According to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.[1] Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.[2] The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.
\r\n\r\nIn the winter of 1938-1939, Anne learned to ice skate. [3] On 13 December 1940, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.[4] And on 13 January 1941, she wrote:
\r\n\r\n'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'[5]\r\n\r\n
A 1941 photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.[6] Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.
\r\n\r\nOn 22 March 1941, Anne wrote to her grandmother: "I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).[7]
\r\n\r\nIn June 1942, Anne writes: "Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club" .[8]
\r\n\r\nAnne writes the following about her hobbies: "Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised".[9]
\r\n\r\nIn addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.[10]
\r\n\r\nAnne loved to read. She got Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends') from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped Camera Obscura for volume 1.[8] These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.[11] Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication 'In Memory of Anne Frank'.
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.[12] Anne also wrote about this in her diary.[13] These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.[14]
\r\n\r\nAnne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books".[9] She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.[15] When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.[16]
\r\n\r\nAnne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history".[17] She shared this interest with her father.
\r\n\r\n'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'[18]\r\n\r\n
Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.[15]
\r\n\r\nGreek and Roman mythology
\r\n\r\nAnne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money".[19] She also writes: (...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat".[9] Anne also shared this interest with her father.
\r\n\r\nAnne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.
\r\n\r\nVolgens verschillende getuigenissen was Anne lichamelijk niet erg sterk; haar ledematen raakten snel uit de kom.[1] Toch zat ze op ritmische gymnastiek en beoefende ze verschillende andere sporten.[2] Het gymnastiekclubje werd waarschijnlijk geleid door Hedda Eisenstaedt.
\r\n\r\nIn de winter van 1938-1939 leerde Anne schaatsen. [3] Op 13 december 1940 schreef Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.[4] En op 13 januari 1941 schrijft ze:
\r\n\r\n'Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan. Ik had tot nu toe nog altijd mijn oude schaatsen die Margot vroeger gedragen heeft, die schaatsen moeten met een sleuteltje aangeschroefd worden, en op de Kunstijsbaan hadden al mijn vriendinnetjes echte Kunstschaatsen, die met spijkers aan je schoenen vastgemaakt moeten worden, en dan gaan ze er niet meer af. Ik wou zo vreselijk graag ook zulke schaatsen hebben, en na lang zeuren, heb ik ze ook gekregen.'[5]\r\n\r\n
Een foto uit 1941 toont Anne met andere kinderen op de schaats in het Vondelpark.[6] Deze foto kreeg Anton Witsel van de vader van het voorste meisje op de foto Ansje de Leeuw. Volgens het bijschrift van de foto woonde Ansje in de Verenigde Staten.
\r\n\r\nOp 22 maart 1941 schreef Anne aan haar oma: Ik wou dat ik alweer met schaatsrijden beginnen kon, maar daarvoor moet ik nog een poosje geduld hebben, tot de oorlog voorbij is (...).[7]
\r\n\r\nIn juni 1942 schrijft Anne: Wij met ons vijven vormen een club genaamd de kleine Beer, minus 2 afgekort d.k.B.-2. (…) Het is een ping-pongclub.[8]
\r\n\r\nOver haar hobbies schrijft Anne het volgende: Lieve Kitty, je hebt me gevraagd, wat mijn hobby's en interessen zijn en daarop wil ik je antwoorden, maar ik waarschuw je, schrik niet, want het zijn er een heleboel. In de eerste plaats: schrijven, maar dat rekent eigenlijk niet als hobby.[9]
\r\n\r\nNaast haar overgeleverde dagboeken, verhaaltjes en brieven, heeft Anne ook gedichtjes geschreven in de poëziealbums van haar vriendinnetjes, o.a: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi en Jacqueline van Maarsen.[10]
\r\n\r\nAnne las graag. Ze kreeg van de pingpongclub voor haar dertiende verjaardag Nederlandsche sagen en legenden, maar per ongeluk gaven ze haar deel 2. Ze ruilde vervolgens de Camera Obscura voor deel 1.[8] Deze boeken waren geschreven door Josef Cohen. Deel 2 bevindt zich in de museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting.[11] Deel 1 gaf Anne kort voor het onderduiken aan buurmeisje Toosje Kupers, die het nog steeds in bezit heeft. Voorin staat in Annes handschrift de opdracht 'Ter Herinnering aan Anne Frank'.
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank vertelde zijn dochters tijdens de onderduik over de familiegeschiedenis en over individuele familieleden. Anne maakte op basis daarvan stambomen.[12] Anne schrijft hier ook over in haar dagboek.[13] Deze stambomen zijn niet bewaard gebleven: De stambomen die Anne op grote vellen papier had getekend zijn ook niet gevonden.[14]
\r\n\r\nAnne maakte ook stambomen van diverse Europese vorstenhuizen: Van de Franse, Duitse, Spaanse, Engelse, Oostenrijkse, Russische, Noordse en Nederlandse vorstenfamilies ben ik in alle kranten, boeken en papieren naar stambomen aan 't zoeken. Met vele ben ik al erg ver gevorderd, temeer daar ik allang uit al de biografieën of geschiedenisboeken, die ik lees, aantekeningen maak.[9] Ze haalde hiervoor veel informatie uit de biografie van Karel V.[15] toen er kort daarna een bloemenvaas omviel, stroomde het water over haar stambomen. De schade bleek uiteindelijk echter beperkt. Aantekeningen over Maria de Medici’, Karel V, Willem van Oranje en Marie Antoinette moesten op zolder worden gedroogd.[16]
\r\n\r\nAnne kreeg van haar vader veel geschiedenisboeken. Ze kon niet wachten tot ze naar de Openbare Bibliotheek kon gaan om daar verder te lezen. Ze voelde ook veel voor kunstgeschiedenis. Ze schrijft daarover: Ik zou graag een jaar naar Parijs en een jaar naar Londen om de taal te leren en kunstgeschiedenis te studeren.[17] Ze deelde deze belangstelling met haar vader.
\r\n\r\n'Waar een schoolmeisje in één dag al niet van hoort, neem mij nu eens. Eerst vertaalde ik van Hollands in Engels een stuk van Nelson's laatste slag. Daarna nam ik het vervolg van de Noordse oorlog door (1700-1721), van Peter de Grote, Karel XII, Augustus de Sterke, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Voor-Pommeren, Achter-Pommeren en Denemarken + de gebruikelijke jaartallen.'[18]\r\n\r\n
Anne las de biografie van Galileï uit, omdat het terug moest naar de bibliotheek. Ze was er de vorige dag in begonnen. De volgende week kwam deel 2.[15]
\r\n\r\nGriekse en Romeinse mythologie
\r\n\r\nAnne schrijft drie dagen na haar dertiende verjaardag: Nu krijg ik nog Mythen van Griekenland en Rome van mijn eigen geld.[19] Ook schrijft ze: (...) hier heb ik verscheidene boeken over. De 9 muzen of 7 liefjes van Zeus kan ik je zo opnoemen. De vrouwen van Heracles enz. enz. ken ik op m'n duimpje.[9] Ook deze belangstelling deelde Anne met haar vader.
\r\n\r\nAnne kreeg ongeveer in het najaar van 1941 een zwarte poes, die de naam Moortje kreeg.
\r\n\r\nAccording to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.[1] Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.[2] The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.
\r\n\r\nIn the winter of 1938-1939, Anne learned to ice skate. [3] On 13 December 1940, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.[4] And on 13 January 1941, she wrote:
\r\n\r\n'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'[5]\r\n\r\n
A 1941 photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.[6] Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.
\r\n\r\nOn 22 March 1941, Anne wrote to her grandmother: "I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).[7]
\r\n\r\nIn June 1942, Anne writes: "Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club" .[8]
\r\n\r\nAnne writes the following about her hobbies: "Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised".[9]
\r\n\r\nIn addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.[10]
\r\n\r\nAnne loved to read. She got Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends') from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped Camera Obscura for volume 1.[8] These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.[11] Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication 'In Memory of Anne Frank'.
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.[12] Anne also wrote about this in her diary.[13] These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.[14]
\r\n\r\nAnne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books".[9] She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.[15] When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.[16]
\r\n\r\nAnne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history".[17] She shared this interest with her father.
\r\n\r\n'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'[18]\r\n\r\n
Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.[15]
\r\n\r\nGreek and Roman mythology
\r\n\r\nAnne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money".[19] She also writes: (...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat".[9] Anne also shared this interest with her father.
\r\n\r\nAnne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.
\r\n\r\nThe building opened in 1934 and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.[1]
\r\n\r\nPolitical meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on 19 September 1935.[2] The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of 1937[3], and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.[4]
\r\n\r\nIn 1940, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until 1949 .[5]
\r\n\r\nOn 13 December 1940, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.[6] On 13 January 1941, she wrote: "I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."[7]
\r\n\r\nHet gebouw dateert van 1934 en werd jarenlang gebruikt voor tentoonstellingen, sportevenementen en vergaderingen.[1]
\r\n\r\nPolitieke bijeenkomsten waren er van allerlei soort. Naar aanleiding van de Neurenberger wetten hield het Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen op 19 september 1935 een protestvergadering in de Apollohal.[2] De zaal bood ook onderdak aan de NSB na de verloren verkiezingen van 1937[3] en aan ‘Eenheid door Democratie’ met W. Schermerhorn.[4]
\r\n\r\nIn 1940 werd de installatie van de ‘N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan’ aan de Linnaeusstraat overgezet naar de Apollohal, en bleef daar tot 1949 in gebruik.[5]
\r\n\r\nOp 13 december 1940 schrijft Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.[6] Op 13 januari 1941 schrijft ze: 'Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan.'[7]
\r\n\r\nThe building opened in 1934 and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.[1]
\r\n\r\nPolitical meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on 19 September 1935.[2] The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of 1937[3], and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.[4]
\r\n\r\nIn 1940, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until 1949 .[5]
\r\n\r\nOn 13 December 1940, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.[6] On 13 January 1941, she wrote: "I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."[7]
\r\n\r\nThe objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","description_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.
","description_en":"The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","summary":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","summary_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.","summary_en":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","same_as":["https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"],"parent":null,"files":[]},{"id":194,"image":{"id":970,"uuid":"08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a","name":"Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944","title":"Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944","alt":"Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting","url":"https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg","path":null,"filetype":"image","description":"Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.","author":"De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek","copyright":"Publiek domein"},"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/","published":true,"uuid":"3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8","name":"The war in the Secret Annex","name_nl":"De oorlog in het Achterhuis","name_en":"The war in the Secret Annex","description":"There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic Anti-Jewish measures. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.
\r\n\r\nAnne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in June 1942, about the invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on 9 June 1942, a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,[1] but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in 1940 because of the invasion that had just taken place.[2] In July 1942, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.[3]
\r\n\r\nThe diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in October 1942, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.[4] She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in 1944, "a few days" apart.[5] In reality, the incidents took place on 10 February[6] and 27 March 1943.[7] The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.
\r\n\r\nDue to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.[8] Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.[9] Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.[10] This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which 1943 is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.
\r\n\r\nIn addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel in late April 1943,[11] two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. On 22 March 1944, an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.[12] In an air battle on 3 May, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.[13] One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.[11] All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.[14]
\r\n\r\nIn early 1944, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The Haagsche Post published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.[15] Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.[16] In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.[17]
\r\n\r\nIn June 1944, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.[18] Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.[19]
\r\n\r\nIn late 1942, Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.[20] She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.[21] Further notes follow in June and July 1944, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.[22] Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.[23]
\r\n\r\nThe British offensive in North Africa in autumn 1942 fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".[24] By the latter, she was most likely referring to Operation Jubilee, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.[25] Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.[26] By the end of 1942, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.[27]
\r\n\r\nAfter the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.[28] However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.[29]
\r\n\r\nIn March '43, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.[30]
\r\n\r\nLike countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. In early 1944, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.[31] This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.[32] In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. In early May, Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.[33] She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.[34] When the invasion did start on 6 June 1944, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.[35] Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.[36] They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from De Telegraaf .[37] Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by 10 October at the latest.[38] Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on 21 July 1944.[39]
\r\n\r\nThe outcome is well known: on 4 August 1944, the Sicherheitsdienst arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.
