HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"next": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/search?page=4",
"previous": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/search?page=2",
"count": 1113,
"total": 1113,
"language": "en",
"results": [
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 313,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 22,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1068,
"uuid": "4bee3012-f5c2-4896-a55c-5f4faeb9fc6d",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_026",
"title": "Anne Frank kijkt uit het raam van Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam, 22 juli 1941",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1dd17715-9779-a5ab-2daa-8af16c4caab1.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Twee stills (filmbeelden) uit de huwelijksfilm van het echtpaar Van Kalken-Burger waarbij Anne uit het raam kijkt. In handschrift Otto Frank (?) aan de achterkant: 'Hochzeit Kalken-Burger Merwedeplein 37' 22 juli 1941. Het beeld is gespiegeld. De film is gemaakt op 22 juli 1941, toen het buurmeisje van Merwedeplein 39-II van de Franks, Tine Burger, in het huwelijk trad met Van Kalken.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.345283",
"longitude": "4.900967",
"events": [
{
"id": 61,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e4ce2df8-3a2f-4dc9-b3a9-5c44696c0785/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e668255b-67ef-4ad1-8f2e-fdc1084aff25"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "e4ce2df8-3a2f-4dc9-b3a9-5c44696c0785",
"name": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"name_nl": "De familie Frank woont op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"content": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until <strong>mid-February</strong> that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from <strong>November</strong>, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods. From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalie Holländer-Stern</a>, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>5 december 1933 </strong>was Otto Frank op het Merwedeplein ingeschreven, de rest van zijn gezin vanaf de zevende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het duurde echter nog tot <strong>midden februari</strong> voordat allen daadwerkelijk in de nieuwe woning herenigd waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief uit <strong>november</strong>, gericht aan een vroeger buurmeisje uit Frankfurt, schreef Otto dat zij een woning hadden gevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vanaf het <strong>voorjaar van 1934</strong> woonden er achtereenvolgens nog een aantal huishoudelijke hulpen, onderhuurder, familieleden en bekenden korter of langer bij het gezin. Van <strong>24 maart 1939</strong> tot <strong>29 januari 1942</strong> woonde Ediths moeder, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/personen/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalie Holländer-Stern</a>, bij het gezin.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until <strong>mid-February</strong> that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from <strong>November</strong>, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods. From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalie Holländer-Stern</a>, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1933-12-05",
"date_end": "1942-07-06",
"summary": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Edith Frank woonden vanaf 5 december 1933 op het adres Merwedeplein 37-II. Later die maand kwam Margot, en in februari 1934 kwam Anne naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 293,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6a0a8a86-70c8-4e33-ab2e-742026e78b04/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9f136fe9-87fc-481d-b94b-b69a41654c68",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a4612841-d6d2-41ca-a67e-d909a7c37196"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/fee45840-1768-451a-86b4-a10dfd3eaabc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/6cea18cc-b7cf-4a97-9a35-52b95d33f453"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6a0a8a86-70c8-4e33-ab2e-742026e78b04",
"name": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"name_nl": "Oma Holländer in Nederland",
"name_en": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"content": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nazomer van <strong>1938</strong> diende Edith Frank - Holländer met haar man bij de Nederlandse regering een verzoek in tot toelating van haar moeder tot Nederland. De regering had echter in <strong>mei</strong> van dat jaar de grenzen gesloten en wees het verzoek daarom af. Het was de zogenaamde <em>Novemberpogrom</em>, ook wel <em>Kristallnacht</em>, waardoor een extra zevenduizend vluchtelingen toegang tot Nederland kregen. Op <strong>17 november 1938 </strong>kreeg Rosa Holländer alsnog toestemming, zij het onder de voorwaarde dat niet ook haar zoons Julius en Walter naar Nederland zouden proberen te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat zij Duitsland niet wilde verlaten voor haar zoons veilig waren, duurde het nog tot eind <strong>maart</strong> van het volgende jaar voor zij daadwerkelijk kwam. Op <strong>24 maart 1939 </strong>kwam zij bij station Simpelveld Nederland binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze woonde bij het gezin van haar dochter tot ze op <strong>29 januari 1942 </strong>overleed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1938-09-14",
"date_end": "1942-01-29",
"summary": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
"summary_nl": "In maart 1939 kwam de oma van Anne en Margot Frank, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, bij hen wonen op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. Ze bleef tot ze in januari 1942 overleed.",
"summary_en": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 313,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990",
"name": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank krijgt een oproep",
"name_en": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"content": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kreeg op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Anne schrijft in haar dagboek: '<em>(...) om ongeveer 3 uur kwam een politieagent bij moeder die riep beneden in de deur, mej. Margot Frank, moeder ging naar beneden en kreeg van die agent een kaart, waar opstond dat Margot Frank zich moest melden bij de S.S.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>Volgens Ilse Ledermann-Citroen moesten de ontvangers van deze oproepen de volgende dag (<strong>6 juli 1942</strong>) tussen acht en negen uur bij de Gestapo verschijnen, waar ze de aanzegging kregen de vijftiende om half drie 's nachts naar het treinstation (niet duidelijk welk) te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze oproep was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Voorbereidingen daartoe waren al getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies bracht Margot met de fiets in de vroege ochtend van <strong>6</strong> <strong>juli 1942 </strong>naar de Prinsengracht. De bronnen hierover vertonen kleine onderlinge verschillen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek A: '<em>Margot ging ook met een schooltas op de fiets (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek B: '<em>Margot stopte haar schooltas vol met schoolboeken, haalde haar fiets uit de stalling en reed achter Miep aan weg.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>Dat Margot haar eigen fiets nog had is heel waarschijnlijk.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in een interview: Om zeven uur haalde ze Margot op. Rond half acht waren zij in het Opekta-kantoor. Ze zetten de fietsen binnen en gingen naar boven. Ze maakte de deur van het Achterhuis open en duwde Margot naar binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in haar boek: Ze haalde Margot rond half acht 's morgens op en bracht haar via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam en Raadhuisstraat naar de Prinsengracht. Ze bracht haar naar het Achterhuis en litet haar daar achter. Kleiman kwam iets later en bracht Margots fiets ergens heen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'De dag voor de onderduik', in <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Margot kreeg een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Dit was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.",
"summary_en": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 267,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21",
"name": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt afscheid van Moortje",
"name_en": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"content": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het Achterhuis denkt Anne nog regelmatig aan Moortje. ‘In de tuin, loopt nu altijd zo'n klein zwart poesje, dat doet mij dan weer aan mijn moortje denken, o, die schat.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar in de schuilplaats zou Anne in de ruim twee jaar dat zij daar ondergedoken zat nog vier andere katten tegenkomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"summary_nl": "Toen Anne op 6 juli 1942 ging onderduiken moest poes Moortje achterblijven.",
"summary_en": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124417,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21",
"name": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"name_nl": "Gasten en personeel van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"description": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De eerste bewoners van Merwedeplein 37-II betrokken de toen nieuwe woning in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was <strong>eind 1933</strong> de vierde hoofdbewoner. Bouwer en beheerder van het hele blok was de N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis en de huur bedroeg zeventig gulden. Dat was inclusief twintig gulden voor de warmwatervoorziening en centrale verwarming die de stookkelder van de nabijgelegen z.g. 'Wolkenkrabber' leverde, de woontoren die nog altijd deel van het complex uitmaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Huishoudelijke hulpen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buiten de familie Frank kwamen ook tal van andere Duitsers, waaronder veel Joden, na het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP naar Nederland. Organisaties die al langer actief waren bij het helpen van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Oost-Europa speelden op deze nieuwe ontwikkelingen in. Zo creëerde het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen werkgelegenheid in de huishoudelijke dienstverlening om zo vrouwen en meisjes kansen te bieden zich in Nederland te vestigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de woning van het gezin Frank vond een aantal van deze vrouwen voor kortere of langere tijd werk of onderdak. Enkele van hen, Renate Wolf en Malli Aschenbrand, waren eveneens afkomstig uit Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen en Rosel Goldschmidt kwamen uit andere delen van Duitsland.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderhuurders</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de latere jaren dertig vond een verandering in de ecomische omstandigheden van het gezin plaats. Otto Frank reisde in <strong>1937</strong> verschillende keren naar Engeland in vruchteloze pogingen daar een zakelijk initiatief van de grond te krijgen. In <strong>juni 1938</strong> richtte Jo Kleiman in samenwerking met Otto Frank de nieuwe firma Pectacon op. De laatste huishoudelijke hulp vertrok <strong>half oktober 1937</strong>, en in <strong>juni 1938</strong> verscheen de eerste onderhuurder Ernst Katz. Hij zou de eerste van vier zijn: na hem kwamen nog Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker en Werner Goldschmidt. Over de onderhuurders schreef Anne haar verhaaltje 'Pension- of huurgasten'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker en Goldschmidt komen ook voor in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oma Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto en Edith Frank vroegen in <strong>september 1938</strong> voor oma Holländer om toelating tot Nederland, zodat zij zich bij het gezin van haar dochter in Amsterdam kon voegen. Het Ministerie van Justitie wees dat af omdat de regering in mei van dat jaar de grens voor vluchtelingen sloot. Door een beperkte verruiming na de pogroms van november kon ze uiteindelijk toch komen en in <strong>maart 1939</strong> vestigde zij zich hier alsnog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Haar komst bracht het aantal personen in huis op zes.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>najaar van 1941</strong> kwam de poes Moortje er nog bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne schrijft over haar in een brief aan haar grootmoeder, en noemde haar later herhaaldelijk in haar dagboek. Moortje ging niet mee naar het Achterhuis, maar volgens het dagboek bracht Werner Goldschmidt haar naar de buren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het buurgezin Kupers op 39-III zou de verdere zorg op zich nemen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Gezin Kohnke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Als laatsten verschenen de drie leden van het gezin Kohnke - Leyens. Leni Kohnke was een goede bekende van Edith en moest met haar man en dochtertje hun woonplaats Hilversum verlaten. Omstreeks <strong>mei 1942</strong> woonden ze enkele weken bij het gezin in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Oma Holländer was in januari overleden, dus in deze weken was het aantal personen in de woning acht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacués</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de familie Frank vertrok bleef onderhuurder Werner Goldschmidt achter. Later vestigden zich in de woning evacués uit andere plaatsen die verplicht naar Amsterdam trokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel bronnen ontbreken lijkt hier de Joodse Raad een rol in te spelen. De huuradministratie van Hilwis laat zien dat de laatste evacué op <strong>20 juni 1943</strong> vertrok en dat de woning de 28e leeg was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De nieuwe hoofdbewoner Tim Choy stond per <strong>3 september 1943</strong> op dit adres in het bevolkingsregister ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Desondanks behielden alle vier de leden van het gezin Frank hun inschrijvingen op de woning nog tot <strong>27 oktober 1944</strong>, bijna twee maanden na hun deportatie naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Pension- of huurgasten", 15 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni, 20 en 22 oktober 1942 (Wronker), 14 en 22 augustus, 5 november 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank en haar familie woonden na hun komst naar Amsterdam acht en een half jaar in de woning Merwedeplein 37-II.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124510,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b",
"name": "Domestic help",
"name_nl": "Huishoudelijke hulp",
"name_en": "Domestic help",
"description": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Niet iedereen die na de Duitse machtsovername in <strong>januari 1933</strong> naar Nederland wilde komen kon zich hier zomaar vestigen. Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen hielp zoveel mogelijk Joodse vrouwen toelating tot Nederland te krijgen door werk als huishoudelijke hulp voor ze te zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef in <strong>december 1933</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje: '<em>Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desondanks vond een aantal Joodse vrouwen uit Duitsland bij de familie Frank tijdelijk werk en veelal ook onderkomen. Ook bij de families Werthauer, Goslar en Ledermann maakten uit Duitsland afkomstige huishoudelijke hulpen hun opwachting. Bij de familile Frank verschenen achtereenvolgens:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>en Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Behalve de eerste woonden ze allemaal bij het gezin in. Na het vertrek van de laatste schrijft Edith Frank in <strong>december 1937</strong> aan een vriendin dat ze nu weer alles alleen doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kort daarna verscheen de eerste onderhuurder, Ernst Katz, ten tonele.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de migrantengemeenschap van Amsterdam-Zuid trokken mensen uit dezelfde herkomststad dikwijls naar elkaar toe. Renate Wolf kwam ook uit Frankfurt, net als Malli Aschenbrand. De laatste vertrok bij de familie Frank om bij een ander gezin uit die stad te gaan werken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"summary_nl": "Joodse vrouwen konden uit nazi-Duitsland wegkomen door werk te vinden als huishoudelijke hulp bij gevluchte Joodse families. De familie Frank had na elkaar zes hulpen, die weer werk vonden bij andere families. Vaak werkten de vrouwen bij families die uit dezelfde stad in Duitsland kwamen.",
"summary_en": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124553,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c05767e4-ac67-4d2e-a8f1-fdcfc93c3cdc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f4d47668-4071-4530-95f0-5c463fddbc60",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ee99471c-eda3-4963-a448-a980cb61c5f2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f139a0d3-6359-4ad4-946d-b2ee153e7b99",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b654804b-25a1-4c46-affd-0de941f99790",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05463aca-21a7-4238-8686-0a4a606e10f5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8eb86b87-b516-415d-a0de-410bb88a0ab6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5f77d005-c71e-437e-8877-2ec3088e2031",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/03c56548-11fe-4e75-9a79-f1585bd2372a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b4236d95-43dd-42e6-93d5-c44eaba41b23",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1194af60-b60a-49ae-8762-cf8567fd21fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36022488-7682-43ff-918c-a2b970789006",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c730f47b-7508-4ea2-978e-331073f46ee4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/889ae572-cc0a-4847-b3c9-3bf177af8ecc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/64af952c-9403-4db9-b2cb-5ba310b33332",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4a5dbef2-cafa-46af-acfe-3470825a92a7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/88db758b-1dac-4579-86c6-33cc2bdc5273",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e48c8d0c-8825-4c34-bd22-8c2a28adb089",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/9c7b897a-5803-4d3a-a810-d05792a6ff5f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36a662f9-f828-44ad-9609-bd8901c723f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/07627e87-1438-47e2-a29c-847e27ce51c8",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa3cb90f-e2cc-4611-b0cb-316c6202e75b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/92a283be-fc1d-4610-8241-6f9e604e4ce0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/663c8bc9-dc5c-4dd1-bced-88ce12738280",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c4260f04-7551-463d-89f5-a7ce48eeecd3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4837c7f7-8098-4daf-8fb4-3408adb041fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/dd7e96a8-2902-4144-99a7-2aef084ed61d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/59a5ed20-0f01-42b5-a1da-785936de9c47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84d67272-953d-4e09-8014-20cd8a55bd15",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c65659a4-793a-47f1-a7c5-ee2f49ee46b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/cc6c2172-d1f5-49c4-86b0-c31aa8bd02ea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/903ba158-f1e0-4d0f-b613-eae91df2893e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bd069b91-d876-4eb7-99e7-e62aa158eae4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/995b7432-6739-42b0-9434-5c3801327d6a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6bed785-6178-42d2-9f90-a90e7730c21e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c9289eb-d4f6-46b8-afe7-5c15df9164c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f3ea591a-9ec2-49fa-aede-0308f0c1ea5e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aab06445-fe04-4578-9fba-19e679b65d6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8f078d07-0749-4824-9317-cca40a1f8c17",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/49fb0306-d233-4742-8133-c98fdba59175",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c6d71313-a017-4e4e-b05c-f56259c2bf72",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/592362c0-d64f-42be-8319-f7e3973610d3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6a58ce7e-02e2-4517-85ce-5b03eb20b753",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0bfa905d-38bd-4422-85ed-a4f2ecc7b506",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7e61c0df-f509-437a-8f9f-5d70bdd92934",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b7c73757-981c-409e-95cc-cc8eab873a93",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/150fa41e-02ba-4cae-9f32-62460252007f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/043a50b5-46ac-4222-8001-6ad28d51a1e2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/da7429b4-b23f-4947-b6d8-e5e6c0f143c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6660d32e-d2b0-468d-b7e7-01ceefc4376d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05693431-6b99-47b4-8e47-59ab3e95a889",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04f5ebdc-fe09-4ce6-991b-cf851a81c198",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a423c2ce-aac1-4ff6-86b1-f5233e4b77ff",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0ccf3db9-1774-4848-ad11-627e3fc64cea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bd22a6-e3e0-45e6-9bef-449b9894f0db",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db15398a-d845-4147-9ceb-1530e7e9a4e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b5ad5b8d-2494-42ad-bf1f-d2a1f9250bb2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2c4e9ad5-bb38-4440-ae2f-7b3fc3fba34a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/697cb023-79af-4e61-864a-49adce1e8f82",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa7d60c3-6d94-4f52-a729-96440eeb4d5f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ff53ce1-d866-4190-a138-16c32a9eca43"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6/",
"published": true,
"name": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"uuid": "838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"content": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne schreef hier voor het eerst in het dagboek dat ze voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>, kreeg. Drie weken later dook de familie Frank onder.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Woningcorporatie Ymere kocht de woning in <strong>2004</strong> en restaureerde het pand in de oorspronkelijke jaren-dertig-stijl, in samenwerking met de Anne Frank Stichting,<sup data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> die in <strong>2017</strong> eigenaar werd van de voormalige woning van de familie Frank aan het Merwedeplein.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vier <em>Stolpersteine</em> herinneren aan het verblijf van de familie Frank op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op de website en app van Google Arts & Culture kunnen bezoekers alle vertrekken van het voormalige woonhuis van de familie Frank bekijken door middel van 360 graden beelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Franks voormalige woonhuis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900967 52.345283)",
"summary": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
"summary_nl": "Adres van de woning van de familie Frank van 1933 tot hun onderduik in juli 1942.",
"summary_en": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Merwedeplein 37-II",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
61,
293,
313,
267
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990",
"name": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank krijgt een oproep",
"name_en": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"content": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kreeg op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Anne schrijft in haar dagboek: '<em>(...) om ongeveer 3 uur kwam een politieagent bij moeder die riep beneden in de deur, mej. Margot Frank, moeder ging naar beneden en kreeg van die agent een kaart, waar opstond dat Margot Frank zich moest melden bij de S.S.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>Volgens Ilse Ledermann-Citroen moesten de ontvangers van deze oproepen de volgende dag (<strong>6 juli 1942</strong>) tussen acht en negen uur bij de Gestapo verschijnen, waar ze de aanzegging kregen de vijftiende om half drie 's nachts naar het treinstation (niet duidelijk welk) te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze oproep was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Voorbereidingen daartoe waren al getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies bracht Margot met de fiets in de vroege ochtend van <strong>6</strong> <strong>juli 1942 </strong>naar de Prinsengracht. De bronnen hierover vertonen kleine onderlinge verschillen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek A: '<em>Margot ging ook met een schooltas op de fiets (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek B: '<em>Margot stopte haar schooltas vol met schoolboeken, haalde haar fiets uit de stalling en reed achter Miep aan weg.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>Dat Margot haar eigen fiets nog had is heel waarschijnlijk.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in een interview: Om zeven uur haalde ze Margot op. Rond half acht waren zij in het Opekta-kantoor. Ze zetten de fietsen binnen en gingen naar boven. Ze maakte de deur van het Achterhuis open en duwde Margot naar binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in haar boek: Ze haalde Margot rond half acht 's morgens op en bracht haar via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam en Raadhuisstraat naar de Prinsengracht. Ze bracht haar naar het Achterhuis en litet haar daar achter. Kleiman kwam iets later en bracht Margots fiets ergens heen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'De dag voor de onderduik', in <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Margot kreeg een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Dit was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.",
"summary_en": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
92,
396124663
],
"persons": [],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 289,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 219,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1067,
"uuid": "1b111a6e-b12b-438b-9fdd-c01845673bbc",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.132",
"title": "Ansichtkaart van het Merwedeplein in jaren '30 die Anne in haar fotoalbum plakte. Rechts heeft ze met een streepje aangegeven waar ze woonde.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/A_AFrank_III_055_132verkleind.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Foto op p.50 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Anne Frank heeft dit album (in ieder geval gedeeltelijk) tijdens de onderduikperiode samengesteld. \r\nAnsichtkaart met opschrift: 'Z. 1 Merwedeplein Amsterdam-Z.' Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Merwedeplein 37.' Rechts bij nr 37 heeft Anne met een streepje haar huis aangegeven.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"latitude": "52.34561",
"longitude": "4.90114",
"events": [
{
"id": 289,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/ea1f03f1-fa75-4f7c-a953-4a1abe17815f/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/ad82d2cb-9ea8-42a8-9ea5-f6e58c26eae8"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/88db758b-1dac-4579-86c6-33cc2bdc5273",
"published": true,
"uuid": "ea1f03f1-fa75-4f7c-a953-4a1abe17815f",
"name": "Razzia on Merwedeplein",
"name_nl": "Razzia op het Merwedeplein",
"name_en": "Razzia on Merwedeplein",
"content": "<p>This was a reprisal for attacks on buildings used by the Wehrmacht. 310 men, including friends and neighbors of the Frank family, were arrested and deported to Mauthausen via Camp Schoorl on <strong>26 June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rian Verheoeven, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/second-raid-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">The second raid in Amsterdam</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Dit was een represaille voor aanslagen op gebouwen die in gebruik waren bij de Wehrmacht. Hierbij werden 310 mannen, waaronder vrienden en buurtgenoten van de familie Frank, opgepakt en via Kamp Schoorl op <strong>26 juni 1941</strong> gedeporteerd naar Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxkwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxkwl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rian Verhoeven, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-tweede-razzia-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">De tweede razzia in Amsterdam</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>This was a reprisal for attacks on buildings used by the Wehrmacht. 310 men, including friends and neighbors of the Frank family, were arrested and deported to Mauthausen via Camp Schoorl on <strong>26 June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rian Verheoeven, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/second-raid-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">The second raid in Amsterdam</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-06-11",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 11 June 1941, a razzia took place on Merwedeplein and in other parts of Amsterdam South.",
"summary_nl": "Op 11 juni 1941 vond er een razzia plaats op het Merwedeplein en in andere delen van Amsterdam-Zuid.",
"summary_en": "On 11 June 1941, a razzia took place on Merwedeplein and in other parts of Amsterdam South.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124553,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f139a0d3-6359-4ad4-946d-b2ee153e7b99",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/889ae572-cc0a-4847-b3c9-3bf177af8ecc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/64af952c-9403-4db9-b2cb-5ba310b33332",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e48c8d0c-8825-4c34-bd22-8c2a28adb089",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/9c7b897a-5803-4d3a-a810-d05792a6ff5f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36a662f9-f828-44ad-9609-bd8901c723f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/663c8bc9-dc5c-4dd1-bced-88ce12738280",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c4260f04-7551-463d-89f5-a7ce48eeecd3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/dd7e96a8-2902-4144-99a7-2aef084ed61d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/903ba158-f1e0-4d0f-b613-eae91df2893e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6bed785-6178-42d2-9f90-a90e7730c21e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c9289eb-d4f6-46b8-afe7-5c15df9164c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aab06445-fe04-4578-9fba-19e679b65d6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6a58ce7e-02e2-4517-85ce-5b03eb20b753",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b7c73757-981c-409e-95cc-cc8eab873a93",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/da7429b4-b23f-4947-b6d8-e5e6c0f143c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6660d32e-d2b0-468d-b7e7-01ceefc4376d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05693431-6b99-47b4-8e47-59ab3e95a889",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a423c2ce-aac1-4ff6-86b1-f5233e4b77ff",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0ccf3db9-1774-4848-ad11-627e3fc64cea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa7d60c3-6d94-4f52-a729-96440eeb4d5f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/88db758b-1dac-4579-86c6-33cc2bdc5273/",
"published": true,
"name": "Merwedeplein",
"name_nl": "Merwedeplein",
"name_en": "Merwedeplein",
"uuid": "88db758b-1dac-4579-86c6-33cc2bdc5273",
"content": "<p>As part of the construction of <em>Plan-Zuid</em> (South Plan), the Amsterdam city council took the decision on <strong>16 February 1927</strong> to name the square, bordered by Waalstraat, Jekerstraat and Roerstraat, Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn221\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The square has become well known because of the home of Otto Frank and his family, located at number 37 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny54m\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They lived there from <strong>1933</strong> until they went into hiding in <strong>July 1942</strong>. But they were not the only Jewish families on this square and in this neighbourhood. In addition to the many Dutch Jewish families, many foreign Jews lived on this square, many of them German Jewish refugees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The half-Jewish son of the famous German comedian Rudolf Nelson lived at number 23. And at number 59 II lived Michel Velleman with his family. Velleman, better known by the stage name Ben Ali Libi, was a Dutch magician and illusionist. The family of Anne Frank's friend Hanneli Goslar moved into an apartment on Merwedeplein in <strong>February 1933</strong> and Fritzi Markovitz, Otto Frank's second wife, also lived on Merwedeplein before the war with her then husband Erich Geiringer, son Heinz and daughter Eva.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h9shf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank referred to the square twice in her diary as 'the Merry'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8sxpv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Daily life in her old neighbourhood provided many memories. She missed the old life on Merwedeplein for all kinds of reasons, but also because of the comfort: she preferred central heating to smoky stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vve4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn221\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merwedeplein\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny54m\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Geerthe Schilder & Annemarie de Wildt, <a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/merwedeplein-37-ii\" target=\"_blank\">'Merwedeplein 37 II'</a>, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 05/04/2006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkmm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harriët Salm, <a href=\"https://www.trouw.nl/leven/wie-waren-de-buren-van-anne-frank-historica-rian-verhoeven-zocht-het-uit~b7862a42/\" target=\"_blank\">'Wie waren de buren van Anne Frank? Historica Rian Verhoeven zocht het uit'</a>, in: <em>Trouw</em>, 28 november 2019; Hanneloes Pen, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/ps/op-zoek-naar-de-buren-van-anne-frank~bf9d6dee/\" target=\"_blank\">'Op zoek naar de buren van Anne Frank'</a>, Het Parool, 26/11/2019..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h9shf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de lotgevalllen van een aantal bewoners van het Merwedeplein, zie Rian Verhoeven, <em>Anne Frank was niet alleen: het Merwedeplein, 1933-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8sxpv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 November 1943 and 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vve4f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het kader van de aanleg van Plan-Zuid nam de Amsterdamse gemeenteraad op <strong>16 februari 1927</strong> het besluit om het Plein, begrensd door de Waalstraat, de Jekerstraat en de Roerstraat de naam Merwedeplein te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn221\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het plein is overbekend geworden vanwege het op nummer 37 II gevestigde woonhuis van Otto Frank en zijn gezin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3667b\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zij woonden daar van <strong>1933</strong> tot hun onderduik in <strong>juli 1942</strong>. Maar zij waren niet de enige Joodse gezinnen aan dit plein en in deze buurt. Naast de vele Nederlands-Joodse gezinnen woonden er veel buitenlandse Joden op dit plein, voor een groot deel Duitse-Joodse vluchtelingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op nummer 23 woonde de half Joodse zoon van de beroemde Duitse cabaretier Rudolf Nelson. En op nummer 59 II Michel Velleman met zijn gezin. Velleman, beter bekend onder de artiestennaam Ben Ali Libi, was een Nederlandse goochelaar en illusionist. De familie van Anne Franks vriendinnetje Hanneli Goslar betrok in <strong>februari 1933</strong> een appartement aan het Merwedeplein en ook Fritzi Markovitz, de tweede vrouw van Otto Frank, woonde voor de oorlog met Erich Geiringer, haar toenmalige echtgenoot, zoon Heinz en dochter Eva aan het Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2aw1f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank duidde het plein in haar dagboek twee keer aan als ‘het Merry’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8sxpv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het dagelijks leven in haar oude buurt leverde veel herinneringen. Ze miste het oude leven op het Merwedeplein om allerlei redenen, maar mede vanwege het comfort: ze had liever centrale verwarming dan rokerige kachels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vve4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn221\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merwedeplein\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3667b\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geerthe Schilder & Annemarie de Wildt, <a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/merwedeplein-37-ii\" target=\"_blank\">'Merwedeplein 37 II'</a>, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 05/04/2006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkmm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harriët Salm, <a href=\"https://www.trouw.nl/leven/wie-waren-de-buren-van-anne-frank-historica-rian-verhoeven-zocht-het-uit~b7862a42/\" target=\"_blank\">'Wie waren de buren van Anne Frank? Historica Rian Verhoeven zocht het uit'</a>, in: <em>Trouw</em>, 28 november 2019; Hanneloes Pen, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/ps/op-zoek-naar-de-buren-van-anne-frank~bf9d6dee/\" target=\"_blank\">'Op zoek naar de buren van Anne Frank'</a>, <em>Het Parool</em>, 26/11/2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2aw1f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de lotgevalllen van een aantal bewoners van het Merwedeplein, zie Rian Verhoeven, <em>Anne Frank was niet alleen: het Merwedeplein, 1933-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8sxpv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Dagboek B, 8 november 1943 en 7 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, AMsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vve4f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>As part of the construction of <em>Plan-Zuid</em> (South Plan), the Amsterdam city council took the decision on <strong>16 February 1927</strong> to name the square, bordered by Waalstraat, Jekerstraat and Roerstraat, Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn221\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The square has become well known because of the home of Otto Frank and his family, located at number 37 II.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny54m\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They lived there from <strong>1933</strong> until they went into hiding in <strong>July 1942</strong>. But they were not the only Jewish families on this square and in this neighbourhood. In addition to the many Dutch Jewish families, many foreign Jews lived on this square, many of them German Jewish refugees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The half-Jewish son of the famous German comedian Rudolf Nelson lived at number 23. And at number 59 II lived Michel Velleman with his family. Velleman, better known by the stage name Ben Ali Libi, was a Dutch magician and illusionist. The family of Anne Frank's friend Hanneli Goslar moved into an apartment on Merwedeplein in <strong>February 1933</strong> and Fritzi Markovitz, Otto Frank's second wife, also lived on Merwedeplein before the war with her then husband Erich Geiringer, son Heinz and daughter Eva.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h9shf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank referred to the square twice in her diary as 'the Merry'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8sxpv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Daily life in her old neighbourhood provided many memories. She missed the old life on Merwedeplein for all kinds of reasons, but also because of the comfort: she preferred central heating to smoky stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vve4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn221\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merwedeplein\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny54m\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Geerthe Schilder & Annemarie de Wildt, <a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/merwedeplein-37-ii\" target=\"_blank\">'Merwedeplein 37 II'</a>, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 05/04/2006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkmm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harriët Salm, <a href=\"https://www.trouw.nl/leven/wie-waren-de-buren-van-anne-frank-historica-rian-verhoeven-zocht-het-uit~b7862a42/\" target=\"_blank\">'Wie waren de buren van Anne Frank? Historica Rian Verhoeven zocht het uit'</a>, in: <em>Trouw</em>, 28 november 2019; Hanneloes Pen, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/ps/op-zoek-naar-de-buren-van-anne-frank~bf9d6dee/\" target=\"_blank\">'Op zoek naar de buren van Anne Frank'</a>, Het Parool, 26/11/2019..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h9shf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de lotgevalllen van een aantal bewoners van het Merwedeplein, zie Rian Verhoeven, <em>Anne Frank was niet alleen: het Merwedeplein, 1933-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8sxpv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 November 1943 and 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vve4f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.90114 52.34561)",
