
\r\n\r\nOn 8 August 1944, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On 3 September 1944, they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.[4]
\r\n\r\nOf the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.
\r\n\r\nKamp Westerbork werd in 1939 gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf oktober 1939 werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.[1] Na de Duitse bezetting in mei 1940, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn 1942 werd het kamp door de nazi's uitgebreid en vanaf 1 juli 1942 functioneerde het kamp officieel een Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager Joodse mensen werden in het kamp verzameld en werden vervolgens naar concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.[3]
\r\n\r\nOp 8 augustus 1944 werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork gebracht. Ze verbleven er bijna een maand. Op 3 september 1944 gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz.[4]
\r\n\r\nVan de 107.000 Joodse mensen die uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.
\r\n\r\nCamp Westerbork was built in 1939 as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from October 1939.[1] After the German occupation in May 1940, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn 1942, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from 1 July 1942 the camp officially functioned as a Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.[3]
\r\n\r\nOn 8 August 1944, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On 3 September 1944, they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.[4]
\r\n\r\nOf the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.
\r\n\r\nThere were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.
\r\n\r\nThe people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:
\r\n\r\nEr waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.
\r\n\r\nDe onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen:
\r\n\r\nThere were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.
\r\n\r\nThe people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:
\r\n\r\nAll the men from the 3 September 1944 transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.[1] There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.
\r\n\r\nDuring quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on Strassenbau - road construction - or in the Kiesgrube - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.
\r\n\r\n'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'[2]\r\n\r\n
The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended in early October 1944 with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.
\r\n\r\nThe men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.[3] Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about 1 October 1944. Around 11 November 1944, he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived between 10 and 18 November.[4]
\r\n\r\nDuring the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the Kommando Kiesgrube. He then joined the Strassenbau.[5] Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the Strassenbau was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the Kartoffelschälkommando.[5]
\r\n\r\nPeter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:
\r\n\r\n'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'[6]\r\n\r\n
The men working at the Paketstelle were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.[6]
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.
\r\n\r\nAlle mannen van het transport van 3 september 1944 die de selectie na aankomst in Birkenau overleefd hadden, gingen na de registratieprocedure te voet naar Auschwitz I.[1] Daar kwamen ze terecht in quarantaineblok 8. De gevangenen sliepen in stapelbedden van driehoog, vaak met twee of meer personen in een bed. Het quarantaineblok was overbevolkt.
\r\n\r\nTijdens de quarantaine moesten alle gevangenen werken. De meesten werkten aan de Straßenbau – stratenbouw – of in de Kiesgrube – de grindkuil –, waar zij grind op karren moesten laden en deze wegbrengen om straten te verharden. Veel mensen liepen bij dit werk blessures en verwondingen op. Otto Frank heeft na de oorlog verklaard dat hij bij een commando was ingedeeld dat grind moest slepen.
\r\n\r\n‘Omdat ik zelf een tijdje in een Kieskommando was, weet ik veel over de zware arbeid die daar moest worden verricht en de mishandelingen die daar vaak aan verbonden waren.’[2]\r\n\r\n
De quarantaineperiode van de mannen uit het transport van 3 september eindigde begin oktober 1944 met twee selecties, waarbij opnieuw een groep mannelijke gevangenen die niet meer tot zware arbeid in staat geacht werd, in de gaskamer werd vermoord. Deze selecties zouden ook de dood van Hermann van Pels inluiden.