\r\n\r\nEr wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp Anti-Joodse maatregelen aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.
\r\n\r\nAnne schrijft in haar in juni 1942 begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van mei ‘40 in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op 9 juni 1942, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,[1] maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in 1940 bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.[2] In juli ’42 schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.[3]
\r\n\r\nEr staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in oktober ’42 het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.[4] Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in 1944 de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.[5] In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk 10 februari[6] en 27 maart 1943.[7] Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.
\r\n\r\nDoor de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.[8] De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.[9] Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.[10] Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin 1943 alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.
\r\n\r\nNaast een vliegtuig dat eind april ‘43 op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,[11] stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. Op 22 maart 1944 kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.[12] Bij een luchtgevecht op 3 mei ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.[13] Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.[11] Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.[14]
\r\n\r\nBegin ’44 nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De Haagsche Post publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.[15] Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.[16] In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.[17]
\r\n\r\nIn juni ’44 kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.[18] Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.[19]
\r\n\r\nEind ’42 schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.[20] De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.[21] In juni en juli ’44 volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.[22] Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.[23]
\r\n\r\nHet Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de herfst van 1942 de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.[24] Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op Operation Jubilee, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.[25] Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.[26] Tegen het einde van 1942 waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.[27]
\r\n\r\nNadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.[28] Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.[29]
\r\n\r\nIn maart ’43 verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.[30]
\r\n\r\nNet als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. Begin ’44 leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.[31] De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.[32] In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. Begin mei schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.[33] Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.[34] Als op 6 juni 1944 de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.[35] Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.[36] De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit De Telegraaf geknipt kaartje bij.[37] Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk 10 oktober vrij zouden zijn.[38] Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op 21 juli 1944 voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.[39]
\r\n\r\nDe afloop is bekend: op 4 augustus 1944 arresteerde de Sicherheitsdienst de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.
\r\n\r\nThere was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic Anti-Jewish measures. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.
\r\n\r\nAnne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in June 1942, about the invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on 9 June 1942, a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,[1] but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in 1940 because of the invasion that had just taken place.[2] In July 1942, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.[3]
\r\n\r\nThe diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in October 1942, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.[4] She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in 1944, "a few days" apart.[5] In reality, the incidents took place on 10 February[6] and 27 March 1943.[7] The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.
\r\n\r\nDue to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.[8] Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.[9] Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.[10] This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which 1943 is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.
\r\n\r\nIn addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel in late April 1943,[11] two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. On 22 March 1944, an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.[12] In an air battle on 3 May, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.[13] One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.[11] All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.[14]
\r\n\r\nIn early 1944, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The Haagsche Post published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.[15] Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.[16] In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.[17]
\r\n\r\nIn June 1944, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.[18] Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.[19]
\r\n\r\nIn late 1942, Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.[20] She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.[21] Further notes follow in June and July 1944, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.[22] Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.[23]
\r\n\r\nThe British offensive in North Africa in autumn 1942 fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".[24] By the latter, she was most likely referring to Operation Jubilee, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.[25] Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.[26] By the end of 1942, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.[27]
\r\n\r\nAfter the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.[28] However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.[29]
\r\n\r\nIn March '43, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.[30]
\r\n\r\nLike countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. In early 1944, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.[31] This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.[32] In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. In early May, Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.[33] She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.[34] When the invasion did start on 6 June 1944, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.[35] Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.[36] They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from De Telegraaf .[37] Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by 10 October at the latest.[38] Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on 21 July 1944.[39]
\r\n\r\nThe outcome is well known: on 4 August 1944, the Sicherheitsdienst arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.
\r\n\r\nAddress: Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nThe Market Halls were opened in 1934 and served as a center of food (wholesale) trade.[2] On March 22, 1944, a bomber crashed in the Spaarndammerstraat. According to Anne Frank, the plane 'the machine must have been hit close tot the Markt Halls.'[3]
\r\n\r\nAdres: Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nDe Markthallen waren in 1934 geopend en dienden als centrum van levensmiddelen(groot-)handel.[2] Op 22 maart 1944 stortte een bommenwerper neer in de Spaarndammerstraat. Volgens Anne Frank moet het vliegtuig 'dicht bij de Markthallen overgekomen zijn.'[3]
\r\n\r\nAddress: Jan van Galenstraat 14, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nThe Market Halls were opened in 1934 and served as a center of food (wholesale) trade.[2] On March 22, 1944, a bomber crashed in the Spaarndammerstraat. According to Anne Frank, the plane 'the machine must have been hit close tot the Markt Halls.'[3]
\r\n\r\nIn Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.
\r\n\r\nTo begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,[1] which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.[2] In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.[3] In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.[4] She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.[5] A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.[6] Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn October 1942, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.[7] The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.[8] She returned to the subject in January 1944, and by then it had 'only happened three times'.[9] She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.[10] Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.[11] There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.
\r\n\r\nAnne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. In late October 1942, Anne and Margot had bad colds.[12] Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.[13] A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.[14] In April 1944, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.[15] A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.[16]
\r\n\r\nThe hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.[17] One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.[18]
\r\n\r\nAnne complained of headaches several times in her diary.[19] In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision: 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'. According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.[20] Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.[21]
\r\n\r\nAs mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.[22] As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.[23]
\r\n\r\nWhen several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.[24] Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.[25]
\r\n\r\nAbout Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.[26] In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.[27] Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in 1951. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.[28]
\r\n\r\nAt the end of '43, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in 1943, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.[29] Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.
\r\n\r\nBep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.[30] However, illness forced him to resign that position.[31] The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.[32]
\r\n\r\nThe general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. In early 1944, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.[33]
\r\n\r\nDuring the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.[34] There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.[35] That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.
\r\n\r\nWith eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.
\r\n\r\nOther health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.
\r\n\r\nIn de dagboeken van Anne Frank komt het thema ‘gezondheid’ regelmatig naar voren. De onderduikers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes. Ook de helpers bleven niet gespaard, en met name Johannes Kleiman kreeg met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen te kampen. Verder schrijft Anne over haar lichamelijke ontwikkeling en (aanstaande) menstruatie.
\r\n\r\nOm te beginnen had Anne zelf verschillende gezondheidskwesties. Ze mocht naar eigen zeggen geen zout,[1] wat mogelijk perspectief krijgt door Otto Franks latere uitspraken over hartklachten van zijn dochter.[2] Daarnaast schreef Ernst Schnabel in 1958 op basis van gesprekken met oud-buurmeisje Toos Buiteman-Kupers dat Anne geen handstand kon.[3] In haar dagboek schrijft Anne dat haar armen en benen uit de kom schoten bij lichamelijke oefeningen.[4] Ze mocht daarom ook nooit met gymnastiek meedoen.[5] Een klasgenoot van de Montessorischool vertelde decennia later dat Anne zelf haar arm uit de kom kon halen.[6] Otto Frank schreef in de jaren zeventig dat ze wel lessen ritmische gymnastiek volgde.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn oktober 1942 schrijft de dertienjarige Anne dat ze verwachtte dat ze binnenkort ongesteld zou worden.[7] De gemiddelde leeftijd voor de eerste menstruatie lag toen volgens een Duits onderzoek uit 1954 rond 14,1 jaar.[8] In januari 1944 komt ze erop terug, en toen was het 'nog maar drie keer gebeurd.[9]. Ook bestudeerde ze haar vagina, en constateerde dat die steeds wijder werd.[10] Rond dezelfde tijd constateerde ze dat ze sinds haar komst naar het Achterhuis 8½ kilo was aangekomen.[11] Met haar gezondheid en ontwikkeling was op dat moment niet veel mis.
\r\n\r\nVan de andere onderduikers noteerde Anne ook het gewicht, als allen op de weegschaal waren geweest. Toch waren de omstandigheden natuurlijk niet optimaal. Eind oktober 1942 waren Anne en Margot erg verkouden.[12] Anne lag toen nog twee dagen ziek in bed.[13] Een jaar later lag ze met griep nog eens anderhalve week op bed. Ze liet zich met tegenzin door Fritz Pfeffer, die tenslotte medicus was, onderzoeken.[14] In april 1944 had ze keelpijn, en stak tot overmaat van ramp Margot en haar ouders aan.[15] Enkele dagen later was ook mevrouw Van Pels ziek.[16]
\r\n\r\nDe onderduiksituatie drukte ook op het geestelijk welzijn van de onderduikers. Anne slikte valeriaantjes tegen angst en depressie.[17] Eén valeriaantje behoorde tot haar Sinterklaascadeaus van 1943.[18]
\r\n\r\nAnne klaagde in haar dagboek meerdere keren over hoofdpijnen.[19] In de B-versie schrijft ze ook over de verslechtering van haar zicht: 'Ik ben erg bijziend geworden en moest allang een bril hebben [...].' Volgens deze notitie speelden haar ouders zelfs met de gedachte mevrouw Kleiman te vragen met haar naar een oogarts te gaan. Dat werd echter te riskant bevonden.[20] Haar moeder wilde niet dat Anne aan de cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ meedeed, vanwege de toestand van haar ogen.[21]
\r\n\r\nPfeffer was zoals bleek de medicus van het gezelschap. Hij studeerde aanvankelijk medicijnen en vervolgens tandheelkunde.[22] Als ervaren tandarts hield hij zich uiteraard ook met de gebitten van zijn lotgenoten bezig. Uit Annes geschriften blijkt dat hij in ieder geval Anne, Peter en mevrouw Van Pels mondzorg bood.[23]
\r\n\r\nToen meerdere helpers tegelijk ziek waren, bracht dat direct problemen met zich mee. Eenmaal waren Miep Gies en Jo Kleiman allebei ziek terwijl er voor Victor Kugler spitwerk in Hilversum dreigde. Dan was alleen nog Bep beschikbaar, en werd het magazijn gesloten om de onderduikers enigszins te ontlasten.[24] Miep was in deze periode geruime tijd afwezig; tijdens het huwelijk van Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk had ze een zware verkoudheid opgelopen.[25]
\r\n\r\nOver Kleiman schrijft Anne dat hij regelmatig maagbloedingen had.[26] In een brief aan Yad Vashem legde Otto Frank verband tussen Kleimans maagklachten en de spanningen rond de onderduik.[27] Die spanningen zullen hem ook geen goed hebben gedaan. Kleiman tobde echter al jarenlang met deze klachten, en zou in 1951 een zware maagzweeroperatie ondergaan. Daarna ging het goed en had hij geen bloedingen meer.[28]
\r\n\r\nEind 1943 was Bep afwezig omdat een van haar zusjes difterie had. In Amsterdam waren in het hele jaar 1943 ruim 7.500 mensen met die ziekte besmet, waarvan zo’n driekwart thuis werd verpleegd.[29] Vanwege besmettingsgevaar waren huisgenoten van deze patiënten uiteraard voorzichtig. Bep kwam dan ook niet naar haar werk.
\r\n\r\nBeps vader Johan werkte in het magazijn en had de boekenkast gemaakt.[30] Door ziekte moest hij die functie echter neerleggen.[31] In het dagboek komt de ernstige verslechtering van zijn toestand ter sprake.[32]
\r\n\r\nBij het algemene gezondheidsthema hoorde ook de gezondheid van de dieren in het gebouw. Mouschi was door Peter meegebracht als gezelschapsdier. De andere katten waren er met het oog op knaagdiervraat, en dus ten dienste van de bedrijfshygiëne. Hoewel Peter veel van de zorg voor de pakhuiskatten op zich nam, waren zij in feite tot het ‘machinepark’ van Opekta en Gies & Co. - en dus tot de wereld van de helpers - te rekenen. Begin 1944 was bedrijfskat Moffi ziek, en werd door Miep naar de ‘honden- en kattenkliniek’ gebracht. De dierenarts stelde vast dat Moffi iets aan de ingewanden had en schreef een drankje voor.[33]
\r\n\r\nGedurende de twee jaar in het Achterhuis bestond er natuurlijk kans op overlijden van een van de onderduikers. Er staat niets over in het dagboek, maar Kugler stelde later dat er afspraken waren gemaakt over wat te doen bij een sterfgeval.[34] Er zijn voorbeelden van zulke problemen. Presser noemt onder meer enkele politiemeldingen die op overleden onderduikers betrekking hadden.[35] Dat er over het risico van een sterfgeval werd gesproken, is heel goed denkbaar, maar buiten Kugler heeft geen van de betrokkenen zich er over uitgelaten. De situatie heeft zich ook niet voorgedaan. Over de vraag hoe een en ander zou zijn opgelost, is uiteraard slechts speculatie mogelijk.