"summary": "Merwedeplein is located in the heart of Amsterdam's River District.",
"summary_nl": "Het Merwedeplein ligt in het hart van de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt.",
"summary_en": "Merwedeplein is located in the heart of Amsterdam's River District.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "in",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
289
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/ea1f03f1-fa75-4f7c-a953-4a1abe17815f/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "ea1f03f1-fa75-4f7c-a953-4a1abe17815f",
"name": "Razzia on Merwedeplein",
"name_nl": "Razzia op het Merwedeplein",
"name_en": "Razzia on Merwedeplein",
"content": "<p>This was a reprisal for attacks on buildings used by the Wehrmacht. 310 men, including friends and neighbors of the Frank family, were arrested and deported to Mauthausen via Camp Schoorl on <strong>26 June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rian Verheoeven, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/second-raid-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">The second raid in Amsterdam</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Dit was een represaille voor aanslagen op gebouwen die in gebruik waren bij de Wehrmacht. Hierbij werden 310 mannen, waaronder vrienden en buurtgenoten van de familie Frank, opgepakt en via Kamp Schoorl op <strong>26 juni 1941</strong> gedeporteerd naar Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yxkwl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yxkwl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rian Verhoeven, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-tweede-razzia-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">De tweede razzia in Amsterdam</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>This was a reprisal for attacks on buildings used by the Wehrmacht. 310 men, including friends and neighbors of the Frank family, were arrested and deported to Mauthausen via Camp Schoorl on <strong>26 June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"83hdu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rian Verheoeven, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/second-raid-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">The second raid in Amsterdam</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-06-11",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 11 June 1941, a razzia took place on Merwedeplein and in other parts of Amsterdam South.",
"summary_nl": "Op 11 juni 1941 vond er een razzia plaats op het Merwedeplein en in andere delen van Amsterdam-Zuid.",
"summary_en": "On 11 June 1941, a razzia took place on Merwedeplein and in other parts of Amsterdam South.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124591
],
"persons": [],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 260,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 182,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "40.7595",
"longitude": "-73.98457",
"events": [
{
"id": 260,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/251f095f-dc42-41ad-914e-c551fb108d48/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/056db7c0-e6bc-4968-a370-6950d4344792"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/dc05a989-1718-482d-8580-8a33cf643620",
"published": true,
"uuid": "251f095f-dc42-41ad-914e-c551fb108d48",
"name": "World premiere of the film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Wereldpremière van de film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "World premiere of the film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"content": "<p>The film won three Oscars. Like the play, the film certainly contributed to the fame of The Diary of Anne Frank.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>De film won drie Oscars. Net als het toneelstuk droeg de film zeker bij aan de bekendheid van het dagboek van Anne Frank.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>The film won three Oscars. Like the play, the film certainly contributed to the fame of The Diary of Anne Frank.</p>",
"date": "1959-03-18",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The George Stevens-directed film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' premiered in New York on 18 March 1959.",
"summary_nl": "De door George Stevens geregisseerde film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' ging op 18 maart 1959 in première in New York.",
"summary_en": "The George Stevens-directed film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' premiered in New York on 18 March 1959.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [],
"related_locations": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/dc05a989-1718-482d-8580-8a33cf643620/",
"published": true,
"name": "RKO Palace Theatre",
"name_nl": "RKO Palace Theatre",
"name_en": "RKO Palace Theatre",
"uuid": "dc05a989-1718-482d-8580-8a33cf643620",
"content": "<p>The Palace Theatre is a Broadway theater at 1564 Broadway, facing Times Square, in Manhattan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ahp8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ahp8i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)\" target=\"_blank\">Palace Theatre (New York City)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Palace Theatre is een Broadway-theater op 1564 Broadway, tegenover Times Square, in Manhattan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5xi2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5xi2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)\" target=\"_blank\">Palace Theatre (New York City)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Palace Theatre is a Broadway theater at 1564 Broadway, facing Times Square, in Manhattan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ahp8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ahp8i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)\" target=\"_blank\">Palace Theatre (New York City)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (-73.98457000000001 40.7595)",
"summary": "The feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' premiered at the RKO Palace Theatre.",
"summary_nl": "In het RKO Palace Theatre ging de speelfilm 'The Diary of Anne Frank' in première.",
"summary_en": "The feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' premiered at the RKO Palace Theatre.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "1564 Broadway",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "New York",
"state": "",
"land": "USA",
"location_events": [
260
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/251f095f-dc42-41ad-914e-c551fb108d48/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "251f095f-dc42-41ad-914e-c551fb108d48",
"name": "World premiere of the film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Wereldpremière van de film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "World premiere of the film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'",
"content": "<p>The film won three Oscars. Like the play, the film certainly contributed to the fame of The Diary of Anne Frank.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>De film won drie Oscars. Net als het toneelstuk droeg de film zeker bij aan de bekendheid van het dagboek van Anne Frank.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>The film won three Oscars. Like the play, the film certainly contributed to the fame of The Diary of Anne Frank.</p>",
"date": "1959-03-18",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The George Stevens-directed film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' premiered in New York on 18 March 1959.",
"summary_nl": "De door George Stevens geregisseerde film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' ging op 18 maart 1959 in première in New York.",
"summary_en": "The George Stevens-directed film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' premiered in New York on 18 March 1959.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124623
],
"persons": [],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 197,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 196,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1124,
"uuid": "64346ed9-62d2-498e-964d-07ec191f88cd",
"name": "Geboortehuis Victor Kugler in Hohenelbe, omstreeks 1904.",
"title": "Links het geboortehuis Victor Kugler in Hohenelbe, omstreeks 1904.",
"alt": "Foto: onbekend. Fotocollectie: Krkonošské muzeum Vrchlabi",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/geburtshaus_1904.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"latitude": "50.6253",
"longitude": "15.61231",
"events": [
{
"id": 197,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/f553d6c7-4151-4c33-a395-b81e98dc9323/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/03c56548-11fe-4e75-9a79-f1585bd2372a",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f553d6c7-4151-4c33-a395-b81e98dc9323",
"name": "Victor Kugler at the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler op de Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler at the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe",
"content": "<p>From <strong>15 September 1906</strong> Victor Kugler attended the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the school year <strong>1906-1907</strong>, Kugler took the subjects reading, <em>Gedankenausdruck</em>, arithmetic, singing, and gymnastics. Furthermore, he was evaluated on behaviour and diligence. His results were very good to excellent. In the second quarter he was absent for four half-days 'entschuldigt'. His mother Emma Kugler signed the report as seen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1907</strong>, the school year <strong>1907-1908</strong> began. The subjects were religion, reading, grammar and spelling, arithmetic and geometry, drawing, singing, and gymnastics. His results were satisfactory to very good. Behaviour was 'praiseworthy'; diligence 'satisfactory'. In the first quarter he missed half a day 'entschuldigt', in the second quarter two half days. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1908</strong>, the school year <strong>1908-1909</strong> began with the same subjects as the year before, with the addition of writing, written expression skills, natural history, geography, and history. The results were again satisfactory to very good. In the third quarter he was absent for three half-days, in the fourth quarter half a day. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the school year <strong>1909-1910</strong>, the school changed its name and was renamed the '4-Klassige gemischte Kaiser Franz Josef I Jubiläums-Volksschule'. On <strong>23 December 1909</strong>, he received his last report card from this school. The subjects were the same as the year before; the results were still satisfactory to very good. Emma Kugler signed the report. The headmaster noted that Kugler left for Beeck (near Duisburg) on <strong>30 January 1910</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_004: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1907-1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_005: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1908-1909.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_006: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1909-1910. Mogelijk is het een heel andere school. Een naamsverandering is echter waarschijnlijker. In 1908 vierde de Oostenrijkse keizer zijn 60-jarig jubileum. Bij die gelegenheid kregen verschillende scholen zijn naam.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>15 september 1906</strong> ging Victor Kugler naar de Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe. In schooljaar <strong>1906-1907</strong> volgde Kugler de vakken lezen, <em>Gedankenausdruck</em>, rekenen, zingen en turnen. Verder werd hij beoordeeld op gedrag en vlijt. Zijn resultaten waren zeer goed tot uitstekend. In het tweede kwartaal verzuimde hij vier halve dagen ‘<em>entschuldigt</em>’. Moeder Emma Kugler ondertekende het rapport voor gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>15 september 1907</strong> begon het schooljaar <strong>1907-1908</strong>. De vakken waren godsdienst, lezen, grammatica en spelling, rekenen en meetkunde, tekenen, zingen en turnen. De resultaten waren voldoende tot zeer goed. Gedrag was <em>‘lofwaardig</em>’; vlijt <em>‘bevredigend’</em>. In het eerste kwartaal verzuimde hij een halve dag ‘<em>entschuldigt</em>’, in het tweede kwartaal tweemaal een halve dag. Emma Kugler tekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>15 september 1908</strong> begon het schooljaar <strong>1908-1909</strong> met dezelfde vakken als het jaar ervoor. Toegevoegd waren schrijven, schriftelijke uitdrukkingsvaardigheid, natuurlijke geschiedenis en natuurkunde, aardrijkskunde en geschiedenis. De resultaten waren weer voldoende tot zeer goed. In het derde kwartaal verzuimde hij drie halve dagen '<em>entschuldigt</em>', in het vierde kwartaal een halve dag. Emma Kugler tekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn het schooljaar <strong>1909-1910</strong> veranderde de school van naam en heette voortaan de <em>4-Klassige gemischte Kaiser Franz Josef I Jubiläums-Volksschule</em>. Op <strong>23 december 1909</strong> kreeg hij zijn laatste rapport van deze school. De vakken waren hetzelfde als het jaar ervoor; de resultaten nog steeds voldoende tot zeer goed. Emma Kugler tekende. Het schoolhoofd noteerde dat Kugler per <strong>30 januari 1910</strong> naar Beeck (bij Duisburg) vertrok.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_004: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1907-1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_005: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1908-1909.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_006: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1909-1910. Mogelijk is het een heel andere school. Een naamsverandering is echter waarschijnlijker. In 1908 vierde de Oostenrijkse keizer zijn 60-jarig jubileum. Bij die gelegenheid kregen verschillende scholen zijn naam.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>15 September 1906</strong> Victor Kugler attended the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the school year <strong>1906-1907</strong>, Kugler took the subjects reading, <em>Gedankenausdruck</em>, arithmetic, singing, and gymnastics. Furthermore, he was evaluated on behaviour and diligence. His results were very good to excellent. In the second quarter he was absent for four half-days 'entschuldigt'. His mother Emma Kugler signed the report as seen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1907</strong>, the school year <strong>1907-1908</strong> began. The subjects were religion, reading, grammar and spelling, arithmetic and geometry, drawing, singing, and gymnastics. His results were satisfactory to very good. Behaviour was 'praiseworthy'; diligence 'satisfactory'. In the first quarter he missed half a day 'entschuldigt', in the second quarter two half days. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1908</strong>, the school year <strong>1908-1909</strong> began with the same subjects as the year before, with the addition of writing, written expression skills, natural history, geography, and history. The results were again satisfactory to very good. In the third quarter he was absent for three half-days, in the fourth quarter half a day. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the school year <strong>1909-1910</strong>, the school changed its name and was renamed the '4-Klassige gemischte Kaiser Franz Josef I Jubiläums-Volksschule'. On <strong>23 December 1909</strong>, he received his last report card from this school. The subjects were the same as the year before; the results were still satisfactory to very good. Emma Kugler signed the report. The headmaster noted that Kugler left for Beeck (near Duisburg) on <strong>30 January 1910</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_004: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1907-1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_005: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1908-1909.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_006: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1909-1910. Mogelijk is het een heel andere school. Een naamsverandering is echter waarschijnlijker. In 1908 vierde de Oostenrijkse keizer zijn 60-jarig jubileum. Bij die gelegenheid kregen verschillende scholen zijn naam.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1906-09-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler went to the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe from 15 September 1906.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler ging vanaf 15 september 1906 naar de Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler went to the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe from 15 September 1906.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c05767e4-ac67-4d2e-a8f1-fdcfc93c3cdc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f4d47668-4071-4530-95f0-5c463fddbc60",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b654804b-25a1-4c46-affd-0de941f99790",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05463aca-21a7-4238-8686-0a4a606e10f5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8eb86b87-b516-415d-a0de-410bb88a0ab6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5f77d005-c71e-437e-8877-2ec3088e2031",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b4236d95-43dd-42e6-93d5-c44eaba41b23",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1194af60-b60a-49ae-8762-cf8567fd21fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36022488-7682-43ff-918c-a2b970789006",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c730f47b-7508-4ea2-978e-331073f46ee4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4a5dbef2-cafa-46af-acfe-3470825a92a7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36a662f9-f828-44ad-9609-bd8901c723f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/07627e87-1438-47e2-a29c-847e27ce51c8",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa3cb90f-e2cc-4611-b0cb-316c6202e75b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/92a283be-fc1d-4610-8241-6f9e604e4ce0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4837c7f7-8098-4daf-8fb4-3408adb041fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/59a5ed20-0f01-42b5-a1da-785936de9c47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84d67272-953d-4e09-8014-20cd8a55bd15",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c65659a4-793a-47f1-a7c5-ee2f49ee46b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/cc6c2172-d1f5-49c4-86b0-c31aa8bd02ea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/903ba158-f1e0-4d0f-b613-eae91df2893e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bd069b91-d876-4eb7-99e7-e62aa158eae4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/995b7432-6739-42b0-9434-5c3801327d6a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6bed785-6178-42d2-9f90-a90e7730c21e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c9289eb-d4f6-46b8-afe7-5c15df9164c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f3ea591a-9ec2-49fa-aede-0308f0c1ea5e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aab06445-fe04-4578-9fba-19e679b65d6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8f078d07-0749-4824-9317-cca40a1f8c17",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/49fb0306-d233-4742-8133-c98fdba59175",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c6d71313-a017-4e4e-b05c-f56259c2bf72",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/592362c0-d64f-42be-8319-f7e3973610d3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6a58ce7e-02e2-4517-85ce-5b03eb20b753",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0bfa905d-38bd-4422-85ed-a4f2ecc7b506",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7e61c0df-f509-437a-8f9f-5d70bdd92934",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b7c73757-981c-409e-95cc-cc8eab873a93",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/150fa41e-02ba-4cae-9f32-62460252007f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/043a50b5-46ac-4222-8001-6ad28d51a1e2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/da7429b4-b23f-4947-b6d8-e5e6c0f143c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6660d32e-d2b0-468d-b7e7-01ceefc4376d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05693431-6b99-47b4-8e47-59ab3e95a889",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04f5ebdc-fe09-4ce6-991b-cf851a81c198",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a423c2ce-aac1-4ff6-86b1-f5233e4b77ff",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0ccf3db9-1774-4848-ad11-627e3fc64cea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bd22a6-e3e0-45e6-9bef-449b9894f0db",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db15398a-d845-4147-9ceb-1530e7e9a4e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b5ad5b8d-2494-42ad-bf1f-d2a1f9250bb2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2c4e9ad5-bb38-4440-ae2f-7b3fc3fba34a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/697cb023-79af-4e61-864a-49adce1e8f82",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ff53ce1-d866-4190-a138-16c32a9eca43"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/03c56548-11fe-4e75-9a79-f1585bd2372a/",
"published": true,
"name": "Victor Kugler's birthplace",
"name_nl": "Geboortehuis van Victor Kugler",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler's birthplace",
"uuid": "03c56548-11fe-4e75-9a79-f1585bd2372a",
"content": "<p>The address where Kugler was born in <strong>1900</strong> read Hohenelbe 119.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Administratively, since <strong>1850</strong>, Hohenelbe was head of the Hohenelbe District in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Schools were built in the city for primary and secondary vocational education for both boys and girls, as well as a technical school for weaving. In <strong>1909</strong>, a <em>Realgymnasium</em> was founded, to which girls also had access after <strong>1918</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the First World War and the creation of Czechoslovakia in <strong>1918</strong>, Hohenelbe was also called Vrchlabí. As a result of the Munich Agreement (<strong>30 September 1938</strong>), Hohenelbe, which was mainly inhabited by Germans, was annexed to the German Empire, occupied by German troops and until <strong>1945</strong> belonged to the district of Hohenelbe, the administrative district of Aussig, in the <em>Reichsgau Sudetenland</em> of the German Reich. In <strong>1941</strong>, a forced labor camp for Jews was established in Ober-Hohenelbe. After the end of World War II, the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement were reallocated to Czechoslovakia and the majority of the German-speaking population was expelled from Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ha6pb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ha6pb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlab%C3%AD\" target=\"_blank\">Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het adres waar Kugler werd geboren luidde in <strong>1900</strong> Hohenelbe 119.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sinds <strong>1850</strong> was Hohenelbe de bestuurszetel van het district Hohenelbe in het Oostenrijks-Hongaarse rijk. In de stad werden scholen gebouwd voor lager en middelbaar beroepsonderwijs voor zowel jongens als meisjes, en een vakschool voor weven. In <strong>1909</strong> volgde een<em> Realgymnasium</em>, waartoe ook meisjes na <strong>1918</strong> toegang hadden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Eerste Wereldoorlog en de oprichting van Tsjecho-Slowakije in <strong>1918</strong> werd Hohenelbe ook Vrchlabí genoemd. Als gevolg van het Verdrag van München (<strong>30 september 1938</strong>) werd Hohenelbe, dat voornamelijk door Duitsers werd bewoond, in bij het Duitse Rijk gevoegd, bezet door Duitse troepen en behoorde tot <strong>1945</strong> tot het district Hohenelbe, het administratieve district Aussig, in het Reichsgau Sudetenland van het Duitse Rijk. In <strong>1941</strong> werd in Ober-Hohenelbe een dwangarbeidskamp met Joden ingericht. Na het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden de gebieden die in het Verdrag van München aan Duitsland waren overgedragen, opnieuw toegewezen aan Tsjechoslowakije en werd de meerderheid van de Duitstalige bevolking uit Hohenelbe verdreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rer7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rer7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlab%C3%AD\" target=\"_blank\">Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The address where Kugler was born in <strong>1900</strong> read Hohenelbe 119.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Administratively, since <strong>1850</strong>, Hohenelbe was head of the Hohenelbe District in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Schools were built in the city for primary and secondary vocational education for both boys and girls, as well as a technical school for weaving. In <strong>1909</strong>, a <em>Realgymnasium</em> was founded, to which girls also had access after <strong>1918</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the First World War and the creation of Czechoslovakia in <strong>1918</strong>, Hohenelbe was also called Vrchlabí. As a result of the Munich Agreement (<strong>30 September 1938</strong>), Hohenelbe, which was mainly inhabited by Germans, was annexed to the German Empire, occupied by German troops and until <strong>1945</strong> belonged to the district of Hohenelbe, the administrative district of Aussig, in the <em>Reichsgau Sudetenland</em> of the German Reich. In <strong>1941</strong>, a forced labor camp for Jews was established in Ober-Hohenelbe. After the end of World War II, the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement were reallocated to Czechoslovakia and the majority of the German-speaking population was expelled from Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ha6pb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ha6pb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlab%C3%AD\" target=\"_blank\">Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (15.61231 50.6253)",
"summary": "Victor Kugler's birthplace was called Hohenelbe and at the time was part of Austria-Hungary. Now it is part of the Czech Republic and is called Vrchlabí. It lies at the foot of the Giant Mountains on the river Elbe.",
"summary_nl": "De geboorteplaats van Victor Kugler heette Hohenelbe en behoorde destijds tot Oostenrijk-Hongarije. Nu maakt het deel uit van Tsjechië en heet Vrchlabí. Vrchlabí ligt in het hart van het Reuzengebergte aan de rivier de Elbe.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler's birthplace was called Hohenelbe and at the time was part of Austria-Hungary. Now it is part of the Czech Republic and is called Vrchlabí. It lies at the foot of the Giant Mountains on the river Elbe.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Krkonošská 150",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Vrchlabí",
"state": "Trutnov",
"land": "Tsjechië",
"location_events": [
197,
200
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/f553d6c7-4151-4c33-a395-b81e98dc9323/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f553d6c7-4151-4c33-a395-b81e98dc9323",
"name": "Victor Kugler at the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler op de Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler at the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe",
"content": "<p>From <strong>15 September 1906</strong> Victor Kugler attended the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the school year <strong>1906-1907</strong>, Kugler took the subjects reading, <em>Gedankenausdruck</em>, arithmetic, singing, and gymnastics. Furthermore, he was evaluated on behaviour and diligence. His results were very good to excellent. In the second quarter he was absent for four half-days 'entschuldigt'. His mother Emma Kugler signed the report as seen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1907</strong>, the school year <strong>1907-1908</strong> began. The subjects were religion, reading, grammar and spelling, arithmetic and geometry, drawing, singing, and gymnastics. His results were satisfactory to very good. Behaviour was 'praiseworthy'; diligence 'satisfactory'. In the first quarter he missed half a day 'entschuldigt', in the second quarter two half days. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1908</strong>, the school year <strong>1908-1909</strong> began with the same subjects as the year before, with the addition of writing, written expression skills, natural history, geography, and history. The results were again satisfactory to very good. In the third quarter he was absent for three half-days, in the fourth quarter half a day. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the school year <strong>1909-1910</strong>, the school changed its name and was renamed the '4-Klassige gemischte Kaiser Franz Josef I Jubiläums-Volksschule'. On <strong>23 December 1909</strong>, he received his last report card from this school. The subjects were the same as the year before; the results were still satisfactory to very good. Emma Kugler signed the report. The headmaster noted that Kugler left for Beeck (near Duisburg) on <strong>30 January 1910</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_004: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1907-1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_005: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1908-1909.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_006: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1909-1910. Mogelijk is het een heel andere school. Een naamsverandering is echter waarschijnlijker. In 1908 vierde de Oostenrijkse keizer zijn 60-jarig jubileum. Bij die gelegenheid kregen verschillende scholen zijn naam.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>15 september 1906</strong> ging Victor Kugler naar de Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe. In schooljaar <strong>1906-1907</strong> volgde Kugler de vakken lezen, <em>Gedankenausdruck</em>, rekenen, zingen en turnen. Verder werd hij beoordeeld op gedrag en vlijt. Zijn resultaten waren zeer goed tot uitstekend. In het tweede kwartaal verzuimde hij vier halve dagen ‘<em>entschuldigt</em>’. Moeder Emma Kugler ondertekende het rapport voor gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>15 september 1907</strong> begon het schooljaar <strong>1907-1908</strong>. De vakken waren godsdienst, lezen, grammatica en spelling, rekenen en meetkunde, tekenen, zingen en turnen. De resultaten waren voldoende tot zeer goed. Gedrag was <em>‘lofwaardig</em>’; vlijt <em>‘bevredigend’</em>. In het eerste kwartaal verzuimde hij een halve dag ‘<em>entschuldigt</em>’, in het tweede kwartaal tweemaal een halve dag. Emma Kugler tekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOp <strong>15 september 1908</strong> begon het schooljaar <strong>1908-1909</strong> met dezelfde vakken als het jaar ervoor. Toegevoegd waren schrijven, schriftelijke uitdrukkingsvaardigheid, natuurlijke geschiedenis en natuurkunde, aardrijkskunde en geschiedenis. De resultaten waren weer voldoende tot zeer goed. In het derde kwartaal verzuimde hij drie halve dagen '<em>entschuldigt</em>', in het vierde kwartaal een halve dag. Emma Kugler tekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn het schooljaar <strong>1909-1910</strong> veranderde de school van naam en heette voortaan de <em>4-Klassige gemischte Kaiser Franz Josef I Jubiläums-Volksschule</em>. Op <strong>23 december 1909</strong> kreeg hij zijn laatste rapport van deze school. De vakken waren hetzelfde als het jaar ervoor; de resultaten nog steeds voldoende tot zeer goed. Emma Kugler tekende. Het schoolhoofd noteerde dat Kugler per <strong>30 januari 1910</strong> naar Beeck (bij Duisburg) vertrok.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_004: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1907-1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_005: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1908-1909.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_006: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1909-1910. Mogelijk is het een heel andere school. Een naamsverandering is echter waarschijnlijker. In 1908 vierde de Oostenrijkse keizer zijn 60-jarig jubileum. Bij die gelegenheid kregen verschillende scholen zijn naam.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>15 September 1906</strong> Victor Kugler attended the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the school year <strong>1906-1907</strong>, Kugler took the subjects reading, <em>Gedankenausdruck</em>, arithmetic, singing, and gymnastics. Furthermore, he was evaluated on behaviour and diligence. His results were very good to excellent. In the second quarter he was absent for four half-days 'entschuldigt'. His mother Emma Kugler signed the report as seen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1907</strong>, the school year <strong>1907-1908</strong> began. The subjects were religion, reading, grammar and spelling, arithmetic and geometry, drawing, singing, and gymnastics. His results were satisfactory to very good. Behaviour was 'praiseworthy'; diligence 'satisfactory'. In the first quarter he missed half a day 'entschuldigt', in the second quarter two half days. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOn <strong>15 September 1908</strong>, the school year <strong>1908-1909</strong> began with the same subjects as the year before, with the addition of writing, written expression skills, natural history, geography, and history. The results were again satisfactory to very good. In the third quarter he was absent for three half-days, in the fourth quarter half a day. Emma Kugler signed the report.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the school year <strong>1909-1910</strong>, the school changed its name and was renamed the '4-Klassige gemischte Kaiser Franz Josef I Jubiläums-Volksschule'. On <strong>23 December 1909</strong>, he received his last report card from this school. The subjects were the same as the year before; the results were still satisfactory to very good. Emma Kugler signed the report. The headmaster noted that Kugler left for Beeck (near Duisburg) on <strong>30 January 1910</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ezhj8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g69kt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_004: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1907-1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edvxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_005: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1908-1909.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gcsnd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_006: Schoolrapport van Victor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1909-1910. Mogelijk is het een heel andere school. Een naamsverandering is echter waarschijnlijker. In 1908 vierde de Oostenrijkse keizer zijn 60-jarig jubileum. Bij die gelegenheid kregen verschillende scholen zijn naam.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1906-09-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler went to the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe from 15 September 1906.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler ging vanaf 15 september 1906 naar de Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler went to the Allgemeine Volks- und Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe from 15 September 1906.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124416
],
"persons": [
262
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 173,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 166,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1119,
"uuid": "3a44b065-c967-4b20-93c8-8901ce0f2be6",
"name": "NHA 162-22461",
"title": "Eemnesserweg, gezien richting Laren.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Beeldbank Streekarchief Gooi en Vechtstraak, Hilversum.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NHA_162-22461_KbACZgc.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"latitude": "52.228378",
"longitude": "5.18635",
"events": [
{
"id": 272,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a9c59bc0-c84e-4f18-8930-bc8ca5e36bf7/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/654218a6-8b1b-4fb4-b4c3-a7e310768d81",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f2004ab1-f62f-43c5-9864-18eea838d81e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9c59bc0-c84e-4f18-8930-bc8ca5e36bf7",
"name": "Formation La Synthèse",
"name_nl": "Oprichting La Synthèse",
"name_en": "Formation La Synthèse",
