HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"next": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/search?page=9&q=city%3AAmsterdam",
"previous": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/search?page=7&q=city%3AAmsterdam",
"count": 96,
"total": 1113,
"language": "en",
"results": [
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 100,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.372413",
"longitude": "4.885662",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84898f4e-5c32-47d1-bff4-d377c343c5b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1a319571-a93e-4566-9396-a4d6e61833ed",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/41740528-a1d2-4a88-8b7c-c78e01a8ee6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aedb3425-3b2c-4479-9d12-9ff63918c0b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ea19e0cf-5fd7-4bb6-9dd9-63c328018639",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/83d54925-63d3-43a3-9f96-a9535224eb3d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f5b8243-d6ba-4498-b411-126dfe806d85",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0cfff667-b7b7-42e2-b01b-848d60758275",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/18a78a8e-12a1-4e8c-b38f-20ab70ff1da5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f2e450aa-840f-4dd8-84cf-548ce515e6d0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/56d301cf-e04e-47fd-884b-6685a83f00b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aeeb3d86-ddec-4d5d-a51a-5a0749bc3972",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/22e16ce9-e2a5-476f-b517-7e48026e719e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f9bad9c3-50bb-41b5-b528-74c36e40d028",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ce8468a7-c299-43c3-a730-4b3009a56059",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bc55a0-7741-4259-a387-42959e20d899",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6/",
"published": true,
"name": "California Fruit Company",
"name_nl": "California Fruit Company",
"name_en": "California Fruit Company",
"uuid": "2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6",
"content": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Hartenstraat 24, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>California Fruit Company was a competitor of Opekta on the Dutch pectin market. The Hartenstraat branch was probably a sales office or agency of the California Fruit Company of the United States, founded in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The company advertised a pectin product under the name Cinella in <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1940</strong>, a shopkeeper in Delft advertised with Opekta, Penjel and Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the archive of the Dutch Opekta Mij. there are a few bags of Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Frans Hofhuis, pectin expert, pectin of Californian origin is made from citrus fruits.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Meer en Betere Jams en Geleien”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 juli 1939, avondeditie, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The <a href=\"https://www.californiafruit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Fruit Company</a> still exists today. The company's lin of business includes the wholesale distribution of fresj fruits and vegetables.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Voor de inmaak”, <em>Delftsche Courant</em>, 10 augustus 1940, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegangsnr, 292, inv. nr. 104: pakje Cinella, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>.Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen II: interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Hartenstraat 24, Amsterdam.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":227,"y":22,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":448,"abs_y":1838}\" data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>California Fruit Company was een concurrent van Opekta op de Nederlandse pectinemarkt. De vestiging in de Hartenstraat is waarschijnlijk een verkoopkantoor of agentuur van de in <strong>1931</strong> opgerichte California Fruit Company uit de Verenigde Staten geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eruk8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het bedrijf adverteerde in <strong>1939</strong> met een pectineproduct onder de naam Cinella.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":817,"y":80,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":1038,"abs_y":1896}\" data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Een winkelier in Delft adverteerde in <strong>1940 </strong>met zowel Opekta, Penjel alsook Cinella.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":255,"y":104,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":476,"abs_y":1920}\" data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het archief van de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. bevinden zich enkele zakjes Cinella.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":510,"y":141,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":731,"abs_y":1957}\" data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Frans Hofhuis, deskundig op het gebied van pectine, is pectine van Californische herkomst uit citrusvruchten gemaakt.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":751,"y":178,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":972,"abs_y":1994}\" data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":20,"y":212,"w":1060,"h":187,"abs_x":241,"abs_y":2028}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":35,"y":229,"w":1030,"h":23,"abs_x":256,"abs_y":2045}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Meer en Betere Jams en Geleien”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 juli 1939, avondeditie, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eruk8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De <a href=\"https://www.californiafruit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Fruit Company</a> bestaat nog altijd. De activitieit van het bedrijf omvat de groothandel in verse groenten en fruit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Voor de inmaak”, <em>Delftsche Courant</em>, 10 augustus 1940, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegangsnr, 292, inv. nr. 104: pakje Cinella, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>.Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen II: interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em><strong>:</strong> Hartenstraat 24, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>California Fruit Company was a competitor of Opekta on the Dutch pectin market. The Hartenstraat branch was probably a sales office or agency of the California Fruit Company of the United States, founded in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The company advertised a pectin product under the name Cinella in <strong>1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1940</strong>, a shopkeeper in Delft advertised with Opekta, Penjel and Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the archive of the Dutch Opekta Mij. there are a few bags of Cinella.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Frans Hofhuis, pectin expert, pectin of Californian origin is made from citrus fruits.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y3fo5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Meer en Betere Jams en Geleien”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 juli 1939, avondeditie, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sfzuj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The <a href=\"https://www.californiafruit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Fruit Company</a> still exists today. The company's lin of business includes the wholesale distribution of fresj fruits and vegetables.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dk9vq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Voor de inmaak”, <em>Delftsche Courant</em>, 10 augustus 1940, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65hkj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegangsnr, 292, inv. nr. 104: pakje Cinella, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7p9e8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>.Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen II: interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.885662 52.372413)",
"summary": "This company was a competitor of Opekta in the Dutch pectin market.",
"summary_nl": "California Fruit Company was een concurrent van Opekta op de Nederlandse pectinemarkt.",
"summary_en": "This company was a competitor of Opekta in the Dutch pectin market.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Hartenstraat 24",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
"score": 1.2469465
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 210,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.36649",
"longitude": "4.88606",
"events": [
{
"id": 271,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bb8fe3db-c11d-4cac-a4b9-709750f72f32/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a871bcad-3786-4974-baaa-c342c48eabbd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f1cf764c-cd3d-468e-9faa-07f9f3f2a6b1"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/40ffef95-1370-436a-ac4b-fc13d3135ba1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/1ca0aa8a-d7d5-40b6-af15-f971a9288759",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb8fe3db-c11d-4cac-a4b9-709750f72f32",
"name": "Johannes Kleiman managing director of Opekta",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman directeur bij Opekta",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman managing director of Opekta",
"content": "<p>On <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director at Opekta's shareholders' meeting, which was called to aryanise the company pro forma. Johannes Kleiman immediately accepted the appointment as managing director. The meeting was held at the offices of A.R.W.M. Dunselman, the company's legal advisor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g77q3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>18 December 1941</strong>, the changed was registered with the Chamber of Commerce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spbuv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>30 June 1942</strong>, Kleiman signed the attendance list of the shareholders' meeting at Dunselman's office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wgnyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>25 June 1945</strong>, he did so again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ffdth\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank, Kleiman intended after the war: <em>'Once again to resign from the business, since he is interested in other matters and took up this position at the time only to help me.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ykmg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>10 April 1947</strong>, Kleiman's salary was set at 4,800 guilders a year. It was the same as Otto Frank's salary, who was reinstalled as a director in this meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cdpy2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>9 October 1947</strong>, Kleiman, as the director, filed amended articles of association with the civil-law notary, in accordance with the decisions of the shareholders' meeting of <strong>14 August 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vw15k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-7.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></li>\r\n\t<li>From <strong>10 March 1953</strong>, he once more served as the director. This was shortly after Otto Frank left for Basel.</li>\r\n\t<li>From <strong>late 1956</strong>, the company conducted difficult negotiations with Opekta-Köln and Robert Feix about the acquisition of the Dutch Opekta shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-9.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman owned one-fifth of the shares, Otto Frank owned the rest. In <strong>1957</strong>, the total value was fl. 25,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duv4h\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>IIn 1958, Kleiman was experimenting with bigarreaux as a pastry filling. On <strong>14 August 1958</strong>, he wrote to Otto Frank that he was hopeful about the prospects. This strengthened their negotiating position, since Dr Magin from Opekta-Köln was making overtures again. Kleiman wanted to wait and see what would happen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-11.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman's last letter to Otto Frank was dated <strong>27 December 1958</strong>. The next letter, dated <strong>20 April 1959</strong>, came from his widow, Johanna Kleiman-Reuman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"982hr\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-12.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" />Opekta-Köln took over the Amsterdam firm in the <strong>spring of 1959</strong> when they acquired the shares of Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jphot\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g77q3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief van de N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, inv. no.19: Notulen 12 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spbuv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_051: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 11 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgnyj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief Opekta, inv. no. 19: Notulen 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ffdth\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief Opekta, inv. no. 19: Notulen 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ykmg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut: Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan Beheerinstituut, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cdpy2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Opekta, losse map: Notitie over directie en commissarissen van Opecta en Pectacon. Op dezelfde datum treedt Otto Frank weer aan als directeur, enkele weken na zijn verklaring tot 'non-enemy'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vw15k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_018, Bijvoegsel Staatscourant van 14 november 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_079: Correspondentie tussen Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman, 1956-1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duv4h\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 21 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"982hr\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 27 december 1958 en J. Kleiman-Reuman aan Otto Frank, 20 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jphot\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075: Afschrift brief Magin en Fackeldey, 4 juni 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank terug als directeur tijdens de aandeelhoudersvergadering van Opekta, die ten doel had het bedrijf pro forma te ariseren. Johannes Kleiman aanvaardde direct de benoeming tot directeur. De vergadering was ten kantore van mr. A.R.W.M. Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g77q3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Op <strong>18 december 1941</strong> was deze wijziging bij de Kamer van Koophandel doorgevoerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spbuv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op <strong>30 juni 1942</strong> tekende Kleiman de presentielijst van de aandeelhoudersvergadering, bij Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wgnyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op <strong>25 juni 1945</strong> deed hij dat opnieuw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ffdth\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog wilde Kleiman volgens Otto Frank: '<em>Wederom uit de zaak treden, aangezien hij in andere zaken is geïnteresseerd en deze functie destijds alleen om mij te helpen heeft opgenomen.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ykmg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Op<strong> 10 april 1947</strong> werd Kleiman salaris vastgesteld op 4.800 gulden per jaar. Dat was gelijk aan dat van Otto Frank, die op deze vergadering opnieuw tot directeur benoemd werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cdpy2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op <strong>9 oktober 1947</strong> gaf Kleiman, als directeur, gewijzigde statuten door bij de notaris. Dit op basis van aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>14 augustus 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vw15k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-7.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></li>\r\n\t<li>Vanaf <strong>10 maart 1953</strong> bekleedde hij opnieuw de directeursfunctie. <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-8.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /> Dit was kort na Otto Franks vertrek naar Bazel.</li>\r\n\t<li>Vanaf <strong>eind ’56</strong> waren er moeizame onderhandelingen met Opekta-Köln en Robert Feix over de overname van de Nederlandse Opekta aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-9.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman bezat eenvijfde deel van het aandelenpakket, Otto Frank de rest. In <strong>1957</strong> was de totale waarde fl. 25.000,-.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duv4h\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1958</strong> experimenteerde Kleiman intensief met bigarreaux als gebaksvulling. Op <strong>14 augustus 1958</strong> schreef hij aan Otto Frank dat het product inmiddels perspectieven bood. Dit versterkte hun onderhandelingspositie, nu dr. Magin van Opekta-Köln weer toenadering zocht. Hij wilde daarom eerst even afwachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-11.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De laatste brief van Kleiman in de correspondentie met Otto Frank was van <strong>27 december 1958</strong>. De volgende van <strong>20 april 1959</strong> kwam van zijn weduwe Johanna Kleiman-Reuman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"982hr\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-12.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" />Opekta-Köln nam <strong>voorjaar 1959</strong> de Amsterdamse firma over door de aandelen van Otto en Kleiman te kopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jphot\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g77q3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief van de N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, inv. no.19: Notulen 12 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spbuv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_051: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 11 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgnyj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief Opekta, inv. no. 19: Notulen 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ffdth\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief Opekta, inv. no. 19: Notulen 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ykmg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut: Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan Beheerinstituut, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cdpy2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Opekta, losse map: Notitie over directie en commissarissen van Opecta en Pectacon. Op dezelfde datum treedt Otto Frank weer aan als directeur, enkele weken na zijn verklaring tot 'non-enemy'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vw15k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg code A_Opekta_I_018, Bijvoegsel Staatscourant van 14 november 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_079: Correspondentie tussen Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman, 1956-1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duv4h\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 21 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"982hr\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 27 december 1958 en J. Kleiman-Reuman aan Otto Frank, 20 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jphot\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075: Afschrift brief Magin en Fackeldey, 4 juni 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director at Opekta's shareholders' meeting, which was called to aryanise the company pro forma. Johannes Kleiman immediately accepted the appointment as managing director. The meeting was held at the offices of A.R.W.M. Dunselman, the company's legal advisor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g77q3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>18 December 1941</strong>, the changed was registered with the Chamber of Commerce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spbuv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>30 June 1942</strong>, Kleiman signed the attendance list of the shareholders' meeting at Dunselman's office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wgnyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>25 June 1945</strong>, he did so again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ffdth\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Otto Frank, Kleiman intended after the war: <em>'Once again to resign from the business, since he is interested in other matters and took up this position at the time only to help me.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ykmg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>10 April 1947</strong>, Kleiman's salary was set at 4,800 guilders a year. It was the same as Otto Frank's salary, who was reinstalled as a director in this meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cdpy2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On <strong>9 October 1947</strong>, Kleiman, as the director, filed amended articles of association with the civil-law notary, in accordance with the decisions of the shareholders' meeting of <strong>14 August 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vw15k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-7.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></li>\r\n\t<li>From <strong>10 March 1953</strong>, he once more served as the director. This was shortly after Otto Frank left for Basel.</li>\r\n\t<li>From <strong>late 1956</strong>, the company conducted difficult negotiations with Opekta-Köln and Robert Feix about the acquisition of the Dutch Opekta shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-9.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman owned one-fifth of the shares, Otto Frank owned the rest. In <strong>1957</strong>, the total value was fl. 25,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duv4h\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>IIn 1958, Kleiman was experimenting with bigarreaux as a pastry filling. On <strong>14 August 1958</strong>, he wrote to Otto Frank that he was hopeful about the prospects. This strengthened their negotiating position, since Dr Magin from Opekta-Köln was making overtures again. Kleiman wanted to wait and see what would happen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-11.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" /></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman's last letter to Otto Frank was dated <strong>27 December 1958</strong>. The next letter, dated <strong>20 April 1959</strong>, came from his widow, Johanna Kleiman-Reuman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"982hr\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> <img src=\"/media/uploads/2022/10/27/image-20221027150310-12.png\" style=\"height:1px; width:1px\" />Opekta-Köln took over the Amsterdam firm in the <strong>spring of 1959</strong> when they acquired the shares of Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jphot\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g77q3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief van de N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, inv. no.19: Notulen 12 december 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spbuv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_051: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 11 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wgnyj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief Opekta, inv. no. 19: Notulen 30 juni 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ffdth\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief Opekta, inv. no. 19: Notulen 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ykmg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut: Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Otto Frank aan Beheerinstituut, 31 januari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cdpy2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Opekta, losse map: Notitie over directie en commissarissen van Opecta en Pectacon. Op dezelfde datum treedt Otto Frank weer aan als directeur, enkele weken na zijn verklaring tot 'non-enemy'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vw15k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_018, Bijvoegsel Staatscourant van 14 november 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w9ypc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_079: Correspondentie tussen Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman, 1956-1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duv4h\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 21 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"982hr\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 27 december 1958 en J. Kleiman-Reuman aan Otto Frank, 20 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jphot\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075: Afschrift brief Magin en Fackeldey, 4 juni 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-12-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman took over the management of Opekta when Otto Frank was forced to step down.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman nam de directie van Opekta over toen Otto Frank gedwongen werd terug te treden.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman took over the management of Opekta when Otto Frank was forced to step down.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124628,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976",