\r\n\r\nHet is niet vreemd dat zich onder een achttal mensen in een vochtig en matig geventileerd huis, altijd binnen blijvend en niet optimaal doorvoed, regelmatig verkoudheden en griep voordeden. Uit de dagboeknotities blijkt dat dit dan ook geregeld voorkwam. De onderduikers waren afhankelijk van hun helpers voor geneesmiddelen en dergelijke, en van Pfeffer voor serieuzere medische verzorging.
\r\n\r\nAndere aan het gezondheidsthema verwante kwesties kenden de drie opgroeiende tieners. Bij hen deden zich puberteitskwesties voor, en Anne schrijft over hoe zij haar eigen lichamelijke en seksuele ontwikkeling heeft ervaren. Van Margot en Peter blijft dit onduidelijk. Over de spanningen en problemen die hiermee samenhingen, zowel bij de kinderen als bij de volwassenen, geven Annes teksten evenmin uitsluitsel. Epidemische ziektes als difterie en roodvonk, in de oorlogsjaren in Amsterdam zeker geen onbekende verschijnselen, bleven mede door voorzichtigheid van de helpers buiten de deur.
\r\n\r\nIn Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.
\r\n\r\nTo begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,[1] which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.[2] In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.[3] In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.[4] She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.[5] A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.[6] Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn October 1942, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.[7] The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.[8] She returned to the subject in January 1944, and by then it had 'only happened three times'.[9] She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.[10] Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.[11] There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.
\r\n\r\nAnne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. In late October 1942, Anne and Margot had bad colds.[12] Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.[13] A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.[14] In April 1944, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.[15] A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.[16]
\r\n\r\nThe hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.[17] One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.[18]
\r\n\r\nAnne complained of headaches several times in her diary.[19] In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision: 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'. According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.[20] Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.[21]
\r\n\r\nAs mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.[22] As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.[23]
\r\n\r\nWhen several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.[24] Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.[25]
\r\n\r\nAbout Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.[26] In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.[27] Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in 1951. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.[28]
\r\n\r\nAt the end of '43, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in 1943, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.[29] Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.
\r\n\r\nBep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.[30] However, illness forced him to resign that position.[31] The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.[32]
\r\n\r\nThe general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. In early 1944, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.[33]
\r\n\r\nDuring the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.[34] There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.[35] That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.
\r\n\r\nWith eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.
\r\n\r\nOther health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.
\r\n\r\nAddress: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nIt was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.[2] Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.[3]
\r\n\r\nIn the 1980s, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.[4]
\r\n\r\nAdres: Grimburgwal 10, te Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nHet was het oudste ziekenhuis van Amsterdam, waarvan de geschiedenis teruggaat tot de tijd van de Reformatie.[2] Bep Voskuijls vader, Johan Voskuijl, werd tijdens zijn ziekte opgenomen in het Binnen Gasthuis.[3]
\r\n\r\nIn de jaren tachtig van de twintigste eeuw verliet het ziekenhuis de binnenstad, en om deel uit te maken van het Academisch Medisch Centrum.[4]
\r\n\r\nAddress: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nIt was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.[2] Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.[3]
\r\n\r\nIn the 1980s, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.[4]
\r\n\r\nOn March 14, 1944, pianist Thelma van Breemen played in the Recital Hall of the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam.[1] Bep Voskuijl attended this concert and went back to the Concertgebouw the next day for a concert by the German singer, film and revue star Evelyn Künneke.[2]
\r\n\r\nOp 14 maart 1944 speelde pianiste Thelma van Breemen in de Kleine Zaal van het Amsterdamse Concertgebouw.[1] Bep Voskuijl bezocht dit concert en ging de dag daarna weer het Concertgebouw voor een concert van de Duitse zangeres, film- en revue-ster Evelyn Künneke.[2]
\r\n\r\nOn March 14, 1944, pianist Thelma van Breemen played in the Recital Hall of the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam.[1] Bep Voskuijl attended this concert and went back to the Concertgebouw the next day for a concert by the German singer, film and revue star Evelyn Künneke.[2]
\r\n\r\nAnne Frank's diary reveals that Bep loved dancing, classical music and movies.[1] Bep's children confirmed this, adding: sewing, knitting, embroidering cushions and gardening.[2] According to her daughter Anne, Bep could also cook delicious meals.[3] Her husband Cor van Wijk stated that Bep loved music and loved going to the Concertgebouw. He also said she loved reading and was interested in geography.[4] In a letter, Bep thanked Larissa Akselrod for the beautiful records she had received from her: 'besonders das Klavier Konzerto von Tsaikowski, meine lieblings Musik und die Russische Sängerin Alla Solenkova hat mein Herz gestolen'.[5]
\r\n\r\nUit het dagboek van Anne Frank blijkt dat Bep hield van dansen, klassieke muziek en films.[1] De kinderen van Bep bevestigden dit en voegden hier nog toe: Naaien, breien, kussensknopen en tuinieren.[2] Volgens haar dochter Anne kon Bep ook heerlijk koken.[3] Haar man Cor van Wijk verklaarde dat Bep erg van muziek hield en graag naar het Concertgebouw ging. Hij vertelde ook dat ze dol op lezen was en geïnteresseerd in geografie.[4] In een brief bedankte Bep Larissa Akselrod voor de mooie grammofoonplaten die ze van haar had gekregen: ‘besonders das Klavier Konzerto von Tsaikowski, meine lieblings Musik und die Russische Sängerin Alla Solenkova hat mein Herz gestolen’.[5]
\r\n\r\nAnne Frank's diary reveals that Bep loved dancing, classical music and movies.[1] Bep's children confirmed this, adding: sewing, knitting, embroidering cushions and gardening.[2] According to her daughter Anne, Bep could also cook delicious meals.[3] Her husband Cor van Wijk stated that Bep loved music and loved going to the Concertgebouw. He also said she loved reading and was interested in geography.[4] In a letter, Bep thanked Larissa Akselrod for the beautiful records she had received from her: 'besonders das Klavier Konzerto von Tsaikowski, meine lieblings Musik und die Russische Sängerin Alla Solenkova hat mein Herz gestolen'.[5]
\r\n\r\nAddress: Van Baerlestraat 98, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nThe first concert in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw was on the occasion of the opening on 11 April 1888, with 120 musicians and five hundred choir members.[2] In addition to concerts, numerous meetings took place in the building. Political organizations such as the CPN (Dutch Communist Party) ,[3] the NSB (National-Socialist Movement),[4] Eenheid door Democratie (Unity through Democracy),[5] the Nederlandsche Zionistenbond (Dutch Zionist Union)[6] and Nederlandsche Unie (Dutch Union)[7] held meetings there. The ANWB (Royal Dutch Touring Club)[8] and the dubious Winterhulp (Winter Aid)[9] also met there.
\r\n\r\nDuring the German occupation, conductor Willem Mengelberg continued to give concerts in the presence of high-ranking Nazi leaders, such as Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart. And even though he was committed to his Jewish orchestra members, Mengelberg was severely punished after 1945 for his collaboration with the Germans: he was banned from conducting and his Dutch passport was taken away.[10]
\r\n\r\nBep Voskuijl attended two concerts in the Concertgebouw, early 1944.[11]
\r\n\r\nAdres: Van Baerlestraat 98, te Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nHet eerste concert in het Amsterdamse Concertgebouw was ter gelegenheid van de opening op 11 april 1888, met 120 musici en vijfhonderd koorleden.[2] Naast concerten vonden er in het gebouw talloze vergaderingen plaats. Politieke organisatie als de CPN,[3] de NSB,[4] Eenheid door Democratie,[5] de Nederlandsche Zionistenbond[6] en de Nederlandsche Unie [7] hielden er bijeenkomsten. Ook de ANWB [8] en de dubieuze Winterhulp[9] vergaderden er.
\r\n\r\nTijdens de Duitse bezettig bleef dirigent Willem Mengelberg concerten geven in aanwezigheid van hooggeplaatste nazi-leiders, zoals rijkscommissaris Arthur Seyss-Inquart. En ook al zette zich in voor zijn Joodse orkestleden, Mengelberg werd na 1945 zwaar gestraft voor zijn collaboratie met de Duitsers: hij kreeg hem een dirigeerverbod opgelegd en zijn Nederlandse paspoort werd hem ontnomen.[10]
\r\n\r\nBegin 1944 bezocht Bep Voskuijl twee concerten in het Concertgebouw.[11]
\r\n\r\nAddress: Van Baerlestraat 98, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nThe first concert in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw was on the occasion of the opening on 11 April 1888, with 120 musicians and five hundred choir members.[2] In addition to concerts, numerous meetings took place in the building. Political organizations such as the CPN (Dutch Communist Party) ,[3] the NSB (National-Socialist Movement),[4] Eenheid door Democratie (Unity through Democracy),[5] the Nederlandsche Zionistenbond (Dutch Zionist Union)[6] and Nederlandsche Unie (Dutch Union)[7] held meetings there. The ANWB (Royal Dutch Touring Club)[8] and the dubious Winterhulp (Winter Aid)[9] also met there.
\r\n\r\nDuring the German occupation, conductor Willem Mengelberg continued to give concerts in the presence of high-ranking Nazi leaders, such as Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart. And even though he was committed to his Jewish orchestra members, Mengelberg was severely punished after 1945 for his collaboration with the Germans: he was banned from conducting and his Dutch passport was taken away.[10]
\r\n\r\nBep Voskuijl attended two concerts in the Concertgebouw, early 1944.[11]
\r\n\r\nThe objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","description_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.
","description_en":"The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","summary":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","summary_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.","summary_en":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","same_as":["https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"],"parent":null,"files":[]},{"id":90,"image":{"id":1015,"uuid":"c5b33d48-05b4-4ae3-9b05-ab281e5c22a4","name":"Radio","title":"Radio en fotoalbum","alt":"Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.","url":"https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/b4ce1d97-f229-d58e-2454-4c9ebfea33d0.jpg","path":null,"filetype":"image","description":"Naar de radio luisteren was een vast onderdeel van de dag van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.","author":"De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek","copyright":"AFS rechthebbende"},"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957/","published":true,"uuid":"6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957","name":"Contact with the outside world","name_nl":"Contact met de buitenwereld","name_en":"Contact with the outside world","description":"Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on 28 March 1944. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:
\r\n\r\n'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'[1]\r\n\r\n
It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing 'a novel of the Secret Annex'.[2] This is what she began on 20 May 1944.[3] Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.
\r\n\r\nAfter the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman[4] and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.[5]
\r\n\r\nVictor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as Haagsche Post, Das Reich and Cinema & Theater.[6] Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.[7] She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.[8]
\r\n\r\nAnne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in 1944 on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.[9] Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from De Telegraaf, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.[10] The Normandy map also came from De Telegraaf.[11] Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.[12] The advert also appeared in the Haagsche Post on 6 February. Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that De Telegraaf was also read in the Secret Annex.
\r\n\r\nBesides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.[13] In September 1942, she writes about listening to German radio.[14] After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,[15] a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.[16] Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.[17]
\r\n\r\nAs time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,[18] and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.[19] The first report is from Trouw,[20] the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service in late 1943, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In May 1944, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.[21] The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in Het Parool just under a year earlier.[22] It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.
\r\n\r\nFor the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.[23] When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,[24] it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,[25] still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.[26] When Fritz Pfeffer came in November 1942, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.[27]
\r\n\r\nKleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.[28] Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's 'Künstler-neigungen'.[29] Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on 20 May 1945 that the last message she had received from him was dated 2 June 1944.[30] Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.[31] Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.[32]
\r\n\r\nAgain, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.[33] A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.[34]
\r\n\r\nAs Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.[35] Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.[36]
\r\n\r\nThere were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.[37]
\r\n\r\nA very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.[38] As far as is known, only the burglary of 9 April 1944 came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.[39] An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.[40]
\r\n\r\nAnne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.[41] From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.[42] Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.[43]
\r\n\r\nSounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In March 1944, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.[44] At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.[45] They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.[46] More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.[47]
\r\n\r\nAlthough there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.