"content": "<p>One of the goals of the German occupation policy was to deprive Dutch Jews of their property. An initial impetus was given on <strong>22 October 1940</strong> with the promulgation of regulation VO 189/1940. This regulation required Jewish companies to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle,</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which decided on the confiscation or liquidation of these companies. In an effort to remove Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's trading companies, from German control, Victor Kugler and Jan Gies founded the firm La Synthèse as early as <strong>23 October 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The objective and activities of this company were similar to those of Pectacon, "the trading in and manufacture of chemicals and foodstuffs." Registration in the Trade Register followed on <strong>4 November 1940</strong>. The firm's address was: Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum, <sup data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> which was Kugler's home address. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, the firm's name was changed to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> by order of the secretary-general of the ministery of Justice, who objected to <em>La Synthèse</em>. The new name was registered with the Trade Register on <strong>19 August 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven</a> (geraadpleegd 29 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Een van de doelen van de Duitse bezettingspolitiek was om de Nederlandse Joden hun bezit te ontnemen. Een eerste aanzet daartoe werd gegeven op 22 oktober 1940 met de afkondiging van verordening VO 189/1940. Deze verordening verplichtte Joodse ondernemingen tot aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Deze instelling besliste over de verdere inbeslagname of liquidatie van deze ondernemingen. In een poging Pectacon, een van de handelsondernemingen van Frank, aan Duits toezicht te onttrekken, werd al op<strong> 23 oktober 1940</strong> de firma La Synthèse opgericht door Victor Kugler en Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De doelstelling en de werkzaamheden van deze onderneming waren gelijk aan die van Pectacon, de 'handel en fabricatie van chemicaliën en levensmiddelen'. De inschrijving in het Handelsregister volgde op <strong>4 november 1940</strong>. Het adres was: Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Dit was Kuglers privéadres. De bedrijfsnaam werd op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> veranderd in N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dit op last van de secretaris-generaal van Justitie, die bezwaar maakte tegen de naam van de firma. Op <strong>19 augustus 1941 </strong>registreerde het Handelsregister de nieuwe bedrijfsnaam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven</a> (geraadpleegd 29 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the goals of the German occupation policy was to deprive Dutch Jews of their property. An initial impetus was given on <strong>22 October 1940</strong> with the promulgation of regulation VO 189/1940. This regulation required Jewish companies to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle,</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which decided on the confiscation or liquidation of these companies. In an effort to remove Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's trading companies, from German control, Victor Kugler and Jan Gies founded the firm La Synthèse as early as <strong>23 October 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The objective and activities of this company were similar to those of Pectacon, "the trading in and manufacture of chemicals and foodstuffs." Registration in the Trade Register followed on <strong>4 November 1940</strong>. The firm's address was: Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum, <sup data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> which was Kugler's home address. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, the firm's name was changed to N.V. Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> by order of the secretary-general of the ministery of Justice, who objected to <em>La Synthèse</em>. The new name was registered with the Trade Register on <strong>19 August 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m1q5v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl/thema/rechtsherstel/03_01_Bedrijven</a> (geraadpleegd 29 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cfutg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Staatscourant</em>, 13 augustus 1941; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859: Akteletter d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx38q\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jyt6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859, akteletter b.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1940-10-23",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "La Synthèse was founded when Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to aryanisation measures.",
"summary_nl": "La Synthèse werd opgericht toen Pectacon, een van de bedrijven van Otto Frank, wegens ariseringsmaatregelen gevaar liep te worden geliquideerd.",
"summary_en": "La Synthèse was founded when Pectacon, one of Otto Frank's companies, was in danger of being liquidated due to aryanisation measures.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 173,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d0b0679-3dba-4c8d-b38c-7bcfefcec4b1/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e6090c55-5e26-4b2b-9dc9-8c5d1fe3b98b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/94d0786c-04e7-4095-ba04-876b8544e1b2"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8d0b0679-3dba-4c8d-b38c-7bcfefcec4b1",
"name": "Victor Kugler in hiding at home",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler thuis ondergedoken",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler in hiding at home",
"content": "<p>According to Victor Kugler, he arrived back home in Hilversum after his escape near Zevenaar on Good Friday, <strong>30 March 1945</strong>. He kept himself hidden there until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He recounted:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Quote from: Eda Shapiro and Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008, p.78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op Goede Vrijdag, <strong>30 maart 1945</strong>, zou Victor Kugler weer thuis in Hilversum zijn aangekomen na zijn ontsnapping bij Zevenaar. Daar hield hij zich verborgen tot de bevrijding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertelde:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘De volgende dag begon ik een schuilplaats in te richten voor ons. Als de Duitsers langs zouden komen om mij te arresteren, dan wilde ik koste wat het kost voorkomen dat ze mij zouden vinden. Maar mijn voorbereidingen waren niet nodig, want vier weken later capituleerde de Duitse legerleiding.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Orginieel: ‘The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’ Citaat uit: Eda Shapiro & Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen: 2008, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>According to Victor Kugler, he arrived back home in Hilversum after his escape near Zevenaar on Good Friday, <strong>30 March 1945</strong>. He kept himself hidden there until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He recounted:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Quote from: Eda Shapiro and Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008, p.78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-03-28",
"date_end": "1945-05-07",
"summary": "After his escape, Victor Kugler was able to hide at home until Hilversum was liberated.",
"summary_nl": "Na zijn ontsnapping kon Victor Kugler zich thuis verborgen houden tot Hilversum werd bevrijd.",
"summary_en": "After his escape, Victor Kugler was able to hide at home until Hilversum was liberated.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c05767e4-ac67-4d2e-a8f1-fdcfc93c3cdc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f4d47668-4071-4530-95f0-5c463fddbc60",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b654804b-25a1-4c46-affd-0de941f99790",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05463aca-21a7-4238-8686-0a4a606e10f5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8eb86b87-b516-415d-a0de-410bb88a0ab6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5f77d005-c71e-437e-8877-2ec3088e2031",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/03c56548-11fe-4e75-9a79-f1585bd2372a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b4236d95-43dd-42e6-93d5-c44eaba41b23",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1194af60-b60a-49ae-8762-cf8567fd21fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36022488-7682-43ff-918c-a2b970789006",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c730f47b-7508-4ea2-978e-331073f46ee4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4a5dbef2-cafa-46af-acfe-3470825a92a7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36a662f9-f828-44ad-9609-bd8901c723f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/07627e87-1438-47e2-a29c-847e27ce51c8",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa3cb90f-e2cc-4611-b0cb-316c6202e75b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/92a283be-fc1d-4610-8241-6f9e604e4ce0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4837c7f7-8098-4daf-8fb4-3408adb041fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/59a5ed20-0f01-42b5-a1da-785936de9c47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84d67272-953d-4e09-8014-20cd8a55bd15",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c65659a4-793a-47f1-a7c5-ee2f49ee46b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/cc6c2172-d1f5-49c4-86b0-c31aa8bd02ea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/903ba158-f1e0-4d0f-b613-eae91df2893e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bd069b91-d876-4eb7-99e7-e62aa158eae4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/995b7432-6739-42b0-9434-5c3801327d6a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6bed785-6178-42d2-9f90-a90e7730c21e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c9289eb-d4f6-46b8-afe7-5c15df9164c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f3ea591a-9ec2-49fa-aede-0308f0c1ea5e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aab06445-fe04-4578-9fba-19e679b65d6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8f078d07-0749-4824-9317-cca40a1f8c17",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/49fb0306-d233-4742-8133-c98fdba59175",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c6d71313-a017-4e4e-b05c-f56259c2bf72",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/592362c0-d64f-42be-8319-f7e3973610d3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6a58ce7e-02e2-4517-85ce-5b03eb20b753",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0bfa905d-38bd-4422-85ed-a4f2ecc7b506",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7e61c0df-f509-437a-8f9f-5d70bdd92934",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b7c73757-981c-409e-95cc-cc8eab873a93",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/150fa41e-02ba-4cae-9f32-62460252007f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/043a50b5-46ac-4222-8001-6ad28d51a1e2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/da7429b4-b23f-4947-b6d8-e5e6c0f143c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6660d32e-d2b0-468d-b7e7-01ceefc4376d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05693431-6b99-47b4-8e47-59ab3e95a889",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04f5ebdc-fe09-4ce6-991b-cf851a81c198",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a423c2ce-aac1-4ff6-86b1-f5233e4b77ff",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0ccf3db9-1774-4848-ad11-627e3fc64cea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bd22a6-e3e0-45e6-9bef-449b9894f0db",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db15398a-d845-4147-9ceb-1530e7e9a4e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b5ad5b8d-2494-42ad-bf1f-d2a1f9250bb2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2c4e9ad5-bb38-4440-ae2f-7b3fc3fba34a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/697cb023-79af-4e61-864a-49adce1e8f82",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ff53ce1-d866-4190-a138-16c32a9eca43"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4/",
"published": true,
"name": "Home of Victor Kugler in Hilversum",
"name_nl": "Woning Victor Kugler in Hilversum",
"name_en": "Home of Victor Kugler in Hilversum",
"uuid": "db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4",
"content": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (5.18635 52.228378)",
"summary": "From 1940, Victor Kugler and his wife lived on this street, at number 56. He went into hiding in the same house after he had escaped German imprisonment.",
"summary_nl": "In deze straat, op nummer 56, woonden Victor Kugler en zijn vrouw vanaf 1940. Daar dook hij ook na zijn ontsnapping uit Duitse gevangenschap onder.",
"summary_en": "From 1940, Victor Kugler and his wife lived on this street, at number 56. He went into hiding in the same house after he had escaped German imprisonment.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Eemnesserweg 56",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Hilversum",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
272,
173
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d0b0679-3dba-4c8d-b38c-7bcfefcec4b1/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8d0b0679-3dba-4c8d-b38c-7bcfefcec4b1",
"name": "Victor Kugler in hiding at home",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler thuis ondergedoken",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler in hiding at home",
"content": "<p>According to Victor Kugler, he arrived back home in Hilversum after his escape near Zevenaar on Good Friday, <strong>30 March 1945</strong>. He kept himself hidden there until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He recounted:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Quote from: Eda Shapiro and Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008, p.78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op Goede Vrijdag, <strong>30 maart 1945</strong>, zou Victor Kugler weer thuis in Hilversum zijn aangekomen na zijn ontsnapping bij Zevenaar. Daar hield hij zich verborgen tot de bevrijding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertelde:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘De volgende dag begon ik een schuilplaats in te richten voor ons. Als de Duitsers langs zouden komen om mij te arresteren, dan wilde ik koste wat het kost voorkomen dat ze mij zouden vinden. Maar mijn voorbereidingen waren niet nodig, want vier weken later capituleerde de Duitse legerleiding.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Orginieel: ‘The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’ Citaat uit: Eda Shapiro & Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen: 2008, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>According to Victor Kugler, he arrived back home in Hilversum after his escape near Zevenaar on Good Friday, <strong>30 March 1945</strong>. He kept himself hidden there until the liberation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He recounted:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The next day I started to prepare a hiding place in my house for myself and my wife. Should the Germans come to take me back, I was determined that they would not find me. However, my preparations proved unnecessary because four weeks later, the German troops (…) surrendered.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<div> \r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f95eu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, dossier 97791: Aanvraagformulier A, Centraal Afwikkelbureau Duitse Schadeuitkeringen, ingevuld door Kugler en gestempeld 3 september 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyzt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Quote from: Eda Shapiro and Rick Kardonne (eds.), <em>Victor Kugler: the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008, p.78.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-03-28",
"date_end": "1945-05-07",
"summary": "After his escape, Victor Kugler was able to hide at home until Hilversum was liberated.",
"summary_nl": "Na zijn ontsnapping kon Victor Kugler zich thuis verborgen houden tot Hilversum werd bevrijd.",
"summary_en": "After his escape, Victor Kugler was able to hide at home until Hilversum was liberated.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124657,
396124677
],
"persons": [
262
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 296,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 115,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.361351",
"longitude": "4.90487",
"events": [
{
"id": 160,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/29a57583-5617-4185-8ee0-9c51c193ef60/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2dfcab1f-2aeb-4e48-9834-72009d9ab39c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/a510bb0b-8930-4586-8a9c-e6bdaf24332b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/b60c0ac8-23fd-4605-9961-b8b1eb86408f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5881499f-8a8e-4957-a14f-16824bad119a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/cb0739b0-5e47-499f-8c00-05b4c1a9456e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2e6c70bc-5a66-416b-80f0-70648c10714f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/509135af-19e2-473d-8711-72b389d8d15f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2d652d29-bf54-4283-83c6-be573e061363",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e1681790-a04b-4421-bc47-b502889de3d1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/1a4d66b0-211e-447b-b58f-c05e75bf94ea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/8e5ab31d-e045-41e9-a515-06f8a31060df",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/8512cad7-870d-4d3c-b6f7-42441c550aec",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/6b44da91-1cbe-4b6f-b545-98dcce7538dd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/865ffdc0-659e-4471-8b6f-7f4a48f83990",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/28df4fa9-cb91-424d-ac2b-f0072a225bbc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/1340c4b0-7132-4b3d-afc3-67c32ae8d054",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/3b1976a2-6752-4e40-8665-c552a3699b8d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e421db39-b04e-41aa-ba7e-3f0cd15cdc28",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/965686e7-c19e-424d-9ade-0b6709cd0e99",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/a985a802-0e0a-49f8-a19f-7b887e6a4a25",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e7b35827-f5ba-41bf-ba19-2427b71b075f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/51d4adc2-cee4-4ce5-8a2e-0f2b93222ae2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/1bdafb53-cfb9-4a41-bcc5-549071d0c44f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e1f37c6a-c10b-49d7-88a5-3864f19cc291",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/4ac1d000-52e8-4e66-8e2e-0f5402dceecb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/cc77594e-ebae-4a4c-81dd-c8a9712681ce",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/431a77cd-9707-4617-85a7-b399bf04ce96",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/b9313189-e1bd-44f5-ad82-86b90e83dd22",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/1cbc118f-66f4-4908-908e-bde5ed435175",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f5df9355-f5f5-4c81-ae21-e25305f0046a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/367ed26b-c012-40ac-bf21-a787ee458238",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/1e41ecdf-421d-4e49-b01f-a4b6fbd588a8",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/6059cd44-fbdc-4168-8a41-93e5abc0947b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c132f0b5-d047-4fb3-b7a1-e8a5490cc4f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/6a1454c9-e0e1-44d5-b57b-c7f0384b983c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2b425dce-2fa0-4224-bd21-df5436aaf282",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/002fe7a7-2cca-47a0-9b50-4669782f4c3e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/a119083f-c899-4840-bd14-e5a0caf06154",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/6587b208-b595-4eec-87a3-2f9684d393c8",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d8946197-b952-4fe4-9fa5-64c7371c2bc7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/83b66b47-f9fe-47c9-ad04-7ad36d962400",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7e762cc6-e141-494b-ac61-1f2fced2bb04"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179",
"published": true,
"uuid": "29a57583-5617-4185-8ee0-9c51c193ef60",
"name": "Anne Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Anne Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from the beginning of the <strong>1941-1942 </strong>school year until she had to go into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After sixth grade, Anne was actually supposed to stay at the 6th Montessori school for a seventh year, but due to anti-Jewish measures, she had to be transferred to a Jewish primary Montessori school. It was then decided that she could go on to middle school anyway. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne, her admission was not without controversy:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>"After a lot of back and forth, discussions and consultations, it had come together after all, that I would go to the Jewish Lyceum and after a few more phone calls even without an entrance exam."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>And:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>"(...) I was accepted to the Jewish Lyceum on a conditional basis. I was supposed to stay in the seventh grade at the Montessori School, but when Jewish children were required to go to Jewish schools, Mr. Elte finally agreed, after a great deal of persuasion, to accept Lies Goslar and me".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne thus entered class 1L2 of the Jewish Lyceum in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. The first day of class was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne - like Hanneli Goslar and Stella Lek - was tutored by Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He was a French teacher<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and came from the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to one of Anne's stories, she and Hanneli had caused an incident in one of Premsela's French lessons. There had been a lot of cheating going on during a test, and Hanneli had be unable to keep quiet about it. Anne and Hanneli were then called 'betrayers' by the class. Together they wrote a penitent letter to the class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne was taught from the book 'Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek' (French for Secondary School. Glossary to the first textbook)<em>.</em> This book has been preserved. The left-hand side of the cover reads: <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aaron Keesing was a teacher of mathematics, physics and mechanics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne was told by Keesing several times to write an essay as punishment for chattering too much. The first time the given topic was 'A Chatterbox', the second time 'An Incorrigible Chatterbox', the third time 'Quack, Quack, Quack Said Mistress Chatterback'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The PE teacher was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to Anne, she arranged for Hanneli to join her in the first class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught biology by Miss Biegel. 'Een Biologie-les' (A Biology Lesson) discussed the cheating incident during French again, when Miss Biegel intercepted a note from Rob Cohen that read 'Betrayer'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught from the history book <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> by De Boer and Presser. She wrote her name and the note <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in it. This textbook has been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The famous portrait photo of Anne dates back to the period at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 6 July 1942,</strong> Anne's school career came to a forced end as she and her family had to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. . According to the B Version, 5 July 1942, this was conditional.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "My First Day at the Lyceum", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "Do You Remember?", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 June 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "A Maths Lesson", 12 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and evens from he Secret Annexe, "A biology lessson", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank zat vanaf het begin van het schooljaar <strong>1941-42 </strong>totdat ze moest onderduiken op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> op het Joods Lyceum te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de zesde klas zou Anne eigenlijk een zevende jaar op de 6e Montessorischool blijven, maar door de anti-Joodse maatregelen moest ze overgeplaatst worden naar een Joodse lagere Montessorischool. Besloten werd toen dat ze toch door mocht naar de middelbare school. Ze werd aangenomen op het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De toelating ging, volgens Anne, niet zonder slag of stoot:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>'Na veel heen en weer draaien, besprekingen en overleggingen was het dan toch voor elkaar gekomen, dat ik naar het Joodse Lyceum zou gaan en na nog een paar telefoontjes zelfs zonder toelatingsexamen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>En:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>'(…) ik ben voorwaardelijk op het Lyceum aangenomen, omdat ik eigenlijk nog in 7e klas van de 6e Montessori-school zou blijven, maar toen alle Joodse kinderen op Joodse scholen moesten, nam mijnheer Elte mij en Lies Goslar, na wat heen en weer gepraat, voorwaardelijk aan.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kwam zo in het schooljaar <strong>1941-'42</strong> in klas 1L2 van het Joods Lyceum terecht. De eerste lesdag was op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Haar klasgenootjes waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg –net als Hanneli Goslar en Stella Lek- bijles van Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Hij was leraar Frans<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en kwam van het Meisjeslyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Uit een van Annes verhalen blijkt, dat zij samen met Hanneli bij een van de Franse lessen van Premsela een incident veroorzaakt had. Er was bij een proefwerk op grote schaal gespiekt en Hanneli had hierover haar mond voorbij gepraat. Anne en Hanneli werden vervolgens door de klas uitgemaakt voor <em>verraadsters</em>. Samen schreven ze een boetvaardige brief aan de klas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne kreeg les uit het boek <em>Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek.</em> Dit boek is bewaard gebleven. Links in het kaft staat: <em>Joods Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aäron Keesing was leraar wiskunde, natuurkunde en mechanica.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne kreeg van Keesing wegens te veel kletsen enkele keren het schrijven van een opstel als strafwerk. De eerste keer was het opgegeven onderwerp <em>een kletskous</em>, de tweede keer <em>een onverbeterlijke kletskous</em>, de derde keer <em>Kwek, kwek, kwek, zei juffrouw Snaterbek.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gymnastieklerares was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Zij regelde volgens Anne dat Hanneli bij haar in de eerste klas terechtkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg biologie van juffrouw Biegel. In <em>Een Biologie-les</em> kwam het spiekincident bij Frans weer naar voren, toen juffrouw Biegel een briefje van Rob Cohen onderschepte waar <em>verraadster</em> op stond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg les uit het geschiedenisboek <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> van De Boer en Presser. Ze heeft er haar naam en de notitie <em>Joods Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in geschreven. Dit leerboek is bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de periode op het Joods Lyceum stamt de bekende portretfoto van Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Op 6 juli 1942</strong> kwam aan Annes schoolcarrière noodgedwongen een einde doordat zij met haar familie moest onderduiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Volgens de B-versie van 5 juli 1942 was dit voorwaardelijk. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Mijn eerste Lyceum-dag", 11 auagustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Weet je nog?", in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 juni 1942; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Een Wiskundeles", 12 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Een Biologieles", 11 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from the beginning of the <strong>1941-1942 </strong>school year until she had to go into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After sixth grade, Anne was actually supposed to stay at the 6th Montessori school for a seventh year, but due to anti-Jewish measures, she had to be transferred to a Jewish primary Montessori school. It was then decided that she could go on to middle school anyway. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne, her admission was not without controversy:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>"After a lot of back and forth, discussions and consultations, it had come together after all, that I would go to the Jewish Lyceum and after a few more phone calls even without an entrance exam."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"g946o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>And:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>"(...) I was accepted to the Jewish Lyceum on a conditional basis. I was supposed to stay in the seventh grade at the Montessori School, but when Jewish children were required to go to Jewish schools, Mr. Elte finally agreed, after a great deal of persuasion, to accept Lies Goslar and me".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne thus entered class 1L2 of the Jewish Lyceum in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. The first day of class was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beer, Joseph de</li>\r\n\t<li>Blitz, Nanette</li>\r\n\t<li>Bloemendal, Betty</li>\r\n\t<li>Blom, Leon H.E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Bonewit, Emiel</li>\r\n\t<li>Cohen, Robert Maurits</li>\r\n\t<li>Coster, Maurice Simon</li>\r\n\t<li>Duyzend, Leni</li>\r\n\t<li>Erlichman, Zunia</li>\r\n\t<li>Gomes de Mesquita, Albert</li>\r\n\t<li>Goslar, Hanneli</li>\r\n\t<li>Jong, Eefje de</li>\r\n\t<li>Joseph, Werner</li>\r\n\t<li>Kokernoot, Jacques</li>\r\n\t<li>Koopman, Herman Louis</li>\r\n\t<li>Lobatto, Miep</li>\r\n\t<li>Maarsen, Jacqueline van</li>\r\n\t<li>Metz, Henriette Rebecca</li>\r\n\t<li>Pimentel, Maurits Pim</li>\r\n\t<li>Praag Sigaar, Nannie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Reens, Appie</li>\r\n\t<li>Salomon, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Schaap, Harry Max</li>\r\n\t<li>Slager, Leo</li>\r\n\t<li>Springer, Sallie</li>\r\n\t<li>Stoppelman, Ru</li>\r\n\t<li>Velde, Max van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Wagner, Ilse</li>\r\n\t<li>Zajde, Danka</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne - like Hanneli Goslar and Stella Lek - was tutored by Martin Premsela.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> He was a French teacher<sup data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and came from the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to one of Anne's stories, she and Hanneli had caused an incident in one of Premsela's French lessons. There had been a lot of cheating going on during a test, and Hanneli had be unable to keep quiet about it. Anne and Hanneli were then called 'betrayers' by the class. Together they wrote a penitent letter to the class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne was taught from the book 'Frans voor de Middelbare School. Woordenlijst bij het eerste leerboek' (French for Secondary School. Glossary to the first textbook)<em>.</em> This book has been preserved. The left-hand side of the cover reads: <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942. Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aaron Keesing was a teacher of mathematics, physics and mechanics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Anne was told by Keesing several times to write an essay as punishment for chattering too much. The first time the given topic was 'A Chatterbox', the second time 'An Incorrigible Chatterbox', the third time 'Quack, Quack, Quack Said Mistress Chatterback'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The PE teacher was Josephina Maria Monasch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to Anne, she arranged for Hanneli to join her in the first class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8az19\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught biology by Miss Biegel. 'Een Biologie-les' (A Biology Lesson) discussed the cheating incident during French again, when Miss Biegel intercepted a note from Rob Cohen that read 'Betrayer'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was taught from the history book <em>Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland</em> by De Boer and Presser. She wrote her name and the note <em>Jewish Lyceum 1941-1942</em> in it. This textbook has been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The famous portrait photo of Anne dates back to the period at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kile4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 6 July 1942,</strong> Anne's school career came to a forced end as she and her family had to go into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8rfdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. . According to the B Version, 5 July 1942, this was conditional.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g946o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "My First Day at the Lyceum", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsmd7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8az19\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite> NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bx67s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gjcep\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.J. Premsela.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w72e4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcixy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "Do You Remember?", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ffdh\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_004: Frans voor de Middelbare School.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47mtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 290.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2lasd\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 June 1942; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "A Maths Lesson", 12 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwvle\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and evens from he Secret Annexe, "A biology lessson", 11 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0pk8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_VII_006: Beknopt leerboek der geschiedenis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kile4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_012: Portretfoto van Anne Frank op het Joods Lyceum, zittend aan een tafeltje met boek.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1941-10-15",
"date_end": "1942-07-06",
"summary": "Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from 15 October 1941 to 6 July 1942.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat vanaf 15 oktober 1941 tot 6 juli 1942 op het Joods Lyceum te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank attended the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam from 15 October 1941 to 6 July 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 167,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/92168984-e9af-405f-af32-7a0f302013e4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/bb182c8a-7120-4081-ba8f-7fa005d5ceac",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/34b33722-2293-4fb5-993e-9262e425fc30",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9a3f89c6-5acf-4783-babe-8d4879464a22",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ffed1acf-2ca7-4fce-a37f-10ed2e7dc0b0"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179",
"published": true,
"uuid": "92168984-e9af-405f-af32-7a0f302013e4",
"name": "Margot Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Margot Frank at the Joods Lyceum",