"name": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_nl": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_en": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"description": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer verkrijgbaar was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in <strong>1938</strong> bij Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, dat hij vlak na oprichting overnam van Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Oprichting</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1 juni 1938</strong>: Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd opgericht door Jo Kleiman en Ton Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Grondstoffen importeerde Pectacon uit Hongarije en België; naar België vond ook afzet plaats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het jaarverslag van <strong>1939</strong> maakte Opekta melding van de samenwerking met Pectacon. De handel van Pectacon was, in tegenstelling tot die van Opekta, voornamelijk in de wintermaanden geconcentreerd. Opekta hoopte het volgende jaar van de samenwerking te kunnen profiteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omvang en aard van de handel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei '41</strong> registreerde Pectacon een beeldmerk met daarbij de toelichting:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Soort der waren: kruiden en specerijen en vervangingsmiddelen voor kruiden en specerijen; chemische producten en smaakstoffen (aroma's) voor het aromatiseeren en/of conserveeren van voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; pharmaceutische producten, medicijnen, chemische producten voor medische en hygiënische doeleinden; drogerijen; graan- en meelproducten; zetmeel en zetmeelproducten; zoetstoffen; reuk- en smaakessences; thee, koffie, cacao, honing en vervangingsstoffen voor deze waren; sappen, bouillon en extracten van vleesch, visch, week- en schaaldieren, planten, zaden en vruchten in vloeibaren-, vasten- en pastavorm; kleurstoffen voor voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; soepen en soeppreparaten; gist en gistpreparaten, rijsmiddelen, bakkerijcrêmes, bakpoeders; puddingpoeders, saus- en juspreparaten, geconserveerde plantendeelen (zooals gember, angelique, sucade); mout, moutextract en andere moutproducten, voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken, die in hoofdzaak bestaan uit mout, moutextract of moutproducten; diëtische voedingsmiddelen, vitaminepreparaten; pectine, bindmiddelen; poets-, polijst-, schuur- en reinigingsmiddelen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon deed onder meer zaken met makelaar in specerijen Van Jinnelt. In <strong>september </strong>en<strong> oktober '39</strong> kwamen via deze zakenpartner de volgende goederen binnen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 balen witte Batavia Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 balen Ambon nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) kisten Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen Menado nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 kisten Banda foeliegruis.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Cassia Lignea (kaneel).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen zwarte Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 balen Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ca. 1 ton witte Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Jamaica piment.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Sommige van deze goederen verkocht het bedrijf meteen door. Andere werden eerst verwerkt. In deze periode leverde Pectacon aan de kruideniersketen SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg witte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " zwarte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " gemalen kaneel.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " gemalen nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " gemalen piment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari '41</strong> kwam er nog eens 1000 kg Marokkaanse koriander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober '41</strong> verkocht Pectacon aan worstkruidenhandel EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg kruidnagelaroma, f 2,- p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg peperaroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nootmuskaataroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nootmuskaatemulsie, f 8,50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citroenzuur, f 1,30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boorzuurschubben, f 0,36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg soeparoma, f 2,05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier waren al de eerste surrogaatproducten in opkomst.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In eerste instantie profiteerde het bedrijf van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. De reductie van de veestapel stimuleerde de vleesverwerkende industrie, waarvoor Pectacon kruidenmengels produceerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot Opekta vonden er voor dit bedrijf wel productieactiviteiten plaats in het pand. Daarvoor schafte Pectacon <strong>begin 1941</strong> bij Peppink twee specerijmolens aan, die het bij de 'arisering' weer doorverkocht aan Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 maart 1942</strong> ging de tenaamstelling van de vergunning over op Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september 1941</strong> had het bedrijf al meer dan 22.000 gulden aan onverdeelde winsten op de balans staan. Dat was elf maal zoveel als het ingelegde aandelenkapitaal van <strong>eind 1938</strong>. Kortom, tot aan de liquidatie was Pectacon een uitermate winstgevende onderneming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Arisering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 oktober 1940:</strong> afkondiging <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), gepubliceerd <strong>26 oktober 1940</strong>. Deze verordening verplichtte Joodse eigenaren hun bedrijven aan te melden. Het was de eerste stap in de zogenaamde <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (bedrijfseconomische 'arisering').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 oktober 1940:</strong> omdat Otto Frank directeur was van Pectacon en om bij gedwongen arisering een alternatief achter de hand te hebben werd La Synthèse opgericht met Kugler als directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris. Op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> nam deze firma de naam N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co aan. De doelstelling en de werkzaamheden waren gelijk aan die van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens eigen opgave werd op de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>13 februari 1941</strong> besloten de zich nog in portefeuille bevindende aandelen terwaarde van fl. 8.000 te plaatsen. Op <strong>4 april 1941</strong> stortten de oprichters Kleiman en Dunselman hiertoe respectievelijk fl. 5.000 en fl. 3.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Als gevolg hiervan zakte Otto's aandeel in het aandelenkapitaal naar 20 procent. Dat betekende dat zijn aandeel daarmee onder de cruciale grens van 25 procent kwam, die gold als criterium van een 'Joodse' onderneming en zodoende voor aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>4 april 1941 </strong>werden nieuwe interimbewijzen voor de nieuw uitgegeven aandelen verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 september 1941:</strong> K.O.M. Wolters werd op grond van paragraaf 7 van de <em>Verordening tot verwijdering van joden uit het bedrijfsleven</em> tot bewindvoerder van Pectacon aangesteld, met de opdracht het bedrijf te liquideren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman en Otto gingen naar Wolters’ kantoor om de zaak te bespreken. Wolters ging akkoord met Kleimans voorstel om zelf in acht tot tien dagen tot liquidatie over te gaan. Daardoor hadden Kleiman en Otto de mogelijkheid machines en voorraden door te sluizen naar Gies & Co., toen nog in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ze verkochten vrijwel alles met verlies aan Gies & Co. Alleen op de kantoorinventaris werd winst gemaakt; die verkochten ze aan Wolters zelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gemaakte verlies tijdens de liquidatie bedroeg 14.000 gulden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het saldo na liquidatie bedroeg 18.000 gulden. Kleiman kreeg 5.000 gulden en Dunselman 3.000 gulden. De resterende 10.000 gulden werd na aftrek van 2.300 gulden voor de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, gestort bij de bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. verhuisde naar Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was tijdens de liquidatiefase gevestigd op Rokin 6, Wolters’ kantoor (het Peek & Cloppenburg-gebouw op de Dam in Amsterdam).<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De verdeling van de liquidatiewaarde ging overigens in tegen het voorstel van Wolters. Die had namelijk voorgesteld het resterende saldo naar rato van het aandelenbezit te verdelen, d.w.z. 50 procent naar Kleiman, 30 procent naar Dunselman en de resterende 20 procent naar Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, ten gunste van Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In praktijk ontvingen Kleiman en Dunselman alleen hun inleg uit <strong>april 1941</strong> retour, zonder winstdeling.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank uit Auschwitz terugkwam werd Pectacon nieuw leven ingeblazen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rechtsherstel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na <strong>mei 1945</strong> behoorde Pectacon tot de bedrijven die ingevolge de besluiten van de Londense regering ambtshalve in het Handelsregister kunnen worden heringeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>augustus 1945</strong> was Pectacon nog een 'lege huls', een bedrijf zonder kapitaal Otto wilde met het bedrijf echter onder meer een anti-diarreemiddel, een anti-schimmelmiddel en een schoonmaakmiddel produceren, alle drie op pectine gebaseerd. Dit nog steeds vanuit de gedachte om de seizoensfluctuaties van de Opekta-omzet te ondervangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>november 1945</strong> stonden Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman als directeur vermeld. Enig procuratiehouder was Victor Kugler, met algemene volmacht: 'Z<em>oals deze ook aan de directeur volgens de statuten is toegekend.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto schreef in <strong>juni 1947</strong> dat hij het zakelijk moeilijk had. Hij wilde iets in textiel en kunstzijde doen, maar de gevestigde bedrijven duldden geen nieuwkomers. Hij beperkte zich toen maar tot chemicaliën en levensmiddelen, de kernproducten van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951:</strong> Kugler en Otto Frank stonden niet meer voor Pectacon in het Handelsregister. Kleiman was enig directeur en Jeanne Kwakernaak secretaresse met algemene volmacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>januari 1952</strong> was Ton Dunselman nog altijd commissaris.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> januari 1954 </strong> bezat Otto Frank voor fl. 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon (en fl. 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en fl. 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> maart 1955 </strong><strong> </strong>betaalde Pectacon J. Dikker provisie over februari, waarover omzetbelasting betaald werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Januari 1959:</strong> Na het overlijden van Kleiman werd J. Dikker directeur van Pectacon. Hij legde contacten met ijs- (o.a. Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) en chocoladefabrikanten (o.a. Verkade, Rademakers). Ook legde hij contacten met bedrijven in puddingproductie en bakkerijgrondstoffen.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>April 1959: </strong>Toen in 1959 onderhandelingen gevoerd werden die leidden tot de overname van Opekta door Opekta-Keulen, werd Pectacon buiten deze aandelentransactie gehouden. Volgens mw. Kwakernaak wilde 'Keulen', naast Opekta, ook graag Pectacon overnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Een zoon van Joop Hofhuis wilde in <strong>1959 </strong>Opekta kopen, maar viste achter het net. Jaren later kwam hij Kleimans opvolger, J. Dikker, bij Pectacon tegen en nam het bedrijf vervolgens alsnog over. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Dit was rond <strong>1977</strong>. In een interview met Dineke Stam, d.d. 10 december 1997, zei Hofhuis dat hij Pectacon “20 jaar geleden” kocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon bestond voort als Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, met als KvK-nummer 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWanneer en hoe Otto zijn Pectacon-aandelen van de hand deed, is op dit moment bij gebrek aan bronnen niet te zeggen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (kantoor Wolters), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"summary_nl": "Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, was een van de ondernemingen van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f5b8243-d6ba-4498-b411-126dfe806d85",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aeeb3d86-ddec-4d5d-a51a-5a0749bc3972",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047/",
"published": true,
"name": "Office of sollicitor Ton Dunselman",
"name_nl": "Kantoor van mr. Ton Dunselman",
"name_en": "Office of sollicitor Ton Dunselman",
"uuid": "4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88606 52.36649)",
"summary": "Ton Dunselman was legal adviser to several companies of Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_nl": "Ton Dunselman was juridisch adviseur van verschillende bedrijven van Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman.",
"summary_en": "Ton Dunselman was legal adviser to several companies of Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Keizersgracht 441",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
271
]
},
"score": 1.2469465
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 131,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.3684",
"longitude": "4.86183",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84898f4e-5c32-47d1-bff4-d377c343c5b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1a319571-a93e-4566-9396-a4d6e61833ed",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/41740528-a1d2-4a88-8b7c-c78e01a8ee6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aedb3425-3b2c-4479-9d12-9ff63918c0b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ea19e0cf-5fd7-4bb6-9dd9-63c328018639",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/83d54925-63d3-43a3-9f96-a9535224eb3d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f5b8243-d6ba-4498-b411-126dfe806d85",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0cfff667-b7b7-42e2-b01b-848d60758275",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/18a78a8e-12a1-4e8c-b38f-20ab70ff1da5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f2e450aa-840f-4dd8-84cf-548ce515e6d0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/56d301cf-e04e-47fd-884b-6685a83f00b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aeeb3d86-ddec-4d5d-a51a-5a0749bc3972",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/22e16ce9-e2a5-476f-b517-7e48026e719e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f9bad9c3-50bb-41b5-b528-74c36e40d028",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ce8468a7-c299-43c3-a730-4b3009a56059",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bc55a0-7741-4259-a387-42959e20d899",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6/",
"published": true,
"name": "Nederlandse Pectine Industrie",
"name_nl": "Nederlandse Pectine Industrie",
"name_en": "Nederlandse Pectine Industrie",
"uuid": "fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6",
"content": "<p><strong>Addresses: </strong>Rotterdam (1932), Singel 157, Amsterdam (April 1933); Chasséstraat 30 (January 1934); Karel van Gelderlaan 20, Oosterbeek (3 January 1936).<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyuve\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Founded in Rotterdam in <strong>1932 </strong>, the company was engaged in the manufacture and sale of pectin and related items. Its product's name was 'Pen-Jel', and the manufacturer competed with Opekta by, among other things, advertising a boiling time of eight minutes ,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc0w7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>. whereas Opekta required 10 minutes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6v3ex\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1939</strong>, due to the disappointing fruit harvest, Opekta and Pen-Jel agreed to maintain prices and not give away gifts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgbvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie did business with Sangostop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vcxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The trade information agency Van der Graaf had doubts about the business integrity of its director in <strong>1936</strong>, but a year later the agency was more positive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"73tew\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1950</strong>, the company was still located at the address in Oosterbeek, which also housed the 'Ned. Malt Prod. Ind.' <sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh72\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyuve\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister, Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, inv. nr. 630, dossier 43299. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc0w7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 10 juli 1935</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6v3ex\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie (‘Surpriseweek’), <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgbvd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: 'Bericht over het boekjaar 1939'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vcxx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Delft, Nederlandse Gist- & Spiritusfabriek (NG&SF) (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, post 295. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"73tew\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij: Rapport over Pen-Jel.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh72\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Telefoongids </em>1950.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adressen: </strong>Rotterdam (’32), Singel 157, Amsterdam (april ’33); Chasséstraat 30 (januari ’34); Karel van Gelderlaan 20, Oosterbeek (3 januari 1936).<sup bis_size=\"{"x":804,"y":43,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":1025,"abs_y":1859}\" data-footnote-id=\"eyuve\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het bedrijf werd in <strong>1932 </strong>opgericht in Rotterdam en hield zich bezig met fabricage en verkoop van pectine en aanverwante artikelen. De productnaam was ‘Pen-Jel’, en de fabrikant beconcurreerde Opekta onder meer door te adverteren met een kooktijd van acht minuten,<sup bis_size=\"{"x":541,"y":100,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":762,"abs_y":1916}\" data-footnote-id=\"fc0w7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>. terwijl Opekta tien minuten nodig had.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":777,"y":100,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":998,"abs_y":1916}\" data-footnote-id=\"6v3ex\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1939 </strong>spraken Opekta en Pen-Jel vanwege de tegenvallende fruitoogst af de prijzen te handhaven en geen cadeaus weg te geven.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":502,"y":124,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":723,"abs_y":1940}\" data-footnote-id=\"pgbvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie deed zaken met Sangostop.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":393,"y":161,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":614,"abs_y":1977}\" data-footnote-id=\"0vcxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het bureau voor handelsinlichtingen Van der Graaf had in <strong>1936 </strong>twijfels over de zakelijke integriteit van de toenmalige directeur, maar een jaar later was het bureau positiever.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":1017,"y":198,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":1238,"abs_y":2014}\" data-footnote-id=\"73tew\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1950</strong> was het bedrijf nog altijd op het adres in Oosterbeek gevestigd, en huisvestte daar ook de ‘Ned. Moutprod. Ind.’ <sup bis_size=\"{"x":709,"y":235,"w":12,"h":12,"abs_x":930,"abs_y":2051}\" data-footnote-id=\"ckh72\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":20,"y":270,"w":1060,"h":238,"abs_x":241,"abs_y":2086}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":35,"y":287,"w":1030,"h":23,"abs_x":256,"abs_y":2103}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyuve\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister, Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, inv. nr. 630, dossier 43299. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc0w7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 10 juli 1935</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6v3ex\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie (‘Surpriseweek’), <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgbvd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: 'Bericht over het boekjaar 1939'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vcxx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Delft, Nederlandse Gist- & Spiritusfabriek (NG&SF) (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, post 295. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"73tew\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij: Rapport over Pen-Jel.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh72\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Telefoongids </em>1950.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Addresses: </strong>Rotterdam (1932), Singel 157, Amsterdam (April 1933); Chasséstraat 30 (January 1934); Karel van Gelderlaan 20, Oosterbeek (3 January 1936).<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyuve\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Founded in Rotterdam in <strong>1932 </strong>, the company was engaged in the manufacture and sale of pectin and related items. Its product's name was 'Pen-Jel', and the manufacturer competed with Opekta by, among other things, advertising a boiling time of eight minutes ,<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc0w7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>. whereas Opekta required 10 minutes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6v3ex\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>1939</strong>, due to the disappointing fruit harvest, Opekta and Pen-Jel agreed to maintain prices and not give away gifts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgbvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie did business with Sangostop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vcxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The trade information agency Van der Graaf had doubts about the business integrity of its director in <strong>1936</strong>, but a year later the agency was more positive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"73tew\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1950</strong>, the company was still located at the address in Oosterbeek, which also housed the 'Ned. Malt Prod. Ind.' <sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh72\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyuve\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister, Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, inv. nr. 630, dossier 43299. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc0w7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 10 juli 1935</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6v3ex\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie (‘Surpriseweek’), <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgbvd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: 'Bericht over het boekjaar 1939'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vcxx\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Delft, Nederlandse Gist- & Spiritusfabriek (NG&SF) (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, post 295. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"73tew\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij: Rapport over Pen-Jel.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh72\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Telefoongids </em>1950.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.86183 52.3684)",