\r\n\r\nEenmaal in het Achterhuis ondergedoken waren vele lijnen met het vroegere leven afgesloten. De afhankelijkheid was groot, en aanvoer van allerlei levensbenodigdheden liep via de helpers. Ook nieuws van buiten, berichten over de oude buurt, kranten en dergelijke kwamen via hen binnen. Daarnaast was er ook de radio. De berichten van de BBC en Radio Oranje waren voor het moreel van de onderduikers van groot belang. Wel een heel belangrijke uitzending was, achteraf gezien, de rede van minister Gerrit Bolkestein op 28 maart 1944. Anne hield toen al geruime tijd een dagboek bij. Die avond hoorde zij Bolkestein echter zeggen:
\r\n\r\n'Haar [= de Nederlandse regering in Londen] staat voor oogen de oprichting van een nationaal centrum, waar al het geschiedkundige materiaal betreffende deze jaren zal worden bijeengebracht, bewerkt en uitgegeven […] Wil het nageslacht ten volle beseffen wat wij als volk in deze jaren hebben doorstaan en zijn te boven gekomen, dan hebben wij juist de eenvoudige stukken nodig: een dagboek, brieven van een arbeider uit Duitsland, [...] toespraken van een predikant.'[1]\r\n\r\n
Het was deze toespraak die haar op het idee bracht ‘een roman van het Achterhuis’ te schrijven.[2] Hier begon ze op 20 mei 1944 mee.[3] Haar boek is zoals bekend later in bewerkte vorm uitgegeven en wereldberoemd geworden. Dit was dus wel een heel essentieel contact met de buitenwereld te noemen.
\r\n\r\nNadat de Franks hun intrek in het Achterhuis hadden genomen, zijn de enige mensen waar ze rechtstreeks contact mee hadden de helpers, aangevuld met mevrouw Kleiman[4] en de vader van Bep Voskuijl. Zij verschaften directe informatie omdat zij op de hoogte waren van allerlei nieuwtjes en toegang hadden tot reguliere en clandestiene pers. Zo vertelde Johannes Kleiman volgens Anne dat de brandweer bij het blussen van het Bevolkingsregister met veel bluswater de schade opzettelijk had vergroot.[5]
\r\n\r\nVictor Kugler bracht kranten en tijdschriften, zoals Haagsche Post, Das Reich en Cinema & Theater.[6] Anne was geïnteresseerd in film en muziek, en noteerde in haar dagboek dat Bep Voskuijl naar optredens van Thelma van Breemen en Evelyn Künneke ging.[7] Ook noemde ze concerten van Händel en Mozart die de radio uitzond.[8]
\r\n\r\nBeschouwingen over de stand van zaken in Nederland en Amsterdam baseerde Anne in 1944 vaak op krantenberichten. Ze las en schreef over inbraken, vermissingen, jeugdcriminaliteit en vandalisme.[9] Veel van dergelijke berichten verschenen in verschillende dagbladen. In het dagboek refereerde Anne aan berichten en bijbehorende gedichten van Clinge Doorenbos uit De Telegraaf, zoals de zaak van de doodgeslagen kat in Hilversum.[10] Ook het Normandiëkaartje kwam uit De Telegraaf.[11] Verder plaatste “Gies, Prinsengr. 263” in het blad een ‘Speurder’ waarin een camera te koop werd gevraagd.[12] De annonce verscheen op 6 februari ook in de Haagsche Post. Hoewel er geen expliciete vermeldingen zijn blijkt dat ook De Telegraaf in het Achterhuis werd gelezen.
\r\n\r\nNaast de helpers en de kranten die zij meebrachten, was de radio een belangrijke inlichtingenbron. Anne omschrijft de radio als ‘moed-houd-bron’.[13] In september 1942 schrijft ze over het luisteren naar de Duitse radio.[14] Nadat Kugler de grote radio uit het privékantoor noodgedwongen had ingeleverd,[15] kwam er in het Achterhuis een ‘baby-radiootje’ van Kleiman.[16] Hermann van Pels hoorde rond deze tijd, mogelijk via dit radiootje, van de val van Mussolini.[17]
\r\n\r\nNaarmate de tijd vorderde, volgden de onderduikers de strijd aan het Oostfront op de voet. Na D-Day steeg het optimisme,[18] en hielden ze met behulp van het Normandië-kaartje de geallieerde vorderingen bij. Uit verschillende notities blijkt dat de onderduikers ook toegang hadden tot informatie uit ondergrondse bronnen. Zo weet Anne te vertellen dat er een voetbalwedstrijd tussen marechaussees en onderduikers zou zijn geweest, en dat de Hilversumse distributiedienst spreekuren voor onderduikers hield.[19] Het eerste bericht is afkomstig uit Trouw,[20] van het tweede is de bron onbekend. Hoewel er bij die dienst eind ’43 wel mensen waren gearresteerd, is er over dergelijke spreekuren niets bekend. In mei ’44 schrijft ze over plannen voor concentratiekampen op Nieuw-Guinea.[21] Het plan om NSB’ers te interneren op Nieuw-Guinea werd een klein jaar eerder in Het Parool naar voren gebracht.[22] Het is niet duidelijk of de onderduikers hierover uit een blad vernamen, via de radio of het van de helpers hoorden.
\r\n\r\nDe eerste maanden was het vooral Miep die berichten over de voormalige woonomgeving bracht. Zij vertelde over de taferelen waarmee het ophalen gepaard ging. Miep Gies bracht berichten over een huiszoeking bij haar pleegouders en over de wijze waarop mensen uit haar buurt werden opgehaald.[23] Wanneer Anne schrijft over de lotgevallen van de Goslars en andere bekenden uit Zuid,[24] is dat doorgaans op basis van deze inlichtingen. Bep, die in die periode weliswaar bij haar tante op de Da Costakade woonde,[25] maar nog veel thuis kwam, wist te vertellen dat Annes klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal uit de Reinier Claeszenstraat ook naar Polen was afgevoerd.[26] Toen Fritz Pfeffer in november ’42 kwam, kende hij de actuele stand van zaken met betrekking tot het ophalen van Joden in Zuid.[27]
\r\n\r\nKleiman voerde tijdens de onderduikperiode zakelijke correspondentie met Erich Elias in Bazel. Hij leek in bedekte termen over te brengen dat alles redelijk goed ging en informeerde naar de familie daar.[28] Zo sijpelde informatie door over de stand van zaken daar, bijvoorbeeld over de ‘Künstler-neigungen’ van Buddy.[29] Alice Frank schreef op 20 mei 1945 in een briefkaart aan Kleiman dat het laatste bericht dat zij van hem ontvangen had van 2 juni 1944 dateerde.[30] Verder ging Kleiman nog een keer naar Werner Goldschmidt en naar Albert Lewkowitz, om achtergebleven spullen uit de woning op het Merwedeplein te bemachtigen.[31] Via Miep Gies onderhield Pfeffer een correspondentie met Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels waren hier uit veiligheidsoverwegingen erg op tegen.[32]
\r\n\r\nHet moet ook weer via de helpers zijn geweest dat de onderduikers hoorden dat de vertegenwoordigers Martin Brouwer en Hendrik Daatzelaar wegens bonnenhandel waren gearresteerd. Dit was in meerdere opzichten slecht nieuws: door het wegvallen van die bron ontstonden tekorten in het Achterhuis.[33] Korte tijd later bracht Miep het bericht dat de zoon van mevrouw Stoppelman, zijn vrouw en zijn schoonzusje waren gearresteerd.[34]
\r\n\r\nOmdat Prinsengracht 263 als bedrijfspand bleef functioneren, was er veel beweging in het gebouw. Er kwamen leveranciers, vertegenwoordigers en klanten op bezoek. Ook de schoonmaakster, Arthur Lewinsohn, de loodgieter, de timmerman en de accountant waren storende en angstaanjagende factoren voor de onderduikers.[35] Anne drukt meer dan eens haar grote angst voor Willem van Maaren en de andere magazijnmannen uit.[36]
\r\n\r\nEr waren buitenstaanders die ongewild iets konden merken, maar er was ook vertegenwoordiger Johan Broks die nieuwsgierig was waar Otto Frank was gebleven. In samenspraak met Kleiman werd hij met een ingewikkelde en via een onwetende Opekta-klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen uitgevoerde list op een dwaalspoor gezet. De suggestie moest zijn dat de Franks via België naar Zwitserland waren vertrokken.[37]
\r\n\r\nEen heel onwenselijke wijze van confrontatie met de buitenwereld ervoeren de onderduikers toen het pand doelwit werd van dieven en inbrekers. Anne vermeldt tijdens de onderduikperiode vier gevallen van binnendringen en pogingen daartoe.[38] Voor zover bekend kwam alleen de inbraak van 9 april 1944 ter kennis van de politie, omdat nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de kapotte deur ontdekte.[39] Een gewaarschuwde agent inspecteerde vervolgens het pand.[40]
\r\n\r\nAnne keek in het voorkantoor langs de gordijnen naar buiten en zag daar voorbijgangers.[41] Vanaf de zolder keek ze met Peter naar buiten en ze zagen vogels en de kastanjeboom.[42] Ook zag Anne eens een klein zwart katje in de tuin.[43]
\r\n\r\nIn het Achterhuis drongen geregeld geluiden uit omliggende panden door. In maart ’44 werd er tijdens het eten ergens op de muur geklopt, wat schrik teweegbracht.[44] De onderduikers hielden in het weekeinde rekening met de mogelijkheid dat de vlakbij wonende ‘chef van Keg’ Jacob Boon toevallig kon langskomen.[45] De meubelfabriek Elhoek aan de andere kant leken ze als minder dreigend te ervaren, hoewel het personeel daar bij mooi weer in de dakgoot vlakbij het Achterhuis pauzeerde. Een van hen verklaarde later dat ze wel bewoning opmerkten, maar zonder daarbij aan onderduikers te denken.[46] Meer mensen uit het blok stelden dat ze de aanwezigheid van mensen in het Achterhuis hadden bemerkt, maar dat zijn allemaal verklaringen uit de tijd dat deze onderduikgeschiedenis al zeer bekend was.[47]
\r\n\r\nHoewel het beeld bestaat van het Achterhuis als een soort ‘black box’, volledig losstaand van de buitenwereld, blijkt dat er vrij veel interactie met de buitenwereld is geweest. Voor een belangrijk deel was dit weliswaar van buiten naar binnen. Daarbij waren de helpers essentieel, zoals toen Broks op een dwaalspoor werd gebracht via een klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Via de helpers liepen de lijnen ook naar Overijssel, waar zich het zwaartepunt van Brouwers bonnenhandel bevond. De belangrijkste lijn naar buiten was toch die naar Zwitserland, die door Kleiman per briefkaart werd onderhouden.
\r\n\r\nOnce in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on 28 March 1944. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:
\r\n\r\n'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'[1]\r\n\r\n
It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing 'a novel of the Secret Annex'.[2] This is what she began on 20 May 1944.[3] Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.
\r\n\r\nAfter the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman[4] and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.[5]
\r\n\r\nVictor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as Haagsche Post, Das Reich and Cinema & Theater.[6] Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.[7] She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.[8]
\r\n\r\nAnne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in 1944 on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.[9] Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from De Telegraaf, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.[10] The Normandy map also came from De Telegraaf.[11] Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.[12] The advert also appeared in the Haagsche Post on 6 February. Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that De Telegraaf was also read in the Secret Annex.
\r\n\r\nBesides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.[13] In September 1942, she writes about listening to German radio.[14] After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,[15] a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.[16] Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.[17]
\r\n\r\nAs time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,[18] and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.[19] The first report is from Trouw,[20] the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service in late 1943, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In May 1944, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.[21] The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in Het Parool just under a year earlier.[22] It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.