"content": "<p>From <strong>September 1941</strong>, Margot Frank could no longer attend the Lyceum for Girls due to anti-Jewish measures. She then had to go to the 4th grade of the HBS of the Jewish Lyceum, located at Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, in Amsterdam. She attended school there until she had to go into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amsterdam alderman Franken, according to a letter in <strong>April 1941</strong>, expected: "measures, which will lead to the Jewish pupils of Amsterdam schools being concentrated in schools, exclusively intended for these pupils".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 to 14 July 1941,</strong> Amsterdam school heads had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot's transfer to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum was in <strong>October 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot entered class 4B2 in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was friends with Jetteke Frijda. They already knew each other from the Municipal Lyceum for Girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the parallel class was Bloeme Emden. She regularly saw and spoke to Margot during her imprisonment in Camp Westerbork and in the huts in Auschwitz Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote about Margot's progress: "My sister Margot has also gotten her report card. Brilliant, as usual. If we had such a thing as "cum laude" she would have passed with honors, she's so smart".<sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the books Margot read at this school was 'Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes' by Molière. This book has been preserved. It is an annotated version for school use. On the flyleaf it reads in pencil: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Jewish Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Also preserved is the book 'English Passages for Translation', compiled by Dr H.G. de Maar, from Margot's school days. She noted in the front: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>september 1941</strong> kon Margot Frank door de anti-Joodse maatregelen niet meer naar het Lyceum voor Meisjes. Ze moest toen naar de 4de klas van de HBS van het Joods Lyceum, gevestigd op Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, te Amsterdam. Ze zat daar op school tot ze op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> moest onderduiken in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Amsterdamse wethouder Franken verwachtte blijkens een schrijven in <strong>april 1941</strong>: <em>maatregelen, die ertoe leiden, dat de Joodsche leerlingen van de Amsterdamsche scholen worden geconcentreerd in scholen, uitsluitend voor deze leerlingen bestemd.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van <strong>9 tot 14 juli 1941</strong> moesten de Amsterdamse schoolhoofden hun Joodse leerlingen tellen en het aantal doorgeven aan het Centraal Bureau Inschrijving van Leerlingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margots overplaatsing naar de 4e klas van het Joods Lyceum was in <strong>oktober 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De eerste lesdag was op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot kwam in het schooljaar <strong>1941-1942</strong> in klas 4B2 terecht. Haar klasgenoten waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was bevriend met Jetteke Frijda. Ze kenden elkaar al van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de parallelklas zat Bloeme Emden. Zij heeft Margot tijdens haar gevangenschap in kamp Westerbork en in de barak in Auschwitz Birkenau regelmatig gezien en gesproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft over Margots vorderingen: <em>Mijn zuster Margot heeft ook haar rapport, schitterend zoals gewoonlijk. Als cum laude bij ons zou bestaan, was ze zeker met lof overgegaan, zo een knappe bol!</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot las op deze school o.a. het boek <em>Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes</em> van Molière. Dit boek is bewaard gebleven. Het is een geannoteerde versie voor schoolgebruik. Op het schutblad staat in potlood: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Joods Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ook is het boek <em>English Passages for Translation</em>, samengesteld door dr. H.G. de Maar, bewaard gebleven ui Margots schooltijd. Ze noteerde voorin: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>September 1941</strong>, Margot Frank could no longer attend the Lyceum for Girls due to anti-Jewish measures. She then had to go to the 4th grade of the HBS of the Jewish Lyceum, located at Voormalige Stadstimmertuin 1, in Amsterdam. She attended school there until she had to go into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amsterdam alderman Franken, according to a letter in <strong>April 1941</strong>, expected: "measures, which will lead to the Jewish pupils of Amsterdam schools being concentrated in schools, exclusively intended for these pupils".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>9 to 14 July 1941,</strong> Amsterdam school heads had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot's transfer to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum was in <strong>October 1941.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6du82\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Margot entered class 4B2 in the school year <strong>1941-1942</strong>. Her classmates were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Asscher, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Baruch, Franz Ralph</li>\r\n\t<li>Berg, L. (Louis?) vd</li>\r\n\t<li>Blokjesman, Meijer</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gans, Philip</li>\r\n\t<li>Hertzberger, Leopold</li>\r\n\t<li>Heymans, Ernst Bob</li>\r\n\t<li>Lek, Trees E.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marcus, Hijman</li>\r\n\t<li>Menist, Abraham</li>\r\n\t<li>Neter, Albert Hans</li>\r\n\t<li>Raigrodski, Henoch</li>\r\n\t<li>Rodrigues, M.</li>\r\n\t<li>Rijn, Hugo van</li>\r\n\t<li>Schelvis, M. Ben</li>\r\n\t<li>Spijer, Herbert Willem</li>\r\n\t<li>Swaab, Samuel</li>\r\n\t<li>Sweijd, F.</li>\r\n\t<li>Verduin, Wanda</li>\r\n\t<li>Wegloop, L.</li>\r\n\t<li>Witteboon, A.</li>\r\n\t<li>Zimmern, Georg</li>\r\n\t<li>Zwaaf, Lena <sup data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank was friends with Jetteke Frijda. They already knew each other from the Municipal Lyceum for Girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the parallel class was Bloeme Emden. She regularly saw and spoke to Margot during her imprisonment in Camp Westerbork and in the huts in Auschwitz Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote about Margot's progress: "My sister Margot has also gotten her report card. Brilliant, as usual. If we had such a thing as "cum laude" she would have passed with honors, she's so smart".<sup data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the books Margot read at this school was 'Le Bourgeouis Gentilhomme. Comédie-ballet en cinq actes' by Molière. This book has been preserved. It is an annotated version for school use. On the flyleaf it reads in pencil: <em>M. Frank. Oct. 1941 Jewish Lyceum.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Also preserved is the book 'English Passages for Translation', compiled by Dr H.G. de Maar, from Margot's school days. She noted in the front: <em>Margot Frank IV B II</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvrc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Conceptbrief 21 april 1941, aangehaald in: Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 31 en noot 34.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wf5r7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 35; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), toegangsnummer 7410: Lijsten met opgaven van joodse leerlingen op de verschillende Amsterdamse middelbare scholen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap5gc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6du82\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte (toegang 181e), inv. nr. 1, rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9aeo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 281-282. Jetteke Frijda komt ook van het Lyceum voor Meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8csc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Frijda, Jetteke; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_100: Correspondentie tussen Jetteke Frijda en Otto Frank. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glv8a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em> (Hilversum 1988), 130, 134 en 142-143.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c43lv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp8io\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u2bj2\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_003.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot Frank was transferred to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum as a result of the anti-Jewish measures.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank werd als gevolg van de anti-Joodse maatregelen overgeplaatst naar de 4e klas van het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was transferred to the 4th grade of the Jewish Lyceum as a result of the anti-Jewish measures.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 296,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/28df4fa9-cb91-424d-ac2b-f0072a225bbc"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a",
"name": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Jacqueline van Maarsen klasgenootjes op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"content": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na een hoop aanloopproblemen gingen de lessen van het onder dwang opgerichte Joods Lyceum op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong> van start.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne kwam daar in klas 1L2 terecht. Naast Hanneli Goslar, die ze al sinds de kleuterschool kende, zat in deze klas ook Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne en Jacqueline raakten innig bevriend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank leert Jacqueline van Maarsen kennen op het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 92,
"image": {
"id": 968,
"uuid": "a424f31d-1d1d-4776-9fc0-1d5ea7673381",
"name": "Voor Joden Verboden",
"title": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1c1c3c60-3e2d-8227-14a4-301ad5554079.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"name": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"name_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen beperken het leven van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Anti-Jewish measures restrict the Frank family's life",
"description": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het geheel van bepalingen en regels die de Duitse autoriteiten invoerden om de Joodse bevolkingsgroep te identificeren, te isoleren, te deporteren en uiteindelijk om te brengen vormt hier het onderwerp <em>anti-Joodse maatregelen</em>. De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden uiteraard ook geconfronteerd met deze maatregelen, die uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken. Anne Frank beschrijft er verschillende in haar dagboek.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Leven in Duitsland en Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Nederland nam de bezettende macht maatregelen die voortvloeiden uit de Jodenvervolging in Duitsland. Daar waren de Joden sinds de machtsovername van Hitler in <strong>1933</strong> doelwit van de nationaal-socialistische rassenpolitiek. De landelijke boycot van <strong>april ’33</strong> was in de bankenstad Frankfurt tegen de in die sector actieve joden scherp gevoerd. De bank van de familie Frank was dan weliswaar al te gronde gegaan, maar zij behoorden tot de groep die op de korrel werd genomen. Aanvankelijk waren veel decreten in Duitsland regionaal of plaatselijk. Al in de loop van <strong>1933</strong> week de familie Frank naar Nederland uit, nog voor er centrale aanpak tot stand kwam. Over de reden van dit vertrek verklaarde Otto Frank in 1946: ' <em>Daar ik Jood was, ben ik na het aan bewind komen van Hitler in 1933 naar Nederland gegaan</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In de <strong>zomer van 1937</strong> kwam de familie Van Pels naar Amsterdam en na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> ook Fritz Pfeffer. Tussen <strong>1933</strong> en <strong>1939</strong> weken circa 33.000 Joodse vluchtelingen naar Nederland uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het eerste deel van haar dagboek somt Anne een reeks maatregelen op die de Duitse autoriteiten namen sinds zij in Nederland de macht uitoefenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze noemt ten onrechte de voedseldistributie, die was namelijk acht maanden voor de Duitse inval door de Nederlandse regering ingesteld. Verder noemt ze vooral dingen die haar beperkten in de directe bewegingsvrijheid: van acht tot zes binnen blijven, niet sporten, niet naar de bioscoop of theater, naar een aparte school. In de latere dagboeknotities komt een en ander retrospectief nog aan de orde. Deze notities vertekenen soms het beeld; de maatregelen die haar uit het openbaar vervoer weerden, dateerden van <strong>30 juni 1942</strong> – slechts één week voor haar onderduik. De schoolsegregatie, het sportverbod en de Jodenster waren zaken waar ze wel langduriger mee te maken had.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Onder de Joodse bevolkingsgroep in Nederland was de aanvankelijke reactie op de Duitse inval divers. Hoewel er pogingen waren om naar Engeland te vluchten en er ook een groot aantal zelfmoorden waren, keek het merendeel de kat uit de boom. Discriminerende maatregelen werden zeer geleidelijk ingevoerd. Voor Duitse Joden (of beter: Joden uit Duitsland, zoals de familie Van Pels die wel de Nederlandse nationaliteit had) was de situatie lastig. Aan hun spraak en manier van doen waren ze herkenbaar, en minder in staat een <em>low profile</em> te houden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wering van de Joden uit de luchtbescherming op <strong>15 juli 1940</strong> wordt als de eerste anti-Joodse maatregel in Nederland beschouwd. Per 5 augustus gold er een verbod op ritueel slachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hoewel het niet als een anti-Joodse maatregel werd gepresenteerd, kwam het er in de praktijk wel op neer. Een belangrijke vervolgstap was de Ariërverklaring. Alle Nederlandse ambtenaren werden in <strong>oktober 1940</strong> opgeroepen om getuigenis af te leggen van hun raciale afkomst. In feite werd Joodse ambtenaren gevraagd zichzelf te identificeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Spoedig volgde ontslag. De maatregel noodzaakte de Duitse bezetter inmiddels wel een definitie van ‘de Jood’ te geven. Op <strong>22 oktober</strong> werd daartoe de verordening VO 189/1940 afgekondigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Deze verordening noemde de volgende criteria voor het Jood-zijn:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>Jood is een ieder, die uit ten minste drie naar ras voljoodse grootouders stamt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Als Jood wordt ook aangemerkt hij die uit twee voljoodse grootouders stamt en:<br />\r\n\tHetzij zelf op de negende mei 1940 tot de Jood-kerkelijke gemeente heeft behoord of na die datum daarin wordt opgenomen.<br />\r\n\tHetzij op de negende mei 1940 met een Jood is gehuwd of na dat ogenblik met een Jood in het huwelijk treedt.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>Een grootouder wordt als voljoods aangemerkt, wanneer deze tot de Joods-kerkelijke gemeenschap heeft behoord.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>Hierop volgden stappen om de Joden uit te sluiten en ze hun bezit te ontnemen. VO 189/1940 verplichtte Joodse ondernemingen tot aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. Deze instelling besliste over de verdere inbeslagname of liquidatie van deze ondernemingen. Otto Frank ondervond hier met Opekta en Pectacon de gevolgen van. Vanaf <strong>10 januari 1941</strong> moesten alle personen van ‘geheel of gedeeltelijk Joodschen bloede’ zich ingevolge VO 6/1941 bij het Bevolkingsregister van hun woonplaats als zodanig aanmelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De maatregel werd nauwelijks ontdoken, ook niet door de familie Frank. Dit blijkt later onder meer uit het feit dat Margot Frank een oproep kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>juni ‘41</strong> viel het besluit dat Joden een ‘J’ als merkteken op hun persoonsbewijs gestempeld kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voortbordurend op deze registraties werden er in <strong>1941</strong> allerlei verordeningen uitgevaardigd, die het Joodse bevolkingsdeel in een verder isolement brachten. Met de oprichting van de <em>Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam</em> in februari creëerde de bezetter een lichaam dat de discriminerende bepalingen moest overbrengen naar de Joodse bevolking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de zomer van dat jaar werden Anne en Margot Frank direct getroffen toen ze allebei naar het Joods onderwijs moeten. Daar kregen ze uitsluitend les van Joodse leerkrachten. In Amsterdam voerde de afdeling Onderwijs van de gemeente deze segregatie uit, en niet zoals vaak gedacht de Joodsche Raad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Toen Joden in <strong>september ’41</strong> worden uitgesloten van allerlei onderdelen van het maatschappelijk leven, waaronder sportbeoefening, moest Margot ook haar roeiclub verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het verbod om gebruik te maken van openbare zwembaden werd in <strong>juni ’41</strong> bekend gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne schrijft <strong>eind juni</strong> aan haar oma: '<em>Om bruin te worden heb ik niet veel kans omdat wij niet in het zwembad mogen (…).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> werd aan alle Duitse Joden die buiten Duitsland woonden de Duitse nationaliteit ontnomen. Deze generieke maatregel trof dus de Franks en Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot de familie Van Pels, die Nederlands bleet gingen zij verder stateloos door het leven. Anne maakt melding van deze status: '<em>Fraai volk die Duitsers en daar behoor ik eigenlijk ook nog toe! Maar nee, Hitler heeft ons allang statenloos gemaakt (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De verplichte Jodenster volgde op <strong>3 mei 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Op <strong>21 mei 1942</strong> werd de maatregel afgekondigd dat Joden voor <strong>30 juni</strong> al hun bezit en vermogen boven de waarde van tweehonderdvijftig gulden moesten inleveren bij Lippmann-Rosenthal bank. Ook andere kostbaarheden dienden te worden ingeleverd. Otto Frank leverde onder meer een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid geld en zilverwerk in.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt het verplicht inleveren van fietsen: '<em>Joden moeten hun fietsen afgeven.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het klopt dat de Amsterdamse Joden tussen <strong>20 en 22 juli 1942</strong> hun fiets moesten inleveren. De familie Frank had hier dus geen hinder van gehad aangezien zij toen al ondergedoken waren. Anne had geen fiets meer omdat die was gestolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> en Otto had die van zijn vrouw bij kennissen ondergebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot kon op <strong>6 juli</strong>,de dag van de onderduik, dan ook nog gewoon naar de Prinsengracht fietsen. Naar aanleiding van de opeenstapeling van maatregelen in <strong>juni ‘42</strong> haalt Anne haar vriendinnetje Jacqueline van Maarsen aan, die zei: '<em>Ik durf niets meer te doen, want ik ben bang dat het niet mag</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Presser wees op de ondoorzichtigheid van het geheel aan maatregelen. Hij schreef dat tussen het instellen van een verbod en de bekendmaking daarvan soms meer dan een week zat. Desondanks strafte het Duitse gezag mensen die een dergelijk - hen niet bekend - verbod overtraden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De reeks van anti-Joodse maatregelen in de periode van <strong>januari 1941</strong> tot de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> resulteerde in een isolement van de Nederlandse Joden. In <strong>juni ’41</strong> was er een razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid, naar aanleiding van een bomaanslag op een Wehrmachtgebouw. Onder de ruim driehonderd mannen die werden opgepakt, waren bekenden van de familie Frank: een zoon van de familie Lewkowitz en een kostganger van de familie Ledermann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Zij kwamen om in Mauthausen, net als veel van hun lotgenoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Gezien de sociale contacten met deze gezinnen bracht dit de dreiging voor de familie Frank dichterbij.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De oproep voor Margot Frank om zich te melden voor werk in Duitsland kwam op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> binnen. Margot behoorde daarmee tot de eerste groep Joden die opgeroepen werd voor arbeidsinzet. Zoals in veel gevallen was dit persoonlijke gevaar doorslaggevend bij het besluit om direct onder te duiken. Voor het eerst onttrokken zij zich aan de Duitse maatregelen, iets wat voor veel andere Joden niet weggelegd was. Dit is bijzonder daar in Nederland slechts een op de zeven Joden zelfs maar een poging deed om onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdens de onderduik </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Met name in de periode eind <strong>september 1942</strong> en begin <strong>oktober 1942 </strong>hield de anti-Joodse politiek Anne duidelijk bezig, aangezien ze er regelmatig over schrijft. In <strong>juli en augustus 1942</strong> vonden er enkele grote razzia’s plaats in Amsterdam. Ze vraagt zich af of haar vriendinnen Lies en Ilse er nog zijn en schrijft op <strong>14 oktober 1942</strong> over haar angst dat Peter Schiff al is omgekomen. Ze hoorde van Bep Voskuijl dat klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal met haar familie naar Polen was gestuurd. Van Pels, Pfeffer en Miep vertelden over de ophaalacties in haar oude woonomgeving en de taferelen die daar bij hoorden. Apotheker Arthur Lewinsohn, die regelmatig in het pand was om met Kugler experimenten uit te voeren, telefoneerde volgens Anne onder de naam ‘Müller’ omdat hij bij 'christenmensen' niet mag opbellen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De komst van Fritz Pfeffer in november was op zichzelf verrassend. Voor de buitenwereld was hij immers wettig met Charlotte Kaletta getrouwd. Dat dit in werkelijkheid niet zo was, wil zeggen dat hij de betrekkelijke bescherming van een gemengd huwelijk ontbeerde. Dit was een gevolg van het feit dat het huwelijk in Duitsland vanwege de Neurenberger wetten en in Nederland vanwege internationale verdragen niet kon worden voltrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank verklaarde later dat hij pas toen hij in het Achterhuis zat van Miep Gies hoorde over Pfeffers situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Anne repte in haar A-versie met geen woord over de achtergrond van Pfeffers status. In de B-versie heet het: '<em>Hij leeft samen met een veel jongere en leuke Christenvrouw, waar hij waarschijnlijk niet mee getrouwd is, maar dat is bijzaak.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>Aannemelijk is dat ook Anne pas gaandeweg de ware toedracht leerde kennen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de eerste maanden van de onderduik schrijft Anne enkele keren over Westerbork en de Joodsche Raad. Zowel Westerbork en de Joodse Raad waren belangrijk bij de uitvoering van de anti-Joodse politiek in Nederland. Westerbork was in <strong>1939</strong> opgericht voor de opvang van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Duitsland, maar op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het aangewezen als <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>oktober ‘42</strong> schrijft Anne dat de omstandigheden in Westerbork vreselijk waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit kon ze weten doordat het echtpaar Wronker, kennissen van de familie, in die tijd na een verblijf in het kamp terug naar Amsterdam mochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep was bij hen langs geweest en ze zal berichten hebben overgebracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Uitroeiing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was in de <strong>zomer van 1942</strong> bekend dat de Joden na deportatie ontberingen stonden te wachten. Anne was bang en ging van het ergste uit. Ze schrijft: '<em>Als ’t in Holland al zo erg is hoe zullen ze dan in de verre en barbaarse streken leven, waar ze heengezonden worden. Wij nemen aan dat de meesten vermoord worden. De Engelse radio spreekt van vergassing: misschien is dat wel de vlugste sterfmethode.'</em> De datum van dit citaat is <strong>9 oktober 1942</strong>, maar omdat de notitie uit de B-versie afkomstig is, is zeker dat Anne deze niet voor <strong>mei ’44</strong> werkelijk heeft geschreven. Toch staat vast dat Angelsaksische media in <strong>juni ’42</strong> berichten over massamoorden,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> onder andere door middel van gas,<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> wereldkundig makkten. Vanaf die maand verschenen ook meer dan incidenteel opmerkingen over vergassing in dagboeken van Nederlanders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>februari ’44</strong> schrijft Anne nog eens dat in het oosten van Europa: '<em>millioenen en nog eens millioenen' </em>zijn vergast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Polen als vreesaanjagende deportatiebestemming kwam vanaf <strong>september ‘42</strong> meerdere keren in haar notities terug.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>29 september 1943</strong> volgde de algehele liquidatie van de laatste resten van de Joodsche Raad. De enigen die achterbleven waren enkele specifieke groepen, zoals de gemengd gehuwden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> En de onderduikers, een groep waarvan het precieze aantal verschillend werd ingeschat. Er werd echter effectief jacht op hen gemaakt en het aantal alsnog gearresteerden liep in de duizenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> De onderduikpoging in het Achterhuis was uiteindelijk geen succesverhaal. Hoe het afliep is genoegzaam bekend: de <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> kreeg op nog onbekende wijze lucht van de zaak en op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> volgen inval en arrestatie. Zeven van de acht onderduikers overleefen de deportatie niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerde donderdag (juli 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 oktober1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september, 14 en 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The set of provisions and rules introduced by the German authorities to identify, isolate, deport and eventually kill the Jewish population group forms the subject of the <em>anti-Jewish measures</em> in this article. The Frank family and their peers also faced these measures, of course, which eventually forced them to go into hiding. Anne Frank describes several of them in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Life in Germany and the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, the occupying power took measures stemming from the persecution of Jews in Germany. There, Jews had been targeted by National Socialist racial politics since Hitler's rise to power in <strong>1933</strong>. The nationwide boycott of <strong>April 1933</strong> had been waged strongly in the banking city of Frankfurt against Jews active in the banking sector. The Frank family's bank may have already gone under, but they were among the group targeted. Initially, many decrees in Germany were regional or local. The Frank family already emigrated to the Netherlands in the course of <strong>1933</strong>, even before a centralised approach was established. As to the reason for this departure, Otto Frank stated in 1946: '<em>Since I was a Jew, I went to the Netherlands after Hitler came to power in 1933</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the <strong>summer of 1937</strong>, the Van Pels family came to Amsterdam and, after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, so did Fritz Pfeffer. Some 33,000 Jewish refugees fled to the Netherlands between <strong>1933</strong> and <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first part of her diary, Anne lists a series of measures taken by the German authorities from the point they started to exercise power in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She mistakenly mentions food distribution, as it had been instituted by the Dutch government eight months before the German invasion. Furthermore, she mainly mentions things that restricted her immediate freedom of movement: staying indoors from eight to six, not playing sports, not going to the cinema or theatre, going to a separate school. In the later diary entries, some of this comes up retrospectively. These notes sometimes distort the picture; the measures that barred her from public transport dated from <strong>30 June 1942</strong> - just one week before she went into hiding. School segregation, the sports ban and wearing a "yellow badge" were things she did have to deal with for a longer period of time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among the Jewish population in the Netherlands, the initial reaction to the German invasion was wide-ranging. Although there were attempts to flee to England and there were also a large number of suicides, the majority took a wait-and-see approach. Discriminatory measures were introduced very gradually. For German Jews (or rather Jews from Germany, like the Van Pels family who did have Dutch nationality), the situation was difficult. By their speech and mannerisms, they were recognisable, and less able to keep a low profile.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The banning of Jews from air raid shelters on <strong>15 July 1940</strong> is considered the first anti-Jewish measure in the Netherlands. From 5 August there was a ban on ritual slaughter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Although it was not presented as an anti-Jewish measure, in practice it amounted to one. An important follow-up step was the Aryan declaration. All Dutch officials were summoned in <strong>October 1940</strong> to testify to their racial origin. In effect, Jewish officials were asked to identify themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dismissal soon followed. The measure did meanwhile require the German occupying forces to define 'the Jew'. On <strong>22 October</strong>, Ordinance VO 189/1940 was brought in for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> This regulation listed the following criteria for being a Jew:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><em>A Jew is anyone who descends from at least three racially full-Jewish grandparents.</em></li>\r\n\t<li><em>Also classified as a Jew is anyone descended from two full-Jewish grandparents and:<br />\r\n\tEither belonged to the Jewish-church congregation on May 9, 1940, or was included in it after that date.<br />\r\n\tOr was married to a Jew on May 9, 1940, or married a Jew after that moment.</em></li>\r\n\t<li value=\"3\"><em>A grandparent is considered full-Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish-church congregation.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p>This was followed by steps to exclude Jews and deprive them of their property. VO 189/1940 required Jewish businesses to register with the <em>Wirtschaftsprufstelle</em>. This institution decided on the further confiscation or liquidation of these enterprises. Otto Frank suffered the consequences of this with Opekta and Pectacon. From <strong>10 January 1941</strong>, pursuant to VO 6/1941, all persons of 'wholly or partly Jewish blood' had to register as such with the Population Register of their place of residence.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The measure was barely evaded, including by the Frank family. This was later evidenced, among other things, by the fact that Margot Frank received a call up to report for labour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1941</strong>, a decision was taken that Jews would have a 'J' stamped on their identity cards as a mark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Building on these registrations, a variety of regulations were issued in <strong>1941</strong>, which further isolated the Jewish population. With the establishment of the <em>Jewish Council for Amsterdam</em> in February, the occupying forces created a body to impose discriminatory provisions on the Jewish population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of that year, Anne and Margot Frank were directly affected when they both had to attend Jewish education. There, they were taught exclusively by Jewish teachers. In Amsterdam, the municipality's Education Department implemented this segregation, and not the Jewish Council as often thought.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, when Jews were excluded from many areas of social life, including sports, Margot also had to leave her rowing club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ban on using public swimming pools was announced in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne writes to her grandmother <strong>in late June</strong>:<em> 'I don't have much chance to get a tan because we are not allowed in the pool (...).' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><em> </em> On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living outside Germany were stripped of their German nationality. This general measure thus affected the Franks and Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m27in\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the Van Pels family, who remained Dutch, they continued to go through life stateless. Anne mentions this status:<em> 'Nice people, those Germans, and actually I am one of them too! But no, Hitler made us stateless a long time ago (...).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The compulsory "yellow badge" followed on <strong>3 May 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> On <strong>21 May 1942</strong>, the measure was brought in that Jews had to turn in all their property and assets above the value of two hundred and fifty guilders to Lippmann-Rosenthal bank by <strong>30 June</strong>. Other valuables also had to be handed in. Among other things, Otto Frank handed in a considerable amount of cash and silverware.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne mentions the mandatory handing in of bicycles:<em> 'Jews must hand in their bicycles.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is true that between <strong>20 and 22 July 1942,</strong> Amsterdam Jews had to hand in their bicycles. So the Frank family had not been affected by this since they were already in hiding by then. Anne no longer had a bicycle because it had been stolen<sup data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> and Otto had placed his wife's with acquaintances.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Margot was therefore still able to cycle to Prinsengracht on <strong>6 July</strong>, the day she went into hiding. In response to the accumulation of measures in <strong>June 1942</strong>, Anne quotes her friend Jacqueline van Maarsen, who said:<em> 'I don't dare do anything anymore because I'm afraid it's not allowed</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"44s30\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Presser also pointed to the opacity of the set of measures. He wrote that there was sometimes more than a week between the imposition of a ban and its publication. Nevertheless, the German authority punished people who violated such bans, of which they were unaware.<sup data-footnote-id=\"816ad\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The series of anti-Jewish measures in the period from <strong>January 1941</strong> to the <strong>summer of 1942</strong> resulted in the isolation of Dutch Jews. In <strong>June 1941</strong>, there was a raid in Amsterdam-Zuid, following a bombing of a Wehrmacht building. Among the more than 300 men rounded up were acquaintances of the Frank family: a son of the Lewkowitz family and a boarder of the Ledermann family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> They perished in Mauthausen, as did many of their peers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Given the social contacts with these families, this brought the threat to the Frank family closer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The call for Margot Frank to report for work in Germany arrived on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Margot was thus among the first group of Jews to be called up for labour deployment. As in many cases, this personal danger was decisive in the decision to go into hiding immediately. For the first time, they evaded German measures, something that many other Jews were unable to do. This was unusual, as only one in seven Jews in the Netherlands even attempted to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>While in hiding </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Particularly in the period in late <strong>September 1942</strong> and early <strong>October 1942</strong>, anti-Jewish politics clearly kept Anne busy, as she wrote about them regularly. In <strong>July and August 1942,</strong> several large raids took place in Amsterdam. She wondered if her friends Lies and Ilse were still there and wrote on <strong>14</strong> <strong>October 1942</strong> about her fear that Peter Schiff had already been killed. She heard from Bep Voskuijl that classmate Betty Bloemendal had been sent to Poland with her family. Van Pels, Pfeffer and Miep told them about the round-ups in her old neighborhood and the scenes that accompanied them. Pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, who was regularly in the building to carry out experiments with Kugler, telephoned under the name 'Müller', according to Anne, because he was not allowed to call 'Christian people'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's arrival in November was surprising in itself. After all, to the outside world, he was lawfully married to Charlotte Kaletta. That this was not so in reality meant that he lacked the relative protection of a mixed marriage. This was due to the fact that the marriage could not take place in Germany because of the Nuremberg laws and in the Netherlands because of international treaties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that he only heard about Pfeffer's situation from Miep Gies when he was in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In her A-version, Anne did not mention the background of Pfeffer's status at all. The B-version reads:<em> 'He lives with a much younger and nice Christian woman, whom he is probably not married to, but that is a side issue.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup><em> </em>It is plausible that Anne, too, only gradually learned the true facts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the first months of hiding, Anne writes several times about Westerbork and the Jewish Council. Both Westerbork and the Jewish Council were important in implementing anti-Jewish policies in the Netherlands. Westerbork had been established in <strong>1939</strong> to receive Jewish refugees from Germany, but on <strong>1 July 1942</strong> it was designated as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em>. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, Anne wrote that conditions in Westerbork were terrible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She could know this because the Wronker couple, acquaintances of the family, were allowed to return to Amsterdam at that time after staying in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Miep had visited them and she would have conveyed messages.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extermination</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was known in the summer of <strong>1942</strong> that hardships awaited Jews after deportation. Anne was afraid and assumed the worst. She wrote:<em> 'If it is already so bad in Holland how will they live in the distant and barbaric regions where they will be sent. We assume that most of them will be murdered. The English radio talks about gassing: perhaps that is the quickest method of death.'</em> The date of this quote is <strong>9 October 1942</strong>, but since the note is from the B version, it is certain that Anne did not actually write it before <strong>May 1944</strong>. Nevertheless, it is true that Anglo-Saxon media were reporting mass killings in <strong>June</strong> <strong>1942</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"smze2\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> including through gas<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup>, and this thus became widely known. From that month, remarks about gassing also appeared more than incidentally in diaries of Dutch people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1944</strong>, Anne wrote again that in eastern Europe:<em> 'millions and more millions' </em>were gassed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Poland as a fearful deportation destination recurred several times in her notes from <strong>September 1942</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp678\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The general liquidation of the last remnants of the Jewish Council followed on <strong>29 September 1943</strong>. The only ones left behind were some specific groups, such as the mixed married people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> And the people in hiding, the exact number of which group has been subject to varying estimates. However, they were effectively hunted down and the number of those arrested ran into the thousands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> The hiding attempt in the Secret Annex did not have a happy ending. How it ended is well enough known: the <em>Sicherheitdienst</em> got wind of the matter in a way as yet unknown, and on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> a raid and arrest followed. Seven of the eight people in hiding did not survive deportation.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9lv2i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan NBI, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49rk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, p. 46.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"44s30\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated Thursday (July 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jo38t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 72.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa35e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1940, p. 548.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ld7c\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied </em>1941, p. 19.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q09m6\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydz49\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel <em> </em>I, p. 67.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ky\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 4: mei '40 - maart '41: tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972, p. 884.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gj4jq\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 16.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rppbw\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50q4q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De bekendmaking inzake badplaatsen enz.”, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 27 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cr2nz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, eind juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m27in\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten leden familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t86jr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 9 October1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"59g9f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 29 april 1942, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ew3xg\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6650: Rapporten Pieter Aertszstraat, 14 april 1942, mut. 15.10 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6izhv\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"816ad\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang</em>, deel I, p. 111, 212.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dkqx\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Joodsche Raad voor Amsterdam, inv. nr. 263: Lijst van op 11 juni 1941 gearresteerden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fgi1\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DienstBevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Ernst Kaufmann (1911) en Karl Lewkowitz (1922).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dygm\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden</em>, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"al4aa\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitse Jodenwet stuit huwelijk in Nederland”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 17 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2e1hb\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015. 'Erklärung' Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dw8u2\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7myjr\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou8q9\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smze2\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Massacre of jews”, <em>The Times</em>, 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwaok\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Greatest massacre in the world’s history”, <em>Queensland Times</em>, 26 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51q8m\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bart van der Boom, <em>“Wij weten niets van hun lot.” Gewone Nederlanders en de Holocaust, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2012, p. 488-515.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el7b\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp678\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September, 14 and 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ww56\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Presser, <em>Ondergang, </em>deel I, p. 385-386.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"atvhc\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op de Joodse onderduiker, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "De familie Frank en hun lotgenoten werden tijdens de Duitse bezetting geconfronteerd met tal van anti-Joodse maatregelen die hen uiteindelijk dwongen tot onderduiken.",
