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"title": "Advertentie van het adviesbureau van Goslar en Ledermann in het Nieuw Israelitisch Weekblad, 5 januari 1934.",
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"name": "Goslar and Ledermann start a consultancy firm",
"name_nl": "Goslar en Ledermann beginnen een adviesbureau",
"name_en": "Goslar and Ledermann start a consultancy firm",
"content": "<p>Both settled in Amsterdam with their families in late <strong>1933</strong>. From <strong>January 1934</strong>, they worked together as consultants on economic, financial and legal matters. Initially they did so from an office building on Rokin. They placed an advertisement in the <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em> on <strong>5 January 1934</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later, they established their office in Goslar's home on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> When the Goslar family moved, the firm moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Their focus included exchanging houses, mortgages and businesses in the Netherlands for manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Furthermore, they represented companies in the British Mandate area of Palestine, such as the long-established 'Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> and the 'Industrial and Financial Corporation of Palestine Ltd.' ('Ifico').<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Goslar-Klee had studied ancient and modern languages, and therefore picked up Dutch quickly. She was in charge of the firm's secretariat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Bemiddeling", <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 5 januari 1934, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 30 januari 1936, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 1 juli1937, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Tausch mit Deutschland”, <em>Limburger Koerier</em>, 4 mei 1936, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.”, <em>Nieuw Israëlitisch Weekblad</em>, 26 februari 1937, p. .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen Goslar: interview met Hanneli Pick-Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva in Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:42:54 - 15:44:42.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Beiden vestigden zich eind <strong>1933</strong> met hun gezinnen in Amsterdam. Vanaf <strong>januari 1934</strong> werkten zij samen als adviseurs in economische, financiële en juridische zaken. Aanvankelijk deden ze dat vanuit een kantoorpand aan het Rokin. Op <strong>5 januari 1934</strong> plaatsten zij een advertentie in het <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later vestigden zij hun bureau in de woning van Goslar aan het Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Toen het gezin Goslar verhuisde, verhuisde het bureau mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze richtten zich onder meer op het ruilen van huizen, hypotheken en bedrijven in Nederland tegen fabrieken, grossiers- en detailbedrijven in Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verder vertegenwoordigden zij bedrijven in het Britse mandaatgebied Palestina, zoals de al langer bestaande 'Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> en de 'Industrial and Financial Corporation of Palestine Ltd.' ('Ifico').<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Goslar-Klee was geschoold in oude en moderne talen, en pikte daardoor het Nederlands snel op. Zij verzorgde het secretariaat van het bureau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Bemiddeling", <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 5 januari 1934, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 30 januari 1936, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 1 juli1937, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Tausch mit Deutschland”, <em>Limburger Koerier</em>, 4 mei 1936, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.”, <em>Nieuw Israëlitisch Weekblad</em>, 26 februari 1937, p. .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen Goslar: interview met Hanneli Pick-Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva in Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:42:54 - 15:44:42.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Both settled in Amsterdam with their families in late <strong>1933</strong>. From <strong>January 1934</strong>, they worked together as consultants on economic, financial and legal matters. Initially they did so from an office building on Rokin. They placed an advertisement in the <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em> on <strong>5 January 1934</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later, they established their office in Goslar's home on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> When the Goslar family moved, the firm moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Their focus included exchanging houses, mortgages and businesses in the Netherlands for manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Furthermore, they represented companies in the British Mandate area of Palestine, such as the long-established 'Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> and the 'Industrial and Financial Corporation of Palestine Ltd.' ('Ifico').<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Goslar-Klee had studied ancient and modern languages, and therefore picked up Dutch quickly. She was in charge of the firm's secretariat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Bemiddeling", <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 5 januari 1934, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 30 januari 1936, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 1 juli1937, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Tausch mit Deutschland”, <em>Limburger Koerier</em>, 4 mei 1936, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.”, <em>Nieuw Israëlitisch Weekblad</em>, 26 februari 1937, p. .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen Goslar: interview met Hanneli Pick-Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva in Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:42:54 - 15:44:42.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1934-01-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Franz Ledermann and Hans Goslar were both from Berlin and worked together in various fields in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Franz Ledermann en Hans Goslar waren allebei uit Berlijn afkomstig en werkten in Amsterdam op verschillende terreinen samen.",
"summary_en": "Franz Ledermann and Hans Goslar were both from Berlin and worked together in various fields in Amsterdam.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