"summary": "The Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie was a competitor of the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie was een concurrent van de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"summary_en": "The Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie was a competitor of the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Chasséstraat 30",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
"score": 1.2469465
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 103,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.36892",
"longitude": "4.88745",
"events": [
{
"id": 248,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b3ea76ee-3018-44a6-9c71-bc5a1800aef5/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a871bcad-3786-4974-baaa-c342c48eabbd",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f1cf764c-cd3d-468e-9faa-07f9f3f2a6b1"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/40ffef95-1370-436a-ac4b-fc13d3135ba1",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b3ea76ee-3018-44a6-9c71-bc5a1800aef5",
"name": "Otto Frank takes over Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank neemt Pectacon over",
"name_en": "Otto Frank takes over Pectacon",
"content": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded on <strong>1 June 1938</strong> by Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Not long after this, on <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Opekta's pectin business was seasonal as the fruit required was only available in summer and early autumn. To smooth out the resulting sales fluctuations, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in Pectacon, which traded in spices and preservatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd op <strong>1 juni 1938</strong> opgericht door Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat het benodigde fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer te krijgen was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in Pectacon, dat handelde in specerijen en conserveermiddelen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded on <strong>1 June 1938</strong> by Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Not long after this, on <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Opekta's pectin business was seasonal as the fruit required was only available in summer and early autumn. To smooth out the resulting sales fluctuations, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in Pectacon, which traded in spices and preservatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1938-10-21",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In October 1938, Otto Frank took over Pectacon from its founders Johannes Kleiman and Ton Dunselman. This company traded in spices and preservatives. It provided income in winter and spring, when Opekta's sales were low. In 1939, Hermann van Pels joined the company.",
"summary_nl": "In oktober 1938 neemt Otto Frank Pectacon over van de oprichters Johannes Kleiman en Ton Dunselman. Dit bedrijf handelt in specerijen en conserveermiddelen. Het zorgt voor inkomsten in winter en voorjaar, wanneer Opekta weinig verkocht wordt. In 1939 komt Hermann van Pels erbij werken.",
"summary_en": "In October 1938, Otto Frank took over Pectacon from its founders Johannes Kleiman and Ton Dunselman. This company traded in spices and preservatives. It provided income in winter and spring, when Opekta's sales were low. In 1939, Hermann van Pels joined the company.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 114,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4337998-21c4-46dc-aa67-08dcc0c82f20"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44",
"name": "Fire at Singel 400",
"name_nl": "Brand op Singel 400",
"name_en": "Fire at Singel 400",
"content": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Opekta gebruikte de benedenverdiepingen van het gebouw aan Singel 400. Boven woonde de kunstschilder Gerrit Jongert met zijn gezin. In <strong>april 1940</strong> ontstond brand doordat het zoontje van Jongert in een onbewaakt moment met lucifers speelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De brandweer rukte met drie motorspuiten en een ladderwagen uit. Dertien brandwachten gebruikten 4.500 liter Vechtwater voor het blussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In de woning en het atelier van Jongert gingen de lambrizering en enkele doeken verloren, maar op de benedenverdieping was alleen waterschade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1940-04-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"summary_nl": "Een spelende kleuter veroorzaakte onbedoeld brand.",
"summary_en": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124625,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl werkzaam bij verschillende bedrijven",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"description": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de lagere school had Bep Voskuijl verschillende banen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Volgens haar, bijna drie jaar jongere zus, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, werkte Bep Voskuijl in een naaiatelier en als dienstbode in een restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Ton van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder ook werkte als winkelmeisje bij banketbakker Ruperink in de Jan Evertsenstraat en als hulp bij Ruttens cafetaria in de Kalverstraat (filiaal van horecaketen Heck’s).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Joop van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder begon met werken als kamermeisje in hotels en pensionnetjes en dat zij zich vervolgens ging scholen om verder te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op de gezinskaart van haar vader Johannes Voskuijl, staat Bep geregistreerd als mantelnaaister.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend waar en wanneer dit was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Medio 1937</strong> werd Bep aangenomen bij Opekta, in die periode gevestigd op Singel 400. Ze was de opvolgster van Isa Cauvern, die stenotypiste was. Victor Kugler was haar chef. Ze kreeg haar opdrachten van hem en van Johannes Kleiman en een enkele keer van de Otto Frank. Net als Miep Gies verrichtte Bep werkzaamheden voor Opekta en voor Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op haar persoonsbewijs, uitgegeven op <strong>19 augustus 1941</strong> staat: ‘Kantoorbediende (Pektine prod.)”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Na de arrestatie bleef ze samen met Miep Gies op kantoor werken tot Kleimans terugkeer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1947</strong> verliet Bep Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep voerde de boekhouding voor haar man, Cor van Wijk, die een stoffeerderij aan huis had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl had veel verschillende banen.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124597,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/12c654f5-46bf-46d9-b083-a7d05d7f6064/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "12c654f5-46bf-46d9-b083-a7d05d7f6064",
"name": "Hermann van Pels - work at Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels werkzaam bij Pectacon",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels - work at Pectacon",
"description": "<p>According to his personal card, Hermann van Pels was a: 'merchant/butcher's waste (casings, etc)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined Pectacon, Otto Frank's company, in <strong>1939</strong>. According to Otto, Van Pels owned nothing at the time, but earned enough to rent a nice house and live a good life. He just couldn't save anything from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels was considered an expert on spices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He was listed in the telephone directory at the end of <strong>1940</strong> as 'Wholesaler in herbs, manufacturer of brine salt and mixed spices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pectacon's product range showed similarities with that of the <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em> firm.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels' involvement with Pectacon's successor Gies & Co. does not appear from the source material, yet it is plausible that he was employed there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Hermann van Pels was blijkens zijn persoonskaart: <em>koopman i/slagersafval (darmen enz)</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij kwam in <strong>1939 </strong>bij Pectacon in dienst, het bedrijf van Otto Frank. Volgens Otto bezat Van Pels toen niets meer, maar verdiende hij genoeg om een mooie woning te huren en een goed leven te leiden. Hij kon er alleen niet van sparen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels gold als deskundige op het gebied van kruiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hij stond eind <strong>1940</strong> in de telefoongids als <em>Grooth. in kruiden, fabr. v. pekelzout en gemengde spec</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het assortiment van <em>Pectacon</em> vertoonde overeenkomsten met dat van de firma <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Betrokkenheid van Van Pels bij <em>Pectacons</em> opvolger Gies & Co. blijkt niet uit het bronnenmateriaal, toch is het wel aannemelijk dat hij er werkzaam was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>According to his personal card, Hermann van Pels was a: 'merchant/butcher's waste (casings, etc)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined Pectacon, Otto Frank's company, in <strong>1939</strong>. According to Otto, Van Pels owned nothing at the time, but earned enough to rent a nice house and live a good life. He just couldn't save anything from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels was considered an expert on spices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He was listed in the telephone directory at the end of <strong>1940</strong> as 'Wholesaler in herbs, manufacturer of brine salt and mixed spices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pectacon's product range showed similarities with that of the <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em> firm.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels' involvement with Pectacon's successor Gies & Co. does not appear from the source material, yet it is plausible that he was employed there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Hermann van Pels was employed by Otto Frank's company Pectacon.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels was in dienst bij Otto Franks bedrijf Pectacon.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels was employed by Otto Frank's company Pectacon.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124605,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4c3330e3-201e-49a8-a9ad-2ab2af54f1c4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4c3330e3-201e-49a8-a9ad-2ab2af54f1c4",
"name": "Johannes Kleiman - work at Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij Pectacon",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman - work at Pectacon",
"description": "<p>Johannes Kleiman's involvement in the establishment and operation of Pectacon is evident from the documents made available by Frans Hofhuis. Hofhuis' parents had been friends with the Frank family since the <strong>early 1930</strong> s. In the <strong>1960s</strong>, Frans Hofhuis took over Pectacon, hence his possession of these documents.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Brief timeline of the company:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman receives the draft articles of association of Pectacon from Otto Frank. On <strong>28 May 1938</strong>, Kleiman sends lawyer Dunselman a number of proposed amendments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 June 1938</strong> Pectacon is incorporated by Kleiman and Dunselman at notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 June 1938</strong> Kleiman receives the General Terms and Conditions for account holders at the Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The same day, Kleiman sends the bank a cheque for NLG 2,000, asking them to credit the account to be opened with NLG 500 from Dunselman and NLG 1,500 from himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 June 1938</strong> Kleiman writes to Luykx and Dunselman that the deposits referred to above had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman, as director of Pectacon, signs the interim certificates for 15 shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 June 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to transfer NLG 245.40 to Dunselman as a fee for work pertaining to the establishment.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 October 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to close his account, as a temporary account of Pectacon, and transfer the balance to a new account to be opened in the name of Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 April 1941</strong> Kleiman receives an interim receipt for fifty shares in the context of his deposit of NLG 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 April 1941</strong> Kleiman is listed with Otto Frank as director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 April 1941</strong> Kleiman as supervisory director and Otto as director issue thirty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 September 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters writes to Kleiman about the liquidation of Pectacon. He asks Kleiman to come to his office on <strong>28 September 1942</strong> in connection with the liquidation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After the liberation, measures to restore justice resulted in Pectacon being re-registered in the Commercial Register.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 November 1945</strong> Kleiman is listed as a director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman signs interim certificates as director for twenty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>February 1951</strong> Kleiman is sole director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 December 1954 </strong>Kleiman goes with Dikker to Polak in Weener Germany (close to the border with Groningen). Followed by a brief report on trials including by TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>De betrokkenheid van Johannes Kleiman bij de oprichting en bedrijfsvoering van Pectacon blijkt uit de documenten die door Frans Hofhuis beschikbaar zijn gesteld. De ouders van Hofhuis waren sinds de <strong>vroege jaren dertig</strong> bevriend met de familie Frank. In de <strong>jaren zestig</strong> nam Frans Hofhuis Pectacon over, vandaar dat hij deze documenten in bezit heeft.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Korte tijdlijn van het bedrijf:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman ontvangt van Otto Frank de conceptstatuten van Pectacon. Op <strong>28 mei 1938</strong> stuurde Kleiman aan advocaat Dunselman een aantal wijzigingsvoorstellen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 juni 1938</strong> Pectacon wordt door Kleiman en Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx opgericht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman ontvangt de Algemeene Voorwaarden voor rekeninghouders bij de Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dezelfde dag stuurt Kleiman de bank een cheque van fl 2000,- met het verzoek de te openen rekening te crediteren met fl 500,- van Dunselman en fl 1500,- van zichzelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman schrijft aan Luykx en Dunselman dat de hierboven bedoelde stortingen zijn gedaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Dezelfde dag tekent Kleiman als directeur van Pectacon de interim-bewijzen voor vijftien aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman geeft de bank opdracht fl 245,40 over te maken naar Dunselman als honorarium voor werkzaamheden rond de oprichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> Kleiman geeft de bank opdracht zijn rekening, als tijdelijke rekening van Pectacon, af te sluiten en het saldo over te boeken naar een nieuw te openen rekening t.n.v. Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 april 1941</strong> Kleiman krijgt vanwege zijn storting van fl 5000,- een interim-bewijs voor vijftig aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 april 1941</strong> Kleiman staat met Otto Frank als directeur vermeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 april 1941</strong> Kleiman als commissaris en Otto als directeur geven dertig aandelen à fl 100,- uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 september 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters schrijft aan Kleiman over de liquidatie van Pectacon. Hij verzoekt Kleiman op <strong>28 september 1942</strong> op zijn kantoor te komen in verband met de afwikkeling.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na de bevrijding wordt Pectacon door maatregelen tot rechtsherstel opnieuw in het Handelsregister ingeschreven.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 november 1945</strong> Kleiman staat als directeur vermeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dezelfde dag tekent Kleiman als directeur interim-bewijzen voor twintig aandelen à fl 100,-.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951</strong> Kleiman is enig directeur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 december 1954 </strong>Kleiman is met Dikker naar Polak in Weener Duitsland, tegen grens met Groningen) geweest. Verder kort verslag over proefen o.a. door TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>Johannes Kleiman's involvement in the establishment and operation of Pectacon is evident from the documents made available by Frans Hofhuis. Hofhuis' parents had been friends with the Frank family since the <strong>early 1930</strong> s. In the <strong>1960s</strong>, Frans Hofhuis took over Pectacon, hence his possession of these documents.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Brief timeline of the company:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman receives the draft articles of association of Pectacon from Otto Frank. On <strong>28 May 1938</strong>, Kleiman sends lawyer Dunselman a number of proposed amendments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 June 1938</strong> Pectacon is incorporated by Kleiman and Dunselman at notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 June 1938</strong> Kleiman receives the General Terms and Conditions for account holders at the Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The same day, Kleiman sends the bank a cheque for NLG 2,000, asking them to credit the account to be opened with NLG 500 from Dunselman and NLG 1,500 from himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 June 1938</strong> Kleiman writes to Luykx and Dunselman that the deposits referred to above had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman, as director of Pectacon, signs the interim certificates for 15 shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 June 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to transfer NLG 245.40 to Dunselman as a fee for work pertaining to the establishment.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 October 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to close his account, as a temporary account of Pectacon, and transfer the balance to a new account to be opened in the name of Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 April 1941</strong> Kleiman receives an interim receipt for fifty shares in the context of his deposit of NLG 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 April 1941</strong> Kleiman is listed with Otto Frank as director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 April 1941</strong> Kleiman as supervisory director and Otto as director issue thirty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 September 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters writes to Kleiman about the liquidation of Pectacon. He asks Kleiman to come to his office on <strong>28 September 1942</strong> in connection with the liquidation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After the liberation, measures to restore justice resulted in Pectacon being re-registered in the Commercial Register.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 November 1945</strong> Kleiman is listed as a director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman signs interim certificates as director for twenty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>February 1951</strong> Kleiman is sole director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 December 1954 </strong>Kleiman goes with Dikker to Polak in Weener Germany (close to the border with Groningen). Followed by a brief report on trials including by TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman was involved in the establishment and operation of Pectacon.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman was betrokken bij de oprichting en bedrijfsvoering van Pectacon.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman was involved in the establishment and operation of Pectacon.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124628,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976",