"summary_en": "The Frank family and their peers faced numerous anti-Jewish measures during the German occupation that eventually forced them into hiding.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/18915"
],
"parent": 396124660,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124416,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762",
"name": "Schools",
"name_nl": "Scholen",
"name_en": "Schools",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"summary_nl": "Scholen zijn instellingen waar onderwijs gegeven wordt.",
"summary_en": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2390"
],
"parent": 396124547,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c22d7f02-9e97-4dc3-a7cf-388ac0bcd8de",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/81dac615-56bf-4a80-8ca2-cea1cbad240f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/889ae572-cc0a-4847-b3c9-3bf177af8ecc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c90db340-8328-42bf-ac00-f447f3299bbd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/35a48aeb-e8ed-49dc-9bba-2e9e3f31551c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/cbdcd57a-3bbe-4512-81e4-d886ec4783e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/663c8bc9-dc5c-4dd1-bced-88ce12738280",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c4260f04-7551-463d-89f5-a7ce48eeecd3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa7d60c3-6d94-4f52-a729-96440eeb4d5f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179/",
"published": true,
"name": "Jewish Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Jewish Lyceum",
"uuid": "aa1aadb9-29de-4510-8a6f-dea38cace179",
"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1912</strong>, the Amsterdam city council decided to give the street between Amstel and Weesperplein the name <em>Voormalige Stadstimmertuin</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> That name was chosen because of the carpentry workshop or city carpentry garden that was located here from <strong>1660 to 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Before 1940</strong>, the <em>Hoogere Burger School</em> (HBS; Higher Civic Scool) with a 5-year course was located at number 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1941</strong>, as a result of anti-Jewish measures, in a school building across the street the Jewish Lyceum was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em>, there were complaints about teachers who gave enormous favour to their Jewish students in order to demonstrate their anti-German attitude. Schools known as '<em>Judenfreundlich</em>', such as the Amsterdam Lyceum, would therefore have a large attendance. This was seen as an undesirable development by the German authorities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was promulgated stating that as of <strong>September 1</strong>, Jewish students and teachers were prohibited from attending regular schools and educational institutions. They were housed in separate schools with exclusively Jewish students and teachers. In Amsterdam the municipality was responsible for implementing this decision.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on Wednesday, <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Headmaster of the newly formed Jewish Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When there were almost no students and teachers left after the raids of <strong>May and June 1943</strong>, education at the Jewish Lyceum came to an end in September of that year. <sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne both went to the Jewish Lyceum. Anne writes that Margot would certainly receive cum laude if that were possible at their school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first pages of the diary, Anne writes extensively about classmates and teachers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> These notes were written before the time in hiding, between <strong>12 June </strong>and <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Anne paints her classmate Danka Zajde rather negatively here,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> but when she thinks back to her a year and a half later, this is no longer the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In September, after more than two months in hiding, Anne wrote a 'farewell letter' to Jacqueline. After all, she didn't get to say goodbye to her. In this letter she briefly repeats the events of the fifth of July.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In her book of <em>Tales</em> Anne writes about various events that took place at the Jewish Lyceum and the people involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Also see: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank was a face in the crowd', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Do You Remember?", "My First Day at the Lyceum", "A Biology Lesson" and "A Maths Lesson", in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4md3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>3 april 1912 </strong>nam de Amsterdamse gemeenteraad het besluit de straat tussen Amstel en Weesperplein de naam Voormalige Stadstimmertuin te geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Die naam werd gekozen vanwege de timmerwerkplaats of stadstimmertuin die hier van <strong>1660</strong> tot <strong>1900</strong> was gevestigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor <strong>1940</strong> was op nummer 2 de Joodsche Hoogere Burger School met 5-jarige cursus gevestigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In een schoolgebouw aan de overkant werd in <strong>1941</strong> het Joods Lyceum gehuisvest. Dit als gevolg van anti-Joodse maatregelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens de <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em> waren er klachten over leraren die hun Joodse leerlingen enorm voor trokken om daarmee hun anti-Duitse gezindheid te demonstreren. Als ‘Judenfreundlich’ bekend staande scholen, zoals het Amsterdams Lyceum, zouden daardoor een grote toeloop hebben. Dit werd door de Duitse autoriteiten als een ongewenste ontwikkeling gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1941</strong> werd er een verordening afgekondigd die bepaalde dat per <strong>1 september</strong> het Joodse leerlingen en docenten verboden werd reguliere scholen en onderwijsinstellingen te bezoeken. Zij werden ondergebracht in aparte scholen met uitsluitend Joodse leerlingen en docenten. In Amsterdam was de gemeente met de uitvoering van dit besluit belast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De eerste lesdag was op woensdag <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Rector van het nieuw gevormde Joods Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Toen na er de razzia’s van <strong>mei en juni 1943</strong> bijna geen leerlingen en leerkrachten meer waren, kwam aan het onderwijs op het Joods Lyceum in september van dat jaar een einde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot en Anne gingen allebei naar het Joods Lyceum. Anne schrijft dat Margot zeker <em>cum laude</em> zou krijgen als dat aan hun school mogelijk zou zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de eerste bladzijden van het dagboek schrijft Anne uitvoerig over klasgenoten en leerkrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Deze notities zijn voor de onderduiktijd geschreven, tussen <strong>12 juni</strong> en <strong>6 juli 1942</strong>. Anne schildert haar klasgenootje Danka Zajde hier nogal negatief,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> maar als ze anderhalf jaar later aan haar terugdenkt blijkt daar niets meer van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In september, na ruim twee maanden onderduiken, schrijft Anne een ‘afscheidsbrief’ aan Jacqueline. Van haar heeft ze immers geen afscheid kunnen nemen. In deze brief herhaalt ze nog eens heel kort het verloop van de vijfde juli.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In haar <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> schrijft Anne over verschillende gebeurtenissen die op het Joods Lyceum plaasvonden en daarbij betrokken personen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4md3d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Zie ook: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank behoorde tot de grote massa', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 en 18 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Weet je nog?", "Mijn eerste Lyceum-dag", "Een Biologieles" en "Een Wiskunde-les", in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>3 April 1912</strong>, the Amsterdam city council decided to give the street between Amstel and Weesperplein the name <em>Voormalige Stadstimmertuin</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> That name was chosen because of the carpentry workshop or city carpentry garden that was located here from <strong>1660 to 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Before 1940</strong>, the <em>Hoogere Burger School</em> (HBS; Higher Civic Scool) with a 5-year course was located at number 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1941</strong>, as a result of anti-Jewish measures, in a school building across the street the Jewish Lyceum was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to the <em>Meldungen aus den Niederlanden</em>, there were complaints about teachers who gave enormous favour to their Jewish students in order to demonstrate their anti-German attitude. Schools known as '<em>Judenfreundlich</em>', such as the Amsterdam Lyceum, would therefore have a large attendance. This was seen as an undesirable development by the German authorities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"315f9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, an ordinance was promulgated stating that as of <strong>September 1</strong>, Jewish students and teachers were prohibited from attending regular schools and educational institutions. They were housed in separate schools with exclusively Jewish students and teachers. In Amsterdam the municipality was responsible for implementing this decision.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wq406\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The first day of classes was on Wednesday, <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Headmaster of the newly formed Jewish Lyceum Amsterdam was W.H.S. Elte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When there were almost no students and teachers left after the raids of <strong>May and June 1943</strong>, education at the Jewish Lyceum came to an end in September of that year. <sup data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot and Anne both went to the Jewish Lyceum. Anne writes that Margot would certainly receive cum laude if that were possible at their school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first pages of the diary, Anne writes extensively about classmates and teachers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> These notes were written before the time in hiding, between <strong>12 June </strong>and <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Anne paints her classmate Danka Zajde rather negatively here,<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> but when she thinks back to her a year and a half later, this is no longer the case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In September, after more than two months in hiding, Anne wrote a 'farewell letter' to Jacqueline. After all, she didn't get to say goodbye to her. In this letter she briefly repeats the events of the fifth of July.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p748h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In her book of <em>Tales</em> Anne writes about various events that took place at the Jewish Lyceum and the people involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvp67\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 237-238.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4n7em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as Stadstimmertuinen. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z29kr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, via Indexen, eerste kaart (codenr. 1745).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5rej\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam </em>1938, p. 2215.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bswo6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam 1941-1943, </em>Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 15. Also see: Dienke Hondius, 'Anne Frank was a face in the crowd', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 32-37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"315f9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 135.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wq406\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent,</em> p. 39-41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tapj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief 181e (W.S.H. Elte), inv. nr. 1: Brief van de rector aan Inspecteur der Lycea, 10 oktober 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bjib4\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 70-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llzm4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hondius, <em>Absent</em>, p. 228.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3v1pv\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b5bn2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf2as\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wpnc4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p748h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iyjox\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Do You Remember?", "My First Day at the Lyceum", "A Biology Lesson" and "A Maths Lesson", in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.90487 52.361351)",
"summary": "The Jewish Lyceum was located in the school building in Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter. This school was meants exclusively for Jewish students and teachers, who were no longer allowed in non-Jewish schools.",
"summary_nl": "Het Joods Lyceum was gevestigd in een schoolgebouw in de Amsterdamse Jodenbuurt. Het was een school voor uitsluitend Joodse leerlingen en docenten. Zij mochten van de bezetter niet langer op een niet-Joodse school zitten.",
"summary_en": "The Jewish Lyceum was located in the school building in Amsterdam's Jewish Quarter. This school was meants exclusively for Jewish students and teachers, who were no longer allowed in non-Jewish schools.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Voormalige Stadstimmertuinen 1",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
296,
160,
167
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5a591996-af72-427c-a07e-2f2ec0a99b8a",
"name": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank en Jacqueline van Maarsen klasgenootjes op het Joods Lyceum",
"name_en": "Anne Frank and Jacqueline van Maarsen classmates at the Jewish Lyceum",
"content": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na een hoop aanloopproblemen gingen de lessen van het onder dwang opgerichte Joods Lyceum op <strong>15 oktober 1941</strong> van start.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne kwam daar in klas 1L2 terecht. Naast Hanneli Goslar, die ze al sinds de kleuterschool kende, zat in deze klas ook Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne en Jacqueline raakten innig bevriend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After many initial problems, classes at the forcibly founded Jewish Lyceum started on <strong>15 October 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Anne was assigned to class 1L2. Besides Hanneli Goslar, whom she had known since kindergarten, Jacqueline van Maarsen was also in this class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne and Jacqueline became close friends.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xcjo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, W.H.S. Elte, toegang 181e, inv. nr. 1: rector Joods Lyceum aan de inspecteur voor de Lycea, 10 oktober 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhbj9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, W.H.S. Elte, inv. nr. 13: absentenboek 1 maart – 17 juli 1942, met naamlijsten van alle klassen. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-10-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank leert Jacqueline van Maarsen kennen op het Joods Lyceum.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met Jacqueline van Maarsen at the Jewish Lyceum.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
92
],
"persons": [
70,
2129
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 241,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 98,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1061,
"uuid": "08ee627b-60cf-4315-a2e6-2a3aafb2efa1",
"name": "010009011403",
"title": "De kruising van de Zuider Amstellaan en de Waalstraat, met rechts boekhandel Blankevoort, 1934",
"alt": "Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010009011403_j0BjEw0.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"latitude": "52.344857",
"longitude": "4.900771",
"events": [
{
"id": 241,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d2a6e743-4840-476c-b673-b77d04c972b2/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d2a6e743-4840-476c-b673-b77d04c972b2",
"name": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank krijgt een dagboek voor haar dertiende verjaardag",
"name_en": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>zondag 12 juni 1942</strong> een rood geruit dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Twee dagen later schrijft ze daarin:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee.) Vrijdag 12 Juni was ik al om zes uur wakker, en dat is heel begrijpelijk daar ik jarig was. (…) Om even na zevenen ging ik naar papa en mama en dan naar de huiskamer, om mijn cadeautjes uit te pakken, het was in de eerste plaats jij die ik te zien kreeg, en wat misschien wel een van mijn fijnste cadeaux is.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief aan Meyer Levin schreef Otto Frank: '<em>The diary was bought by my wife.'</em> Levin deed het in zijn toneelbewerking voorkomen dat Hanneli Goslar het dagboek aan Anne had gegeven. Otto heeft had daar geen bezwaar tegen ('<em>liberty of the write</em>r'), maar merkte wel op dat in werkelijkheid Edith het dagboek had gekocht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-06-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag een rood geruit dagboek. Het was gekocht bij Boekhandel Blankevoort, om de hoek.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124553,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84898f4e-5c32-47d1-bff4-d377c343c5b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1a319571-a93e-4566-9396-a4d6e61833ed",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/41740528-a1d2-4a88-8b7c-c78e01a8ee6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aedb3425-3b2c-4479-9d12-9ff63918c0b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ea19e0cf-5fd7-4bb6-9dd9-63c328018639",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f139a0d3-6359-4ad4-946d-b2ee153e7b99",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/83d54925-63d3-43a3-9f96-a9535224eb3d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0cfff667-b7b7-42e2-b01b-848d60758275",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/18a78a8e-12a1-4e8c-b38f-20ab70ff1da5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/889ae572-cc0a-4847-b3c9-3bf177af8ecc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/64af952c-9403-4db9-b2cb-5ba310b33332",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f2e450aa-840f-4dd8-84cf-548ce515e6d0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/88db758b-1dac-4579-86c6-33cc2bdc5273",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e48c8d0c-8825-4c34-bd22-8c2a28adb089",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/9c7b897a-5803-4d3a-a810-d05792a6ff5f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/56d301cf-e04e-47fd-884b-6685a83f00b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/22e16ce9-e2a5-476f-b517-7e48026e719e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f9bad9c3-50bb-41b5-b528-74c36e40d028",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ce8468a7-c299-43c3-a730-4b3009a56059",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36a662f9-f828-44ad-9609-bd8901c723f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bc55a0-7741-4259-a387-42959e20d899",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/663c8bc9-dc5c-4dd1-bced-88ce12738280",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c4260f04-7551-463d-89f5-a7ce48eeecd3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/dd7e96a8-2902-4144-99a7-2aef084ed61d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/903ba158-f1e0-4d0f-b613-eae91df2893e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6bed785-6178-42d2-9f90-a90e7730c21e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c9289eb-d4f6-46b8-afe7-5c15df9164c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aab06445-fe04-4578-9fba-19e679b65d6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6a58ce7e-02e2-4517-85ce-5b03eb20b753",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b7c73757-981c-409e-95cc-cc8eab873a93",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/da7429b4-b23f-4947-b6d8-e5e6c0f143c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6660d32e-d2b0-468d-b7e7-01ceefc4376d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05693431-6b99-47b4-8e47-59ab3e95a889",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a423c2ce-aac1-4ff6-86b1-f5233e4b77ff",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0ccf3db9-1774-4848-ad11-627e3fc64cea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa7d60c3-6d94-4f52-a729-96440eeb4d5f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c/",
"published": true,
"name": "Blankevoort, Bookshop and Reading Library",
"name_nl": "Blankevoort, Boekhandel en Leesbibliotheek",
"name_en": "Blankevoort, Bookshop and Reading Library",
"uuid": "5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"content": "<p><em>Address:</em> Zuider Amstellaan 62, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is where the box of cards for the <em>Varieté</em> game came from, which Anne Frank received for her birthday in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is very likely that the red checkered diary was also bought here, although there is no clear source for this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookshop was owned by Gerrit Blankevoort (<strong>1891-1955</strong>). He started the company in Groen van Prinstererstraat and moved it to Zuider Amstellaan in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Plan Zuid: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\" target=\"_blank\">Boekhandel Blankevoort</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Zuider Amstellaan 62 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier kwam het doosje kaartjes voor het <em>Varieté</em>-spel vandaan, dat Anne Frank in <strong>1942</strong> voor haar verjaardag kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zeer waarschijnlijk was ook het roodgeruite dagboekje hier gekocht, hoewel daar geen duidelijke bron voor is.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De boekhandel was het bedrijf van Gerrit Blankevoort (<strong>1891-1955</strong>). Hij begon het bedrijf in de Groen van Prinstererstraat en verhuisde dit in <strong>1931</strong> naar de Zuider Amstellaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Plan Zuid: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\">Boekhandel Blankevoort</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address:</em> Zuider Amstellaan 62, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is where the box of cards for the <em>Varieté</em> game came from, which Anne Frank received for her birthday in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is very likely that the red checkered diary was also bought here, although there is no clear source for this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookshop was owned by Gerrit Blankevoort (<strong>1891-1955</strong>). He started the company in Groen van Prinstererstraat and moved it to Zuider Amstellaan in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Plan Zuid: <a href=\"https://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\" target=\"_blank\">Boekhandel Blankevoort</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900771 52.344857)",
"summary": "Bookshop in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood, where Anne Frank's red-checked diary was possibly bought.",
"summary_nl": "Boekhandel in de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt, waar mogelijk het roodgeruite dagboek van Anne Frank werd gekocht.",
"summary_en": "Bookshop in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood, where Anne Frank's red-checked diary was possibly bought.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Zuider Amstellaan 62",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
241
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d2a6e743-4840-476c-b673-b77d04c972b2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d2a6e743-4840-476c-b673-b77d04c972b2",
"name": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank krijgt een dagboek voor haar dertiende verjaardag",
"name_en": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>zondag 12 juni 1942</strong> een rood geruit dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Twee dagen later schrijft ze daarin:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee.) Vrijdag 12 Juni was ik al om zes uur wakker, en dat is heel begrijpelijk daar ik jarig was. (…) Om even na zevenen ging ik naar papa en mama en dan naar de huiskamer, om mijn cadeautjes uit te pakken, het was in de eerste plaats jij die ik te zien kreeg, en wat misschien wel een van mijn fijnste cadeaux is.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief aan Meyer Levin schreef Otto Frank: '<em>The diary was bought by my wife.'</em> Levin deed het in zijn toneelbewerking voorkomen dat Hanneli Goslar het dagboek aan Anne had gegeven. Otto heeft had daar geen bezwaar tegen ('<em>liberty of the write</em>r'), maar merkte wel op dat in werkelijkheid Edith het dagboek had gekocht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-06-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag een rood geruit dagboek. Het was gekocht bij Boekhandel Blankevoort, om de hoek.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
197
],
"persons": [
70
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 267,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 22,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1068,
"uuid": "4bee3012-f5c2-4896-a55c-5f4faeb9fc6d",
"name": "A_AFrank_III_026",
"title": "Anne Frank kijkt uit het raam van Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam, 22 juli 1941",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1dd17715-9779-a5ab-2daa-8af16c4caab1.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Twee stills (filmbeelden) uit de huwelijksfilm van het echtpaar Van Kalken-Burger waarbij Anne uit het raam kijkt. In handschrift Otto Frank (?) aan de achterkant: 'Hochzeit Kalken-Burger Merwedeplein 37' 22 juli 1941. Het beeld is gespiegeld. De film is gemaakt op 22 juli 1941, toen het buurmeisje van Merwedeplein 39-II van de Franks, Tine Burger, in het huwelijk trad met Van Kalken.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.345283",
"longitude": "4.900967",
"events": [
{
"id": 61,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e4ce2df8-3a2f-4dc9-b3a9-5c44696c0785/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e668255b-67ef-4ad1-8f2e-fdc1084aff25"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "e4ce2df8-3a2f-4dc9-b3a9-5c44696c0785",
"name": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"name_nl": "De familie Frank woont op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "The Frank family lives at Merwedeplein",
"content": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until <strong>mid-February</strong> that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from <strong>November</strong>, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods. From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalie Holländer-Stern</a>, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>5 december 1933 </strong>was Otto Frank op het Merwedeplein ingeschreven, de rest van zijn gezin vanaf de zevende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het duurde echter nog tot <strong>midden februari</strong> voordat allen daadwerkelijk in de nieuwe woning herenigd waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief uit <strong>november</strong>, gericht aan een vroeger buurmeisje uit Frankfurt, schreef Otto dat zij een woning hadden gevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vanaf het <strong>voorjaar van 1934</strong> woonden er achtereenvolgens nog een aantal huishoudelijke hulpen, onderhuurder, familieleden en bekenden korter of langer bij het gezin. Van <strong>24 maart 1939</strong> tot <strong>29 januari 1942</strong> woonde Ediths moeder, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/personen/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalie Holländer-Stern</a>, bij het gezin.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Frank was registered at Merwedeplein from <strong>5 December 1933</strong>, and the rest of his family from <strong>7 December</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> However, it was not until <strong>mid-February</strong> that they were all reunited in their new home.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter from <strong>November</strong>, addressed to a former neighbour from Frankfurt, Otto wrote that they had found a house.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>spring 1934</strong> on, a number of household helps, subtenants, relatives and acquaintances lived with the family for shorter or longer periods. From <strong>24 March 1939 </strong>to <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, Edith's mother, <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalie Holländer-Stern</a>, lived with the family.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kfix7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), inv. nr. 230: Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mtsw\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief: Trenz-Neumann, Gertrud, reg.code A_Getuigen_I_081, A_Getuigen_I_083, A_Getuigen_I_084.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1933-12-05",
"date_end": "1942-07-06",
"summary": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Edith Frank woonden vanaf 5 december 1933 op het adres Merwedeplein 37-II. Later die maand kwam Margot, en in februari 1934 kwam Anne naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Edith Frank lived at Merwedeplein 37-II from 5 December 1933. Later that month Margot joined them, and in February 1934 Anne came to Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 293,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6a0a8a86-70c8-4e33-ab2e-742026e78b04/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9f136fe9-87fc-481d-b94b-b69a41654c68",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a4612841-d6d2-41ca-a67e-d909a7c37196"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/fee45840-1768-451a-86b4-a10dfd3eaabc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/803597b3-a883-402c-874f-f8e78a843fc5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/6cea18cc-b7cf-4a97-9a35-52b95d33f453"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6a0a8a86-70c8-4e33-ab2e-742026e78b04",
"name": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"name_nl": "Oma Holländer in Nederland",
"name_en": "Oma Holländer in the Netherlands",
"content": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nazomer van <strong>1938</strong> diende Edith Frank - Holländer met haar man bij de Nederlandse regering een verzoek in tot toelating van haar moeder tot Nederland. De regering had echter in <strong>mei</strong> van dat jaar de grenzen gesloten en wees het verzoek daarom af. Het was de zogenaamde <em>Novemberpogrom</em>, ook wel <em>Kristallnacht</em>, waardoor een extra zevenduizend vluchtelingen toegang tot Nederland kregen. Op <strong>17 november 1938 </strong>kreeg Rosa Holländer alsnog toestemming, zij het onder de voorwaarde dat niet ook haar zoons Julius en Walter naar Nederland zouden proberen te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat zij Duitsland niet wilde verlaten voor haar zoons veilig waren, duurde het nog tot eind <strong>maart</strong> van het volgende jaar voor zij daadwerkelijk kwam. Op <strong>24 maart 1939 </strong>kwam zij bij station Simpelveld Nederland binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ze woonde bij het gezin van haar dochter tot ze op <strong>29 januari 1942 </strong>overleed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the late summer of <strong>1938</strong>, Edith Frank-Holländer and her husband applied to the Dutch government for her mother's admission to the Netherlands. However, in <strong>May </strong>of that year, the government had closed the borders and the application was rejected. Only because of the so-called <em>November pogrom</em>, also known as <em>Kristallnacht</em>, an additional seven thousand refugees were granted permission to come to the Netherlands. On <strong>17 November 1938</strong>, Rosa Holländer received her permit, albeit on the condition that her sons Julius and Walter would not try to join her in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q037\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since she did not want to leave Germany before her sons were safe, it was not until the end of <strong>March </strong>of the following year before she moved to the Netherlands. On <strong>24 March 1939</strong>, she entered the Netherlands at Simpelveld train station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> She lived with her daughter's family until she died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q037\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, (NL-HaNA), Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1ezy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 227: Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vsqn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238: Archiefkaart R.S. Stern.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1938-09-14",