\r\n\r\nFor the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.[23] When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,[24] it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,[25] still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.[26] When Fritz Pfeffer came in November 1942, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.[27]
\r\n\r\nKleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.[28] Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's 'Künstler-neigungen'.[29] Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on 20 May 1945 that the last message she had received from him was dated 2 June 1944.[30] Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.[31] Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.[32]
\r\n\r\nAgain, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.[33] A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.[34]
\r\n\r\nAs Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.[35] Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.[36]
\r\n\r\nThere were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.[37]
\r\n\r\nA very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.[38] As far as is known, only the burglary of 9 April 1944 came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.[39] An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.[40]
\r\n\r\nAnne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.[41] From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.[42] Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.[43]
\r\n\r\nSounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In March 1944, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.[44] At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.[45] They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.[46] More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.[47]
\r\n\r\nAlthough there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.
\r\n\r\nAddress: Leliegracht 44, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nChocolate manufacturers 'Gebroeders Sickesz' ran a wholesale and retail trade in 'dried goods, chemicals, spices, paints, technical poisons and caustic substances' under the name A. Lincoln. In March 1933 they transferred the business to their employee Derk Kollen, who continued at his own expense and risk.[2]
\r\n\r\nWillem van Maaren stated to the National Department of Criminal Investigation in 1963 that neighbour Jacob Mater had told him during the period in hiding that 'they' sometimes went out to visit the chemist's on the Leliegracht. By 'they', he would have meant people in hiding.[3]
\r\n\r\nThis is the chemist's on the Leliegracht where Johannes Kleiman sent Bep Voskuijl with his wallet on the day of his arrest. 'Kollen-Lincoln' featured on Otto Frank's list of people he wanted to give a diary to in 1947.[4]
\r\n\r\nAdres: Leliegracht 44, te Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nDe chocoladefabrikanten ‘Gebroeders Sickesz’ dreven onder de naam A. Lincoln een groot- en kleinhandel in 'drogerijen, chemicaliën, specerijen, verfwaren, technische vergiften en bijtende stoffen'. In maart ’33 droegen ze de zaak over aan hun medewerker Derk Kollen, die voor eigen rekening en risico verder ging.[2]
\r\n\r\nWillem van Maaren verklaarde in 1963 tegenover de Rijksrecherche dat buurman Jacob Mater tijdens de onderduikperiode tegen hem had gezegd dat 'ze' er wel eens uit gingen, om de drogist op de Leliegracht te bezoeken. Hij zou daarmee op onderduikers gedoeld hebben.[3]
\r\n\r\nDit is de drogist op de Leliegracht waar Johannes Kleiman Bep Voskuijl op de dag van arrestatie met zijn portefeuille heen stuurde. 'Kollen-Lincoln' stond op Otto Franks lijst van mensen die hij in 1947 een dagboek wilde geven.[4]
\r\n\r\nAddress: Leliegracht 44, Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nChocolate manufacturers 'Gebroeders Sickesz' ran a wholesale and retail trade in 'dried goods, chemicals, spices, paints, technical poisons and caustic substances' under the name A. Lincoln. In March 1933 they transferred the business to their employee Derk Kollen, who continued at his own expense and risk.[2]
\r\n\r\nWillem van Maaren stated to the National Department of Criminal Investigation in 1963 that neighbour Jacob Mater had told him during the period in hiding that 'they' sometimes went out to visit the chemist's on the Leliegracht. By 'they', he would have meant people in hiding.[3]
\r\n\r\nThis is the chemist's on the Leliegracht where Johannes Kleiman sent Bep Voskuijl with his wallet on the day of his arrest. 'Kollen-Lincoln' featured on Otto Frank's list of people he wanted to give a diary to in 1947.[4]
\r\n\r\nThe objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
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\r\n\r\nBioscoop op het Damrak.[1] Pathé opende in 1934 de eerste Cinema d’Actualité in Parijs, een bioscoop waar doorlopend filmjournaals werden vertoond. Op 17 maart 1938 opende een vestiging op het Damrak in Amsterdam.[2] De met Miep en Jan Gies bevriende Wim Bunjes was er filmoperateur.[3]
\r\n\r\nCinema on the Damrak.[1] Pathé opened the first Cinema d'Actualité in Paris in 1934, a cinema where newsreels were shown continuously. On March 17, 1938, a branch opened on the Damrak in Amsterdam.[2] Wim Bunjes, who was friends with Miep and Jan Gies, was a projectionist there.[3]
\r\n\r\nThe handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex (1947) consists of a red-checkered booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of copy paper. Otto also included four short stories by Anne in his edition.[1]
\r\n\r\nIt is customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diary A1, A2, A3 (A-version) and the loose sheets (B-version). [2] Diary A1, A2 and A3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets (B version), Anne Frank rewrote her original diary entries with a view to possible publication after the war.[3] Together with the Tales Book, the Beautiful Phrase Book and a photo album (called the Blank Monster Electro Household Book), these manuscripts form [4] Otto Frank's legacy to the state of the Netherlands. [5]
\r\n\r\nAnne Frank was given this red-checked diary for her thirteenth birthday. It runs from 12 June 1942 to 5 December 1942. At the back are three more notes in red ink, dated 2 May 1943. Anne was present when the diary was bought; where is not clear. 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.)' [6] As early as 20 October 1942, Anne indicated that her diary was becoming full. She stuck white sheets in it to "stretch it a bit more" and she was allowed to ask Bep to visit Perry's and see if there were any diaries in stock there.[7]
\r\n\r\nNo diary entries from the period 5 December 1942 to 22 December 1943 have survived. So between diary A1 and A2, over a year is missing. However, Anne did include this period when rewriting her diary on the loose sheets (B version). From this it can be concluded that the missing notes did exist. There are also passages in Anne's narrative that refer to the existence of the missing diary entries.[8]
\r\n\r\nA cardboard (black) school notebook contains the diary entries from 22 December 1943 to 17 April 1944. The first diary entry begins as follows: 'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time..'[9]
\r\n\r\nDiary A3 follows on from diary A2: a cardboard (green marbled) school notebook covering the period 17 April to 1 August 1944 (the last diary entry). On Tuesday 18 April 1944, Anne writes: 'Dear Kitty, Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.'[10]
\r\n\r\nIn diary A3, Anne Frank writes on Wednesday 29 March 1944: 'Dear Kitty, Bolkesteyn, an MP, was speaking in the Dutch News from London, and he said that they ought to make a collection of diaries and letters after the war. Of course they all made a rush at my diary immediately. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a romance of the 'Secret Annexe', the title alone would be enough to make people think it was a detective story.'[11]
\r\n\r\nTwo months after that call from Education Minister Bolkestein on Radio Orange, on 28 March 1944, Anne actually began rewriting her original diary. On Saturday 20 May 1944, she notes: 'At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all.' [12] Anne did this on loose, light yellow, light blue, pink and white copy sheets called the loose sheets. While Anne was rewriting her diaries, she also continued writing in her running diary (Diary A). The 'loose sheets' cover the period from 20 June 1942 to 29 March 1944.[13]Anne processed much of Diary A into Diary B in about two months.
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank used both Anne's A version and Anne's B version for the first edition of The Secret Annex in 1947,[14] due to the absence of almost all of 1943 in the original manuscript. He also included four stories: The Best Little Table, A Daily Chore in Our Little Community: Peeling Potatoes!, Freedom in the Annexe, and Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlägt...
\r\n\r\nHet handgeschreven manuscript van de dagboeken van Anne Frank op basis waarvan Otto Frank de eerste editie van Het Achterhuis (1947) samenstelde, bestaat uit een roodgeruit boekje, twee gekartonneerde schriften en ruim 200 vellen doorslagpapier. Otto nam daarnaast ook vier korte verhaaltjes van Anne op in zijn editie.[1]
\r\n\r\nHet is gebruikelijk deze handschriften achtereenvolgens dagboek A1, A2, A3 (A-versie) en de losse vellen (B-versie) te noemen. [2] Dagboek A1, A2 en A3 bevatten de oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen van Anne Frank. Op de losse vellen (B-versie) heeft Anne Frank haar oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen herschreven met het oog op een mogelijke publicatie na de oorlog.[3] Samen met het Verhaaltjesboek, het Mooie Zinnenboek en een fotoalbum (het zogenaamde Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek) vormen deze handschriften[4] de nalatenschap van Otto Frank aan de staat der Nederlanden.[5]
\r\n\r\nAnne Frank kreeg dit roodgeruite dagboek voor haar dertiende verjaardag. Het loopt van 12 juni 1942 t/m 5 december 1942. Achterin staan nog drie notities in rode inkt, die gedateerd zijn op 2 mei 1943. Anne was er bij toen het dagboek gekocht werd, waar is niet duidelijk. 'Ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest, telt niet mee.)' [6] Al op 20 oktober 1942 gaf Anne aan dat haar dagboek vol raakte. Ze plakte er witte velletjes in om het nog 'wat te strekken' en ze mocht Bep vragen om bij Perry langs te gaan en te kijken of daar nog dagboeken in voorraad waren.[7]
\r\n\r\nEr zijn geen dagboekaantekeningen uit de periode 5 december 1942 tot 22 december 1943 overgeleverd. Tussen dagboek A1 en A2 ontbreekt dus ruim een jaar. Wel heeft Anne deze periode opgenomen bij het herschrijven van haar dagboek op de losse vellen (B-versie). Daar uit kan geconcludeerd worden dat de ontbrekende notities wel bestaan hebben. Ook zijn er passages in Anne's verhaaltjes die verwijzen naar het bestaan van de ontbrekende dagboekaantekeningen.[8]
\r\n\r\nIn een gekartonneerd (zwart) schoolschrift staan de dagboekaantekeningen van 22 december 1943 tot 17 april 1944. De eerste dagboekbrief begint als volgt: 'Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.'[9]
\r\n\r\nDagboek A3 sluit aan op dagboek A2: een gekartonneerd (groengemarmerd) schoolschrift dat de periode 17 april tot 1 augustus 1944 (de laatste dagboeknotitie) beslaat. Op dinsdag 18 april 1944 schrijft Anne hierover: 'Lieve Kitty, weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.'[10]
\r\n\r\nIn dagboek A3 schrijft Anne Frank op woensdag 29 maart 1944: 'Lieve Kitty, Gisterenavond sprak minister Bolkesteyn aan de Oranjezender erover dat er na de oorlog een inzameling van dagboeken en brieven van deze oorlog zou worden gehouden. Natuurlijk stormden ze allemaal direct op mijn dagboek af. Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken dat het een detective-roman was.'[11]
\r\n\r\nTwee maanden na die oproep van de minister van Onderwijs, Bolkestein, op radio Oranje, op 28 maart 1944, begon Anne daadwerkelijk met het herschrijven van haar originele dagboek. Op zaterdag 20 mei 1944 noteert ze: 'Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n Achterhuis begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zover af als het kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het wel ooit afkomt.' [12] Anne deed dit op losse, lichtgele, lichtblauwe, roze en witte doorslagvellen, die de losse vellen genoemd worden. Terwijl Anne haar dagboeken herschreef, schreef ze ook nog door in haar lopende dagboek (dagboek A). De ‘losse vellen’ beslaan de periode van 20 juni 1942 t/m 29 maart 1944.[13] Anne heeft in ongeveer twee maanden een groot deel Dagboek A verwerkt tot Dagboek B.