"name": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_nl": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_en": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"description": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer verkrijgbaar was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in <strong>1938</strong> bij Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, dat hij vlak na oprichting overnam van Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Oprichting</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1 juni 1938</strong>: Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd opgericht door Jo Kleiman en Ton Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Grondstoffen importeerde Pectacon uit Hongarije en België; naar België vond ook afzet plaats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het jaarverslag van <strong>1939</strong> maakte Opekta melding van de samenwerking met Pectacon. De handel van Pectacon was, in tegenstelling tot die van Opekta, voornamelijk in de wintermaanden geconcentreerd. Opekta hoopte het volgende jaar van de samenwerking te kunnen profiteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omvang en aard van de handel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei '41</strong> registreerde Pectacon een beeldmerk met daarbij de toelichting:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Soort der waren: kruiden en specerijen en vervangingsmiddelen voor kruiden en specerijen; chemische producten en smaakstoffen (aroma's) voor het aromatiseeren en/of conserveeren van voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; pharmaceutische producten, medicijnen, chemische producten voor medische en hygiënische doeleinden; drogerijen; graan- en meelproducten; zetmeel en zetmeelproducten; zoetstoffen; reuk- en smaakessences; thee, koffie, cacao, honing en vervangingsstoffen voor deze waren; sappen, bouillon en extracten van vleesch, visch, week- en schaaldieren, planten, zaden en vruchten in vloeibaren-, vasten- en pastavorm; kleurstoffen voor voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; soepen en soeppreparaten; gist en gistpreparaten, rijsmiddelen, bakkerijcrêmes, bakpoeders; puddingpoeders, saus- en juspreparaten, geconserveerde plantendeelen (zooals gember, angelique, sucade); mout, moutextract en andere moutproducten, voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken, die in hoofdzaak bestaan uit mout, moutextract of moutproducten; diëtische voedingsmiddelen, vitaminepreparaten; pectine, bindmiddelen; poets-, polijst-, schuur- en reinigingsmiddelen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon deed onder meer zaken met makelaar in specerijen Van Jinnelt. In <strong>september </strong>en<strong> oktober '39</strong> kwamen via deze zakenpartner de volgende goederen binnen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 balen witte Batavia Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 balen Ambon nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) kisten Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen Menado nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 kisten Banda foeliegruis.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Cassia Lignea (kaneel).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen zwarte Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 balen Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ca. 1 ton witte Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Jamaica piment.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Sommige van deze goederen verkocht het bedrijf meteen door. Andere werden eerst verwerkt. In deze periode leverde Pectacon aan de kruideniersketen SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg witte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " zwarte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " gemalen kaneel.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " gemalen nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " gemalen piment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari '41</strong> kwam er nog eens 1000 kg Marokkaanse koriander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober '41</strong> verkocht Pectacon aan worstkruidenhandel EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg kruidnagelaroma, f 2,- p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg peperaroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nootmuskaataroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nootmuskaatemulsie, f 8,50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citroenzuur, f 1,30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boorzuurschubben, f 0,36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg soeparoma, f 2,05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier waren al de eerste surrogaatproducten in opkomst.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In eerste instantie profiteerde het bedrijf van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. De reductie van de veestapel stimuleerde de vleesverwerkende industrie, waarvoor Pectacon kruidenmengels produceerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot Opekta vonden er voor dit bedrijf wel productieactiviteiten plaats in het pand. Daarvoor schafte Pectacon <strong>begin 1941</strong> bij Peppink twee specerijmolens aan, die het bij de 'arisering' weer doorverkocht aan Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 maart 1942</strong> ging de tenaamstelling van de vergunning over op Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september 1941</strong> had het bedrijf al meer dan 22.000 gulden aan onverdeelde winsten op de balans staan. Dat was elf maal zoveel als het ingelegde aandelenkapitaal van <strong>eind 1938</strong>. Kortom, tot aan de liquidatie was Pectacon een uitermate winstgevende onderneming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Arisering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 oktober 1940:</strong> afkondiging <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), gepubliceerd <strong>26 oktober 1940</strong>. Deze verordening verplichtte Joodse eigenaren hun bedrijven aan te melden. Het was de eerste stap in de zogenaamde <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (bedrijfseconomische 'arisering').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 oktober 1940:</strong> omdat Otto Frank directeur was van Pectacon en om bij gedwongen arisering een alternatief achter de hand te hebben werd La Synthèse opgericht met Kugler als directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris. Op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> nam deze firma de naam N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co aan. De doelstelling en de werkzaamheden waren gelijk aan die van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens eigen opgave werd op de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>13 februari 1941</strong> besloten de zich nog in portefeuille bevindende aandelen terwaarde van fl. 8.000 te plaatsen. Op <strong>4 april 1941</strong> stortten de oprichters Kleiman en Dunselman hiertoe respectievelijk fl. 5.000 en fl. 3.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Als gevolg hiervan zakte Otto's aandeel in het aandelenkapitaal naar 20 procent. Dat betekende dat zijn aandeel daarmee onder de cruciale grens van 25 procent kwam, die gold als criterium van een 'Joodse' onderneming en zodoende voor aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>4 april 1941 </strong>werden nieuwe interimbewijzen voor de nieuw uitgegeven aandelen verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 september 1941:</strong> K.O.M. Wolters werd op grond van paragraaf 7 van de <em>Verordening tot verwijdering van joden uit het bedrijfsleven</em> tot bewindvoerder van Pectacon aangesteld, met de opdracht het bedrijf te liquideren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman en Otto gingen naar Wolters’ kantoor om de zaak te bespreken. Wolters ging akkoord met Kleimans voorstel om zelf in acht tot tien dagen tot liquidatie over te gaan. Daardoor hadden Kleiman en Otto de mogelijkheid machines en voorraden door te sluizen naar Gies & Co., toen nog in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ze verkochten vrijwel alles met verlies aan Gies & Co. Alleen op de kantoorinventaris werd winst gemaakt; die verkochten ze aan Wolters zelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gemaakte verlies tijdens de liquidatie bedroeg 14.000 gulden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het saldo na liquidatie bedroeg 18.000 gulden. Kleiman kreeg 5.000 gulden en Dunselman 3.000 gulden. De resterende 10.000 gulden werd na aftrek van 2.300 gulden voor de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, gestort bij de bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. verhuisde naar Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was tijdens de liquidatiefase gevestigd op Rokin 6, Wolters’ kantoor (het Peek & Cloppenburg-gebouw op de Dam in Amsterdam).<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De verdeling van de liquidatiewaarde ging overigens in tegen het voorstel van Wolters. Die had namelijk voorgesteld het resterende saldo naar rato van het aandelenbezit te verdelen, d.w.z. 50 procent naar Kleiman, 30 procent naar Dunselman en de resterende 20 procent naar Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, ten gunste van Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In praktijk ontvingen Kleiman en Dunselman alleen hun inleg uit <strong>april 1941</strong> retour, zonder winstdeling.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank uit Auschwitz terugkwam werd Pectacon nieuw leven ingeblazen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rechtsherstel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na <strong>mei 1945</strong> behoorde Pectacon tot de bedrijven die ingevolge de besluiten van de Londense regering ambtshalve in het Handelsregister kunnen worden heringeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>augustus 1945</strong> was Pectacon nog een 'lege huls', een bedrijf zonder kapitaal Otto wilde met het bedrijf echter onder meer een anti-diarreemiddel, een anti-schimmelmiddel en een schoonmaakmiddel produceren, alle drie op pectine gebaseerd. Dit nog steeds vanuit de gedachte om de seizoensfluctuaties van de Opekta-omzet te ondervangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>november 1945</strong> stonden Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman als directeur vermeld. Enig procuratiehouder was Victor Kugler, met algemene volmacht: 'Z<em>oals deze ook aan de directeur volgens de statuten is toegekend.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto schreef in <strong>juni 1947</strong> dat hij het zakelijk moeilijk had. Hij wilde iets in textiel en kunstzijde doen, maar de gevestigde bedrijven duldden geen nieuwkomers. Hij beperkte zich toen maar tot chemicaliën en levensmiddelen, de kernproducten van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951:</strong> Kugler en Otto Frank stonden niet meer voor Pectacon in het Handelsregister. Kleiman was enig directeur en Jeanne Kwakernaak secretaresse met algemene volmacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>januari 1952</strong> was Ton Dunselman nog altijd commissaris.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> januari 1954 </strong> bezat Otto Frank voor fl. 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon (en fl. 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en fl. 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> maart 1955 </strong><strong> </strong>betaalde Pectacon J. Dikker provisie over februari, waarover omzetbelasting betaald werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Januari 1959:</strong> Na het overlijden van Kleiman werd J. Dikker directeur van Pectacon. Hij legde contacten met ijs- (o.a. Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) en chocoladefabrikanten (o.a. Verkade, Rademakers). Ook legde hij contacten met bedrijven in puddingproductie en bakkerijgrondstoffen.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>April 1959: </strong>Toen in 1959 onderhandelingen gevoerd werden die leidden tot de overname van Opekta door Opekta-Keulen, werd Pectacon buiten deze aandelentransactie gehouden. Volgens mw. Kwakernaak wilde 'Keulen', naast Opekta, ook graag Pectacon overnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Een zoon van Joop Hofhuis wilde in <strong>1959 </strong>Opekta kopen, maar viste achter het net. Jaren later kwam hij Kleimans opvolger, J. Dikker, bij Pectacon tegen en nam het bedrijf vervolgens alsnog over. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Dit was rond <strong>1977</strong>. In een interview met Dineke Stam, d.d. 10 december 1997, zei Hofhuis dat hij Pectacon “20 jaar geleden” kocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon bestond voort als Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, met als KvK-nummer 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWanneer en hoe Otto zijn Pectacon-aandelen van de hand deed, is op dit moment bij gebrek aan bronnen niet te zeggen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (kantoor Wolters), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the so-called <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A son of Joop Hofhuis wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"summary_nl": "Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, was een van de ondernemingen van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124439,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4",
"name": "Pomosin Werke",
"name_nl": "Pomosin Werke",
"name_en": "Pomosin Werke",
"description": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was a centre for the soya processing industry in the <strong>early 1920s</strong>. Here there were three companies involved in soy milk production, and one of them was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This company was located at Schmickstraße 45 in the city's <em>Osthafen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was owned by the Jewish Scheinberger family and made soy products as well as pectin and bakery ingredients, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Chemist Robert Feix, nephew of the family and attached to the company, also wanted to open the domestic market for pectin and in <strong>1928</strong> started trading the gelling agent Opekta, which he developed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was the producer of this Opekta pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Pomosin was represented from <strong>1928</strong> by Frans van Angeren and Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank took over the Dutch household market with his <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> in <strong>1933</strong>. He undertook to source all pectin from Pomosin and pay a percentage for the licence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Feix and his aunt Emmy Scheinberger were stripped of the management of the Pomosin group during the Nazi era. Walter Fischer was appointed in their place. In previous years, there had already been many struggles for control and assets within the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two members of the Pomosin management, Joachim Rieke and Heinrich Sauerbrey, visited the Amsterdam Opekta office in spring <strong>1943</strong>. Kugler conducted the meeting because Kleiman was absent due to illness. One floor up, Otto Frank - in hiding - listened in. Three weeks later, on Saturday <strong>24 April 1943</strong>, these Pomosin representatives came to the office again for a meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 and 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was <strong>begin jaren twintig</strong> een centrum voor de sojaverwerkende industrie. Hier zaten drie ondernemingen die zich bezig hielden met de productie van sojamelk, en een daarvan was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit bedrijf was gevestigd op de Schmickstraße 45 in de <em>Osthafen</em> van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was eigendom van de Joodse familie Scheinberger en maakte naast sojaproducten ook onder meer pectine en bakkerijgrondstoffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De scheikundige Robert Feix, neef van de familie en aan het bedrijf verbonden, wilde ook de huishoudelijke markt voor pectine openen en begon in <strong>1928</strong> de handel in het door hem ontwikkelde geleermiddel Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4y0oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was de producent van deze Opekta-pectine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In Nederland werd Pomosin vanaf <strong>1928</strong> vertegenwoordigd door Frans van Angeren en Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Franks nam in <strong>1933</strong> met zijn <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> de Nederlandse huishoudelijke markt over. Hij verplichtte zich alle pectine van Pomosin te betrekken en een percentage voor de licentie te betalen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan Feix en zijn tante Emmy Scheinberger werd tijdens de nazi-tijd het beheer over het Pomosin-concern ontnomen. In hun plaats trad Walter Fischer naar voren. In voorgaande jaren was er binnen de familie al veel strijd geweest om zeggenschap en vermogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Twee leden van de Pomosin-directie, Joachim Rieke en Heinrich Sauerbrey, bezochten in het voorjaar van <strong>1943</strong> het Amsterdamse Opekta-kantoor. Kugler voerde de bespreking omdat Kleiman wegens ziekte afwezig was. Een verdieping hoger luisterde de ondergedoken Otto Frank mee. Drie weken later, op zaterdag <strong>24 april 1943</strong>, kwamen deze vertegenwoordigers van Pomosin opnieuw naar kantoor voor een bespreking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4y0oz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was a centre for the soya processing industry in the <strong>early 1920s</strong>. Here there were three companies involved in soy milk production, and one of them was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This company was located at Schmickstraße 45 in the city's <em>Osthafen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was owned by the Jewish Scheinberger family and made soy products as well as pectin and bakery ingredients, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Chemist Robert Feix, nephew of the family and attached to the company, also wanted to open the domestic market for pectin and in <strong>1928</strong> started trading the gelling agent Opekta, which he developed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was the producer of this Opekta pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Pomosin was represented from <strong>1928</strong> by Frans van Angeren and Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank took over the Dutch household market with his <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> in <strong>1933</strong>. He undertook to source all pectin from Pomosin and pay a percentage for the licence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Feix and his aunt Emmy Scheinberger were stripped of the management of the Pomosin group during the Nazi era. Walter Fischer was appointed in their place. In previous years, there had already been many struggles for control and assets within the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two members of the Pomosin management, Joachim Rieke and Heinrich Sauerbrey, visited the Amsterdam Opekta office in spring <strong>1943</strong>. Kugler conducted the meeting because Kleiman was absent due to illness. One floor up, Otto Frank - in hiding - listened in. Three weeks later, on Saturday <strong>24 April 1943</strong>, these Pomosin representatives came to the office again for a meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 and 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pomosin is known as a producer of pectin.",
"summary_nl": "Pomosin is bekend geworden als producent van pectine.",
"summary_en": "Pomosin is known as a producer of pectin.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124616,
"image": {
"id": 896,
"uuid": "ac160611-2c49-4e00-a5fb-8c2b1f38bf81",
"name": "A_Opekta_III_004",
"title": "Foto van medewerkers van Opekta Miep Gies, Isa Cauvern, Henk van Beusekom, Hetty Levie en Victor Kugler op het bordes van het kantoor aan de Singel 400, Amsterdam, 1935-1937",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/01cd478c-9fad-9004-919a-0f61346ceb2a.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Otto Frank richt in 1933 de Nederlandse tak van Opekta op, een van oorsprong Duits bedrijf dat zich richt op de import van pectine voor Nederlandse huishoudens. Pectine is een middel dat vruchten en gelei sneller laat geleren tot jam, en via advertenties, recepten in kranten en presentaties op beurzen wordt het product vanaf1933 aangeboden aan de detailhandel. In 1938 neemt Otto Frank het bedrijf Pectacon over van Johannes Kleiman en Ton Dunselman, een bedrijf dat handelt in specerijen en conserveermiddelen. Vanaf respectievelijk 1933 en 1937 werken Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl voor het bedrijf. Vanwege de gedwongen arisering van het Joodse bedrijfsleven in 1941 gaat op 25 maart 1942 de tenaamstelling van de vergunning van Pectacon over op het bedrijf Gies & Co., waar Jan Gies de commissaris is en Viktor Kugler optreedt als directeur. Aanvankelijk profiteert Opekta net als veel andere Nederlandse bedrijven van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. Later in de oorlog en na het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog wordt de import van pectine moeilijker. In 1959 neemt de Keulse vestiging van Opekta de Amsterdamse tak over, later wordt het bedrijf overgenomen door Dr. Oetker. De Anne Frank Stichting beheert van Opekta objecten uit de periode van 1935 tot en met 1955. Het betreft verpakkingsmateriaal voor pectine en andere producten, voorwerpen die werden gebruikt om de pectine te produceren, zakelijke administratie en correspondentie, reclamemateriaal en foto's van het personeel. Dit object is een voorbeeld uit deze collectie.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f997b534-3e67-4c27-b888-3680fa329ea2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f997b534-3e67-4c27-b888-3680fa329ea2",
"name": "Victor Kugler, work at Opekta",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler werkzaam bij Opekta",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler, work at Opekta",