"date_end": "1942-01-29",
"summary": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
"summary_nl": "In maart 1939 kwam de oma van Anne en Margot Frank, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, bij hen wonen op het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. Ze bleef tot ze in januari 1942 overleed.",
"summary_en": "In March 1939, Rosalie Holländer-Stern, Anne and Margot Frank's grandmother, came to live with the family at Merwedeplein in Amsterdam. She stayed with them until her death in January 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 313,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/15419b29-aadf-4c4d-af00-a6973b460f9a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "dd82fa2f-943e-4be3-9d8f-5e72245f7990",
"name": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank krijgt een oproep",
"name_en": "Margot Frank receives a call-up",
"content": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot kreeg op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Anne schrijft in haar dagboek: '<em>(...) om ongeveer 3 uur kwam een politieagent bij moeder die riep beneden in de deur, mej. Margot Frank, moeder ging naar beneden en kreeg van die agent een kaart, waar opstond dat Margot Frank zich moest melden bij de S.S.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>Volgens Ilse Ledermann-Citroen moesten de ontvangers van deze oproepen de volgende dag (<strong>6 juli 1942</strong>) tussen acht en negen uur bij de Gestapo verschijnen, waar ze de aanzegging kregen de vijftiende om half drie 's nachts naar het treinstation (niet duidelijk welk) te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze oproep was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Voorbereidingen daartoe waren al getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies bracht Margot met de fiets in de vroege ochtend van <strong>6</strong> <strong>juli 1942 </strong>naar de Prinsengracht. De bronnen hierover vertonen kleine onderlinge verschillen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek A: '<em>Margot ging ook met een schooltas op de fiets (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dagboek B: '<em>Margot stopte haar schooltas vol met schoolboeken, haalde haar fiets uit de stalling en reed achter Miep aan weg.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>Dat Margot haar eigen fiets nog had is heel waarschijnlijk.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in een interview: Om zeven uur haalde ze Margot op. Rond half acht waren zij in het Opekta-kantoor. Ze zetten de fietsen binnen en gingen naar boven. Ze maakte de deur van het Achterhuis open en duwde Margot naar binnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in haar boek: Ze haalde Margot rond half acht 's morgens op en bracht haar via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam en Raadhuisstraat naar de Prinsengracht. Ze bracht haar naar het Achterhuis en litet haar daar achter. Kleiman kwam iets later en bracht Margots fiets ergens heen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6jcbq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'De dag voor de onderduik', in <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>. Anne wrote in her diary: '<em>(...) At three o'clock the doorbell rang (...) A little while later Margot appeared in the kitchen doorway looking very agitated. "Father has received a call-up notice from the SS</em>"<em>.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><em> </em>According to Ilse Ledermann-Citroen, the recipients of these call-ups had to report to the Gestapo the next day<strong> (6 July 1942</strong>) between eight and nine o'clock, where they were given notice to come to the train station (it's not clear which one) on the 15th at 2.30 in the morning.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This call-up prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Preparations for this had already been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep Gies took Margot to Prinsengracht by bicycle in the early morning of <strong>6</strong> <strong>July 1942</strong>. The sources on this show slight differences between them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diary A: '<em>Margot went too with a satchel on her bicycle (...)'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Diary B: '<em>Margot stuffed her schoolbag with schoolbooks, went to get her bicycle and, with Miep leading the way, rode off into the great unknown</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><em> </em>That Margot still had her own bike is very likely.</li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in an interview: At seven o'clock she picked up Margot. Around seven-thirty they were at the Opekta office. They put the bicycles inside and went upstairs. She opened the door of the Secret Annex and pushed Margot inside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Miep Gies in her book: She picked up Margot around 7.30 in the morning and took her via Waalstraat, Noorder Amstellaan, Ferdinand Bolstraat, Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam and Raadhuisstraat to Prinsengracht. She took her to the Secret Annex and left her there. Kleiman came a little later and took Margot's bike somewhere.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsklu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rymn1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ilse Ledermann-Citroen aan Paul en Lientje, in: <em>Letters from the Ledermanns</em>, eigen beheer m.m.v. Yad Vashem, 2016, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9nljp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Menno Metselaar, 'The day before going into hiding', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 14-17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4r6r6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank en overige familie, 8 juni 1945. Otto schrijft 6 juli, maar hij vergist zich een dag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvjfe\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>VThe Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9vl85\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 3, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fy0l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Aison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 92-94. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Margot kreeg een oproep zich te melden voor transport naar Duitsland. Dit was de aanleiding voor de familie Frank om meteen onder te duiken.",
"summary_en": "Margot received a call-up to report for transport to Germany. This prompted the Frank family to immediately go into hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 267,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21",
"name": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt afscheid van Moortje",
"name_en": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"content": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het Achterhuis denkt Anne nog regelmatig aan Moortje. ‘In de tuin, loopt nu altijd zo'n klein zwart poesje, dat doet mij dan weer aan mijn moortje denken, o, die schat.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar in de schuilplaats zou Anne in de ruim twee jaar dat zij daar ondergedoken zat nog vier andere katten tegenkomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"summary_nl": "Toen Anne op 6 juli 1942 ging onderduiken moest poes Moortje achterblijven.",
"summary_en": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124417,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21",
"name": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"name_nl": "Gasten en personeel van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"description": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De eerste bewoners van Merwedeplein 37-II betrokken de toen nieuwe woning in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was <strong>eind 1933</strong> de vierde hoofdbewoner. Bouwer en beheerder van het hele blok was de N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis en de huur bedroeg zeventig gulden. Dat was inclusief twintig gulden voor de warmwatervoorziening en centrale verwarming die de stookkelder van de nabijgelegen z.g. 'Wolkenkrabber' leverde, de woontoren die nog altijd deel van het complex uitmaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Huishoudelijke hulpen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buiten de familie Frank kwamen ook tal van andere Duitsers, waaronder veel Joden, na het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP naar Nederland. Organisaties die al langer actief waren bij het helpen van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Oost-Europa speelden op deze nieuwe ontwikkelingen in. Zo creëerde het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen werkgelegenheid in de huishoudelijke dienstverlening om zo vrouwen en meisjes kansen te bieden zich in Nederland te vestigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de woning van het gezin Frank vond een aantal van deze vrouwen voor kortere of langere tijd werk of onderdak. Enkele van hen, Renate Wolf en Malli Aschenbrand, waren eveneens afkomstig uit Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen en Rosel Goldschmidt kwamen uit andere delen van Duitsland.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderhuurders</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de latere jaren dertig vond een verandering in de ecomische omstandigheden van het gezin plaats. Otto Frank reisde in <strong>1937</strong> verschillende keren naar Engeland in vruchteloze pogingen daar een zakelijk initiatief van de grond te krijgen. In <strong>juni 1938</strong> richtte Jo Kleiman in samenwerking met Otto Frank de nieuwe firma Pectacon op. De laatste huishoudelijke hulp vertrok <strong>half oktober 1937</strong>, en in <strong>juni 1938</strong> verscheen de eerste onderhuurder Ernst Katz. Hij zou de eerste van vier zijn: na hem kwamen nog Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker en Werner Goldschmidt. Over de onderhuurders schreef Anne haar verhaaltje 'Pension- of huurgasten'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker en Goldschmidt komen ook voor in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oma Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto en Edith Frank vroegen in <strong>september 1938</strong> voor oma Holländer om toelating tot Nederland, zodat zij zich bij het gezin van haar dochter in Amsterdam kon voegen. Het Ministerie van Justitie wees dat af omdat de regering in mei van dat jaar de grens voor vluchtelingen sloot. Door een beperkte verruiming na de pogroms van november kon ze uiteindelijk toch komen en in <strong>maart 1939</strong> vestigde zij zich hier alsnog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Haar komst bracht het aantal personen in huis op zes.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>najaar van 1941</strong> kwam de poes Moortje er nog bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne schrijft over haar in een brief aan haar grootmoeder, en noemde haar later herhaaldelijk in haar dagboek. Moortje ging niet mee naar het Achterhuis, maar volgens het dagboek bracht Werner Goldschmidt haar naar de buren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het buurgezin Kupers op 39-III zou de verdere zorg op zich nemen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Gezin Kohnke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Als laatsten verschenen de drie leden van het gezin Kohnke - Leyens. Leni Kohnke was een goede bekende van Edith en moest met haar man en dochtertje hun woonplaats Hilversum verlaten. Omstreeks <strong>mei 1942</strong> woonden ze enkele weken bij het gezin in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Oma Holländer was in januari overleden, dus in deze weken was het aantal personen in de woning acht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacués</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de familie Frank vertrok bleef onderhuurder Werner Goldschmidt achter. Later vestigden zich in de woning evacués uit andere plaatsen die verplicht naar Amsterdam trokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel bronnen ontbreken lijkt hier de Joodse Raad een rol in te spelen. De huuradministratie van Hilwis laat zien dat de laatste evacué op <strong>20 juni 1943</strong> vertrok en dat de woning de 28e leeg was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De nieuwe hoofdbewoner Tim Choy stond per <strong>3 september 1943</strong> op dit adres in het bevolkingsregister ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Desondanks behielden alle vier de leden van het gezin Frank hun inschrijvingen op de woning nog tot <strong>27 oktober 1944</strong>, bijna twee maanden na hun deportatie naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Pension- of huurgasten", 15 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni, 20 en 22 oktober 1942 (Wronker), 14 en 22 augustus, 5 november 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank en haar familie woonden na hun komst naar Amsterdam acht en een half jaar in de woning Merwedeplein 37-II.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124510,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b",
"name": "Domestic help",
"name_nl": "Huishoudelijke hulp",
"name_en": "Domestic help",
"description": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Niet iedereen die na de Duitse machtsovername in <strong>januari 1933</strong> naar Nederland wilde komen kon zich hier zomaar vestigen. Het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen hielp zoveel mogelijk Joodse vrouwen toelating tot Nederland te krijgen door werk als huishoudelijke hulp voor ze te zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank schreef in <strong>december 1933</strong> aan een vroeger buurmeisje: '<em>Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desondanks vond een aantal Joodse vrouwen uit Duitsland bij de familie Frank tijdelijk werk en veelal ook onderkomen. Ook bij de families Werthauer, Goslar en Ledermann maakten uit Duitsland afkomstige huishoudelijke hulpen hun opwachting. Bij de familile Frank verschenen achtereenvolgens:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>en Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Behalve de eerste woonden ze allemaal bij het gezin in. Na het vertrek van de laatste schrijft Edith Frank in <strong>december 1937</strong> aan een vriendin dat ze nu weer alles alleen doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kort daarna verscheen de eerste onderhuurder, Ernst Katz, ten tonele.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de migrantengemeenschap van Amsterdam-Zuid trokken mensen uit dezelfde herkomststad dikwijls naar elkaar toe. Renate Wolf kwam ook uit Frankfurt, net als Malli Aschenbrand. De laatste vertrok bij de familie Frank om bij een ander gezin uit die stad te gaan werken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Not everyone who wanted to come to the Netherlands after the German coup in <strong>January 1933</strong> could just settle here. The Committee for Jewish Refugees helped as many Jewish women as possible gain admission to the Netherlands by seeking work as domestic help for them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Edith Frank wrote to a former girl next door in <strong>December 1933</strong>:<em> 'Unser Wohnung ist ähnlich der in der Ganghofer Str., nur viel kleiner. In unserem Schlafzimmer kann ausser den Betten nichts mehr stehen; kein Keller, kein Speicher, aber alles hell bequem und warm, so dass ich ohne Mädchen gut fertig werde</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nonetheless, a number of Jewish women from Germany found temporary work and often accommodation with the Frank family. Domestic workers from Germany also made their appearance with the Werthauer, Goslar and Ledermann families. The following were employed successively at the Frank family home:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Renate Wolf,</li>\r\n\t<li>Ilse Windesheim,</li>\r\n\t<li>Malli Aschenbrand,</li>\r\n\t<li>Julie Johanna van Groningen,</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda Einstein,</li>\r\n\t<li>and Rosel Goldschmidt.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Except for the first one, they all lived with the family. After the last one left, Edith Frank wrote to a friend in <strong>December 1937</strong> that she was now doing everything on her own again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the first subtenant, Ernst Katz, appeared on the scene.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the migrant community of Amsterdam-Zuid, people from the same city of origin often gravitated towards each other. Renate Wolf was also from Frankfurt, as was Malli Aschenbrand. The latter left the Frank family to join another family from that city.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0l5ox\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>D. Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De Joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940, met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr0gn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_getuigen_I_084, Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 23 december 1933. De originele brief is alleen gedateerd met Samstag. In 1933 valt de 23e december op een zaterdag.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8mte\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_pdoc_16: Edtih Frank aan Hedda Eisenstaedt, 24 december 1937.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"summary_nl": "Joodse vrouwen konden uit nazi-Duitsland wegkomen door werk te vinden als huishoudelijke hulp bij gevluchte Joodse families. De familie Frank had na elkaar zes hulpen, die weer werk vonden bij andere families. Vaak werkten de vrouwen bij families die uit dezelfde stad in Duitsland kwamen.",
"summary_en": "Jewish women were able to get out of Nazi Germany by finding work as domestic help to fleeing Jewish families. The Frank family had six helpers in succession, who in turn found work with other families. Often the women worked for families who came from the same town in Germany.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124553,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c05767e4-ac67-4d2e-a8f1-fdcfc93c3cdc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f4d47668-4071-4530-95f0-5c463fddbc60",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ee99471c-eda3-4963-a448-a980cb61c5f2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f139a0d3-6359-4ad4-946d-b2ee153e7b99",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b654804b-25a1-4c46-affd-0de941f99790",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05463aca-21a7-4238-8686-0a4a606e10f5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8eb86b87-b516-415d-a0de-410bb88a0ab6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5f77d005-c71e-437e-8877-2ec3088e2031",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/03c56548-11fe-4e75-9a79-f1585bd2372a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b4236d95-43dd-42e6-93d5-c44eaba41b23",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1194af60-b60a-49ae-8762-cf8567fd21fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36022488-7682-43ff-918c-a2b970789006",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c730f47b-7508-4ea2-978e-331073f46ee4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/889ae572-cc0a-4847-b3c9-3bf177af8ecc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/64af952c-9403-4db9-b2cb-5ba310b33332",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4a5dbef2-cafa-46af-acfe-3470825a92a7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/88db758b-1dac-4579-86c6-33cc2bdc5273",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e48c8d0c-8825-4c34-bd22-8c2a28adb089",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/9c7b897a-5803-4d3a-a810-d05792a6ff5f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36a662f9-f828-44ad-9609-bd8901c723f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/07627e87-1438-47e2-a29c-847e27ce51c8",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa3cb90f-e2cc-4611-b0cb-316c6202e75b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/92a283be-fc1d-4610-8241-6f9e604e4ce0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/663c8bc9-dc5c-4dd1-bced-88ce12738280",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c4260f04-7551-463d-89f5-a7ce48eeecd3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4837c7f7-8098-4daf-8fb4-3408adb041fd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/dd7e96a8-2902-4144-99a7-2aef084ed61d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/59a5ed20-0f01-42b5-a1da-785936de9c47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84d67272-953d-4e09-8014-20cd8a55bd15",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c65659a4-793a-47f1-a7c5-ee2f49ee46b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/cc6c2172-d1f5-49c4-86b0-c31aa8bd02ea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/903ba158-f1e0-4d0f-b613-eae91df2893e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bd069b91-d876-4eb7-99e7-e62aa158eae4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/995b7432-6739-42b0-9434-5c3801327d6a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6bed785-6178-42d2-9f90-a90e7730c21e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c9289eb-d4f6-46b8-afe7-5c15df9164c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f3ea591a-9ec2-49fa-aede-0308f0c1ea5e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aab06445-fe04-4578-9fba-19e679b65d6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8f078d07-0749-4824-9317-cca40a1f8c17",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/49fb0306-d233-4742-8133-c98fdba59175",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c6d71313-a017-4e4e-b05c-f56259c2bf72",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/592362c0-d64f-42be-8319-f7e3973610d3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6a58ce7e-02e2-4517-85ce-5b03eb20b753",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0bfa905d-38bd-4422-85ed-a4f2ecc7b506",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7e61c0df-f509-437a-8f9f-5d70bdd92934",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b7c73757-981c-409e-95cc-cc8eab873a93",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/150fa41e-02ba-4cae-9f32-62460252007f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/043a50b5-46ac-4222-8001-6ad28d51a1e2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/da7429b4-b23f-4947-b6d8-e5e6c0f143c3",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6660d32e-d2b0-468d-b7e7-01ceefc4376d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/05693431-6b99-47b4-8e47-59ab3e95a889",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04f5ebdc-fe09-4ce6-991b-cf851a81c198",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a423c2ce-aac1-4ff6-86b1-f5233e4b77ff",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0ccf3db9-1774-4848-ad11-627e3fc64cea",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bd22a6-e3e0-45e6-9bef-449b9894f0db",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db15398a-d845-4147-9ceb-1530e7e9a4e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b5ad5b8d-2494-42ad-bf1f-d2a1f9250bb2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2c4e9ad5-bb38-4440-ae2f-7b3fc3fba34a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/697cb023-79af-4e61-864a-49adce1e8f82",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/db594671-5a23-4c77-94e5-719f47bf03e4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e8477cf1-0664-404d-a851-fe6a97e01e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aa7d60c3-6d94-4f52-a729-96440eeb4d5f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ff53ce1-d866-4190-a138-16c32a9eca43"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6/",
"published": true,
"name": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Merwedeplein 37-II, Amsterdam",
"uuid": "838a9a83-171f-44ec-8a97-0024ebf8b5b6",
"content": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne schreef hier voor het eerst in het dagboek dat ze voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>, kreeg. Drie weken later dook de familie Frank onder.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Woningcorporatie Ymere kocht de woning in <strong>2004</strong> en restaureerde het pand in de oorspronkelijke jaren-dertig-stijl, in samenwerking met de Anne Frank Stichting,<sup data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> die in <strong>2017</strong> eigenaar werd van de voormalige woning van de familie Frank aan het Merwedeplein.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vier <em>Stolpersteine</em> herinneren aan het verblijf van de familie Frank op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op de website en app van Google Arts & Culture kunnen bezoekers alle vertrekken van het voormalige woonhuis van de familie Frank bekijken door middel van 360 graden beelden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s3yje\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlu92\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\" target=\"_blank\">Anne Franks voormalige woonhuis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne first wrote in her diary, which she was given for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>, in the apartment. Three weeks later the family went into hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Ymere housing corporation bought the property in <strong>2004</strong>, and restored the building in its original 1930s style in partnership with the Anne Frank House,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which became the owner of the Frank’s family former home on Merwedeplein in <strong>2017</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Four <em>Stolpersteine</em> (stumbling stones) commemorate the stay of the Frank family at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The interior of the Frank's family former home can be seen in 3D via Google Arts & Culture.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nd7jx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Piet de Rooy e.a., <em>Het andere huis van Anne Frank: geschiedenis en toekomst van een schrijvershuis</em>, Bussum: Thoth, 2006</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmdal\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Stolpersteine.app: <a href=\"https://map.stolpersteine.app/nl/amsterdam/locaties/merwedeplein-37-ll-zuid\" target=\"_blank\">Merwedeplein 37-II Zuid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w25lk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Google Arts & Culture, <a href=\"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NgVBtLmxVrkeKA\">Anne Frank's family home</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900967 52.345283)",
"summary": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
"summary_nl": "Adres van de woning van de familie Frank van 1933 tot hun onderduik in juli 1942.",
"summary_en": "Address of the Frank family's home from 1933 until they went into hiding in July 1942.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Merwedeplein 37-II",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
61,
293,
313,
267
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "69aaeacb-5a34-4de8-94c4-bceb4abcda21",
"name": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt afscheid van Moortje",
"name_en": "Anne Frank separated from Moortje",
"content": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het Achterhuis denkt Anne nog regelmatig aan Moortje. ‘In de tuin, loopt nu altijd zo'n klein zwart poesje, dat doet mij dan weer aan mijn moortje denken, o, die schat.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar in de schuilplaats zou Anne in de ruim twee jaar dat zij daar ondergedoken zat nog vier andere katten tegenkomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the Secret Annex, Anne thought about Moortje often. "There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But in her hiding place, Anne would meet four other cats in the more than two years she spent there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3gzx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"summary_nl": "Toen Anne op 6 juli 1942 ging onderduiken moest poes Moortje achterblijven.",
"summary_en": "When Anne went into hiding on 6 July 1942, her cat Moortje had to stay behind.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124650,
396124663,
396124677
],
"persons": [
70
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 242,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 1,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1057,
"uuid": "d6a85e6f-0100-45e2-b177-28d85860cbd6",
"name": "012_021",
"title": "Het achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263, 1954",
"alt": "Maria Austria. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/012_021.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "In copyright (rechten derden)"
},
"latitude": "52.37521",
"longitude": "4.884335",
"events": [
{
"id": 242,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2bb25db7-bba0-4765-976e-f67315d0642a/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2bb25db7-bba0-4765-976e-f67315d0642a",
"name": "Anne Frank brings her diary when she goes into hiding",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank neemt haar dagboek mee als ze onderduikt",
"name_en": "Anne Frank brings her diary when she goes into hiding",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank took her red-checked diary with her when she went into hiding. On the first page she wrote: "<em>Oh, I'm so glad I brought you along".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When she rewrote her diary on loose sheets (Diary B), she elaborated on this:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>"Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a schoolbag. The first thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the bag, but I'm not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>By the end of <strong>October 1942</strong>, the red checked diary was almost full. She wrote:<em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she can go to Perrij to see if they sell diaries, otherwise I will soon have to get a notebook, because my diary is getting full, too bad!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>The first diary ends with the note of <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Anne did add notes of later dates and (due to lack of space) pasted in pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many of Anne's experiences and opinions from her time in hiding are recorded in her diary entries and some of her short stories.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes in her diary that she did not hear where they were going until the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Her parents informed her on the way about the hiding place in the Opekta building, and about the preparations that had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in the Secret Annex, Anne tried to keep up with her schoolwork. In the Secret Annex, she studied English, French, German, shorthand, geometry, algebra, history, geography, art history, mythology, biology, biblical history and Dutch literature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the period in hiding began, Anne was 13 years old. Her sexual development was also covered in her diary. She noted in <strong>October '42</strong> that she expected to get her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>In early '44,</strong> she wrote about it again, by which time it had<em> "only happened three times".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With Peter, Anne talked about the time before going into hiding. A few weeks later, they talked about the early days in hiding, and how they couldn't stand each other then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, the romance with Peter played out, which faded again after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a good relationship with Bep Voskuijl. Bep was by far the youngest of the helpers, and two of her sisters were younger than Anne. Besides herself, Margot and Peter, Anne also counted Bep among the youth who were not well understood by the adults in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, Anne's notes became more introspective. <strong>In early '44</strong>, she writes about her increased people skills, noting that after six months, she actually thought it was enough.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>7 March 1944,</strong> she looks back on her development of about two years. In <strong>1942</strong>, she experienced a 'carefree school time', only to be overwhelmed by loneliness and enter into all kinds of conflicts after <strong>6 July</strong>. <strong>In early '43</strong>, she lost herself in grief and loneliness, while in the second half of that year, she grew to become a teenage girl, became more concerned with philosophical questions and got to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Moreover, this is when, by her own admission, she started thinking and writing. Her Short Stories are dated from <strong>July '43</strong> onwards, except for three. On <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne writes that she has finally started writing <em>The Secret Annex</em>, the rewriting of her earlier diary entries with a view to publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This process was in itself the most extensive reflection on earlier notes and thoughts that appear in the manuscripts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It goes without saying that Anne too must have found her forced stay in the Secret Annex difficult. About her experience of the time in hiding, her father writes more than 20 years later that she especially looked forward every day to someone bringing news from outside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, at the bottom of the first page (no date, on or after 28 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March. 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank nam haar roodgeruite dagboek mee toen ze ging onderduiken. Op de eerste pagina schrijft ze: '<em>Ik ben, O, zo blij dat ik je meegenomen heb.'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"5vcgo\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Als ze haar dagboek herschrijft op losse vellen (dagboek B) gaat ze hier uitgebreider op in:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Margot en ik begonnen het nodigste in een schooltas te pakken, het eerste wat ik er in stopte was dit gecartonneerde schrift, daarna krulpennen, zakdoeken, schoolboeken, kam, oude brieven, ik dacht aan het schuilen en stopte daardoor de gekste onzin in de tas, maar ik heb er geen spijt van, ik geef meer om herinneringen, dan om jurken.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"7k0dg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>oktober 1942</strong> was het roodgeruite dagboek bijna vol. Ze schrijft hierover: '<em>Ik mag Bep misschien vragen of zij bij Perrij eens kan gaan kijken of die dagboeken verkopen, want anders moet ik gauw een schrift nemen, want mijn dagboek raakt vol, jammer!'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"7ogx5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het eerste dagboek eindigt met de notitie van <strong>5 december 1942</strong>. Anne heeft nog wel (uit ruimtegebrek) notities van later datum toegevoegd en pagina’s ingeplakt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Veel van Annes ervaringen en meningen uit de onderduiktijd liggen vast in haar dagboeknotities en een deel van haar verhaaltjes.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar dagboek dat ze pas in de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> hoorde waar ze naartoe gingen. Haar ouders lichtten haar onderweg in over de schuilplaats in het Opekta-pand, en over de voorbereidingen die waren getroffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de periode in het Achterhuis probeerde Anne haar schoolwerk bij te houden. In het Achterhuis leerde ze Engels, Frans, Duits, steno, meetkunde, algebra, geschiedenis, aardrijkskunde, kunstgeschiedenis, mythologie, biologie, bijbelse geschiedenis en Nederlandse literatuur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de onderduikperiode begon was Anne dertien jaar. Haar seksuele ontwikkeling vond ook een plaats in haar dagboek. Ze noteerde in <strong>oktober ‘42</strong> dat ze verwachtte snel ongesteld te zullen worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>Begin ’44</strong> schrijft ze er nog eens over, dan is het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Peter sprak Anne over de tijd voor het onderduiken. Enkele weken later spreken ze over de begintijd van de onderduik, en hoe ze elkaar toen niet konden uitstaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>maart '44</strong> tekende zich de romance met Peter af, die na een week of zes weer verflauwde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Bep Voskuijl had ze een goede band. Bep was veruit de jongste van de helpers, en twee van haar zusjes waren jonger dan Anne. Anne rekende naast zichzelf, Margot en Peter ook Bep tot de jeugd die door de volwassenen in het Achterhuis niet goed werd begrepen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naarmate de tijd vorderde werden Annes notities introspectiever. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> schrijft ze over haar toegenomen mensenkennis, met de kanttekening dat ze het na een half jaar eigenlijk wel genoeg vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 maart 1944</strong> blikt ze terug op haar ontwikkeling van ongeveer twee jaar. In <strong>1942</strong> beleefde zij een 'onbezorgde schooltijd', om na <strong>6 juli</strong> te worden overrompeld door eenzaamheid en allerlei conflicten aan te gaan. <strong>Begin ’43</strong> verloor ze zich in verdriet en eenzaamheid, terwijl ze in de tweede helft van dat jaar tot ‘bakvis’ uitgroeide, zich meer met levensbeschouwelijke vragen bezig ging houden en God leerde kennen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bovendien begon ze toen, naar eigen zeggen, te denken en te schrijven. Haar ‘verhaaltjes’ zijn op drie na gedateerd vanaf <strong>juli ’43</strong>. Op <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft Anne dat ze eindelijk met schrijven van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> is begonnen, de herschrijving van haar eerdere dagboeknotities met het oog op publicatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dit proces is in zichzelf de meest omvangrijke reflectie op eerdere notities en gedachten die in de manuscripten voorkomt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het spreekt vanzelf dat ook voor Anne het gedwongen verblijf in het Achterhuis moeilijk moet zijn geweest. Over haar beleving van de onderduiktijd schrijft haar vader ruim twintig jaar later dat zij vooral elke dag uitkeek naar iemand die nieuws van buiten kwam brengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5vcgo\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, onderaan de eerste pagina (zonder datum, maar op of na 28 september 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7k0dg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ogx5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 februari 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 en 23 maart. 2 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank took her red-checked diary with her when she went into hiding. On the first page she wrote: "<em>Oh, I'm so glad I brought you along".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When she rewrote her diary on loose sheets (Diary B), she elaborated on this:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>"Margot and I started packing our most important belongings into a schoolbag. The first thing I stuck in was this diary, and then curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb and some old letters. Preoccupied by the thought of going into hiding, I stuck the craziest things in the bag, but I'm not sorry. Memories mean more to me than dresses<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>By the end of <strong>October 1942</strong>, the red checked diary was almost full. She wrote:<em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she can go to Perrij to see if they sell diaries, otherwise I will soon have to get a notebook, because my diary is getting full, too bad!"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>The first diary ends with the note of <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Anne did add notes of later dates and (due to lack of space) pasted in pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many of Anne's experiences and opinions from her time in hiding are recorded in her diary entries and some of her short stories.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes in her diary that she did not hear where they were going until the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. Her parents informed her on the way about the hiding place in the Opekta building, and about the preparations that had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qud02\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in the Secret Annex, Anne tried to keep up with her schoolwork. In the Secret Annex, she studied English, French, German, shorthand, geometry, algebra, history, geography, art history, mythology, biology, biblical history and Dutch literature.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the period in hiding began, Anne was 13 years old. Her sexual development was also covered in her diary. She noted in <strong>October '42</strong> that she expected to get her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emf59\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> <strong>In early '44,</strong> she wrote about it again, by which time it had<em> "only happened three times".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With Peter, Anne talked about the time before going into hiding. A few weeks later, they talked about the early days in hiding, and how they couldn't stand each other then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, the romance with Peter played out, which faded again after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a good relationship with Bep Voskuijl. Bep was by far the youngest of the helpers, and two of her sisters were younger than Anne. Besides herself, Margot and Peter, Anne also counted Bep among the youth who were not well understood by the adults in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, Anne's notes became more introspective. <strong>In early '44</strong>, she writes about her increased people skills, noting that after six months, she actually thought it was enough.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>7 March 1944,</strong> she looks back on her development of about two years. In <strong>1942</strong>, she experienced a 'carefree school time', only to be overwhelmed by loneliness and enter into all kinds of conflicts after <strong>6 July</strong>. <strong>In early '43</strong>, she lost herself in grief and loneliness, while in the second half of that year, she grew to become a teenage girl, became more concerned with philosophical questions and got to know God.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Moreover, this is when, by her own admission, she started thinking and writing. Her Short Stories are dated from <strong>July '43</strong> onwards, except for three. On <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne writes that she has finally started writing <em>The Secret Annex</em>, the rewriting of her earlier diary entries with a view to publication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This process was in itself the most extensive reflection on earlier notes and thoughts that appear in the manuscripts.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It goes without saying that Anne too must have found her forced stay in the Secret Annex difficult. About her experience of the time in hiding, her father writes more than 20 years later that she especially looked forward every day to someone bringing news from outside.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18wjq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, at the bottom of the first page (no date, on or after 28 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"srdsx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6yxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qud02\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytsev\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emf59\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hip5t\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"akr7q\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 February 1944 en 19 maart, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7d2x\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March. 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v4bvu\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ywbsc\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycsvx\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zncyq\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwfot\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "When she had to go into hiding, Anne Frank put the red-checked diary in her bag.",