\r\n\r\nDe mannen die de selectie wel overleefden, bleven na de quarantaineperiode in Auschwitz I, waar zij bij verschillende arbeidscommando’s werden ingedeeld. Waar Fritz Pfeffer werd ingedeeld, weten we niet. Over de gevangenschap van Pfeffer in Auschwitz is niets teruggevonden in de getuigenissen van overlevenden. Wat we weten is dat hij in dezelfde groep is geregistreerd als Hermann en Peter van Pels.[3] Net als de anderen verbleef hij in quarantaine tot circa 1 oktober 1944. Rond 11 november 1944 is hij waarschijnlijk geselecteerd voor transport naar kamp Neuengamme, waar hij tussen 10 en 18 november is aangekomen.[4]
\r\n\r\nTijdens de quarantaineperiode werkte Otto Frank eerst in het Kommando Kiesgrube. Daarna kwam hij terecht in de Straßenbau.[5] Of dit direct na de quarantaineperiode gebeurde, is niet duidelijk. Toen het werk in de Straßenbau vanwege de vorst werd gestaakt, kreeg Otto Frank naar eigen zeggen beter werk, en wel in het Kartoffelschälkommando.[5]
\r\n\r\nPeter van Pels kwam na de quarantaineperiode in blok 2 terecht. Otto Frank vertelde in een interview na de oorlog:
\r\n\r\n‘Peter had het geluk een baan te krijgen op het postkantoor van het kamp dat bestemd was voor de SS’ers en de niet-Joodse gevangenen die post en pakketjes ontvingen.’[6]\r\n\r\n
De mannen die bij de Paketstelle werkten, hadden als taak de pakketjes voor de overleden gevangenen te openen en de inhoud selecteren. Zonder al te veel moeite konden zij veel daarvan achteroverdrukken. Otto Frank en Peter van Pels zouden elkaar dagelijks gezien hebben totdat Peter midden januari op transport werd gesteld naar kamp Mauthausen.[6]
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank was de enige van de onderduikers die de kampen overleefde.
\r\n\r\nAll the men from the 3 September 1944 transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.[1] There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.
\r\n\r\nDuring quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on Strassenbau - road construction - or in the Kiesgrube - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.
\r\n\r\n'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'[2]\r\n\r\n
The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended in early October 1944 with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.
\r\n\r\nThe men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.[3] Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about 1 October 1944. Around 11 November 1944, he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived between 10 and 18 November.[4]
\r\n\r\nDuring the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the Kommando Kiesgrube. He then joined the Strassenbau.[5] Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the Strassenbau was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the Kartoffelschälkommando.[5]
\r\n\r\nPeter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:
\r\n\r\n'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'[6]\r\n\r\n
The men working at the Paketstelle were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.[6]
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.
\r\n\r\nLittle is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.
\r\n\r\nBloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an 'inseparable trinity'.[1] In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.[2] Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.
\r\n\r\nHow long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the Krätzeblock: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.[3] Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the Krätzeblock, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.[4]
\r\n\r\nIn addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:
\r\n\r\n'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'[5]\r\n\r\n
When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of 30 October 1944.
\r\n\r\nRosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book Escaped the Gas Chamber! in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:
\r\n\r\n'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'[6]\r\n\r\n
The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on 1 November 1944. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the B-Lager and transferred two days later to the A-Lager - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the Blockälteste they managed to escape gassing.[7]
\r\n\r\nHowever, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the Durchfallblock (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'[8]
\r\n\r\nOver het verblijf van de vrouwelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz is weinig bekend. De kampadministratie is bijna geheel verloren gegaan. Wat we wel weten is afkomstig van verschillende getuigen die samen met Anne, Margot, Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleven.
\r\n\r\nBloeme Emden en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden vormden samen met een tiental andere Nederlandse vrouwen een hecht groepje in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ook hadden ze daar contact met Anne, Margot en Edith. Volgens Bloeme vormden Anne, Margot en Edith een ‘onafscheidelijke drie-eenheid’.[1] In barak 29 zouden Anne, Margot en Edith samen een bed hebben gedeeld.[2] Ook Auguste van Pels verbleef in barak 29, maar over haar verblijf daar is weinig bekend.
\r\n\r\nHoe lang de vrouwen in de quarantainebarak zaten, weten we niet. Volgens getuigenissen kwamen Anne en Margot namelijk in het Krätzeblock terecht: de barak voor schurftlijders en andere zieken. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden herinnerde zich dat het eigenlijk Margot was die moest worden opgenomen, maar dat Anne bij haar zus wilde blijven en daarom met haar meeging.[3] De omstandigheden in de schurftbarak waren erbarmelijk en veel zieken werden aan hun lot overgelaten. Om haar dochters in het Krätzeblock te helpen groef Edith Frank samen met Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (de moeder van Frieda Brommet, die ook in de schurftbarak lag) en Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, ergens aan de zijkant van de barak een gat om eten aan de kinderen te geven.[4]
\r\n\r\nBovendien zouden Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester en Edith Frank zich hebben verstopt om niet mee te hoeven op transport en zo voor hun kinderen te kunnen blijven zorgen. Frieda Brommet herinnerde zich:
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n'Ze hebben samen een gat gegraven. (…) en op een dag kwam mijn moeder en die kon ook spreken door dat gat, en die zei, die riep dan: ‘Frieda! Frieda!’ […] En zei: ‘Mevrouw Frank en ik zijn de enigen die nu hier in het kamp zijn. We hebben ons verstopt want de groep is op transport gegaan. Maar wij hebben ons verstopt, want we wilden bij jullie blijven. En we hebben wat brood gestolen en dat geef ik nu aan door het gat en dat moeten jullie maar met z’n vieren delen.’ En met z’n vieren was met Margot en Anne.'[5]
\r\n
Wanneer Anne en Margot weer uit de schurftbarak kwamen is onduidelijk. Wat we wel weten is dat Anne, Margot en Auguste op de avond van 30 oktober 1944 geselecteerd werden voor tewerkstelling in Bergen-Belsen.