"description": "<p>Otto Frank visited Frans van Angeren's office <strong>in mid-July 1933</strong> in the company of his brother-in-law, Joop Hofhuis. There he met Victor Kugler, with whom he worked ever since.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At that time, Kugler worked for De Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij until, in <strong>October 1940</strong>, he founded the company Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. with Jan Gies, initially called La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of Victor Kugler with four other Opekta employees on the pavement in front of the Singel 400 building, taken between <strong>1934 </strong>and <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio ’34 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Otto Frank bezocht <strong>half juli 1933</strong> het kantoor van Frans van Angeren in het gezelschap van diens zwager, Joop Hofhuis. Daar ontmoette hij Victor Kugler, met wie hij sindsdien samenwerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kugler werkte vervolgens voor de Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij tot hij in <strong>oktober 1940</strong> met Jan Gies het bedrijf Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. oprichtte, aanvankelijk genaamd La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een foto bewaard gebleven van Victor Kugler met vier andere Opekta-employees op de stoep van het pand Singel 400. Deze is gemaakt tussen <strong>1934 </strong>en <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio ’34 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Otto Frank visited Frans van Angeren's office <strong>in mid-July 1933</strong> in the company of his brother-in-law, Joop Hofhuis. There he met Victor Kugler, with whom he worked ever since.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At that time, Kugler worked for De Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij until, in <strong>October 1940</strong>, he founded the company Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. with Jan Gies, initially called La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of Victor Kugler with four other Opekta employees on the pavement in front of the Singel 400 building, taken between <strong>1934 </strong>and <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio ’34 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Victor Kugler worked for De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler werkte voor de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler worked for De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84898f4e-5c32-47d1-bff4-d377c343c5b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1a319571-a93e-4566-9396-a4d6e61833ed",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/41740528-a1d2-4a88-8b7c-c78e01a8ee6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aedb3425-3b2c-4479-9d12-9ff63918c0b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ea19e0cf-5fd7-4bb6-9dd9-63c328018639",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/83d54925-63d3-43a3-9f96-a9535224eb3d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f5b8243-d6ba-4498-b411-126dfe806d85",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0cfff667-b7b7-42e2-b01b-848d60758275",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/18a78a8e-12a1-4e8c-b38f-20ab70ff1da5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f2e450aa-840f-4dd8-84cf-548ce515e6d0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/56d301cf-e04e-47fd-884b-6685a83f00b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aeeb3d86-ddec-4d5d-a51a-5a0749bc3972",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/22e16ce9-e2a5-476f-b517-7e48026e719e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f9bad9c3-50bb-41b5-b528-74c36e40d028",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ce8468a7-c299-43c3-a730-4b3009a56059",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bc55a0-7741-4259-a387-42959e20d899",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc/",
"published": true,
"name": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"name_nl": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"name_en": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"uuid": "5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"content": "<p>The property previously housed the textile firm Hofhuis & Janus. It was also the home address of Joop Hofhuis <strong>in the late 1920</strong>s,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his brother-in-law owned it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It therefore looks like Otto Frank was able to move to this location through his business network.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the <strong>summer of 1933</strong>, Opekta visited fairs and women's organisations across the country for years to demonstrate the product. In January <strong>1937</strong>, its own company kitchen served as a demonstration room. The second class of the Alkmaar household school visited the Singel on the 20th to learn the use of Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November of 1940</strong>, Opekta and Pectacon moved to Prinsengracht 263. A short time later, the paramilitary Resistance Division (WA) of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) occupied Singel 400 as a Unit House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het pand was eerder de textielfirma Hofhuis & Janus gevestigd. Ook was het <strong>eind jaren twintig</strong> het woonadres van Joop Hofhuis,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> en zijn zwager was er eigenaar van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het ziet er dan ook naar uit dat Otto Frank zich hier via zijn zakelijk netwerk kon vestigen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf de <strong>zomer van 1933</strong> bezocht Opekta jarenlang in het hele land beurzen en vrouwenorganisaties om het product te demonstreren. In <strong>januari 1937</strong> diende de eigen bedrijfskeuken als demonstratielokaal. De tweede klas van de Alkmaarse huishoudschool kwam de 20e op het Singel langs om het gebruik van Opekta te leren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november van 1940</strong> vertrokken Opekta en Pectacon naar Prinsengracht 263. Korte tijd later had de paramilitaire Weerbaarheidsafdeling (WA) van de Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB) Singel 400 in gebruik als Vendelhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The property previously housed the textile firm Hofhuis & Janus. It was also the home address of Joop Hofhuis <strong>in the late 1920</strong>s,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his brother-in-law owned it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It therefore looks like Otto Frank was able to move to this location through his business network.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the <strong>summer of 1933</strong>, Opekta visited fairs and women's organisations across the country for years to demonstrate the product. In January <strong>1937</strong>, its own company kitchen served as a demonstration room. The second class of the Alkmaar household school visited the Singel on the 20th to learn the use of Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November of 1940</strong>, Opekta and Pectacon moved to Prinsengracht 263. A short time later, the paramilitary Resistance Division (WA) of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) occupied Singel 400 as a Unit House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88745 52.36892)",
"summary": "Singel 400 was the home of the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij from late 1934 to late 1940.",
"summary_nl": "Singel 400 was van eind 1934 tot eind 1940 het onderkomen van de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_en": "Singel 400 was the home of the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij from late 1934 to late 1940.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Singel 400",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "Noord-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
248,
114
]
},
"score": 1.2469465
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 138,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.36853",
"longitude": "4.88128",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84898f4e-5c32-47d1-bff4-d377c343c5b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1a319571-a93e-4566-9396-a4d6e61833ed",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/41740528-a1d2-4a88-8b7c-c78e01a8ee6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aedb3425-3b2c-4479-9d12-9ff63918c0b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ea19e0cf-5fd7-4bb6-9dd9-63c328018639",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/83d54925-63d3-43a3-9f96-a9535224eb3d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f5b8243-d6ba-4498-b411-126dfe806d85",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0cfff667-b7b7-42e2-b01b-848d60758275",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/18a78a8e-12a1-4e8c-b38f-20ab70ff1da5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f2e450aa-840f-4dd8-84cf-548ce515e6d0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/56d301cf-e04e-47fd-884b-6685a83f00b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aeeb3d86-ddec-4d5d-a51a-5a0749bc3972",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/22e16ce9-e2a5-476f-b517-7e48026e719e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f9bad9c3-50bb-41b5-b528-74c36e40d028",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ce8468a7-c299-43c3-a730-4b3009a56059",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bc55a0-7741-4259-a387-42959e20d899",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb/",
"published": true,
"name": "Sangostop",
"name_nl": "Sangostop",
"name_en": "Sangostop",
"uuid": "a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb",
"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>:<strong> </strong>Looiersgracht 25, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pb5m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sangostop was a pharmaceutical company founded on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> with which Opekta did business. It's objective was:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The manufacture of haemostatics and other chemical and pharmaceutical articles, the trade in these substances and products, and in the raw materials thereof, as well as everything that is related to the above in the broadest sense or can be conducive thereto, and furthermore the cooperation with, the participation in, managing and financing other companies, of whatever nature'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Sangostop was affiliated with Brocades and Stheeman. On <strong>20 March 1936</strong>, an annual meeting took place in the building of the Hollandsche Bank Unie on the Herengracht, immediately preceding that of Thelopharm N.V.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12s9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong> the company stood as a creditor in Opekta's balance sheet for more than four thousand<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ohvl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> and in <strong>1939</strong> for more than thirteen hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9zlj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Founder Benno Brahn became a commissioner and vice-chairman of the Supervisory Board of Sangostop that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hava4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the company's scientific research, it acquired the publication <em>Die Pektinstoffe</em> by Rudolf Řípa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouye5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Sangostop's accounting showed various transactions with Opekta. The company supplied goods from <strong>1935</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cupuz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1940</strong>, there was another delivery of 250 kilos of pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x9lgl\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta competitors Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie and Pomosin Import were also among the buyers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11pb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to Brahn's Jewish ancestry, he had to give up direct control over his company. On <strong>30 August 1943</strong>, the company booked an amount of one hundred and eighty guilders for the 'Aryanization of N.V.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugh5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pb5m9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor den interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, z.p.: Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1940, p. 245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Kamer van Koophandel Delft, Handelsregister 1921 – 1995 (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12s9r\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Vergaderingen”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 20 maart 1936 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ohvl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), A_Opekta_I_003: Balans Opekta, 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9zlj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_004: Balans Opekta, 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hava4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Handelsregister. Wijzigingen November 1939”, <em>Pharmaceutisch Weekblad</em>.<em> Orgaan van de Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter bevordering van de Pharmacie</em>, 6 januari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouye5\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Delft (SAD), Nederlandsche Gist- & Spiritusfabriek (NG&SF) (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4684: kasboek N.V. Sangostop, 1936 - 1946, post 488, 26 januari 1938. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cupuz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, posten 165, 278 en 482.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x9lgl\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4695: verkoopboek Sangostop 1935 – 1943, 22 november 1940, post 527.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11pb8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, posten 295 en 463.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugh5s\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188) kasboek Sangostop 1934 – 1946, 30 augustus 1943, post 963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>:<strong> </strong>Looiersgracht 25, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pb5m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sangostop was een farmaceutisch bedrijf, opgericht op <strong>10 agustus 1934</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> waarmee Opekta zaken deed. Doelstelling was:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Het fabriceren van bloedstelpende middelen en andere chemische en farmaceutische artikelen, de handel in die middelen en artikelen en in de grondstoffen daarvan, zomede al hetgeen met het bovenstaande in de ruimste zin verband houdt of daaraan bevorderlijk kan zijn en voorts het samenwerken met, het deelnemen in, het voeren van beheer over en het financieren van andere ondernemingen, van welke aard ook'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Sangostop was gelieerd aan Brocades en Stheeman. Op <strong>20 maart 1936</strong> vond er een jaarvergadering plaats in het gebouw van de Hollandsche Bank Unie aan de Herengracht, direct voorafgaand aan die van Thelopharm N.V. <sup data-footnote-id=\"12s9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het bedrijf stond in <strong>1938 </strong>voor ruim vierduizend<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ohvl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> en in <strong>1939</strong> voor ruim dertienhonderd gulden als crediteur in de balans van Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9zlj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Oprichter Benno Brahn werd dat jaar commissaris en vicevoorzitter van de Raad van Commissarissen van Sangostop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hava4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege het wetenschappelijk onderzoek van het bedrijf schafte het de publicatie <em>Die Pektinstoffe</em> van Rudolf Řípa aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouye5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de boekhouding van Sangostop bleken diverse transacties met Opekta. Zo leverde het bedrijf vanaf <strong>1935 </strong>goederen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ziydh\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1940</strong> was er nog een levering van 250 kilo pectine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tesn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Opekta-concurrent Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie en Pomosin Import behoorden tot de afnemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11pb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege Brahns Joodse afkomst moest hij directe zeggenschap over zijn bedrijf opgeven. De firma boekte op <strong>30 augustus 1943</strong> een bedrag van honderdtachtig gulden voor de ' ariseering der N.V.' <sup data-footnote-id=\"ugh5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pb5m9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor den interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, z.p.: Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1940, p. 245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Kamer van Koophandel Delft, Handelsregister 1921 – 1995 (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12s9r\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Vergaderingen”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 20 maart 1936 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ohvl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), A_Opekta_I_003: Balans Opekta, 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9zlj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_004: Balans Opekta, 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hava4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Handelsregister. Wijzigingen November 1939”, <em>Pharmaceutisch Weekblad</em>.<em> Orgaan van de Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter bevordering van de Pharmacie</em>, 6 januari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouye5\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Delft (SAD), Nederlandsche Gist- & Spiritusfabriek (NG&SF) (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4684: kasboek N.V. Sangostop, 1936 - 1946, post 488, 26 januari 1938. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ziydh\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, posten 165, 278 en 482</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tesn7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4695: verkoopboek Sangostop 1935 – 1943, 22 november 1940, post 527.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11pb8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, posten 295 en 463.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugh5s\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188) kasboek Sangostop 1934 – 1946, 30 augustus 1943, post 963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>:<strong> </strong>Looiersgracht 25, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pb5m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sangostop was a pharmaceutical company founded on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> with which Opekta did business. It's objective was:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The manufacture of haemostatics and other chemical and pharmaceutical articles, the trade in these substances and products, and in the raw materials thereof, as well as everything that is related to the above in the broadest sense or can be conducive thereto, and furthermore the cooperation with, the participation in, managing and financing other companies, of whatever nature'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Sangostop was affiliated with Brocades and Stheeman. On <strong>20 March 1936</strong>, an annual meeting took place in the building of the Hollandsche Bank Unie on the Herengracht, immediately preceding that of Thelopharm N.V.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12s9r\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong> the company stood as a creditor in Opekta's balance sheet for more than four thousand<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ohvl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> and in <strong>1939</strong> for more than thirteen hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9zlj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Founder Benno Brahn became a commissioner and vice-chairman of the Supervisory Board of Sangostop that year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hava4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the company's scientific research, it acquired the publication <em>Die Pektinstoffe</em> by Rudolf Řípa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouye5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Sangostop's accounting showed various transactions with Opekta. The company supplied goods from <strong>1935</strong> onwards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cupuz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1940</strong>, there was another delivery of 250 kilos of pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x9lgl\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta competitors Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie and Pomosin Import were also among the buyers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11pb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to Brahn's Jewish ancestry, he had to give up direct control over his company. On <strong>30 August 1943</strong>, the company booked an amount of one hundred and eighty guilders for the 'Aryanization of N.V.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ugh5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pb5m9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor den interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, z.p.: Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1940, p. 245.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ctfky\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Kamer van Koophandel Delft, Handelsregister 1921 – 1995 (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12s9r\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Vergaderingen”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 20 maart 1936 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ohvl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), A_Opekta_I_003: Balans Opekta, 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9zlj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_004: Balans Opekta, 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hava4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Handelsregister. Wijzigingen November 1939”, <em>Pharmaceutisch Weekblad</em>.<em> Orgaan van de Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter bevordering van de Pharmacie</em>, 6 januari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouye5\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Delft (SAD), Nederlandsche Gist- & Spiritusfabriek (NG&SF) (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4684: kasboek N.V. Sangostop, 1936 - 1946, post 488, 26 januari 1938. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cupuz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, posten 165, 278 en 482.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x9lgl\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4695: verkoopboek Sangostop 1935 – 1943, 22 november 1940, post 527.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11pb8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188), inv. nr. 4683: kasboek Sangostop 1934 - 1935, posten 295 en 463.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ugh5s\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAD, NG&SF (toegang 188) kasboek Sangostop 1934 – 1946, 30 augustus 1943, post 963.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88128 52.36853)",
"summary": "Sangostop was a pharmaceutical company with which Opekta did business.",
"summary_nl": "Sangostop was een farmaceutisch bedrijf waarmee Opekta zaken deed.",
"summary_en": "Sangostop was a pharmaceutical company with which Opekta did business.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Looiersgracht 25",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
"score": 1.2469465
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 216,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.36853",
"longitude": "4.88128",
"events": [
{
"id": 279,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d86fae9b-9972-47e4-a2d0-09c32813e274/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f8e8c36c-5f55-43c9-910a-d68eb6a1077f"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/55a83554-90c5-4ef7-9df4-132c1af25453",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/b6db1cbb-c3f9-46e8-a36d-5bf6dd27fecf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/4a16da66-e209-440c-9ca7-4ac535552649",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/28ca0b7b-d6a8-44c6-a54a-657863742d8f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d86fae9b-9972-47e4-a2d0-09c32813e274",
"name": "Formation of N.V. Sangostop",
"name_nl": "Oprichting van N.V. Sangostop",
"name_en": "Formation of N.V. Sangostop",