"summary_nl": "Toen ze moest onderduiken stopte Anne Frank het roodgeruite dagboek in haar tas.",
"summary_en": "When she had to go into hiding, Anne Frank put the red-checked diary in her bag.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 176,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b9781179-f22b-4234-a686-ee696a1c144e/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b9781179-f22b-4234-a686-ee696a1c144e",
"name": "Frank family in hiding",
"name_nl": "Familie Frank is ondergedoken",
"name_en": "Frank family in hiding",
"content": "<p>On <strong>6 July 1942, </strong>the whole family went into hiding in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The original plan to go into hiding <strong>on 16 July 1942</strong> was brought forward ten days by the call-up Margot received to go and work in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Preparations for hiding began much earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank says:<em> </em>"<em>As a result of the increasingly stringent provisions against Jews, it became necessary for me and my family to go into hiding</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day they went into hiding, Otto, Edith and Anne walked from Merwedeplein to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot had already gone on her bicycle earlier that morning.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The raid and arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> put an end to the period of hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The period in hiding is also recorded with these start and end dates on Otto's aliens card in the police archives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A note left behind in the house at Merwedeplein, with an address in Maastricht, was intended to give the impression that the family had left the country. Van Pels told Werner Goldschmidt, the Frank family's subtenant, that an officer - a childhood friend of Otto Frank - was helping him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Unfortunately, it is unclear which address this relates to.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto sent a birthday card to Leni<em> </em>(Lunni) in Basel on <strong>5 July 1942,</strong> from which it can be deduced that he and his family were about to go into hiding. This is because Leni's birthday is not until <strong>September 8</strong>. He wrote: "<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He returned to this card in a letter to his family in Basel dated <strong>8 June 1945</strong>: "<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The letter was apparently returned on <strong>3 July</strong>; postal traffic with Switzerland was difficult. This preparation also emerges from the diary: "<em>Papa and Mama had long since got a lot of things out of our house (...)</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Prior to going into hiding, Otto Frank said he had earned enough to support his family. <sup data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B. 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. According to Victor Kugler, Otto Frank planned to go into hiding when the yellow star was introduced. If it turned out that the outcome of the measure (in view of outrage and opposition) was not as expected, he would have postponed his decision. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AFS A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). There is no support for Kugler's view in other sources.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In<strong> </strong>late 1941 to early 1942 according to Johannes Kleiman in the transcript of Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Ernst Schnabel Archive, transcript, p. 39-40..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigenverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. In the A version, the note is limited to "We had to walk to the office." The pouring rain and pitying looks are from the B version written almost two years later.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (red), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds Family (AFF), Basel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>6 juli 1942 </strong>dook het hele gezin onder in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het oorspronkelijke plan om <strong>16 juli 1942</strong> onder te duiken was door de oproep aan Margot om in Duitsland te gaan werken tien dagen vervroegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v60se\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De voorbereidingen voor de onderduik waren al veel eerder begonnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnyvl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank zei hierover:<em> "Tengevolge van de steeds stringenter wordende bepalingen contra de joden werd het voor mij en mijn gezin noodzakelijk te gaan onderduiken.</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de dag van de onderduik ging Otto met Edith en Anne lopend van het Merwedeplein naar de Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onakq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot was in de vroege ochtend al op de fiets gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De inval en arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> maakten een eind aan de onderduikperiode.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ap1nu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> De onderduikperiode staat met deze begin- en einddata ook aangetekend op Otto’s vreemdelingenkaart in het politiearchief.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63lvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een achtergelaten briefje in de woning aan het Merwedeplein, met een adres in Maastricht diende om de indruk te wekken dat de familie het land verlaten had. Van Pels vertelde aan Werner Goldschmidt, de onderhuurder van de familie Frank, dat een officier - een jeugdvriend van Otto Frank - hem hielp. Helaas is het onduidelijk welk adres het zou betreffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hzmul\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto stuurde op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> aan Leni (<em>Lunni</em>) in Bazel een verjaardagskaart waar uit op te maken viel dat hij en zijn gezin op het punt stonden onder te duiken. Leni was namelijk pas op <strong>8 september</strong> jarig. Hij schreef: '<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4bkfr\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hij kwam op deze kaart terug in een brief aan zijn familie in Bazel van <strong>8 juni 1945</strong>: '<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h2ucg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De brief kwam kennelijk <strong>3 juli</strong> retour; het postverkeer met Zwitserland verliep stroef. Die voorbereiding komt ook naar voren uit het dagboek: '<em>Papa en mama hadden al lang een heleboel uit ons huis gedaan (...).</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank had voorafgaand aan de onderduik naar eigen zeggen genoeg verdiend om voor zijn gezin in het levensonderhoud te voorzien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fq82b\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v60se\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> Volgens Kugler is Otto Frank van plan onder te duiken bij de invoering van de gele ster. Als blijkt dat het resultaat van de maatregel (gezien verontwaardiging en tegenstand) niet volgens verwachting is, stelt hij zijn besluit uit. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). De visie van Kugler vindt geen steun in andere bronnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnyvl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eind 1941-begin 1942 volgens Kleiman in het transcript van Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel, transcript, p. 39-40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigeverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onakq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. In de A-versie is de notitie beperkt tot '<em>Wij moesten lopen naar kantoor</em>.' De stromende regen en de medelijdende blikken komen uit de bijna twee jaar later geschreven B-versie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ap1nu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63lvs\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegangsnummer 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzmul\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4bkfr\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2ucg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fq82b\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>6 July 1942, </strong>the whole family went into hiding in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The original plan to go into hiding <strong>on 16 July 1942</strong> was brought forward ten days by the call-up Margot received to go and work in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Preparations for hiding began much earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank says:<em> </em>"<em>As a result of the increasingly stringent provisions against Jews, it became necessary for me and my family to go into hiding</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the day they went into hiding, Otto, Edith and Anne walked from Merwedeplein to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Margot had already gone on her bicycle earlier that morning.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The raid and arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong> put an end to the period of hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The period in hiding is also recorded with these start and end dates on Otto's aliens card in the police archives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A note left behind in the house at Merwedeplein, with an address in Maastricht, was intended to give the impression that the family had left the country. Van Pels told Werner Goldschmidt, the Frank family's subtenant, that an officer - a childhood friend of Otto Frank - was helping him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Unfortunately, it is unclear which address this relates to.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto sent a birthday card to Leni<em> </em>(Lunni) in Basel on <strong>5 July 1942,</strong> from which it can be deduced that he and his family were about to go into hiding. This is because Leni's birthday is not until <strong>September 8</strong>. He wrote: "<em>Wir sind gesund u. zusammen, das ist die Hauptsache."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He returned to this card in a letter to his family in Basel dated <strong>8 June 1945</strong>: "<em>Das ich etwas vorbereitet hattet, konntet Ihr aus meinen letzten Zeilen wohl entnehmen."</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The letter was apparently returned on <strong>3 July</strong>; postal traffic with Switzerland was difficult. This preparation also emerges from the diary: "<em>Papa and Mama had long since got a lot of things out of our house (...)</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Prior to going into hiding, Otto Frank said he had earned enough to support his family. <sup data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i77l1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bt8xu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B. 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. According to Victor Kugler, Otto Frank planned to go into hiding when the yellow star was introduced. If it turned out that the outcome of the measure (in view of outrage and opposition) was not as expected, he would have postponed his decision. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code AFS A_Kugler_I_48 (47?): Victor Kugler, I hid Anne Frank (typescript). There is no support for Kugler's view in other sources.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"njfmx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In<strong> </strong>late 1941 to early 1942 according to Johannes Kleiman in the transcript of Ernst Schnabel: Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Ernst Schnabel Archive, transcript, p. 39-40..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rca0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Rijksrecherche procesverbaal 86/1963 v.H., getuigenverhoor Otto Frank door Arend Jacobus van Helden, 2-3 december 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5wzm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. In the A version, the note is limited to "We had to walk to the office." The pouring rain and pitying looks are from the B version written almost two years later.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xve6g\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Harry Paape, 'De arrestatie', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (red), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 25-28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3pkl3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3929: Vreemdelingenkaart Otto H. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jv8uw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xwzd3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds Family (AFF), Basel, Leni Frank, AFF_ LeF_corr_05_0004: Otto Frank aan Leni Frank, 5 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ir8w\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10_24: Otto Frank aan familie, 8 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pn8m1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 18 maart 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1942-07-06",
"date_end": "1944-08-04",
"summary": "On 6 July 1942, the Frank family went into hiding in the secret annex of the Opekta company building.",
"summary_nl": "Op 6 juli 1942 dook de familie Frank onder in het achterhuis van het bedrijfsgebouw van Opekta.",
"summary_en": "On 6 July 1942, the Frank family went into hiding in the secret annex of the Opekta company building.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 113,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b59c8c6f-eb57-46a8-8ecb-a9d5b05dbbf9/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0855fb95-33ad-4cc8-a549-21853833eff5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b59c8c6f-eb57-46a8-8ecb-a9d5b05dbbf9",
"name": "Van Pels family goes into hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Familie Van Pels duikt onder in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Van Pels family goes into hiding in the Secret Annex",
"content": "<p>According to Anne Frank's diary, the plan was for them to arrive on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>. Due to many reports of call-ups to work, they were so concerned that they left for the Secret Annex a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Incidentally, Peter was not yet 16, and both his parents had been born <strong>before 1902</strong>, meaning they were not among the first-ever called-up categories.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens Anne Franks dagboek was het plan dat zij <strong>14 juli 1942</strong> zouden komen. Door vele berichten over oproepen waren zij zodanig verontrust dat ze een dag eerder naar het Achterhuis vertrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Peter was overigens nog geen zestien, en zijn beide ouders waren geboren <strong>voor 1902</strong>, wat wil zeggen dat zij niet tot de allereerst opgeroepen categorieen behoorden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to Anne Frank's diary, the plan was for them to arrive on <strong>14 July 1942</strong>. Due to many reports of call-ups to work, they were so concerned that they left for the Secret Annex a day earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Incidentally, Peter was not yet 16, and both his parents had been born <strong>before 1902</strong>, meaning they were not among the first-ever called-up categories.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23qh8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 303,
"main_image": {
"id": 993,
"uuid": "a85f9f89-b53d-4e41-bb44-45d3470f79be",
"name": "Helen Zenna Smith",
"title": "Trilogie Helen Zenna Smith",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Helen_Zenna_Smith_hEWsIBn.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Omslag van de trilogie van Helen Zenna Smith",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a829e308-1301-4261-8635-a0d4f506c45f/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5348ff5b-9b30-463a-930c-cb10a5cad3f7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/926c0256-166b-434e-81d3-c3ac1c37f5a8"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0855fb95-33ad-4cc8-a549-21853833eff5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a829e308-1301-4261-8635-a0d4f506c45f",
"name": "Anne on the book that Peter was not allowed to read",
"name_nl": "Anne over het boek dat Peter niet mocht lezen",
"name_en": "Anne on the book that Peter was not allowed to read",
"content": "<p>Jo Kleiman regularly brought books for the people in hiding. In the <strong>late summer of 1942</strong>, when the Secret Annex had only been inhabited for a few weeks, he brought a book that was to cause quite a stir. Although the book title was not mentioned, it concerned a trilogy by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> a Dutch translation of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932), published in a single volume by <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The first part is about a group of British young ladies, who drive ambulances behind the front lines in northern France during the First World War. Their dangerous work and contact with German prisoners of war lead to coarser manners and looser sexual morals.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's parents did not want him to read the book, which Anne said was "very outspoken". His mother later relented somewhat, but his father stood his ground. Peter rebelled against his parents and indignantly holed himself up in the attic, threatening that he wouldn't study English either if he wasn't allowed to read the book. Incidentally, Edith Frank thought her daughter Margot was very sensible "in such matters", but even so, she was not allowed to read the trilogy either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several passages that may have raised eyebrows at the time would not cause much of a stir in this day and age:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"How disgusting you all are!" says Etta Potato. "I'm sure the prisoners weren't thinking horrid things, Tosh. They've all got sisters of their own."<br />\r\n"I hope they don't look at them in the same way, then. Isn't Etta Potato sweet, girls? The one and only virgo intacta<em> in the convoy.”<br />\r\nThere is a yell of indignation. "Here, what about me?" "And me?" "And me?"<br />\r\n“Children,” says Tosh, “you may be virgo, but I'm blowed if you're intacta."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></em></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Meanwhile, the question remains whether Peter managed to read the book in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Helen Zenna Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...., </em><em>Vrouwen in nood </em>en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1938. Quotation from the original: <em>Not so quiet. </em><em>Stepdaughters of war.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. She returns to the topic in Diary Version B: 2 September 1942<em>. </em>The book could be identified through the information from both entries. Thanks to Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p><em> </em></p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Jo Kleiman bracht geregeld boeken mee voor de onderduikers. In de <strong>nazomer van 1942</strong>, het Achterhuis was nog maar enkele weken bewoond, bracht hij een boek mee dat de gemoederen flink zou beroeren. De titel van het boek blijft ongenoemd, maar het ging om een trilogie<em> </em>van de Australisch-Britse schrijfster Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"n94cg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> in <strong>1938</strong> in één band bij <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> verschenen, namelijk <em>Gij Vrouwen..!</em>, <em>Vrouwen in nood</em> en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zdij\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het eerste deel gaat over een groep Britse jongedames van goede komaf, die tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in Noord-Frankrijk met ambulances achter de frontlinies reden. Het gevaarlijke werk en de contacten met Duitse krijgsgevangenen leidden tot de nodige verruwing en een lossere seksuele moraal.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peters ouders wilden niet hebben dat hij dit boek, volgens Anne 'erg vrij geschreven', zou lezen. Zijn moeder bond later wat in, maar zijn vader hield voet bij stuk. Peter rebelleerde tegen zijn ouders en verschanste zich verontwaardigd op zolder, dreigend dat hij ook geen Engels meer zou leren als hij het boek niet lezen mocht. Overigens vond Edith Frank haar dochter Margot heel verstandig 'in die dingen', maar desondanks mocht ook zij het boek niet lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verschillende passages die destijds opvoeders mogelijk de wenkbrauwen deden fronsen zullen in deze tijd niet veel opzien meer baren: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Ik vind het weerzinwekkend, dat gepraat van jullie", zegt Etta Potato. "Ik ben er zeker van dat die gevangenen niets lelijks dachten, Tosh. Ze hebben zelf ook zusters."<br />\r\n"Dan hoop ik, dat ze die niet op zo'n manier aankijken. Zeg, is Etta Potato geen lief kind? De ene en enige virgo intacta in de hele ploeg."<br />\r\nEen kreet van verontwaardiging. "Zeg, wou je soms wat van mij zeggen?" "En ik dan?" "En ik?"<br />\r\n"Kinderen", zegt Tosh, "jullie zijn misschien virgo, maar ik mag een staart krijgen als je intacta bent."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De grote vraag blijft intussen of Peter het boek uiteindelijk toch nog heeft kunnen lezen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n94cg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zdij\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het betrof een vertaling in het Nederlands van <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. Ze komt er later op 2 september 1942 in de B-versie op terug. De combinatie van gegevens uit beide notities maakten het mogelijk het boek te identificeren. Met dank aan Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_en": "<p>Jo Kleiman regularly brought books for the people in hiding. In the <strong>late summer of 1942</strong>, when the Secret Annex had only been inhabited for a few weeks, he brought a book that was to cause quite a stir. Although the book title was not mentioned, it concerned a trilogy by Australian-British writer Helen Zenna Smith,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> a Dutch translation of <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932) and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932), published in a single volume by <em>de Arbeiderspers</em> in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The first part is about a group of British young ladies, who drive ambulances behind the front lines in northern France during the First World War. Their dangerous work and contact with German prisoners of war lead to coarser manners and looser sexual morals.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter's parents did not want him to read the book, which Anne said was "very outspoken". His mother later relented somewhat, but his father stood his ground. Peter rebelled against his parents and indignantly holed himself up in the attic, threatening that he wouldn't study English either if he wasn't allowed to read the book. Incidentally, Edith Frank thought her daughter Margot was very sensible "in such matters", but even so, she was not allowed to read the trilogy either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several passages that may have raised eyebrows at the time would not cause much of a stir in this day and age:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"How disgusting you all are!" says Etta Potato. "I'm sure the prisoners weren't thinking horrid things, Tosh. They've all got sisters of their own."<br />\r\n"I hope they don't look at them in the same way, then. Isn't Etta Potato sweet, girls? The one and only virgo intacta<em> in the convoy.”<br />\r\nThere is a yell of indignation. "Here, what about me?" "And me?" "And me?"<br />\r\n“Children,” says Tosh, “you may be virgo, but I'm blowed if you're intacta."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></em></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Meanwhile, the question remains whether Peter managed to read the book in the end.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><em>Footnotes</em></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kooxu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pseudoniem van Evadne Price, waarschijnlijk geboren als Eva Grace Price, een Australisch-Britse schrijfster, actrice, astroloog en media-persoonlijkheid. Zie verder <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Price</a> (geraadpleegd 22 oktober 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jxyf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Helen Zenna Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...., </em><em>Vrouwen in nood </em>en <em>Vrouwenroeping</em>, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1938. Quotation from the original: <em>Not so quiet. </em><em>Stepdaughters of war.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnid7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. She returns to the topic in Diary Version B: 2 September 1942<em>. </em>The book could be identified through the information from both entries. Thanks to Fons Oltheten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hmctg\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Smith, <em>Gij vrouwen...</em>, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p><em> </em></p>",
"date": "1942-09-21",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In the Secret Annex, there was often not much more to do than read. But not every book was deemed suitable.",
"summary_nl": "In het Achterhuis viel vaak niet veel meer te doen dan lezen. Maar niet ieder boek viel in goede aarde.",
"summary_en": "In the Secret Annex, there was often not much more to do than read. But not every book was deemed suitable.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 309,
"main_image": {
"id": 1064,
"uuid": "2e008dd4-50fe-442f-a7f4-e6de24db4659",
"name": "Het Beursspel",
"title": "Het Beursspel",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/afh_beursspel0000.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d5a710eb-8d2f-4e2e-be80-361365106d16/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/483c6a65-8444-4374-8969-77b720556935"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0855fb95-33ad-4cc8-a549-21853833eff5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d5a710eb-8d2f-4e2e-be80-361365106d16",
"name": "Peter gets a stock exchange board game for his birthday",
"name_nl": "Peter krijgt Beursspel voor zijn verjaardag",
"name_en": "Peter gets a stock exchange board game for his birthday",
"content": "<p>The <em>Beursspel</em> (Stock Exchange Game) was a board game where players could speculate on price fluctuations, trade in shares and invest in (overseas) trade and industry. Anne's diary later states that they play it occasionally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"got0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"got0l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Beursspel was een bordspel waarbij de spelers konden speculeren op koersschommelingen, in aandelen handelen en investeren in (overzeese) handel en industrie. In Annes dagboek is later te lezen dat ze het af en toe spelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8gmba\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8gmba\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Beursspel</em> (Stock Exchange Game) was a board game where players could speculate on price fluctuations, trade in shares and invest in (overseas) trade and industry. Anne's diary later states that they play it occasionally.<sup data-footnote-id=\"got0l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"got0l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-11-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Peter celebrated his sixteenth birthday. He received a stock exchange board game as a gift from the office staff.",
"summary_nl": "Peter vierde zijn zestiende verjaardag. Van het kantoorpersoneel kreeg hij een Beursspel cadeau.",
"summary_en": "Peter celebrated his sixteenth birthday. He received a stock exchange board game as a gift from the office staff.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 112,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf1d0f70-0256-4d10-b157-61718883963a/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1ac7a3a0-86b6-4a04-aa6b-e25fe336aa24"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf1d0f70-0256-4d10-b157-61718883963a",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer in hiding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer duikt onder in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer in hiding in the Secret Annex",