\r\n\r\nOok Rosa de Winter-Levy zat met de vrouwen Frank in barak 29. Ze schreef in augustus 1945 in haar boek Aan de gaskamer ontsnapt! over haar vriendschap met Edith Frank en haar dochters. Later vertelde ze in een interview met Ernst Schnabel over de selectie van Anne en Margot:
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n'Opnieuw Blocksperre, maar ditmaal moesten we naakt op de appelplaats wachten, en het duurde heel lang. (…) En toen kwamen de beide meisjes aan de beurt: Anne en Margot. En Anne stond met haar gezicht zelfs nog onder de schijnwerper en stootte Margot aan. En Margot ging rechtop in het licht staan en daar stonden ze een ogenblik. Naakt en kaal. En Anne keek naar ons met haar heldere gezicht, terwijl ze rechtop stond, en toen gingen ze. Wat achter de schijnwerper gebeurde was niet meer te zien. En mevrouw Frank schreeuwde: "De kinderen! O God..."’[6]
\r\n
De meer dan duizend geselecteerde vrouwen werden in een barak opgesloten totdat het transport op 1 november 1944 vertrok. De niet-geselecteerde vrouwen, zoals Rosa de Winter-Levy en Edith Frank, werden opgesloten in een barak in het B-Lager en twee dagen later overgebracht naar het A-Lager – het deel waar de ziekenbarakken stonden – duidelijk om binnenkort te worden vermoord. Er volgenden verschillende selecties voor transport, waar Edith en Rosa niet doorheen kwamen, maar met behulp van de Blockälteste wisten ze aan vergassing te ontkomen.[7]
\r\n\r\nHet duurde echter niet lang tot Edith Frank zo ziek was dat ze in de ziekenbarak werd opgenomen. Enige tijd later werd ook Rosa zo ziek dat ze in het Durchfallblock (voor diareepatienten) terecht kwam. Op een dag zag zij daar hoe Edith Frank haar barak werd binnengebracht. ‘Op een morgen komen nieuwe patiënten binnen. Ineens herken ik Edith, zij komt uit een andere ziekenafdeling. Zij is nog maar een schim. Enkele dagen nadien sterft zij, totaal uitgeput.’[8]
\r\n\r\nLittle is known about the time in Auschwitz of the women from the Secret Annex. The camp records are almost entirely lost. What we do know comes from various witnesses who stayed with Anne, Margot, Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels in Auschwitz-Birkenau.
\r\n\r\nBloeme Emden and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden formed a close-knit group in Auschwitz-Birkenau along with a dozen other Dutch women. They also had contact there with Anne, Margot and Edith. According to Bloeme, Anne, Margot and Edith formed an 'inseparable trinity'.[1] In hut 29, Anne, Margot and Edith were said to have shared a bed together.[2] Auguste van Pels also stayed in hut 29, but little is known about her stay there.
\r\n\r\nHow long the women were in the quarantine hut, we do not know. Indeed, according to witnesses, Anne and Margot ended up in the Krätzeblock: the hut for scabies sufferers and other sick people. Lenie de Jong-van Naarden remembered that it was actually Margot who had to be admitted, but that Anne wanted to stay with her sister and therefore went with her.[3] Conditions in the scabies hut were appalling and many sick people were abandoned to their fate there. To help her daughters in the Krätzeblock, Edith Frank, together with Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester (the mother of Frieda Brommet, who was also in the scabies hut) and Lenie de Jong-van Naarden, dug a hole somewhere along the side of the hut to give food to the children.[4]
\r\n\r\nIn addition, Rebbeca Brommet-Ritmeester and Edith Frank were said to have hidden in order to avoid being taken on a transport and thus continue to care for their children. Frieda Brommet recalled:
\r\n\r\n'They dug a hole together. (...) and one day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, 'Frieda! Frieda!' [...] And said: 'Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has gone on transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.' And that four was with Margot and Anne.'[5]\r\n\r\n
When Anne and Margot were discharged from the scabies hut is unclear. What we do know is that Anne, Margot and Auguste were selected for work in Bergen-Belsen on the evening of 30 October 1944.