"content": "<p>The objective of the company founded by Benno Brahn was "the manufacture of haemostatic agents and other chemical and pharmaceutical articles, the trade in those agents and articles, and in their raw materials."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ya5u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Sangostop was affiliated with Brocades & Stheeman and with Thelopharm. Sangostop's records show several transactions with Opekta. Opekta's competitors Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie and Pomosin Import were also among its customers. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ya5u7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Kamer van Koophandel Delft, Handelsregister 1921 – 1995 (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Doelstelling van het bedrijf door Benno Brahn opgerichte bedrijf was '<em>het fabriceren van bloedstelpende middelen en andere chemische en farmaceutische artikelen, de handel in die middelen en artikelen en in de grondstoffen daarvan</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ya5u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Sangostop was gelieerd aan Brocades & Stheeman en aan Thelopharm. Uit de boekhouding van Sangostop blijken diverse transacties met Opekta. Ook Opekta-concurrent Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie en Pomosin Import behoorden tot de afnemers. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ya5u7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Kamer van Koophandel Delft, Handelsregister 1921 – 1995 (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The objective of the company founded by Benno Brahn was "the manufacture of haemostatic agents and other chemical and pharmaceutical articles, the trade in those agents and articles, and in their raw materials."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ya5u7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Sangostop was affiliated with Brocades & Stheeman and with Thelopharm. Sangostop's records show several transactions with Opekta. Opekta's competitors Nederlandsche Pectine Industrie and Pomosin Import were also among its customers. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ya5u7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Kamer van Koophandel Delft, Handelsregister 1921 – 1995 (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1934-03-10",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Sangostop was a pharmaceutical company with which Opekta did business.",
"summary_nl": "Sangostop was een farmaceutisch bedrijf waarmee Opekta zaken deed.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n",
"summary_en": "Sangostop was a pharmaceutical company with which Opekta did business.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/04bc398b-9132-421d-be07-26d89aecf727",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/84898f4e-5c32-47d1-bff4-d377c343c5b2",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2aaa7b1a-46b7-49f3-9908-dd3a35052bd6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1a319571-a93e-4566-9396-a4d6e61833ed",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/41740528-a1d2-4a88-8b7c-c78e01a8ee6d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aedb3425-3b2c-4479-9d12-9ff63918c0b7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ea19e0cf-5fd7-4bb6-9dd9-63c328018639",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4caabcc8-204b-438d-915c-1e6ea54630bb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/83d54925-63d3-43a3-9f96-a9535224eb3d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f5b8243-d6ba-4498-b411-126dfe806d85",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0cfff667-b7b7-42e2-b01b-848d60758275",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/18a78a8e-12a1-4e8c-b38f-20ab70ff1da5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4e75c158-3e77-4f96-93fe-47e691e9a047",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f2e450aa-840f-4dd8-84cf-548ce515e6d0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/efee09b0-5605-4f5b-894c-91a96938e30d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/56d301cf-e04e-47fd-884b-6685a83f00b9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa46b11f-7c2b-4fbc-ac9b-82fb58e805a6",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/aeeb3d86-ddec-4d5d-a51a-5a0749bc3972",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/22e16ce9-e2a5-476f-b517-7e48026e719e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f9bad9c3-50bb-41b5-b528-74c36e40d028",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6b0dbaa0-4815-4f3e-ab1c-e0ee6196188e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c885285f-6d92-48fc-817f-543f6f20f9bf",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/c590cc2d-a203-4b6b-b2bb-6db6e47a523c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c5caab-86df-4b28-91ba-f2d9fd02d20e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ce8468a7-c299-43c3-a730-4b3009a56059",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a4257fc0-726f-49b3-9912-80a4aacbacbb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a7bc55a0-7741-4259-a387-42959e20d899",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ceacea5d-5d1a-4618-9cdc-de7c26765040",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/f0eef6aa-3307-4bab-899c-0d69504e3eb0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c/",
"published": true,
"name": "Thelopharm, N.V.",
"name_nl": "Thelopharm, N.V.",
"name_en": "Thelopharm, N.V.",
"uuid": "caa75771-165a-46ed-a848-c3a9df9eb52c",
"content": "<p><strong>Addresss</strong>: Looiersgracht 25, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0grke\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Thelopharm was a pharmaceutical company affiliated with Sangostop<sup data-footnote-id=\"snsll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and the brothers Max and Benno Brahn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3z0yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Max Brahn was director of Thelopharm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"40kqs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>20 March 1936</strong>, an annual meeting took place in the building of the Hollandsche Bank Unie, immediately following that of Sangostop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hlrf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was also affiliated with Brocades Stheeman. It engaged in the manufacturing and trading of pharmaceutical and chemical products. Max Brahn became a commissioner and vice-chairman of the Supervisory Board of Thelopharm in <strong>November 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d96vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1943</strong> the registered capital amounted to one hundred thousand guilders, of which twenty-four thousand had been issued.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ic3jl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>1945</strong>, Thelopharm owned a Canadian patent on an insulin application invented by Benno Brahn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f92k1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0grke\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor den interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, z.p.: Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 271.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snsll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sangostop was een farmaceutisch bedrijf waarmee Opekta zaken deed.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3z0yq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Otto Frank heeft Brahns telefoonnummer in zijn agenda's genoteerd van <strong>1937</strong> en <strong>1946</strong> t/m <strong>1952</strong>. Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. codes OFA_001 en 003 t/m 009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"40kqs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M. Brahn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hlrf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Vergaderingen”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 20 maart 1936 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d96vo\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>N.E. Onnes Rost wordt voorzitter. “Handelsregister. Wijzigingen November 1939”, <em>Pharmaceutisch Weekblad</em>.<em> Orgaan van de Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter bevordering van de Pharmacie</em>, 6 januari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ic3jl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden</em>, 19 oktober 1943, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f92k1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Canadian Intellectual Property Office, <a href=\"https://brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/425759/summary.html\" target=\"_blank\">Patent 425759 Summary</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Looiersgracht 25, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0grke\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Thelopharm was een farmaceutisch bedrijf gelieerd aan Sangostop<sup data-footnote-id=\"snsll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> en aan de broers Max en Benno Brahn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3z0yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Max Brahn was directeur van Thelopharm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"40kqs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Op <strong>20 maart 1936 </strong>vond er een jaarvergadering plaats in het gebouw van de Hollandsche Bank Unie, direct volgend op die van Sangostop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hlrf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma was ook gelieerd aan Brocades Stheeman. Ze deed de vervaardiging van en handel in farmaceutische en chemische producten. Max Brahn werd in <strong>november</strong> <strong>1939 </strong>commissaris en vicevoorzitter van de Raad van Commissarissen van Thelopharm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d96vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1943 </strong>bedroeg het maatschappelijk kapitaal honderdduizend gulden, waarvan vierentwintigduizend geplaatst was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ic3jl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Thelopharm was in <strong>1945 </strong>eigenaar van een Canadees patent op een door Benno Brahn uitgevonden insulinetoepassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f92k1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0grke\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor den interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, z.p.: Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 271.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snsll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sangostop was een farmaceutisch bedrijf waarmee Opekta zaken deed.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3z0yq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Otto Frank heeft Brahns telefoonnummer in zijn agenda's genoteerd van <strong>1937</strong> en <strong>1946</strong> t/m <strong>1952</strong>. Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. codes OFA_001 en 003 t/m 009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"40kqs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M. Brahn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hlrf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Vergaderingen”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 20 maart 1936 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d96vo\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>N.E. Onnes Rost wordt voorzitter. “Handelsregister. Wijzigingen November 1939”, <em>Pharmaceutisch Weekblad</em>.<em> Orgaan van de Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter bevordering van de Pharmacie</em>, 6 januari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ic3jl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden</em>, 19 oktober 1943, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f92k1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Canadian Intellectual Property Office, <a href=\"https://brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/425759/summary.html\" target=\"_blank\">Patent 425759 Summary</a>..</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Addresss</strong>: Looiersgracht 25, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0grke\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Thelopharm was a pharmaceutical company affiliated with Sangostop<sup data-footnote-id=\"snsll\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and the brothers Max and Benno Brahn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3z0yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Max Brahn was director of Thelopharm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"40kqs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> On <strong>20 March 1936</strong>, an annual meeting took place in the building of the Hollandsche Bank Unie, immediately following that of Sangostop.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hlrf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was also affiliated with Brocades Stheeman. It engaged in the manufacturing and trading of pharmaceutical and chemical products. Max Brahn became a commissioner and vice-chairman of the Supervisory Board of Thelopharm in <strong>November 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d96vo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1943</strong> the registered capital amounted to one hundred thousand guilders, of which twenty-four thousand had been issued.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ic3jl\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>1945</strong>, Thelopharm owned a Canadian patent on an insulin application invented by Benno Brahn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f92k1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0grke\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst voor den interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, z.p.: Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 271.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snsll\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sangostop was een farmaceutisch bedrijf waarmee Opekta zaken deed.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3z0yq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Otto Frank heeft Brahns telefoonnummer in zijn agenda's genoteerd van <strong>1937</strong> en <strong>1946</strong> t/m <strong>1952</strong>. Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. codes OFA_001 en 003 t/m 009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"40kqs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M. Brahn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hlrf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Vergaderingen”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 20 maart 1936 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d96vo\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>N.E. Onnes Rost wordt voorzitter. “Handelsregister. Wijzigingen November 1939”, <em>Pharmaceutisch Weekblad</em>.<em> Orgaan van de Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter bevordering van de Pharmacie</em>, 6 januari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ic3jl\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden</em>, 19 oktober 1943, p. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f92k1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Canadian Intellectual Property Office, <a href=\"https://brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/425759/summary.html\" target=\"_blank\">Patent 425759 Summary</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88128 52.36853)",
"summary": "Thelopharm was a pharmaceutical company affiliated with Sangostop. Opekta did business with Sangostop.",
"summary_nl": "Thelopharm was een farmaceutisch bedrijf gelieerd aan Sangostop. Opekta deed zaken met Sangostop.",
"summary_en": "Thelopharm was a pharmaceutical company affiliated with Sangostop. Opekta did business with Sangostop.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
279
]
},
"score": 1.2469465
},
{
"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 254,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1218,
"uuid": "feacee82-acc0-487c-beac-1ce2f9e1d4cf",
"name": "BMAB00022000123_001",
"title": "Uitgeverij Contact, Prinsengracht 795-97, 1962",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: C.P. Schaap. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/BMAB00022000123_001.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"latitude": "52.36312",
"longitude": "4.887839",
"events": [
{
"id": 245,
"main_image": {
"id": 1012,
"uuid": "ba1c277d-c749-4fb3-8051-97bc967558cb",
"name": "Het Achterhuis",
"title": "Omslag van Het Achterhuis",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Het_Achterhuis.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Omslag van de eerste uitgave van Het Achterhuis (1947).",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/4fea69ad-a50b-45d1-89ef-b68428864012/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/42405377-f044-4d4a-a988-f085228f8455",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/4476dc09-034e-43c6-a285-42b0c098c05e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e68d042f-25ad-4f2b-acfd-2ecbce09290d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/52976d4a-96a9-4975-970f-ad4d6437ea93"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6e696049-a72e-459b-beba-e66fc4cbf66f",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4fea69ad-a50b-45d1-89ef-b68428864012",
"name": "Het Achterhuis is published",
"name_nl": "Het Achterhuis wordt gepubliceerd",
"name_en": "Het Achterhuis is published",
"content": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> <strong>1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de achtergrond van de uitgave en het verkoopsucces van Het Achterhuis, zie: Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">De uitgave van Het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent ; Jrg. 24 nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 18-27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in de Proloogreeks van uitgeverij Contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x8dmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteert op die datum in zijn agenda: <em>I Boek</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>september 1945</strong> maakte Otto Frank uittreksels van het dagboek om aan vrienden en zijn familie in vertaling te kunnen laten lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pqh0w\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Dit omdat hij vond dat er in het originele dagboek te veel stond wat niet voor anderen bestemd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Omstreeks <strong>november 1945</strong> besloot hij het dagboek van zijn dochter toch te publiceren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Achteraf zei hij hierover dat vrienden hem overtuigd hadden dat hij dit document niet voor zich zelf mocht houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Maar het bleek moeilijk om een uitgever te vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde dat zijn vriend Werner Cahn (aan wie hij het oorspronkelijke manuscript had voorgelezen en die bij uitgeverij Querido werkte) buiten zijn medeweten typescript II naar Annie Romein-Verschoor had gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In zijn agenda van <strong>22 maart 1946</strong> noteerde Otto Frank: Werner Cahn-(Romein). <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein liet het manuscript lezen aan haar man, Jan Romein. Van zijn hand verscheen op de voorpagina van <em>Het Parool</em> van <strong>3 april 1946</strong> het artikel: <em>Kinderstem</em>. Hierna wil de Uitgeverij Contact het dagboek uitgeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Op <strong>10 september 1946</strong> stuurde Otto Frank het contract ondertekend terug naar Uitgeverij Contact. Hij had bedongen dat hij zelf de vertaal- en filmrechten behield en dat als het dagboek was uitverkocht de uitgever zich verplichtte na zes maanden een nieuwe uitgave voor te bereiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De basis voor de uitgave was het door Otto Frank samengestelde typescript II. De uitgever redigeerde deze tekst en verwijderde passages die met seksualiteit te maken hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Het voorwoord was van Annie Romein-Verschoor en niet, zoals aanvankelijk het plan was, een aangepaste versie van het <em>Parool-</em>artikel <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern heeft verklaard dat hij het slotwoord had geschreven en dat Otto Frank het had aangepast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Er verscheen een voorpublicaties van het dagboek in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste druk van het dagboek verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in een oplage van 3.000 exemplaren die begin <strong>juli 1947</strong> bij de uitgever waren uitverkocht.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'<em>Ja, Anne’s Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (…) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De tweede druk, in <strong>december 1947</strong>, had een oplage van 5.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Otto Frank Archief bevindt zich een namenlijst van de vrienden, bekenden, politici en hoogwaardigheidsbekleders aan wie Otto Frank een eerste druk van het dagboek toestuurde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Hij bleef zich, ook na het verschijnen van de eerste editie, actief bezighouden met de uitgave van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x8dmg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de achtergrond van de uitgave en het verkoopsucces van Het Achterhuis, zie: Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">De uitgave van Het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent ; Jrg. 24 nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 18-27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pqh0w\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> <strong>1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"joyyc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de achtergrond van de uitgave en het verkoopsucces van Het Achterhuis, zie: Lisa Kuitert, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_boe022200701_01/_boe022200701_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">De uitgave van Het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: De Boekenwereld: Tijdschrift voor Boek en Prent ; Jrg. 24 nr. 1 (oktober 2007), p. 18-27.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1947-06-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
"summary_nl": "De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis wordt gepubliceerd door Uitgeverij Contact.",
"summary_en": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124643,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471",
"name": "The diary of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Het dagboek van Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The diary of Anne Frank",