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank heeft voor de eerste editie van Het Achterhuis in 1947,[14] door het ontbreken van bijna geheel 1943 in het originele manuscript, zowel Annes A-versie als Annes B-versie gebruikt. Ook nam hij vier verhaaltjes op: Het beste tafeltje, De plicht v.d. dag in de gemeenschap: Aardappelschillen!, De vrijheid in het Achterhuis en Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlägt…
\r\n\r\nThe handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex (1947) consists of a red-checkered booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of copy paper. Otto also included four short stories by Anne in his edition.[1]
\r\n\r\nIt is customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diary A1, A2, A3 (A-version) and the loose sheets (B-version). [2] Diary A1, A2 and A3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets (B version), Anne Frank rewrote her original diary entries with a view to possible publication after the war.[3] Together with the Tales Book, the Beautiful Phrase Book and a photo album (called the Blank Monster Electro Household Book), these manuscripts form [4] Otto Frank's legacy to the state of the Netherlands. [5]
\r\n\r\nAnne Frank was given this red-checked diary for her thirteenth birthday. It runs from 12 June 1942 to 5 December 1942. At the back are three more notes in red ink, dated 2 May 1943. Anne was present when the diary was bought; where is not clear. 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.)' [6] As early as 20 October 1942, Anne indicated that her diary was becoming full. She stuck white sheets in it to "stretch it a bit more" and she was allowed to ask Bep to visit Perry's and see if there were any diaries in stock there.[7]
\r\n\r\nNo diary entries from the period 5 December 1942 to 22 December 1943 have survived. So between diary A1 and A2, over a year is missing. However, Anne did include this period when rewriting her diary on the loose sheets (B version). From this it can be concluded that the missing notes did exist. There are also passages in Anne's narrative that refer to the existence of the missing diary entries.[8]
\r\n\r\nA cardboard (black) school notebook contains the diary entries from 22 December 1943 to 17 April 1944. The first diary entry begins as follows: 'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time..'[9]
\r\n\r\nDiary A3 follows on from diary A2: a cardboard (green marbled) school notebook covering the period 17 April to 1 August 1944 (the last diary entry). On Tuesday 18 April 1944, Anne writes: 'Dear Kitty, Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.'[10]
\r\n\r\nIn diary A3, Anne Frank writes on Wednesday 29 March 1944: 'Dear Kitty, Bolkesteyn, an MP, was speaking in the Dutch News from London, and he said that they ought to make a collection of diaries and letters after the war. Of course they all made a rush at my diary immediately. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a romance of the 'Secret Annexe', the title alone would be enough to make people think it was a detective story.'[11]
\r\n\r\nTwo months after that call from Education Minister Bolkestein on Radio Orange, on 28 March 1944, Anne actually began rewriting her original diary. On Saturday 20 May 1944, she notes: 'At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all.' [12] Anne did this on loose, light yellow, light blue, pink and white copy sheets called the loose sheets. While Anne was rewriting her diaries, she also continued writing in her running diary (Diary A). The 'loose sheets' cover the period from 20 June 1942 to 29 March 1944.[13]Anne processed much of Diary A into Diary B in about two months.
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank used both Anne's A version and Anne's B version for the first edition of The Secret Annex in 1947,[14] due to the absence of almost all of 1943 in the original manuscript. He also included four stories: The Best Little Table, A Daily Chore in Our Little Community: Peeling Potatoes!, Freedom in the Annexe, and Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlägt...
\r\n\r\nAddress: Weesperplein 1, te Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nThe Joodsche Invalide was an nursing home for elderly and disabled Jews, that was founded in 1911. In 1938, the institution moved into a new building on Weesperplein. On 1 March 1943, all residents were deported.[2]
\r\n\r\nAnne writes in her diary that subtenant Werner Goldschmidt worked at the Joodsche Invalide.[3] He was a stoker there, as is evident from the book by his sister-in-law Ellen Schwarzschild.[4]
\r\n\r\nWhen editing Het Achterhuis, Otto Frank added to Anne's text that he had visited elderly people in the Joodsche Invalide on 5 July 1942 (the day of the call-up).
\r\n\r\nAdres: Weesperplein 1, te Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nDe Joodsche Invalide was een tehuis voor oude en gehandicapte Joden, dat in 1911 was opgericht. In 1938 betrok de instelling een nieuw pand op het Weesperplein. Op 1 maart 1943 werden alle bewoners gedeporteerd.[2]
\r\n\r\nAnne schrijft in haar dagboek dat onderhuurder Werner Goldschmidt bij De Joodsche Invalide werkte.[3] Hij was daar stoker, zo blijkt uit het boek van zijn schoonzus Ellen Schwarzschild.[4]
\r\n\r\nOtto Frank voegde in zijn redactie van Het Achterhuis aan Annes tekst toe dat hij op 5 juli 1942 (de dag van de oproep) bij oude mensen in De Joodsche Invalide op bezoek was geweest.
\r\n\r\nAddress: Weesperplein 1, te Amsterdam.[1]
\r\n\r\nThe Joodsche Invalide was an nursing home for elderly and disabled Jews, that was founded in 1911. In 1938, the institution moved into a new building on Weesperplein. On 1 March 1943, all residents were deported.[2]
\r\n\r\nAnne writes in her diary that subtenant Werner Goldschmidt worked at the Joodsche Invalide.[3] He was a stoker there, as is evident from the book by his sister-in-law Ellen Schwarzschild.[4]
\r\n\r\nWhen editing Het Achterhuis, Otto Frank added to Anne's text that he had visited elderly people in the Joodsche Invalide on 5 July 1942 (the day of the call-up).
\r\n\r\nThe objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","description_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.
","description_en":"The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.
","summary":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","summary_nl":"Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.","summary_en":"Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.","same_as":["https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"],"parent":null,"files":[]}],"related_locations":["https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84898f4e-5c32-47d1-bff4-d377c343c5b2","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1a319571-a93e-4566-9396-a4d6e61833ed","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/41740528-a1d2-4a88-8b7c-c78e01a8ee6d","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aedb3425-3b2c-4479-9d12-9ff63918c0b7","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ea19e0cf-5fd7-4bb6-9dd9-63c328018639","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/83d54925-63d3-43a3-9f96-a9535224eb3d","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0cfff667-b7b7-42e2-b01b-848d60758275","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/18a78a8e-12a1-4e8c-b38f-20ab70ff1da5","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f2e450aa-840f-4dd8-84cf-548ce515e6d0","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/56d301cf-e04e-47fd-884b-6685a83f00b9","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/22e16ce9-e2a5-476f-b517-7e48026e719e","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f9bad9c3-50bb-41b5-b528-74c36e40d028","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ce8468a7-c299-43c3-a730-4b3009a56059","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bc55a0-7741-4259-a387-42959e20d899","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0","https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f"],"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e/","published":true,"name":"Perry & Co","name_nl":"Perry & Co","name_en":"Perry & Co","uuid":"45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e","content":"Perry & Co., N.V. Trading Company was located at Kalverstraat 93-99, Amsterdam.[1] It was a shop selling toys, stationery, household items, and board games, among other things.[2] Anne Frank writes in her diary that she wants to ask Bep Voskuijl to check at Perry's to see if any diaries are still available there.[3]
\r\n\r\nPerry & Co., N.V. Trading Company was gevestigd op de Kalverstraat 93-99, Amsterdam.[1] Het was een winkel in onder andere speelgoed, schrijfwaren huishoudelijke artikelen en bordspelen.[2] Anne Frank schrijft in haar dagboek dat ze Bep Voskuijl wil vragen om bij Perry te kijken of daar nog dagboeken te koop zijn.[3]
\r\n\r\nPerry & Co., N.V. Trading Company was located at Kalverstraat 93-99, Amsterdam.[1] It was a shop selling toys, stationery, household items, and board games, among other things.[2] Anne Frank writes in her diary that she wants to ask Bep Voskuijl to check at Perry's to see if any diaries are still available there.[3]
\r\n\r\nHe had been classified as a deserter in 1920, but was exempted in 1937 and discharged from military service in 1938.[1] But when Van Pels reported to the Immigration Office on 6 January 1939, it turned out that he was still listed as a deserter was still in the Algemeen Politieblad (General Police Gazette). He was held by the Central Criminal Investigation Department for about 45 minutes until the misunderstanding was cleared up.[2]
\r\n\r\nHij was in 1920 aangemerkt als deserteur, maar had in 1937 alsnog vrijstelling gekregen en werd in 1938 uit militaire dienst ontslagen.[1] Maar toen Van Pels zich op 6 januari 1939 op het bureau van de Vreemdelingendienst meldde, bleek zijn signalering als deserteur nog altijd in het Algemeen Politieblad te staan. Hij werd door de Centrale Recherche ongeveer drie kwartier vastgehouden totdat het misverstand was opgehelderd.[2]
\r\n\r\nHe had been classified as a deserter in 1920, but was exempted in 1937 and discharged from military service in 1938.[1] But when Van Pels reported to the Immigration Office on 6 January 1939, it turned out that he was still listed as a deserter was still in the Algemeen Politieblad (General Police Gazette). He was held by the Central Criminal Investigation Department for about 45 minutes until the misunderstanding was cleared up.[2]
\r\n\r\nWorld War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.
","description_nl":"De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.
","description_en":"World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.
","summary":"Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.","summary_nl":"Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.","summary_en":"Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.","same_as":["https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/locations/9577"],"parent":396124554,"files":[]},{"id":396124408,"image":null,"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23/","published":true,"uuid":"5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23","name":"Emigration in the early 1930s","name_nl":"Emigratie begin jaren dertig","name_en":"Emigration in the early 1930s","description":"On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on 1 April 1933 of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.[1] In the first days of April 1933 alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.[2]
\r\n\r\nOp 30 januari 1933 werd Adolf Hitler Rijkskanselier van Duitsland. Zo kreeg hij de kans zijn ideeën uit Mein Kampf uit te voeren. Na de Rijksdagbrand op 27 februari 1933 schortte hij de belangrijkste burgerrechten op. Ook werden er antisemitische verordeningen aangenomen die het Joden onmogelijk maken de belangrijkste beroepen uit te oefenen door het vereiste van een zogenoemd 'Ariër'-bewijs. Als reactie op deze maatregelen en de boycot op 1 april 1933 van Joodse winkeliers, artsen en advocaten zochten verlieten veel Joden Duitsland. Zij zochten in eerste instantie een veilig heenkomen in omringende landen, waaronder Nederland.[1] Alleen al in de eerste dagen van april 1933 weken er honderden uit naar Nederland, waaronder Otto Frank. In de maanden daarna werd hij gevolgd door vrouw en beide dochters.[2]
\r\n\r\nOn 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on 1 April 1933 of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.[1] In the first days of April 1933 alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn March 1938, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called 'Anschluss' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in October 1938 also led to a flood of refugees. Kristallnacht, the infamous November 1938 pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.[1] Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn maart 1938 werd Oostenrij geannexeerd door Duitsland. Deze zogenaame 'Anschluss' had tot gevolg dat zowel Joodse als niet-Joodse Oostenrijkers het land uitvluchtten. De annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije in oktober 1938 leidde evens tot aan hausse aan vluchtelingen. De Kristallnacht, de beruchte pogrom van november 1938 tegen de Joodse inwoners van Duitsland en de daarmee gepaard gaande moorden, mishandelingen, plunderingen en brandstichtingen brachten veel Joden ertoe Duitsland halsoverkop te verlaten.[1] Onder hen ook Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta.[2]
\r\n\r\nIn March 1938, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called 'Anschluss' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in October 1938 also led to a flood of refugees. Kristallnacht, the infamous November 1938 pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.[1] Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.[2]
\r\n\r\nDevelopments in Germany after 1933 triggered several waves of Jewish emigration from that country. In addition to the boycott of Jewish shopkeepers and liberal professionals already proclaimed in April 1933, the Nuremberg laws came into effect in September 1935. These so-called racial laws and subsequent regulations were intended to deprive Jews in Germany of all their rights. For instance, Germans were forbidden to marry Jews and German Jews were deprived of even more civil rights. In this way, the Nazis tried to make life so hard for Jews that they would 'voluntarily' leave Germany.
\r\n\r\nBetween 1933 and 1937, a total of about 130,000 Jews left Nazi Germany. One of the famliles who left when life became increasingly difficult for Jews was the family of Herman van Pels. In 1937, they left Osnabrück in Germany and settled in Amsterdam.[1] Several siblings of Hermann van Pels and his wife Auguste Röttgen, as well as their parents, also opted for safe refuge in the Netherlands.
\r\n\r\nDe ontwikkelingen in Duitsland na 1933 brachten verschillende golfbewegingen in de Joodse emigratie uit dat land teweeg, Naast de al in april 1933 afgekondigde boycot van Joodse winkeliers en vrije beroepsbeoefenaars, traden in september 1935 de wetten van Neurenberg in werking, Deze zogenaamde rassenwetten en navolgende verordeningen waren bedoeld om de Joden in Duitsland al hun rechten te ontnemen. Zo was het verboden voor Duitsers om te trouwen met Joden en Duitse Joden werden nog meer burgerrechten ontnomen. Op deze manier probeerden de nazi's Joden het leven zo zuur te maken dat ze 'vrijwillig' uit Duitsland zouden vertrekken.