\r\n\r\nRosa de Winter-Levy was also in hut 29 with the Frank women. She wrote about her friendship with Edith Frank and her daughters in her book Escaped the Gas Chamber! in August 1945. She later recounted the selection of Anne and Margot in an interview with Ernst Schnabel:
\r\n\r\n'Again Blocksperre, but this time we had to wait naked on the roll call court, and it took a very long time (...) And then it was the two girls' turn: Anne and Margot. And Anne stood with her face even still under the spotlight and nudged Margot. And Margot stood upright in the light and there they stood for a moment. Naked and bare. And Anne looked at us with her bright face as she stood upright, and then they went. What happened behind the spotlight could no longer be seen. And Mrs Frank screamed, "The children! Oh God..."'[6]\r\n\r\n
The more than a thousand selected women were locked in a hut until the transport left on 1 November 1944. The women who had not been selected, such as Rosa de Winter-Levy and Edith Frank, were locked in a hut in the B-Lager and transferred two days later to the A-Lager - the part where the infirmary huts were located - obviously to be murdered soon. Several selections for transport followed, which Edith and Rosa did not pass, but with the help of the Blockälteste they managed to escape gassing.[7]
\r\n\r\nHowever, it was not long until Edith Frank was so ill that she was admitted to the infirmary hut. Some time later, Rosa also became so ill that she was put in the Durchfallblock (for diarhoea sufferers). One day there, she saw Edith Frank being brought into her hut. 'One morning new patients came in. Suddenly I recognise Edith, she comes from another ward. She is just a ghost. A few days later she dies, totally exhausted.'[8]
\r\n\r\n'Transports' refers to the systematic transportation (mostly by train) that took place of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.
","description_nl":"Onder transporten wordt verstaan het stelselmatig vervoer (veelal per trein) dat plaats had van Joden naar Duitsland en naar in andere landen gelegen concentratiekampen.
","description_en":"'Transports' refers to the systematic transportation (mostly by train) that took place of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.
","summary":"Transports were the systematic transportation (mostly by train) of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.","summary_nl":"Transporten is het stelselmatig vervoer (veelal per trein) dat plaats had van Joden naar Duitsland en naar in andere landen gelegen concentratiekampen.","summary_en":"Transports were the systematic transportation (mostly by train) of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.","same_as":["https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/events/5831"],"parent":396124386,"files":[]},"score":0.0},{"type":"subject","instance":{"id":396124652,"image":null,"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/1ccd9e30-3b3f-4185-baac-78d7d1f42d4d/","published":true,"uuid":"1ccd9e30-3b3f-4185-baac-78d7d1f42d4d","name":"Return","name_nl":"Terugkeer","name_en":"Return","description":"After 9 May 1945, about 5,500 Jews returned from German concentration camps. About 16,000 Jews emerged from hiding and another 15,000 Jews returned who had otherwise escaped persecution or fled abroad.
","description_nl":"Na 9 mei 1945 kwamen ongeveer 5.500 Joden terug uit Duitse concentratiekampen. Ongeveer 16.000 Joden kwamen tevoorschijn uit de onderduik en nog ongeveer 15.000 Joden die op andere manieren aan de vervolging waren ontsnapt of naar het buitenland waren gevlucht.
","description_en":"After 9 May 1945, about 5,500 Jews returned from German concentration camps. About 16,000 Jews emerged from hiding and another 15,000 Jews returned who had otherwise escaped persecution or fled abroad.
","summary":"'Return' in this context refers to the unregulated return of persons to the Netherlands after the liberation, following a stay (forced or otherwise) abroad during World War II.","summary_nl":"Met Terugkeer wordt hier bedoeld de na de bevrijding ongeregelde terugkeer van personen naar Nederland, na een (al dan niet gedwongen) verblijf in het buitenland tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.","summary_en":"'Return' in this context refers to the unregulated return of persons to the Netherlands after the liberation, following a stay (forced or otherwise) abroad during World War II.","same_as":["https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1564"],"parent":null,"files":[]},"score":0.0}]}