"description": "<h1>Exactly what writings by Anne Frank have been preserved?</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 June 1942</strong> was Anne Frank’s thirteenth birthday. Among the presents she received was a notebook: an almost square book with a red-white-gray checkered cover and a clasp. In this she was going to keep her diary. Her first diary ends on <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Her second surviving diary book, a school exercise book, begins on 22 December 1943 and continues up to 17 April 1944. It is highly improbable that Anne Frank did not keep a diary between <strong>December 1942 and December 1943</strong>, so we must assume that this section has been lost. Her third and last diary volume, also a school exercise book, begins on <strong>17 April 1944</strong> and ends on <strong>1 August 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Other texts</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides her diary, Anne also wrote <em>Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis</em> (Tales from the Secret Annex) in a large accounts book, and she filled a small, narrow cash book with quotations: her <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> (Favourite Quotes Notebook). This <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> and <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> have both been preserved.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Two versions</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>June 1942</strong> onwards, the diaries of Anne Frank describe in a penetrating way the daily life of the eight Jewish people in hiding in the annex on the Prinsengracht canal in Amsterdam. Anne Frank rewrote her diary entries herself in the annex, with a view to them possibly being published after the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She did this on sheets of carbon copy paper: the so-called “loose sheets.” On these loose sheets of paper she reorganised and rewrote her earlier diary entries: she reordered texts, sometimes combining entries from various dates under one date, and considerably shortening some sections. In this way she created a second version, in which the events of<strong> December 1942 to December 1943</strong> are described. The loose sheets have been preserved: their last entries date from <strong>29 March 1944</strong>. So the first version of the diary was not fully preserved, while the second version was unfinished.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Preparing for publication</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To help in the search for a publisher for <em>Het Achterhuis</em> (The Secret Annex, as Anne had named her second version) Otto Frank had parts of the diary entries typed out in <strong>late 1945</strong>.<br />\r\nIn doing so he left out some sections, moved others and made some corrections. This created a typescript, but it was not yet a book. At Otto Frank’s request, his friend Albert Cauvern then made a second typescript. With Otto Frank’s permission, Cauvern changed nine of the thirteen names that Anne herself – with a view to possible publication – had invented for the people in hiding in the secret annexe and their helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Both typescripts have been preserved. Finally, an editor from Contact Publishers became the third person to work on the texts, correcting typing errors and bringing the manuscript into line with the publisher’s style guide. All of this resulted in the first Dutch publication of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in <strong>June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Three versions under one cover</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank, who died <strong>19 August 1980</strong>, stated in his will that all of his daughter’s manuscripts should be left to the Dutch nation. The Dutch government transferred the stewardship of the manuscripts to the National Institute for War Documentation (<em>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, RIOD), which later became the Dutch Institute for War Documentation (<em>Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, NIOD).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1986</strong>, RIOD published the three versions of the diary described above – the preserved original diary entries, the version rewritten by Anne Frank herself, and the edition compiled by Otto Frank and published by Contact Publishers in <strong>1947</strong> – together under one cover: <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Five pages surface in 1998</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1998</strong>, five previously unknown pages from the diary of Anne Frank turned up. They were five loose sheets that Otto Frank had already set apart before the publication of the diary in <em>1947</em>. In all probability, Otto Frank did not want to make these diary fragments public because of Anne’s rather hurtful observations about his first wife, who died in Auschwitz, and their marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They were made public by Cor Suyk, a former employee of the Anne Frank House. Suyk’s explanation was that Otto Frank had given him the five sheets for safe keeping. The loose sheets were sold by Suyk to the Dutch nation, and subsequently added to the rest of the diary, which was held by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). The five pages were first included in the fifth, revised edition of <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em> (2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The NIOD asked the Forensic Institute – which had already carried out extensive research into the authenticity of the diary in the first half of the <strong>1980’s</strong> – to also investigate these five loose sheets. The Forensic Institute concluded after forensic document and handwriting analysis that ‘the handwriting in the questioned documents and the handwriting in the reference material, consisting of loose sheets in the diary of Anne Frank, were produced – with a probability bordering on certainty – by the same hand.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is the most certain degree of identification that the Netherlands Forensic Institute can give. In other words: there is no reason whatsoever to presume that the five returned loose sheets were not written by Anne Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Het Achterhuis: dagboekbrieven van 12 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944</em>, met een woord vooraf door Annie Romein-Verschoor, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact, 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom en David Barnouw ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij i.s.m. het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 1986. For an American edition, see: <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J.Pomerans & Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleda, New York, NY: Doubleday, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door David Barnouw, Harry Paape en Gerrold van der Stroom ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker i.s.m. het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 2001. For an American edition, see. <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleday & Susan Massotty, New York, NY: Doubleday, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>The Diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical Edition</em>, p. 184.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Welke geschriften van Anne Frank zijn precies bewaard gebleven?</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 juni 1942</strong> was de dertiende verjaardag van Anne Frank. Ze kreeg onder andere een schrift: een bijna vierkant boekje met een harde rood-wit-grijs geruite omslag en een slotje. Hierin ging ze haar dagboek bijhouden. Haar eerste dagboek eindigt op <strong>5 december 1942</strong>. Haar tweede bewaard gebleven dagboek, een schoolschrift, begint op <strong>22 december 1943</strong> en loopt door tot <strong>17 april 1944</strong>. Het is zeer onwaarschijnlijk dat Anne Frank tussen <strong>december 1942 en december 1943</strong> geen dagboek heeft bijgehouden, dus we moeten aannemen dat dit deel verloren is gegaan. Haar derde en laatste dagboekdeel, ook een schoolschrift, begint op <strong>17 april 1944</strong> en eindigt op <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Andere teksten</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast haar dagboek schreef Anne ook <em>Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis</em> in een grootboek en vulde zij een klein, smal kasboek met citaten: haar <em>Mooie Zinnenboek</em>. Dit <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> en <em>Mooie Zinnenboek</em> zijn beide bewaard gebleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Twee versies</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De dagboeken van Anne Frank beschrijven vanaf<strong> juni 1942</strong> op indringende wijze het dagelijks leven van de acht Joodse onderduikers in het achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam. In het achterhuis heeft Anne Frank haar dagboekaantekeningen zelf herschreven met het oog op eventuele publicatie na de oorlog.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zij deed dit op vellen doorschrijfpapier: de zogenaamde "losse vellen". Op deze losse vellen reorganiseerde en herschreef zij haar eerdere dagboekaantekeningen: zij herschikte teksten, voegde soms aantekeningen van verschillende data samen onder één datum en kortte sommige delen aanzienlijk in. Zo ontstond een tweede versie, waarin de gebeurtenissen van <strong>december 1942 tot december 1943</strong> worden beschreven. De losse vellen zijn bewaard gebleven: de laatste aantekeningen ervan dateren van <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>. De eerste versie van het dagboek is dus niet volledig bewaard gebleven, terwijl de tweede versie onvoltooid is gebleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Voorbereiding voor publicatie</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Om een uitgever te vinden voor <em>Het Achterhuis</em> (zoals Anne haar tweede versie had genoemd) liet Otto Frank <strong>eind 1945</strong> delen van de dagboekaantekeningen uittypen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarbij heeft hij sommige delen weggelaten, andere verplaatst en enkele correcties aangebracht. Zo ontstond een typoscript, maar het was nog geen boek. Op verzoek van Otto Frank maakte zijn vriend Albert Cauvern vervolgens een tweede typoscript. Met toestemming van Otto Frank veranderde Cauvern negen van de dertien namen die Anne zelf - met het oog op eventuele publicatie - had bedacht voor de onderduikers in het achterhuis en hun helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beide typoscripten zijn bewaard gebleven. Tenslotte heeft een redacteur van Uitgeverij Contact als derde aan de teksten gewerkt, typefouten gecorrigeerd en het manuscript in overeenstemming gebracht met de stijlgids van de uitgeverij. Dit alles resulteerde in de eerste Nederlandse uitgave van <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in <strong>juni 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7y1w\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Drie versies onder één omslag</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank, die op <strong>19 augustus 1980</strong> overleed, verklaarde in zijn testament dat alle manuscripten van zijn dochter aan de Nederlandse staat moesten worden nagelaten. De Nederlandse regering droeg het beheer van de manuscripten over aan het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (RIOD), dat later het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) werd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1986</strong> publiceerde het RIOD de drie hierboven beschreven versies van het dagboek - de bewaard gebleven originele dagboekaantekeningen, de door Anne Frank zelf herschreven versie en de door Otto Frank samengestelde uitgave die in <strong>1947</strong> door uitgeverij Contact werd uitgegeven - samen onder één omslag: <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3n2i2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Vijf pagina's duiken op in 1998</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1998</strong> doken vijf voorheen onbekende pagina's uit het dagboek van Anne Frank op. Het waren vijf losse bladen die Otto Frank al voor de publicatie van het dagboek in <strong>1947</strong> apart had gelegd. Otto Frank wilde deze dagboekfragmenten naar alle waarschijnlijkheid niet openbaar maken vanwege Annes nogal kwetsende opmerkingen over zijn in Auschwitz omgekomen eerste vrouw en hun huwelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze zijn openbaar gemaakt door Cor Suyk, een voormalig medewerker van de Anne Frank Stichting. Suyk's verklaring was dat Otto Frank hem de vijf bladen in bewaring had gegeven. De losse vellen zijn door Suyk verkocht aan de Nederlandse staat en vervolgens gevoegd bij de rest van het dagboek, dat bij het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) berustte. De vijf pagina's werden voor het eerst opgenomen in de vijfde druk van <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em> (2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"t4ija\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<!-- gevolgd door <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank: Herziene Kritische Editie</em> (2003).--></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het NIOD heeft het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium - dat in de eerste helft van de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> al uitgebreid onderzoek had gedaan naar de authenticiteit van het dagboek - gevraagd ook deze vijf losse bladen te onderzoeken. Het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium concludeerde na forensisch document- en handschriftonderzoek dat 'het schrift voorkomend op het te onderzoeken materiaal enerzijds en het referentiemateriaal, bestaande uit het schrift op de losse vellen van het dagboek van Anne Frank anderzijds, zijn met aan zekerheid grenzende waarschijnlijkheid van dezelfde hand'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"khtpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dat is de meest zekere mate van identificatie die het Nederlands Gerechtelijk Laboratorium kan geven. Met andere woorden: er is geen enkele reden om aan te nemen dat de vijf geretourneerde losse vellen niet door Anne Frank zijn geschreven.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7y1w\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Het Achterhuis: dagboekbrieven van 12 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944</em>, met een woord vooraf door Annie Romein-Verschoor, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact, 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3n2i2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom en David Barnouw ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij i.s.m. het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t4ija\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door David Barnouw, Harry Paape en Gerrold van der Stroom ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker i.s.m. het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 2001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"khtpk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, p. 209.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Exactly what writings by Anne Frank have been preserved?</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 June 1942</strong> was Anne Frank’s thirteenth birthday. Among the presents she received was a notebook: an almost square book with a red-white-gray checkered cover and a clasp. In this she was going to keep her diary. Her first diary ends on <strong>5 December 1942</strong>. Her second surviving diary book, a school exercise book, begins on 22 December 1943 and continues up to 17 April 1944. It is highly improbable that Anne Frank did not keep a diary between <strong>December 1942 and December 1943</strong>, so we must assume that this section has been lost. Her third and last diary volume, also a school exercise book, begins on <strong>17 April 1944</strong> and ends on <strong>1 August 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Other texts</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides her diary, Anne also wrote <em>Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis</em> (Tales from the Secret Annex) in a large accounts book, and she filled a small, narrow cash book with quotations: her <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> (Favourite Quotes Notebook). This <em>Verhaaltjesboek</em> and <em>Mooie-Zinnenboek</em> have both been preserved.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Two versions</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>June 1942</strong> onwards, the diaries of Anne Frank describe in a penetrating way the daily life of the eight Jewish people in hiding in the annex on the Prinsengracht canal in Amsterdam. Anne Frank rewrote her diary entries herself in the annex, with a view to them possibly being published after the war.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>She did this on sheets of carbon copy paper: the so-called “loose sheets.” On these loose sheets of paper she reorganised and rewrote her earlier diary entries: she reordered texts, sometimes combining entries from various dates under one date, and considerably shortening some sections. In this way she created a second version, in which the events of<strong> December 1942 to December 1943</strong> are described. The loose sheets have been preserved: their last entries date from <strong>29 March 1944</strong>. So the first version of the diary was not fully preserved, while the second version was unfinished.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Preparing for publication</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To help in the search for a publisher for <em>Het Achterhuis</em> (The Secret Annex, as Anne had named her second version) Otto Frank had parts of the diary entries typed out in <strong>late 1945</strong>.<br />\r\nIn doing so he left out some sections, moved others and made some corrections. This created a typescript, but it was not yet a book. At Otto Frank’s request, his friend Albert Cauvern then made a second typescript. With Otto Frank’s permission, Cauvern changed nine of the thirteen names that Anne herself – with a view to possible publication – had invented for the people in hiding in the secret annexe and their helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Both typescripts have been preserved. Finally, an editor from Contact Publishers became the third person to work on the texts, correcting typing errors and bringing the manuscript into line with the publisher’s style guide. All of this resulted in the first Dutch publication of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> in <strong>June 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Three versions under one cover</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank, who died <strong>19 August 1980</strong>, stated in his will that all of his daughter’s manuscripts should be left to the Dutch nation. The Dutch government transferred the stewardship of the manuscripts to the National Institute for War Documentation (<em>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, RIOD), which later became the Dutch Institute for War Documentation (<em>Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie</em>, NIOD).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1986</strong>, RIOD published the three versions of the diary described above – the preserved original diary entries, the version rewritten by Anne Frank herself, and the edition compiled by Otto Frank and published by Contact Publishers in <strong>1947</strong> – together under one cover: <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Five pages surface in 1998</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1998</strong>, five previously unknown pages from the diary of Anne Frank turned up. They were five loose sheets that Otto Frank had already set apart before the publication of the diary in <em>1947</em>. In all probability, Otto Frank did not want to make these diary fragments public because of Anne’s rather hurtful observations about his first wife, who died in Auschwitz, and their marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They were made public by Cor Suyk, a former employee of the Anne Frank House. Suyk’s explanation was that Otto Frank had given him the five sheets for safe keeping. The loose sheets were sold by Suyk to the Dutch nation, and subsequently added to the rest of the diary, which was held by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). The five pages were first included in the fifth, revised edition of <em>De Dagboeken van Anne Frank</em> (2001).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The NIOD asked the Forensic Institute – which had already carried out extensive research into the authenticity of the diary in the first half of the <strong>1980’s</strong> – to also investigate these five loose sheets. The Forensic Institute concluded after forensic document and handwriting analysis that ‘the handwriting in the questioned documents and the handwriting in the reference material, consisting of loose sheets in the diary of Anne Frank, were produced – with a probability bordering on certainty – by the same hand.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> That is the most certain degree of identification that the Netherlands Forensic Institute can give. In other words: there is no reason whatsoever to presume that the five returned loose sheets were not written by Anne Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s4srl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>Het Achterhuis: dagboekbrieven van 12 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944</em>, met een woord vooraf door Annie Romein-Verschoor, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact, 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i6bmx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door Harry Paape, Gerrold van der Stroom en David Barnouw ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij i.s.m. het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 1986. For an American edition, see: <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J.Pomerans & Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleda, New York, NY: Doubleday, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2exkh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, ingel. door David Barnouw, Harry Paape en Gerrold van der Stroom ; met de samenvatting van het rapport van het Gerechtelijk Laboratorium, opgesteld door H.J.J. Hardy; tekstverzorging door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom, 5e verbeterde en uitgebreide druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker i.s.m. het Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, 2001. For an American edition, see. <em>The diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical edition</em>, transl. by Arnold J. Pomerans, Barbara M. Mooyaart-Doubleday & Susan Massotty, New York, NY: Doubleday, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fq6r\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>The Diary of Anne Frank: the revised critical Edition</em>, p. 184.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The \"Diary of Anne Frank\" refers to the various versions (A and B) of Anne Frank's handwritten diaries, as well as the trade editions and the stories.\r\nThe original diary of Anne Frank and a number of other documents written in her own hand have been exhibited in the Anne Frank House since 1986.",
"summary_nl": "Onder het dagboek van Anne Frank wordt verstaan de verschillende versies (A en B) van de handgeschreven dagboeken van Anne Frank, alsmede de handelsedities en de verhaaltjes.\r\nHet originele dagboek van Anne Frank en een aantal andere documenten van haar hand worden sinds 1986 tentoongesteld in het Anne Frank Huis.",
"summary_en": "The \"Diary of Anne Frank\" refers to the various versions (A and B) of Anne Frank's handwritten diaries, as well as the trade editions and the stories.\r\nThe original diary of Anne Frank and a number of other documents written in her own hand have been exhibited in the Anne Frank House since 1986.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124649,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124590,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/8d6ef670-9210-45b5-8aa3-2a43fec200d7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8d6ef670-9210-45b5-8aa3-2a43fec200d7",
"name": "Johannes Kleiman and the diary of Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman en het dagboek van Anne Frank",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman and the diary of Anne Frank",