\r\n\r\nTussen 1933 en 1937 verlieten in totaal zo’n 130.000 Joden nazi-Duitsland. Een van de famliles die vertrokken toen voor Joden het leven steeds moeilijker werd, was het gezin van Herman van Pels. In 1937 verlieten zij het Duitse Osnabrück en vestigden zich in Amsterdam.[1] Ook een aantal broers en zussen van Hermann van Pels en zijn echtgenote Auguste Röttgen, evenals hun ouders, kozen een goed heenkomen in Nederland.
\r\n\r\nDevelopments in Germany after 1933 triggered several waves of Jewish emigration from that country. In addition to the boycott of Jewish shopkeepers and liberal professionals already proclaimed in April 1933, the Nuremberg laws came into effect in September 1935. These so-called racial laws and subsequent regulations were intended to deprive Jews in Germany of all their rights. For instance, Germans were forbidden to marry Jews and German Jews were deprived of even more civil rights. In this way, the Nazis tried to make life so hard for Jews that they would 'voluntarily' leave Germany.
\r\n\r\nBetween 1933 and 1937, a total of about 130,000 Jews left Nazi Germany. One of the famliles who left when life became increasingly difficult for Jews was the family of Herman van Pels. In 1937, they left Osnabrück in Germany and settled in Amsterdam.[1] Several siblings of Hermann van Pels and his wife Auguste Röttgen, as well as their parents, also opted for safe refuge in the Netherlands.
\r\n\r\nThis department supervised non-Dutch nationals. This included Jewish immigrants, who had to deal with it in the 1930s, but also those Dutch nationals, for example, who served with the Foreign Legion and lost their nationality as a result. The Central Criminal Investigation and Immigration Department offices were at the address Spinhuissteeg 5.
","content_nl":"Deze dienst hield toezicht op niet-Nederlanders. Dat wil zeggen dat de Joodse immigranten die in de jaren dertig ermee te maken kregen, maar ook die Nederlanders bijvoorbeeld bij het Vreemdelingenlegioen dienden en daardoor hun nationaliteit verloren. Het bureau Centrale Recherche en Vreemdelingendienst was gehuisvest op het adres Spinhuissteeg 5.
","content_en":"This department supervised non-Dutch nationals. This included Jewish immigrants, who had to deal with it in the 1930s, but also those Dutch nationals, for example, who served with the Foreign Legion and lost their nationality as a result. The Central Criminal Investigation and Immigration Department offices were at the address Spinhuissteeg 5.
","position":"SRID=4326;POINT (4.89716 52.37037)","summary":"The Immigration Department of the Amsterdam police was part of the Central Criminal Investigation Department.","summary_nl":"De Vreemdelingendienst van de Amsterdamse politie was onderdeel van de Centrale Recherche.","summary_en":"The Immigration Department of the Amsterdam police was part of the Central Criminal Investigation Department.","same_as":null,"street":"Spinhuissteeg 5","zipcode":"","city":"Amsterdam","state":"","land":"","location_events":[88,291]},"score":1.3199098},{"type":"location","instance":{"id":136,"files":[],"main_image":{"id":1089,"uuid":"89b31736-580d-4334-b7c1-adabcdceedda","name":"ANWU0859000013","title":"De Westerkerk, linksonder Prinsengracht 263 met het achterhuis, 1935","alt":"Vervaardiger KLM. Stadsarchief Amsterdam","url":"","path":"https://research.annefrank.org/media/ANWU01859000013.jpg","filetype":"image","description":"","author":"Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek","copyright":"Publiek domein"},"latitude":"52.374509","longitude":"4.883944","events":[],"subjects":[{"id":90,"image":{"id":1015,"uuid":"c5b33d48-05b4-4ae3-9b05-ab281e5c22a4","name":"Radio","title":"Radio en fotoalbum","alt":"Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.","url":"https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/b4ce1d97-f229-d58e-2454-4c9ebfea33d0.jpg","path":null,"filetype":"image","description":"Naar de radio luisteren was een vast onderdeel van de dag van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.","author":"De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek","copyright":"AFS rechthebbende"},"url":"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957/","published":true,"uuid":"6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957","name":"Contact with the outside world","name_nl":"Contact met de buitenwereld","name_en":"Contact with the outside world","description":"Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on 28 March 1944. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:
\r\n\r\n'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'[1]\r\n\r\n
It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing 'a novel of the Secret Annex'.[2] This is what she began on 20 May 1944.[3] Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.
\r\n\r\nAfter the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman[4] and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.[5]
\r\n\r\nVictor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as Haagsche Post, Das Reich and Cinema & Theater.[6] Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.[7] She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.[8]
\r\n\r\nAnne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in 1944 on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.[9] Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from De Telegraaf, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.[10] The Normandy map also came from De Telegraaf.[11] Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.[12] The advert also appeared in the Haagsche Post on 6 February. Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that De Telegraaf was also read in the Secret Annex.
\r\n\r\nBesides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.[13] In September 1942, she writes about listening to German radio.[14] After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,[15] a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.[16] Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.[17]
\r\n\r\nAs time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,[18] and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.[19] The first report is from Trouw,[20] the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service in late 1943, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In May 1944, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.[21] The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in Het Parool just under a year earlier.[22] It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.
\r\n\r\nFor the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.[23] When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,[24] it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,[25] still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.[26] When Fritz Pfeffer came in November 1942, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.[27]
\r\n\r\nKleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.[28] Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's 'Künstler-neigungen'.[29] Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on 20 May 1945 that the last message she had received from him was dated 2 June 1944.[30] Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.[31] Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.[32]
\r\n\r\nAgain, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.[33] A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.[34]
\r\n\r\nAs Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.[35] Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.[36]
\r\n\r\nThere were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.[37]
\r\n\r\nA very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.[38] As far as is known, only the burglary of 9 April 1944 came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.[39] An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.[40]
\r\n\r\nAnne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.[41] From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.[42] Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.[43]
\r\n\r\nSounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In March 1944, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.[44] At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.[45] They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.[46] More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.[47]
\r\n\r\nAlthough there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.
\r\n\r\nEenmaal in het Achterhuis ondergedoken waren vele lijnen met het vroegere leven afgesloten. De afhankelijkheid was groot, en aanvoer van allerlei levensbenodigdheden liep via de helpers. Ook nieuws van buiten, berichten over de oude buurt, kranten en dergelijke kwamen via hen binnen. Daarnaast was er ook de radio. De berichten van de BBC en Radio Oranje waren voor het moreel van de onderduikers van groot belang. Wel een heel belangrijke uitzending was, achteraf gezien, de rede van minister Gerrit Bolkestein op 28 maart 1944. Anne hield toen al geruime tijd een dagboek bij. Die avond hoorde zij Bolkestein echter zeggen:
\r\n\r\n'Haar [= de Nederlandse regering in Londen] staat voor oogen de oprichting van een nationaal centrum, waar al het geschiedkundige materiaal betreffende deze jaren zal worden bijeengebracht, bewerkt en uitgegeven […] Wil het nageslacht ten volle beseffen wat wij als volk in deze jaren hebben doorstaan en zijn te boven gekomen, dan hebben wij juist de eenvoudige stukken nodig: een dagboek, brieven van een arbeider uit Duitsland, [...] toespraken van een predikant.'[1]\r\n\r\n
Het was deze toespraak die haar op het idee bracht ‘een roman van het Achterhuis’ te schrijven.[2] Hier begon ze op 20 mei 1944 mee.[3] Haar boek is zoals bekend later in bewerkte vorm uitgegeven en wereldberoemd geworden. Dit was dus wel een heel essentieel contact met de buitenwereld te noemen.
\r\n\r\nNadat de Franks hun intrek in het Achterhuis hadden genomen, zijn de enige mensen waar ze rechtstreeks contact mee hadden de helpers, aangevuld met mevrouw Kleiman[4] en de vader van Bep Voskuijl. Zij verschaften directe informatie omdat zij op de hoogte waren van allerlei nieuwtjes en toegang hadden tot reguliere en clandestiene pers. Zo vertelde Johannes Kleiman volgens Anne dat de brandweer bij het blussen van het Bevolkingsregister met veel bluswater de schade opzettelijk had vergroot.[5]
\r\n\r\nVictor Kugler bracht kranten en tijdschriften, zoals Haagsche Post, Das Reich en Cinema & Theater.[6] Anne was geïnteresseerd in film en muziek, en noteerde in haar dagboek dat Bep Voskuijl naar optredens van Thelma van Breemen en Evelyn Künneke ging.[7] Ook noemde ze concerten van Händel en Mozart die de radio uitzond.[8]
\r\n\r\nBeschouwingen over de stand van zaken in Nederland en Amsterdam baseerde Anne in 1944 vaak op krantenberichten. Ze las en schreef over inbraken, vermissingen, jeugdcriminaliteit en vandalisme.[9] Veel van dergelijke berichten verschenen in verschillende dagbladen. In het dagboek refereerde Anne aan berichten en bijbehorende gedichten van Clinge Doorenbos uit De Telegraaf, zoals de zaak van de doodgeslagen kat in Hilversum.[10] Ook het Normandiëkaartje kwam uit De Telegraaf.[11] Verder plaatste “Gies, Prinsengr. 263” in het blad een ‘Speurder’ waarin een camera te koop werd gevraagd.[12] De annonce verscheen op 6 februari ook in de Haagsche Post. Hoewel er geen expliciete vermeldingen zijn blijkt dat ook De Telegraaf in het Achterhuis werd gelezen.
\r\n\r\nNaast de helpers en de kranten die zij meebrachten, was de radio een belangrijke inlichtingenbron. Anne omschrijft de radio als ‘moed-houd-bron’.[13] In september 1942 schrijft ze over het luisteren naar de Duitse radio.[14] Nadat Kugler de grote radio uit het privékantoor noodgedwongen had ingeleverd,[15] kwam er in het Achterhuis een ‘baby-radiootje’ van Kleiman.[16] Hermann van Pels hoorde rond deze tijd, mogelijk via dit radiootje, van de val van Mussolini.[17]
\r\n\r\nNaarmate de tijd vorderde, volgden de onderduikers de strijd aan het Oostfront op de voet. Na D-Day steeg het optimisme,[18] en hielden ze met behulp van het Normandië-kaartje de geallieerde vorderingen bij. Uit verschillende notities blijkt dat de onderduikers ook toegang hadden tot informatie uit ondergrondse bronnen. Zo weet Anne te vertellen dat er een voetbalwedstrijd tussen marechaussees en onderduikers zou zijn geweest, en dat de Hilversumse distributiedienst spreekuren voor onderduikers hield.[19] Het eerste bericht is afkomstig uit Trouw,[20] van het tweede is de bron onbekend. Hoewel er bij die dienst eind ’43 wel mensen waren gearresteerd, is er over dergelijke spreekuren niets bekend. In mei ’44 schrijft ze over plannen voor concentratiekampen op Nieuw-Guinea.[21] Het plan om NSB’ers te interneren op Nieuw-Guinea werd een klein jaar eerder in Het Parool naar voren gebracht.[22] Het is niet duidelijk of de onderduikers hierover uit een blad vernamen, via de radio of het van de helpers hoorden.