"content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer's Amsterdam circle of acquaintances were unaware that - due to the Nuremberg laws - he was not officially married to Charlotte Kaletta. As a result, his status was not that of a mixed married person, but of an unmarried <em>Volljude</em>.He was therefore also forced to go into hiding. Before doing so, he wrote a farewell letter to Charlotte Kaletta on <strong>15 November 1942</strong>, explaining to her in covert language that he had decided to go into hiding<sup data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 November 1942,</strong> Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the annex at Prinsengracht 263. There he remained until the raid of <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He slept in the narrow room, which he shared with Anne Frank, in the back right-hand corner of the second floor of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's possible arrival at the Secret Annex was first mentioned in Anne Frank's diary on <strong>21 September 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is about two months before he actually arrived. The A-version does not give an exact date of Pfeffer's arrival. According to this version, Johannes Kleiman met Pfeffer at the Main Post Office and they walked to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne writes about the arrival of Pfeffer on <strong>17 November 1942</strong>. Kleiman would have gone by tram: "Kleiman took a streetcar back to the office while Pf. walked on foot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, his landlord Felix Mittwoch reported that Pfeffer had told him that he might have to undergo an operation in an unspecified hospital because of kidney disease. After Mittwoch heard nothing more from his tenant for several days, he notified the police's Immigration Department that he had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In the Secret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. He performed dentistry in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne describes how he examined her when she was ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He moved into the small room where Anne and Margot had slept until then, and thereafter shared it with Anne. Margot moved into her parents' bedroom. At first, Anne writes that the atmosphere in the house was good. Later, there were more reports of conflicts between the people in hiding, and between her and Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_013: Brief van Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta, 15 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. This qualifies the story that Pfeffer had to come to the Secret Annex at a moment's notice somewhat.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works; </em>Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de Amsterdamse kennissenkring van Fritz Pfeffer was onbekend dat hij vanwege de Neurenberger wetten niet officieel met Charlotte Kaletta was getrouwd. Zijn status was dan ook niet die van een gemengd gehuwde, maar van een ongetrouwde <em>Volljude</em>. Daarom zag ook hij zich genoodzaakt onder te duiken. Voordat hij dit deed schreef hij op <strong>15 november 1942 </strong>een afscheidsbrief aan Charlotte Kaletta, waarin hij haar in bedekte termen uitlegde dat hij had besloten om ondertduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0jx1d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>16 november 1942</strong> dook Fritz Pfeffer onder in het achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263. Daar bleef hij tot de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hij sliep hier in het smalle kamertje, dat hij deelde met Anne Frank, rechtsachter op de tweede verdieping van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mogelijke komst van Pfeffer naar het Achterhuis komt in het dagboek van Anne Frank voor het eerst ter sprake op <strong>21 september 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dat is ongeveer twee maanden voor hij daadwerkelijk arriveerde. In de A-versie staat geen exacte datum van Pfeffers komst. Volgens deze versie zou Johannes Kleiman Pfeffer bij het Hoofdpostkantoor ophalen en zouden zij naar de Prinsengracht lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In de B-versie schrijft Anne op <strong>17 november 1942</strong> over de komst van Pfeffer. Kleiman zou met de tram zijn gegaan: <em>'Kleiman stapte in de tram, reed terug naar kantoor en Pf. liep dezelfde weg op.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>30 november 1942 </strong>meldde zijn huisbaas Felix Mittwoch dat Pfeffer hem had verteld dat hij vanwege een nierziekte misschien een operatie in een niet nader genoemd ziekenhuis moest ondergaan. Nadat Mittwoch enige dagen niets meer van zijn huurder hoorde, meldde hij hem bij de Vreemdelingendienst van de politie af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In het Achterhuis</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was arts en tandarts. Als tandarts trad hij ook in het Achterhuis op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft hoe hij haar onderzoekt toen ze ziek was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hij betrok het kleine kamertje waar tot dan Anne en Margot sliepen, en deelde dat voortaan met Anne. Margot verhuisde naar de slaapkamer van haar ouders. Aanvankelijk schrijft Anne dat de sfeer in huis goed is. Later komen er meer berichten over conflicten tussen de onderduikers en tussen haar en Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0jx1d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_013: Brief van Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta, 15 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A en B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Dit nuanceert het verhaal dat Pfeffer op stel en sprong naar het Achterhuis moest komen wel enigszins.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De tandarts", 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer's Amsterdam circle of acquaintances were unaware that - due to the Nuremberg laws - he was not officially married to Charlotte Kaletta. As a result, his status was not that of a mixed married person, but of an unmarried <em>Volljude</em>.He was therefore also forced to go into hiding. Before doing so, he wrote a farewell letter to Charlotte Kaletta on <strong>15 November 1942</strong>, explaining to her in covert language that he had decided to go into hiding<sup data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 November 1942,</strong> Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the annex at Prinsengracht 263. There he remained until the raid of <strong>4 August 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He slept in the narrow room, which he shared with Anne Frank, in the back right-hand corner of the second floor of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's possible arrival at the Secret Annex was first mentioned in Anne Frank's diary on <strong>21 September 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is about two months before he actually arrived. The A-version does not give an exact date of Pfeffer's arrival. According to this version, Johannes Kleiman met Pfeffer at the Main Post Office and they walked to Prinsengracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne writes about the arrival of Pfeffer on <strong>17 November 1942</strong>. Kleiman would have gone by tram: "Kleiman took a streetcar back to the office while Pf. walked on foot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>30 November 1942</strong>, his landlord Felix Mittwoch reported that Pfeffer had told him that he might have to undergo an operation in an unspecified hospital because of kidney disease. After Mittwoch heard nothing more from his tenant for several days, he notified the police's Immigration Department that he had moved out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In the Secret Annex</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was a doctor and dentist. He performed dentistry in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne describes how he examined her when she was ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> He moved into the small room where Anne and Margot had slept until then, and thereafter shared it with Anne. Margot moved into her parents' bedroom. At first, Anne writes that the atmosphere in the house was good. Later, there were more reports of conflicts between the people in hiding, and between her and Pfeffer.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zekqd\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_013: Brief van Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta, 15 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwr5x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db7mt\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Versions A and B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbjvx\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. This qualifies the story that Pfeffer had to come to the Secret Annex at a moment's notice somewhat.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9u9ns\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d00o1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hv7pr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Felilx Mittwoch aan Vreemdelingendienst, 30 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy7nj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works; </em>Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g6m6b\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1942-11-16",
"date_end": "1944-08-04",
"summary": "In November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. During the period in hiding, he shared a room with Anne Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Op 16 november 1942 dook Fritz Pfeffer onder in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. Tijdens de onderduik deelde hij een kamer met Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "In November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. During the period in hiding, he shared a room with Anne Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 299,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b05aace9-de43-47da-8b47-7f04db0cbf79/",
"subjects": [],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0719c187-3be0-4450-aeed-a97e2fd9250f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0855fb95-33ad-4cc8-a549-21853833eff5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/960fd1b1-4b84-4e4b-9eac-145c17dbf2b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0ac6c6f2-edb0-427d-b0c7-b183f742c26c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b05aace9-de43-47da-8b47-7f04db0cbf79",
"name": "Prinsengracht 263 sold",
"name_nl": "Prinsengracht 263 verkocht",
"name_en": "Prinsengracht 263 sold",
"content": "<p>Maurits Wessels, the new owner, was a member of an extensive family whose registration as Jewish persons had been succesfully removed through a so-called Calmeyer procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htrog\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, he regained control of his assets and was able to resume his business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1943</strong> he already bought several properties in the <em>Pijp</em> and <em>Kinkerbuurt</em> districts. Anne Frank noted in her diary version dated <strong>27 February 1943</strong>, but rewritten in <strong>1944</strong>, that one morning "the new owner" came to inspect his purchase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> If her dating is correct, Wessels was at best an aspiring owner, he ultimately bought the property on <strong>22 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes that the new owner viewed the building together with an architect and Jo Kleiman. According to her, Kleiman pretended to have left the key to the connecting door - between the front house and the hall near the bookcase - at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is remarkable that on the floor below the architect did not see that there was a staircase leading to that hallway. In any case, it does not appear that Wessels had any actual plans for the building. Apparently it was intended as just an investment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htrog\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer</a> (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, z.p., z.j.: Dato, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De nieuwe eigenaar Maurits Wessels maakte deel uit van een omvangrijke familie die door een zogenaamde Calmeyer-procedure was 'ontjoodst'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vtick\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Daardoor kreeg hij de beschikking terug over zijn vermogen en kon hij zijn zaken weer opnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In februari kocht hij al enkele panden in de Pijp en in de Kinkerbuurt. Anne Frank noteerde in haar op <strong>27 februari 1943</strong> gedateerde, maar in <strong>1944</strong> herschreven dagboekversie dat op een morgen 'de nieuwe eigenaar' zijn aankoop kwam inspecteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Als haar datering juist is, was Wessels toen op zijn best aspirant-eigenaar, hij kocht het pand uiteindelijk pas op <strong>22 april 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft dat de nieuwe eigenaar samen met een architect en Jo Kleiman het pand bezichtigde. Kleiman veinsde volgens haar lezing de sleutel van de tussendeur - tussen het voorhuis en het halletje bij de boekenkast - thuis te hebben laten liggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wel is dan opmerkelijk dat de architect een verdieping lager niet zag dat er een trap naar dat halletje liep. In ieder geval ziet het er niet naar uit dat Wessels concrete plannen met het gebouw had. Kennelijk was het bedoeld als geldbelegging.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vtick\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Calmeyer\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Calmeyer</a> (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, z.p., z.j.: Dato, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 februari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Maurits Wessels, the new owner, was a member of an extensive family whose registration as Jewish persons had been succesfully removed through a so-called Calmeyer procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htrog\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, he regained control of his assets and was able to resume his business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1943</strong> he already bought several properties in the <em>Pijp</em> and <em>Kinkerbuurt</em> districts. Anne Frank noted in her diary version dated <strong>27 February 1943</strong>, but rewritten in <strong>1944</strong>, that one morning "the new owner" came to inspect his purchase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> If her dating is correct, Wessels was at best an aspiring owner, he ultimately bought the property on <strong>22 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"57bna\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes that the new owner viewed the building together with an architect and Jo Kleiman. According to her, Kleiman pretended to have left the key to the connecting door - between the front house and the hall near the bookcase - at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is remarkable that on the floor below the architect did not see that there was a staircase leading to that hallway. In any case, it does not appear that Wessels had any actual plans for the building. Apparently it was intended as just an investment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htrog\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Calmeyer</a> (geraadpleegd 1 december 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jtrtz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>An Huitzing, <em>Spartelend aan de fuik ontkomen. Hoe tientallen leden van een Joodse familie de oorlog overleefden</em>, z.p., z.j.: Dato, p. 192.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wwgke\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. De verschillen tussen de aanvankelijke en de herschreven dagboekversies leiden geregeld tot misverstanden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57bna\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kadaster Amsterdam, koopakte 3305/4, 22 april 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-04-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Prinsengracht 263 changed owner in 1943 without the buyer or seller knowing that eight people in hiding were hidden in the building.",
"summary_nl": "Prinsengracht 263 wisselde in 1943 van eigenaar zonder dat koper of verkoper wist dat er acht onderduikers in het pand verborgen waren.",
"summary_en": "Prinsengracht 263 changed owner in 1943 without the buyer or seller knowing that eight people in hiding were hidden in the building.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 178,
"main_image": {
"id": 1138,
"uuid": "ee9a83a2-109d-43b8-962f-798e20d1511e",
"name": "A_MFrank_I__089",
"title": "Les 17 van de LOI-cursus Latijn die Margot Frank volgde op naam van Bep Voskuijl, 11 maart 1944",
"alt": "Collectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/4b1b09ef-96e3-def1-e011-37b61f53ceab.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "undefined",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/09aa6f3d-7893-43eb-8b18-ad8f2851d7fb/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/767fd4d2-1b73-4dcf-9802-6a22e32167df",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/4da36e02-e29b-48b9-8cb5-5034731aa9ba"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0caec351-5030-4117-85e6-d60c5837523b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "09aa6f3d-7893-43eb-8b18-ad8f2851d7fb",
"name": "Margot Frank and Latin course with Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank en cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"name_en": "Margot Frank and Latin course with Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI)",
"content": "<p>In late 1943, Margot began a written Latin course through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She took the course under the name Elly Voskuijl.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She chose a pace of one lesson per week, to pay per month in advance, and she wanted to keep the teaching materials afterwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On 2 November 1943, LOI sent the acknowledgement of receipt of Margot's application.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The course lasted about 1 year and cost NLG 7.50 a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne wrote about this in her diary on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"To take our minds off matters as well as develop them, Father ordered a catalog from a correspondence school. Margot pored through the thick brochure three times without finding anything to her liking and within her budget. Father was easier to satisfy and decided to write and ask for a trial lesson in "Elementary Latin". No sooner said than done. The lesson arrived, Margot set to work enthusiastically and decided to take the course, despite the expense. It's much too hard for me, though I'd really like to learn Latin<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also writes in her diary that her father 'joined in' with Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She also wrote: "The Latin lessons Margot sends in are corrected by a teacher and returned.The teacher, a certain A.C.Nielson is very nice, and witty too. I expect he is glad to have such a clever pupil.<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe teacher was very appreciative of Margot's work. In subsequent lessons, he wrote comments:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lesson A2: <em>Your work is outstanding! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 7: <em>You have revised very well and can now move on with no problem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 8, the first lesson of the year <strong>1944</strong>: <em>May the noise of war remain far from you.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 9: <em>Excellent work. Kudos for your translation of Hannibal's portrait. I take pleasure in your superb work!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 13: <em>Exquisite, as always.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 32: <em>Excellent work! These were very difficult tasks.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 37 (the last one, stamped with the correction date <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong>): <em>Well philosophised and well translated!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 August 1944</strong>, Bep Voskuijl wrote to LOI that she could not continue participating in the course. She requested deregistration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <strong>On 14 August 1944</strong>, the LOI proposed to Bep that the course be temporarily suspended and possibly resumed at a later stage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> On <strong>11 June 1945</strong>, Bep wrote to the LOI that the course had actually been for a woman in hiding (Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen the diary was published, Otto Frank sent a copy to Margot's Latin teacher at LOI, Mr Nielson: "(...) You took great care with the lessons, which gave great satisfaction to my daughter Margot, even though you did not know the pupil, with whom you corresponded under the name Voskuyl<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson replied:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"(...) During the war, hundreds of people in hiding, often in the most remote places, attended our classes. How much good such an institution such as Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen can do has never been more evident than in the years behind us. I keep hundreds of letters from this time as precious reminders of the many lonely and frightened people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture in an often highly unintellectual environment."<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> begon Margot met een schriftelijke cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze volgde de cursus op naam van Elly 'Bep' Voskuijl. Ze koos voor een tempo van een les per week, voor betaling per maand vooruit en ze wilde het lesmateriaal na afloop behouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 november 1943</strong> verstuurde LOI de ontvangstbevestiging van Margots aanmelding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De cursus duurde ongeveer 1 jaar en kostte fl 7,50 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne schrijft hierover in haar dagboek op <strong>3 november 1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Om ons wat afleiding en ontwikkeling te bezorgen heeft vader een prospectus van de Leidse onderwijsinstellingen aangevraagd. Margot neusde het dikke boekje wel drie keer door zonder dat ze iets naar haar gading en haar beurs vond. Vader was vlugger voor iets te vinden, hij wilde naar de instelling schrijven en om een proefles ‘Elementair Latijn’ vragen. Zo gezegd, zo gedaan. De les kwam, Margot trok enthousiast aan ’t werk, en de cursus, hoe duur ook, werd genomen. Voor mij is hij veel te moeilijk, hoewel ik erg graag Latijn zou leren.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook schrijft Anne in haar dagboek dat haar vader <em>‘meedoet’</em> met Latijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0xo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verder schrijft ze: '<em>Margots ingestuurde Latijnse lessen worden door een leraar gecorrigeerd teruggezonden. Margot schrijft onder Bep's naam, de leraar, een zekere A.C. Nielson is erg aardig en geestig bovendien. Hij is zeker blij dat hij zo'n knappe leerlinge gekregen heeft.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nDe docent was erg te spreken over Margots werk. Bij de volgende lessen schreef hij opmerkingen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Les A2: <em>Uw werk is voortreffelijk! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 7: <em>U hebt uitstekend gerepeteerd en kunt rustig verder gaan.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 8, de eerste les van het jaar <strong>1944</strong>: <em>Moge het oorlogsrumoer ver van U blijven.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 9: <em>Uitstekend werk. Hulde voor Uw vertaling van Hannibals portret. Ik heb genoegen in Uw steeds zo goede werk!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 13: <em>Voortreffelijk, als steeds.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 32: <em>Uitstekend werk! Het waren zeer moeilijke opgaven.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Les 37 (de laatste, gestempeld met de correctiedatum <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong>): <em>Goed gephilosopheerd en goed vertaald!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>10 augustus 1944</strong> schreef Bep Voskuijl aan de LOI dat ze niet verder aan de cursus kon deelnemen. Ze verzocht om uitschrijving.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> De LOI deed Bep <strong>14 augustus 1944</strong> het voorstel de cursus tijdelijk op te schorten en in een later stadium eventueel te hervatten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Op <strong>11 juni 1945</strong> schreef Bep aan de LOI dat de cursus eigenlijk voor een onderduikster (Margot) was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nOtto Frank stuurde bij het verschijnen van het dagboek een exemplaar naar Margots leraar Latijn van de LOI, de heer Neilson: <em>(…) U heeft veel zorg aan de lessen besteed, die aan mijn dochter Margot grote voldoening gaven, ook al kende U de leerlinge niet, met wie u onder de naam Voskuyl correspondeerde.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson antwoordt:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'(…) Gedurende de oorlog hebben honderden onderduikers, vaak op de meest afgelegen plaatsen, onze lessen gevolgd. Hoeveel goeds zo’n instituut als de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen kan doen, is nooit duidelijker gebleken dan in de jaren die achter ons liggen. Honderden brieven uit deze tijd bewaar ik als een kostbare herinnering aan de vele eenzame en angstige onderduikers, aan wie mijn lessen troost en cultuur brachten in een vaak hoogst-onintellectuele omgeving.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0xo7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In late 1943, Margot began a written Latin course through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI).<sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She took the course under the name Elly Voskuijl.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She chose a pace of one lesson per week, to pay per month in advance, and she wanted to keep the teaching materials afterwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> On 2 November 1943, LOI sent the acknowledgement of receipt of Margot's application.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The course lasted about 1 year and cost NLG 7.50 a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne wrote about this in her diary on <strong>3 November</strong> <strong>1943</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"To take our minds off matters as well as develop them, Father ordered a catalog from a correspondence school. Margot pored through the thick brochure three times without finding anything to her liking and within her budget. Father was easier to satisfy and decided to write and ask for a trial lesson in "Elementary Latin". No sooner said than done. The lesson arrived, Margot set to work enthusiastically and decided to take the course, despite the expense. It's much too hard for me, though I'd really like to learn Latin<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also writes in her diary that her father 'joined in' with Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She also wrote: "The Latin lessons Margot sends in are corrected by a teacher and returned.The teacher, a certain A.C.Nielson is very nice, and witty too. I expect he is glad to have such a clever pupil.<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe teacher was very appreciative of Margot's work. In subsequent lessons, he wrote comments:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lesson A2: <em>Your work is outstanding! </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 7: <em>You have revised very well and can now move on with no problem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 8, the first lesson of the year <strong>1944</strong>: <em>May the noise of war remain far from you.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 9: <em>Excellent work. Kudos for your translation of Hannibal's portrait. I take pleasure in your superb work!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 13: <em>Exquisite, as always.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 32: <em>Excellent work! These were very difficult tasks.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lesson 37 (the last one, stamped with the correction date <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong>): <em>Well philosophised and well translated!</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 August 1944</strong>, Bep Voskuijl wrote to LOI that she could not continue participating in the course. She requested deregistration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> <strong>On 14 August 1944</strong>, the LOI proposed to Bep that the course be temporarily suspended and possibly resumed at a later stage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> On <strong>11 June 1945</strong>, Bep wrote to the LOI that the course had actually been for a woman in hiding (Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen the diary was published, Otto Frank sent a copy to Margot's Latin teacher at LOI, Mr Nielson: "(...) You took great care with the lessons, which gave great satisfaction to my daughter Margot, even though you did not know the pupil, with whom you corresponded under the name Voskuyl<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nNielson replied:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"(...) During the war, hundreds of people in hiding, often in the most remote places, attended our classes. How much good such an institution such as Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen can do has never been more evident than in the years behind us. I keep hundreds of letters from this time as precious reminders of the many lonely and frightened people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture in an often highly unintellectual environment."<sup data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xpq8u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sqwte\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: A_MFrank_I_060: Afschrift aanvraag tot inschrijving bij de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fhrlk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_064: Bevestiging ontvangst van aanvraag tot inschrijving voor de cursus Elementair Latijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwp3o\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_055: "Prospectus voor de opleiding tot de MO examens Moderne Talen en voor Talenstudies zonder examendoel".</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tor0c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k55a7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w85bt\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074: Correcties les A2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"upu7x\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_079: Correcties les 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1l8u7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_080: Nieuwjaarswens onder correcties les 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8eb0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_081: Correcties les 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mb4iq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_085: Correcties les 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bp5b\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_104: Correcties les 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnpqp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_109: Correcties les 37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aemx2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Handgeschreven briefje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1t52l\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_069: LOI aan Bep Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rhj3m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3sp4\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Otto Frank aan A.C. Nielson, juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cb3in\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-11-02",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Margot took a written course in Latin through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\n",
"summary_nl": "Margot volgde een schriftelijke cursus Latijn bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Margot took a written course in Latin through Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen.\r\n",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 243,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c646dbb2-7cc1-412a-8650-bba08874666e/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c646dbb2-7cc1-412a-8650-bba08874666e",
"name": "Anne Frank continues to write in notebooks",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank schrijft verder in schriften",
"name_en": "Anne Frank continues to write in notebooks",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank's first, red-checked diary (Diary A1) ran until <strong>5 December 1942.</strong> Even though it was not full at that point, Anne considered it full and then continued writing in notebooks, with Johannes Kleiman providing the next diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This diary has been lost - and possibly subsequent diaries as well. The next diary begins on <strong>22 December 1943</strong>. On average, a diary covered five months, so it is likely that there were several diaries in between. On <strong>11 November 1943</strong>, Anne wrote in the B-version (the A-version is missing here): "When I was thirteen the fountain pen went with me to the Annex, and together we've raced through countless dairies and compositions. I'd turned fourteen and my fountain pen was enjoying the last year of its life with me when ...<em>.</em> "<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From this, one might infer that more than one diary is missing. In the narrative <em>The Dentist</em>, Anne writes about a disinfectant. In a margin note, she notes: "In Dec. I wrote: decificator!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The word 'decificator' cannot be found in the preserved A volumes, which makes it plausible that Anne is referring to an entry in a lost diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The surviving diary A2 consists of a black mottled notebook with hard cover. Diary A2 does not connect to diary A1. It shows a gap of one year and begins on <strong>Wednesday 22 December 1943</strong>: "Dear Kitty, Father has tracked down another diary for me after all, and it is of a respectable thickness, of that, you can, in due course, convince yourself".<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote until <strong>17 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> in this diary. Diary A3, written in a green mottled notebook with hard cover, begins on <strong>18 April 1944</strong>: "Again there has been a treasure who has taken apart a chemistry notebook for me to get me a new diary, this time it is Margot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last diary entry of diary A3 dates from <strong>1 August 1944</strong> and was made three days before the arrest of Anne and the other people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Daddy has asked Mr Kleiman for a diary and Bep for a potty</em>'. Anne Frank, Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. '<em>I simply can't wait to ask Mr Kleiman for the new diary well so long', </em>Anne Frank, Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het eerste, roodgeruite dagboek van Anne Frank (dagboek A1) loopt tot <strong>5 december 1942.</strong> Ook al was het toen nog niet volgeschreven, Anne beschouwde het als vol en schreef daarna verder in schriften. Johannes Kleiman zorgde voor het volgende dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit dagboek is verloren gegaan - en mogelijk ook daarop volgende dagboeken. Het volgende dagboek begint op <strong>22 december 1943</strong>. Gemiddeld beslaat een dagboek vijf maanden, het is dus aannemelijk dat er meerdere dagboeken tussen zitten. Op <strong>11 november 1943</strong> schrijft Anne in de B-versie (de A-versie ontbreekt hier): '<em>Met 13 ging de vulpen mee naar 't Achterhuis waar hij met mij door talloze dagboeken en geschriften is gerend. Toen ik 14 jaar oud was, was dat het laatste jaar dat m'n vulpen met mij voltooid had (…).'</em> <sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hieruit zou men kunnen afleiden dat er meer dan een dagboek ontbreekt. In het verhaaltje <em>De tandarts</em> schrijft Anne over een desinfecteermiddel. In een margenotitie noteert ze: '<em>In Dec. schreef ik: decificeermiddel!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><em> </em>Het woord 'decificeermiddel' is in de bewaarde A-delen niet te vinden, wat aannemelijk maakt dat Anne verwijst naar een verloren dagboekdeel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het overgeleverde dagboek A2 bestaat uit een zwart gemeleerd schrift met harde kaft. Dagboek A2 sluit niet aan op dagboek A1. Het vertoont een hiaat van een jaar en begint op <strong>woensdag 22 december 1943</strong>: '<em>Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In dit dagboek schrijft Anne tot <strong>17 april 1944</strong>. Dagboek A3, geschreven in een groen gemeleerd schrift met harde kaft, begint op <strong>18 april 1944</strong>: '<em>Weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De laatste dagboeknotitie van dagboek A3 dateert van <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong> en is gemaakt drie dagen voor de arrestatie van Anne en de andere onderduikers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Papa heeft mijnh Kleiman naar een dagboek gevraagd en Bep naar een po</em>'. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <strong>Verzameld werk</strong>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013: '<em>Ik zit gewoon te springen om mijnh. Kleiman voor het nieuwe dagboek te vragen nu tabeh Anne Frank</em>.' Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "De tandarts", 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank's first, red-checked diary (Diary A1) ran until <strong>5 December 1942.</strong> Even though it was not full at that point, Anne considered it full and then continued writing in notebooks, with Johannes Kleiman providing the next diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This diary has been lost - and possibly subsequent diaries as well. The next diary begins on <strong>22 December 1943</strong>. On average, a diary covered five months, so it is likely that there were several diaries in between. On <strong>11 November 1943</strong>, Anne wrote in the B-version (the A-version is missing here): "When I was thirteen the fountain pen went with me to the Annex, and together we've raced through countless dairies and compositions. I'd turned fourteen and my fountain pen was enjoying the last year of its life with me when ...<em>.</em> "<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From this, one might infer that more than one diary is missing. In the narrative <em>The Dentist</em>, Anne writes about a disinfectant. In a margin note, she notes: "In Dec. I wrote: decificator!"<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The word 'decificator' cannot be found in the preserved A volumes, which makes it plausible that Anne is referring to an entry in a lost diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The surviving diary A2 consists of a black mottled notebook with hard cover. Diary A2 does not connect to diary A1. It shows a gap of one year and begins on <strong>Wednesday 22 December 1943</strong>: "Dear Kitty, Father has tracked down another diary for me after all, and it is of a respectable thickness, of that, you can, in due course, convince yourself".<em>'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne wrote until <strong>17 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> in this diary. Diary A3, written in a green mottled notebook with hard cover, begins on <strong>18 April 1944</strong>: "Again there has been a treasure who has taken apart a chemistry notebook for me to get me a new diary, this time it is Margot"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i3267\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last diary entry of diary A3 dates from <strong>1 August 1944</strong> and was made three days before the arrest of Anne and the other people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yn92\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<em>Daddy has asked Mr Kleiman for a diary and Bep for a potty</em>'. Anne Frank, Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. '<em>I simply can't wait to ask Mr Kleiman for the new diary well so long', </em>Anne Frank, Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0adm\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsdzl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, "The Dentist", 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g4zi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3267\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-12-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "There is a year between the last entry in the red-checked diary and the next, preserved diary.",
"summary_nl": "Er zit een jaar tussen de laatste aantekening in het roodgeruite dagboek en het volgende, bewaard gebleven dagboek.",
"summary_en": "There is a year between the last entry in the red-checked diary and the next, preserved diary.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 244,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/eab8c158-7480-49f2-833a-c574268b06c3"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b0725097-67d8-4df2-886e-9df866faec66",
"name": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank herschrijft haar dagboek",
"name_en": "Anne Frank rewrites her diary",
"content": "<p>In response to Minister Bolkestein's appeal on <strong>28 March 1944</strong> on Radio Oranje to keep wartime diaries and letters, Anne Frank decided to rewrite her diary into a novel: "Imagine how interesting it would be if I published a novel of the Secret Annex, from the title alone people would think it was a detective novel." <sup data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nAnne rewrote and edited her diary on loose sheets of duplicator paper. On <strong>Saturday 20 May 1944,</strong> she wrote: "<em>Dear Kitty, At last after much contemplation I have begun my 'the Secret Annex', in my head it is already as finished as it can be, but in reality it will be a lot slower, if it ever gets finished at all</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Anne's rewritten version, known as Version B, ends with the diary entry of <strong>29 March 1944</strong>.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRepeatedly, Anne expressed in her diaries that she wanted to publish a novel and become a writer or journalist.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8v7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zcjb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n6s5o\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote- 