"description": "<p>Johannes Kleiman had a major role in commemorating Anne Frank and the other people in hiding between the end of World War II and his death in <strong>1959</strong>.<br />\r\nHe was involved in the first publication of Anne Frank's diary in <strong>1947</strong>. He was also involved in the publication of <em>Do You Remember?</em> and the <em>Fables and Short Stories</em><em> </em>and<em> </em>actively worked to tell the story of the people in hiding to a wide audience. He gave tours of the Secret Annex at Prinsengracht 263 and corresponded about the memory of the people in hiding with several letter writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, bij remained involved in Otto Frank's business ventures, acting together with or on behalf of Otto Frank in that capacity. Johannes Kleiman also played a major role in the establishment and opening of the Anne Frank House and the Anne Frank Foundation. In doing so, he often stood in for Otto Frank, who lived in Basel, Switzerland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>No correspondence has survived from the years around the first diary publication, but it has been preserved pretty much from Otto Frank's departure for Switzerland. A few letters give a fragmentary impression of Kleiman's involvement. Otto himself conducted the correspondence with those people who received a copy of the diary. On <strong>13 October 1948</strong>, however, it was Kleiman who provided the accompanying letter to Dr J. Groen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several helpers described, possibly at Otto Frank's request, how they had met Anne and what they knew of her writing. Kleiman described how he once laid eyes on a letter Anne wrote to her grandma as an 11-year-old in which she wittily recounted how all the housemates and family members were making out. He also mentioned writing in her diary, and how in it she fantasised how she would later participate in normal life again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1952, </strong>Kleiman wrote to Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday about translations of the stories <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> and <em>Katrien</em>. Otto Frank was in Switzerland at the time, and subsequently left for England and America.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Apparently Kleiman took care of the ongoing business.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter dated <strong>27 February 1953</strong>, Kleiman called Anne a mediocre pupil, but thought her descriptions of the teachers (Keesing and Biegel) showed<em> 'powers of observation and expression</em> '. He concluded the letter with a promotional P.S.:<em> 'You may be interested to know that a collection of stories and fairy tales by Anne Frank has also been published under the title: Do You Remember?'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank conducted the correspondence with publisher Contact about the diary and payments himself for many years. In a letter dated <strong>2 April 1957,</strong> Contact wrote that copies of the letters and financial statements were also sent to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Johannes Kleiman aan J. Groen, 13 oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Ongedateerd stuk. Miep Gies dateert haar stuk 18 maart 1951. Dat van Kleiman zal van rond dezelfde datum zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Johannes Kleiman aan B. Mooyaart-Doubleday, 2 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan S. Braaksma-van Heerikhuizen, 27 februari 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: W.F. Koobs aan Otto Frank, 2 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Johannes Kleiman had tussen het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog en zijn overlijden in <strong>1959</strong> een grote rol in de herdenking van Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers.<br />\r\nHij was betrokken bij de eerste publicatie van het dagboek van Anne Frank in <strong>1947</strong>. Ook was hij betrokken bij de publicatie van <em>Weet je nog?</em> en de <em>Verhaaltjes en </em>zette hij zich actief in om het verhaal van de onderduikers te vertellen aan een groot publiek. Hij gaf rondleidingen in het Achterhuis van Prinsengracht 263 en correspondeerde over de herinnering aan de onderduik met meerdere briefschrijvers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarnaast bleef bij betrokken bij de zakelijke ondernemingen van Otto Frank, en trad in die hoedanigheid samen of namens Otto Frank op. Johannes Kleiman speelde ook een grote rol bij de totstandkoming en openstelling van het Anne Frank Huis en de Anne Frank Stichting. Hij nam daarbij vaak de honneurs waar van Otto Frank, die in het Zwitserse Bazel woonde.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de jaren rond de eerste dagboekuitgave is geen correspondentie bewaard gebleven, wel zo ongeveer vanaf het vertrek van Otto Frank naar Zwitserland. Enkele brieven geven een fragmentarische indruk van Kleimans betrokkenheid. Otto voerde zelf de correspondentie met degenen, die een exemplaar van het dagboek kregen. Op <strong>13 oktober 1948 </strong>echter was het Kleiman die het begeleidend schrijven aan dr. J. Groen verzorgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verschillende helpers beschreven, mogelijk op verzoek van Otto Frank, hoe ze Anne hadden leren kennen en wat ze van haar schrijven wisten. Kleiman beschreef hoe hij eens een brief, die Anne als elfjarige aan oma hand geschreven, onder ogen kreeg waarin zij op geestige wijze verhaalde hoe alle huisgenoten en familieleden het maakten. Ook noemde hij het schrijven van haar dagboek, en hoe zij daarin fantaseerde hoe ze later weer aan het gewone leven zou deelnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>2 september 1952 </strong>schreef Kleiman met Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday over vertalingen van de verhaaltjes <em>Blurry</em> en <em>Katrientje</em>. Otto Frank bevond zich toen in Zwitserland, en zou daarna naar Engeland en Amerika vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Blijkbaar nam Kleiman de lopende zaken waar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman noemde Anne in een brief van <strong>27 februari 1953 </strong>een middelmatige scholier, maar vond haar beschrijvingen van de leraren (Keesing en Biegel) getuigen van '<em>opmerkings- en uitdrukkingsvermogen</em>.' Hij besloot de brief met het wervende P.S.: '<em>Wellicht interesseert het U te weten, dat er van Anne Frank eveneens een bundeltje verhaaltjes en sprookjes is verschenen onder de titel: Weet je nog.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De correspondentie met uitgeverij Contact over het dagboek en de afrekeningen voerde Otto Frank jarenlang zelf. In een brief van <strong>2 april 1957</strong> schreef Contact dat kopieën van brief en afrekening eveneens naar Kleiman werden gestuurd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Johannes Kleiman aan J. Groen, 13 oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Ongedateerd stuk. Miep Gies dateert haar stuk 18 maart 1951. Dat van Kleiman zal van rond dezelfde datum zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Johannes Kleiman aan B. Mooyaart-Doubleday, 2 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan S. Braaksma-van Heerikhuizen, 27 februari 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: W.F. Koobs aan Otto Frank, 2 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Johannes Kleiman had a major role in commemorating Anne Frank and the other people in hiding between the end of World War II and his death in <strong>1959</strong>.<br />\r\nHe was involved in the first publication of Anne Frank's diary in <strong>1947</strong>. He was also involved in the publication of <em>Do You Remember?</em> and the <em>Fables and Short Stories</em><em> </em>and<em> </em>actively worked to tell the story of the people in hiding to a wide audience. He gave tours of the Secret Annex at Prinsengracht 263 and corresponded about the memory of the people in hiding with several letter writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, bij remained involved in Otto Frank's business ventures, acting together with or on behalf of Otto Frank in that capacity. Johannes Kleiman also played a major role in the establishment and opening of the Anne Frank House and the Anne Frank Foundation. In doing so, he often stood in for Otto Frank, who lived in Basel, Switzerland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>No correspondence has survived from the years around the first diary publication, but it has been preserved pretty much from Otto Frank's departure for Switzerland. A few letters give a fragmentary impression of Kleiman's involvement. Otto himself conducted the correspondence with those people who received a copy of the diary. On <strong>13 October 1948</strong>, however, it was Kleiman who provided the accompanying letter to Dr J. Groen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Several helpers described, possibly at Otto Frank's request, how they had met Anne and what they knew of her writing. Kleiman described how he once laid eyes on a letter Anne wrote to her grandma as an 11-year-old in which she wittily recounted how all the housemates and family members were making out. He also mentioned writing in her diary, and how in it she fantasised how she would later participate in normal life again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1952, </strong>Kleiman wrote to Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday about translations of the stories <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> and <em>Katrien</em>. Otto Frank was in Switzerland at the time, and subsequently left for England and America.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Apparently Kleiman took care of the ongoing business.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter dated <strong>27 February 1953</strong>, Kleiman called Anne a mediocre pupil, but thought her descriptions of the teachers (Keesing and Biegel) showed<em> 'powers of observation and expression</em> '. He concluded the letter with a promotional P.S.:<em> 'You may be interested to know that a collection of stories and fairy tales by Anne Frank has also been published under the title: Do You Remember?'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank conducted the correspondence with publisher Contact about the diary and payments himself for many years. In a letter dated <strong>2 April 1957,</strong> Contact wrote that copies of the letters and financial statements were also sent to Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ns5zy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: Johannes Kleiman aan J. Groen, 13 oktober 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0xh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Ongedateerd stuk. Miep Gies dateert haar stuk 18 maart 1951. Dat van Kleiman zal van rond dezelfde datum zijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hllg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Johannes Kleiman aan B. Mooyaart-Doubleday, 2 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2dt7v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan S. Braaksma-van Heerikhuizen, 27 februari 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i0mg0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: W.F. Koobs aan Otto Frank, 2 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Jo Kleiman was involved in publishing Anne Frank's diary and stories.",
"summary_nl": "Jo Kleiman had bemoeienissen met de uitgave van het dagboek en de verhaaltjes van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Jo Kleiman was involved in publishing Anne Frank's diary and stories.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 197,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124614,
"image": {
"id": 1013,
"uuid": "dab8b2a0-ff64-4eff-b2bf-b9d9a810bc28",
"name": "Krantenknipsels",
"title": "Krantenknipsels",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Krantenknipsels.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Otto Frank wijdde een deel van zijn tijd aan processen tegen neonazis die beweerden dat het dagboek van zijn dochter een vervalsing was.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/42405377-f044-4d4a-a988-f085228f8455/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "42405377-f044-4d4a-a988-f085228f8455",
"name": "Otto Frank and the attacks on the authenticity of the diary",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank en de aanvallen op de authenticiteit van het dagboek",
"name_en": "Otto Frank and the attacks on the authenticity of the diary",
"description": "<h1>The first allegations</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The first allegations against the diary came in 1957 and 1958 in obscure Swedish and Norwegian periodicals. In them, among other claims, it was alleged that the American journalist and novelist Meyer Levin was the author of the diary. Levin wanted to make a stage adaptation and a film of the diary in the USA, but was not supported in this by Otto Frank. The conflict between Meyer Levin and Otto Frank reached the press, and was used by right-wing extremists as an argument to call the authenticity of the diary into question. It is unclear whether these first attacks on the diary were seen by Otto Frank, but the fact is that he did not lodge a complaint.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lothar Stielau and Heinrich Buddeberg</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Early in 1959 he lodged a criminal complaint on the grounds of libel, slander, defamation, maligning the memory of a deceased person and antisemitic utterances against the German teacher Lothar Stielau (a teacher of English in Lübeck, and member of the extreme right-wing Deutsche Reichspartei). Stielau wrote in the magazine of the <em>Vereinigung ehemaliger Schüler und der Freunde der Oberschüle zur Dom e.V. Lübeck</em> of <strong>10 October 1958</strong>, an essay "Tom Sawyer's grosses Abenteuer", which included the passage: '<em>‘The forged diaries of Eva Braun, of the Queen of England and the hardly more authentic one of Anne Frank may have earned several millions for the profiteers from Germany's defeat, but they have also raised our own hackles quite a bit.’</em>' (<em>'Die gefälschten Tagebücher der Eva Braun, der Königin von England und das nicht viel echtere der Anne Frank haben den Nutzniessern </em><em>der deutschen Niederlage zwar einige Millionen eingebracht, uns dafür aber auch recht empfindlich werden lassen.' ) </em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was a witness in the case, as were (among others) Miep Gies, Jan Gies and Bep Voskuyl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xk0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank, the publishers G. Bermann-Fischer and Lambert Schneider felt Stielau's allegation of falsity and the qualification 'profiteers of the German defeat' were attacks on their honour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o1y32\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>17 October 1961,</strong> the case was heard before the <em>III. Strafkammer des Landgericht Lübeck</em>. Otto Frank also acted as a co-plaintiff. His criminal complaint was also directed against Stielau’s fellow party member Heinrich Buddeberg, who defended Stielau in a letter sent to the <em>Lübecker Nachrichten</em> newspaper. Following a detailed and thorough investigation into the authenticity of Anne Frank’s handwriting, the District Court in Lübeck ruled that the diary was authentic, and Otto Frank’s complaint was upheld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A sentence was never passed because Stielau and Buddeberg withdrew their allegations on the basis of the preliminary investigation. This investigation and the cross-examination of the witnesses had convinced them that the diary was genuine. They expressed remorse over their statements, which they had made without any attempted corroboration. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h65y4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As a result, Otto Frank and the others withdrew their complaint, so the trial did not proceed any further. At this, Otto Frank agreed to a settlement, something that he later regretted: ‘<em>Had I but known that there would be people who would consider a settlement in this case as insufficient proof [of the authenticity of the diary], I should certainly not have dropped the case.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq0c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Walter Hainke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 November 1966</strong>, the Oberstaatsanwalt in Darmstadt wrote to Otto Frank about a letter, which Walter Hainke, in April of that year, had sent to the mayor of Offenbach. This was in response to the decision to name a new school in Offenbach <em>Anne Frank Schule</em>. Walter Hainke called Anne the<em> "bedaurenwertens an Fleckfieber verstorbenes Mädchen"</em>, who was abused after her death by her<em> "geschäftstüchtige"</em> family, which earned fortunes from the obviously forged diary. The Oberstaatsanwalt gave Otto Frank the opportunity to file a criminal complaint.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zo082\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto Frank did so on <strong>9 December 1966.</strong> He was prepared to withdraw his complaint if Hainke publicly recanted his allegations.<sup data-footnote-id=\"estvo\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 February 1967</strong>, Otto Frank withdrew his indictment, despite the dubious wording of Hainke's recantation. Otto Frank felt that the case deserved little public attention and did not want additional attention through a trial. <sup data-footnote-id=\"rotns\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Publisher Ullstein and David Irving</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the introduction to the book <em>Hitler und seine Feldherren</em>, David Irving wrote in <strong>1975</strong>:<em> 'Viele Fälschungen sind aktenkundig wie diejenige des Tagebuchs der Anne Frank, hier erbrachte ein von einem New-Yorker Drehbuchautor angestrengter Zivilprozess den Beweis, dass er es in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Vater des Mädchens geschrieben hatte hatte.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"x0hzk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote an affidavit <strong>on 12 October 1975</strong> in which he asserted that he was Anne's father, that the diary had been written by Anne herself and that in the Stielau case this had been sufficiently established - also by graphological research.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yro6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 27 October 1975,</strong> Ernst Cramer of Axel Springer Verlag (which had had a majority stake in Ullstein since 1959) wrote a letter of apology to Otto Frank. The order to remove the challenged passage from Irving's preface had been given months earlier, but the verification of its execution had gone wrong. Ties with Irving had since been severed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma4i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote on <strong>30 October 1975</strong> to his lawyer F. Fafflok that, although courteously stated, he took Cramer's letter as insincere. He did not believe in the order referred to and stressed the fact that the announcement of the book appeared in National Socialist magazines.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yulzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok wrote to Ullstein <strong>on 14 November 1975</strong> asking for compensation of DM 30,000 on behalf of Otto Frank, which would benefit the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"truiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank said that he initially went after the publisher for making the various disclosures and causing the damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06do3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Around <strong>27 November 1975,</strong> Otto Frank noted that he was not aware of any attacks on the authenticity of the diary since the Stielau case in 1961. After the publication of Irving's book, they increased again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"571d1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 16 December 1975,</strong> Otto Frank approached an English lawyer to find out whether he could have Irving prosecuted (although the book had not been published in English).<sup data-footnote-id=\"umkqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 9 January 1976,</strong> Otto Frank expressed dissatisfaction with the pace at which Fafflok was tackling the Ullstein case.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ly54t\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> According to a letter from Fafflok, allegations of falsity of the diary had now appeared in <em>Das Ostpreussenblatt, Deutsche Wochenzeitung and Neue Ordnung, </em>among others<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"112s5\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 22 January 1976,</strong> Otto Frank wrote that he had been told from England that the chances against Irving were slim because his book had not been released there. <sup data-footnote-id=\"p6uhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fafflok called on Ullstein on <strong>18 February 1976</strong> on behalf of Otto Frank to publish in major daily and weekly newspapers no later than <strong>26 February 1976</strong> the notice that the claim in Irving's preface was incorrect, and that the authenticity of the diary was established.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v115w\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The <em>Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Büchhandlung</em> published Ullstein's correction <strong>on 30 April 1976</strong>, although in more circumlocutory terms than Otto Frank would have liked. <sup data-footnote-id=\"9up7w\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>On 16 June 1976</strong> Kempner wrote to Otto Frank that Ernst Cramer of Springer Verlag offered the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Springer Verlag would pay DM 7,000 to Otto Frank/the Anne Frank House. In addition, Mr Springer would pay a further DM 10,000 to the Anne Frank House.</li>\r\n\t<li>The publisher would pay all court and legal fees.</li>\r\n\t<li>The publisher would again place an announcement in the <em>Börsenblatt</em> and would call writers/publishers to account in the event of new allegations of forgery. <sup data-footnote-id=\"z3484\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>On 21 June 1976</strong> Otto Frank replied to Kempner that he accepted the proposal. He also informed Fafflok accordingly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmwre\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Thereafter, the Irving issue remained quiet for over two years.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>15 October 1979</strong>, Irving made a proposal to Otto Frank to have the diaries examined for authenticity by the firm Hehner & Cox, which had unmasked Canaris and Mussolini forgeries, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7n6pm\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Otto Frank replied on <strong>23 October 1979</strong> that he had already acceded to a similar request from the Hamburg court on condition that the taking of paper and ink samples would be done in his presence in Switzerland. <sup data-footnote-id=\"imk81\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving again urged Otto Frank on <strong>2 November 1979</strong> to submit to investigation by Hehner & Cox, suggesting that rejection indicated there was something to hide.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28j0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> <strong>On 16 November 1979,</strong> Otto Frank replied that he trusted the competence of an expert appointed by a German court and did not appreciate further correspondence in the matter. <sup data-footnote-id=\"srruq\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Irving wrote to Otto Frank on <strong>16 January 1980</strong> that the latter wrongly refused to have the diary subjected to an impartial investigation. He believed this would reinforce the idea of a post-war fabrication.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ve9\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> On <strong>4 February 1980</strong>, Irving sent Otto Frank a letter indicating that he had engaged a lawyer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xv4vz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> The Otto Frank Archive contains no further correspondence in this matter.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Richard Harwood</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the aftermath of the Ullstein/Irving affair 