\r\n\r\nDe eerste maanden was het vooral Miep die berichten over de voormalige woonomgeving bracht. Zij vertelde over de taferelen waarmee het ophalen gepaard ging. Miep Gies bracht berichten over een huiszoeking bij haar pleegouders en over de wijze waarop mensen uit haar buurt werden opgehaald.[23] Wanneer Anne schrijft over de lotgevallen van de Goslars en andere bekenden uit Zuid,[24] is dat doorgaans op basis van deze inlichtingen. Bep, die in die periode weliswaar bij haar tante op de Da Costakade woonde,[25] maar nog veel thuis kwam, wist te vertellen dat Annes klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal uit de Reinier Claeszenstraat ook naar Polen was afgevoerd.[26] Toen Fritz Pfeffer in november ’42 kwam, kende hij de actuele stand van zaken met betrekking tot het ophalen van Joden in Zuid.[27]
\r\n\r\nKleiman voerde tijdens de onderduikperiode zakelijke correspondentie met Erich Elias in Bazel. Hij leek in bedekte termen over te brengen dat alles redelijk goed ging en informeerde naar de familie daar.[28] Zo sijpelde informatie door over de stand van zaken daar, bijvoorbeeld over de ‘Künstler-neigungen’ van Buddy.[29] Alice Frank schreef op 20 mei 1945 in een briefkaart aan Kleiman dat het laatste bericht dat zij van hem ontvangen had van 2 juni 1944 dateerde.[30] Verder ging Kleiman nog een keer naar Werner Goldschmidt en naar Albert Lewkowitz, om achtergebleven spullen uit de woning op het Merwedeplein te bemachtigen.[31] Via Miep Gies onderhield Pfeffer een correspondentie met Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels waren hier uit veiligheidsoverwegingen erg op tegen.[32]
\r\n\r\nHet moet ook weer via de helpers zijn geweest dat de onderduikers hoorden dat de vertegenwoordigers Martin Brouwer en Hendrik Daatzelaar wegens bonnenhandel waren gearresteerd. Dit was in meerdere opzichten slecht nieuws: door het wegvallen van die bron ontstonden tekorten in het Achterhuis.[33] Korte tijd later bracht Miep het bericht dat de zoon van mevrouw Stoppelman, zijn vrouw en zijn schoonzusje waren gearresteerd.[34]
\r\n\r\nOmdat Prinsengracht 263 als bedrijfspand bleef functioneren, was er veel beweging in het gebouw. Er kwamen leveranciers, vertegenwoordigers en klanten op bezoek. Ook de schoonmaakster, Arthur Lewinsohn, de loodgieter, de timmerman en de accountant waren storende en angstaanjagende factoren voor de onderduikers.[35] Anne drukt meer dan eens haar grote angst voor Willem van Maaren en de andere magazijnmannen uit.[36]
\r\n\r\nEr waren buitenstaanders die ongewild iets konden merken, maar er was ook vertegenwoordiger Johan Broks die nieuwsgierig was waar Otto Frank was gebleven. In samenspraak met Kleiman werd hij met een ingewikkelde en via een onwetende Opekta-klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen uitgevoerde list op een dwaalspoor gezet. De suggestie moest zijn dat de Franks via België naar Zwitserland waren vertrokken.[37]
\r\n\r\nEen heel onwenselijke wijze van confrontatie met de buitenwereld ervoeren de onderduikers toen het pand doelwit werd van dieven en inbrekers. Anne vermeldt tijdens de onderduikperiode vier gevallen van binnendringen en pogingen daartoe.[38] Voor zover bekend kwam alleen de inbraak van 9 april 1944 ter kennis van de politie, omdat nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de kapotte deur ontdekte.[39] Een gewaarschuwde agent inspecteerde vervolgens het pand.[40]
\r\n\r\nAnne keek in het voorkantoor langs de gordijnen naar buiten en zag daar voorbijgangers.[41] Vanaf de zolder keek ze met Peter naar buiten en ze zagen vogels en de kastanjeboom.[42] Ook zag Anne eens een klein zwart katje in de tuin.[43]
\r\n\r\nIn het Achterhuis drongen geregeld geluiden uit omliggende panden door. In maart ’44 werd er tijdens het eten ergens op de muur geklopt, wat schrik teweegbracht.[44] De onderduikers hielden in het weekeinde rekening met de mogelijkheid dat de vlakbij wonende ‘chef van Keg’ Jacob Boon toevallig kon langskomen.[45] De meubelfabriek Elhoek aan de andere kant leken ze als minder dreigend te ervaren, hoewel het personeel daar bij mooi weer in de dakgoot vlakbij het Achterhuis pauzeerde. Een van hen verklaarde later dat ze wel bewoning opmerkten, maar zonder daarbij aan onderduikers te denken.[46] Meer mensen uit het blok stelden dat ze de aanwezigheid van mensen in het Achterhuis hadden bemerkt, maar dat zijn allemaal verklaringen uit de tijd dat deze onderduikgeschiedenis al zeer bekend was.[47]
\r\n\r\nHoewel het beeld bestaat van het Achterhuis als een soort ‘black box’, volledig losstaand van de buitenwereld, blijkt dat er vrij veel interactie met de buitenwereld is geweest. Voor een belangrijk deel was dit weliswaar van buiten naar binnen. Daarbij waren de helpers essentieel, zoals toen Broks op een dwaalspoor werd gebracht via een klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Via de helpers liepen de lijnen ook naar Overijssel, waar zich het zwaartepunt van Brouwers bonnenhandel bevond. De belangrijkste lijn naar buiten was toch die naar Zwitserland, die door Kleiman per briefkaart werd onderhouden.
\r\n\r\nOnce in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on 28 March 1944. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:
\r\n\r\n'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'[1]\r\n\r\n
It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing 'a novel of the Secret Annex'.[2] This is what she began on 20 May 1944.[3] Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.
\r\n\r\nAfter the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman[4] and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.[5]
\r\n\r\nVictor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as Haagsche Post, Das Reich and Cinema & Theater.[6] Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.[7] She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.[8]
\r\n\r\nAnne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in 1944 on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.[9] Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from De Telegraaf, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.[10] The Normandy map also came from De Telegraaf.[11] Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.[12] The advert also appeared in the Haagsche Post on 6 February. Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that De Telegraaf was also read in the Secret Annex.
\r\n\r\nBesides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.[13] In September 1942, she writes about listening to German radio.[14] After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,[15] a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.[16] Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.[17]
\r\n\r\nAs time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,[18] and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.[19] The first report is from Trouw,[20] the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service in late 1943, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In May 1944, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.[21] The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in Het Parool just under a year earlier.[22] It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.
\r\n\r\nFor the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.[23] When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,[24] it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,[25] still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.[26] When Fritz Pfeffer came in November 1942, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.[27]
\r\n\r\nKleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.[28] Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's 'Künstler-neigungen'.[29] Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on 20 May 1945 that the last message she had received from him was dated 2 June 1944.[30] Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.[31] Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.[32]
\r\n\r\nAgain, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.[33] A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.[34]
\r\n\r\nAs Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.[35] Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.[36]
\r\n\r\nThere were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.[37]
\r\n\r\nA very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.[38] As far as is known, only the burglary of 9 April 1944 came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.[39] An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.[40]
\r\n\r\nAnne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.[41] From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.[42] Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.[43]
\r\n\r\nSounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In March 1944, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.[44] At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.[45] They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.[46] More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.[47]
\r\n\r\nAlthough there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.
\r\n\r\nDe Westerkerk op de Prinsengracht 281 te Amsterdam is tussen 1620 en 1631 in opdracht van het stadsbestuur van Amsterdam gebouwd naar ontwerp van Hendrick de Keijser. Het carillon in de toren bevat klokken van de beroemde gieter François Hemony.[1] Vanaf 5 januari 1942 zijn er wekelijks carillonconcerten op de torens van de Zuider-, de Wester- en de Oude Kerk.[2]
\r\n\r\nDe Westerkerk figureert verschillende keren in Annes dagboek. Zo schrijft ze dat ze het geluid van de klok, die elk kwartier sloeg, direct waardeerde, maar dat haar ouders en Margot er niet aan konden wennen.[3] Ook schrijft ze in haar herschreven versie op 10 augustus 1943, dat ze de Westertorenklok niet meer hoorde en dat hij kennelijk was weggehaald voor fabrieksgebruik.[4] Uit een bron blijkt dat eind 1942 de luiklok werd verwijderd, maar dat de slagklokken bleven hangen. Of tussentijds de slagklokken ook buiten werking zijn geweest, vermeldt de bron niet. De luiklok werd uiteindelijk niet omgesmolten. Op 30 juli 1943 werd hij teruggeplaatst en vanaf eind november van dat jaar luidde hij weer.[5]
\r\n\r\nOp 10 maart 1944 schrijft Anne dat het huwelijk van oud-Opektamedewerker Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk werd ingezegend.[6]
\r\n\r\nVerder beschrijft Anne op 28 februari 1944 in haar dagboek hoe ze hoorde dat 'een klok' Rechtop van lijf, rechtop van ziel speelt.
\r\n\r\nVrij Nederland beschrijft hoe op 5 mei 1945 de Nederlandse vlag op de toren van de Westerkerk werd gehesen, waarbij 'door het oude - behouden gebleven - carillon' het Wilhelmus klinkt.
\r\n\r\nDe Westerkerk op de Prinsengracht 281 te Amsterdam is tussen 1620 en 1631 in opdracht van het stadsbestuur van Amsterdam gebouwd naar ontwerp van Hendrick de Keijser. Het carillon in de toren bevat klokken van de beroemde gieter François Hemony.[1] Vanaf 5 januari 1942 zijn er wekelijks carillonconcerten op de torens van de Zuider-, de Wester- en de Oude Kerk.[2]
\r\n\r\nDe Westerkerk figureert verschillende keren in Annes dagboek. Zo schrijft ze dat ze het geluid van de klok, die elk kwartier sloeg, direct waardeerde, maar dat haar ouders en Margot er niet aan konden wennen.[3] Ook schrijft ze in haar herschreven versie op 10 augustus 1943, dat ze de Westertorenklok niet meer hoorde en dat hij kennelijk was weggehaald voor fabrieksgebruik.[4] Uit een bron blijkt dat eind 1942 de luiklok werd verwijderd, maar dat de slagklokken bleven hangen. Of tussentijds de slagklokken ook buiten werking zijn geweest, vermeldt de bron niet. De luiklok werd uiteindelijk niet omgesmolten. Op 30 juli 1943 werd hij teruggeplaatst en vanaf eind november van dat jaar luidde hij weer.[5]
\r\n\r\nOp 10 maart 1944 schrijft Anne dat het huwelijk van oud-Opektamedewerker Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk werd ingezegend.[6]
\r\n\r\nVerder beschrijft Anne op 28 februari 1944 in haar dagboek hoe ze hoorde dat 'een klok' Rechtop van lijf, rechtop van ziel speelt.
\r\n\r\nVrij Nederland beschrijft hoe op 5 mei 1945 de Nederlandse vlag op de toren van de Westerkerk werd gehesen, waarbij 'door het oude - behouden gebleven - carillon' het Wilhelmus klinkt.
\r\n\r\nDe Westerkerk op de Prinsengracht 281 te Amsterdam is tussen 1620 en 1631 in opdracht van het stadsbestuur van Amsterdam gebouwd naar ontwerp van Hendrick de Keijser. Het carillon in de toren bevat klokken van de beroemde gieter François Hemony.[1] Vanaf 5 januari 1942 zijn er wekelijks carillonconcerten op de torens van de Zuider-, de Wester- en de Oude Kerk.[2]
\r\n\r\nDe Westerkerk figureert verschillende keren in Annes dagboek. Zo schrijft ze dat ze het geluid van de klok, die elk kwartier sloeg, direct waardeerde, maar dat haar ouders en Margot er niet aan konden wennen.[3] Ook schrijft ze in haar herschreven versie op 10 augustus 1943, dat ze de Westertorenklok niet meer hoorde en dat hij kennelijk was weggehaald voor fabrieksgebruik.[4] Uit een bron blijkt dat eind 1942 de luiklok werd verwijderd, maar dat de slagklokken bleven hangen. Of tussentijds de slagklokken ook buiten werking zijn geweest, vermeldt de bron niet. De luiklok werd uiteindelijk niet omgesmolten. Op 30 juli 1943 werd hij teruggeplaatst en vanaf eind november van dat jaar luidde hij weer.[5]
\r\n\r\nOp 10 maart 1944 schrijft Anne dat het huwelijk van oud-Opektamedewerker Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk werd ingezegend.[6]
\r\n\r\nVerder beschrijft Anne op 28 februari 1944 in haar dagboek hoe ze hoorde dat 'een klok' Rechtop van lijf, rechtop van ziel speelt.
\r\n\r\nVrij Nederland beschrijft hoe op 5 mei 1945 de Nederlandse vlag op de toren van de Westerkerk werd gehesen, waarbij 'door het oude - behouden gebleven - carillon' het Wilhelmus klinkt.
\r\n\r\n