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{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren '30</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren '30</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"name_nl": "Jan Gies woont bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Jan Gies lives in Amsterdam for almost his entire life",
"content": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Jan Gies woonde gedurende zijn leven op de volgende Amsterdamse adressen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: van zijn geboorte tot <strong>12 december 1907</strong> (Dit adres werd in <strong>april 1906</strong> vernummerd tot 303).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: van <strong>12 december 1907</strong> tot <strong>10 september 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: van <strong>10 september 1914</strong> tot <strong>31 mei 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: vanaf <strong>31 mei 1917 </strong>(Watergraafsmeer was op dat moment nog een zelfstandige gemeente).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> kwam hij in Amsterdam terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk van Jan Gies zijn ouders werd <strong>2 januari 1925</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Volgens de bevolkingskaarten bleef hij bij zijn vader wonen, behoudens de korte periode in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> tot <strong>6 april 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 april 1927</strong> tot <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> (alleen Jan). Nadere gegevens ontbreken.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> tot <strong>18 december 1928.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 december 1928</strong> trouwde Jan Gies met M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>18 december 1928</strong> tot <strong>21 juli 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies stond op 3 hoog ingeschreven van <strong>21 juli 1931</strong> tot <strong>4 september 1931</strong>. Daarna stond hij tot <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> ingeschreven op 2 hoog.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>14 januari 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zijn echtgenote stond hier nog tot <strong>28 april 1937</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>12 december 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit huis staat op de hoek van de Amsteldijk en de Govert Flinckstraat. Het was het pension van de familie Amende. Er is een foto van de keuken van dit pension, met daarin J. Bunjes-Amende, haar moeder L. Amende-Zaaiman, een onbekende vrouw en de hond Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Toen er op de Amsteldijk problemen met de eigenaar ontstonden, verhuisde de familie Amende. Alle bewoners, ook Jan, verhuisden mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies stond hier van <strong>22 december 1938</strong> tot <strong>4 december 1940</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies stond op dit adres ingeschreven van <strong>4 december 1940</strong> tot <strong>1 juni 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij vertrok hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder, Gedurende een groot deel van het jaar <strong>1942 </strong>stond ook Dien Gendering in de woning ingeschreven. Hij woonde hier bij mevrouw Stoppelman-van der Reis. Volgens Mieps memoires woonden zij en Jan er aanvankelijk ongehuwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Volgens Mieps persoonskaart stond ze op dit adres ingeschreven vanaf haar huwelijksdag.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>1 juni 1946</strong> tot <strong>21 november 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Jans zus Fenna. Hij woonde hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder,</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>21 november 1946</strong> tot <strong>24 juni 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Ab Cauvern, waar ook Otto Frank woonde. Omdat de woning te groot was voor een gezin met één kind, moesten hij en Miep verhuizen toen Otto Frank naar Zwitserland vertrok.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>24 juni 1953</strong> tot zijn overlijden op <strong>26 januari 1993</strong>. Jan Gies vroeg op <strong>5 november 1952</strong> een woonvergunning voor de woning aan. Deze werd <strong>18 mei 1953</strong> verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Het huurcontract ging in op 1 augustus 1953. De huur bedroeg fl. 34,15 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, deel I, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1907-12-12",
"date_end": "1993-01-26",
"summary": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies woonde bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 224,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl woont haar hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"content": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bep Voskuijl heeft tijdens haar leven op de volgende adressen in Amsterdam gewoond (met uitzondering van de twee jaar dat zij in Hilversum woonde):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong> (geboorte) tot <strong>21 maart 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs, <strong>21 maart 1921</strong> tot <strong>4 maart 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 maart 1924</strong> tot <strong>2 juli 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 juli 1926</strong> tot <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, vanaf <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>12 mei 1933</strong> tot <strong>23 juli 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 juli 1941</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od31k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>6 mei 1943</strong> tot <strong>27 november 1944</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Idem, <strong>27 november 1944</strong> tot <strong>15 mei 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> (huwelijk) tot <strong>12 juni 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 juni 1948</strong> tot <strong>13 januari 1949</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs, <strong>13 januari 1949</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1983</strong> (overlijden).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Da Costakade 77-I woonde Beps tante Alida C. Sodenkamp. Zij vertrok op <strong>15 april 1943</strong> naar Eindhoven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep was toen waarschijnlijk alweer terug naar de Lumeystraat. Als deze inschrijfdata juist zijn, woonde Bep de eerste tien maanden van de onderduiktijd niet thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit zijn de adressen zoals ze uit officiële stukken naar voren zijn gekomen. Volgens zoon Ton van Wijk ging Bep na de inval in het Achterhuis van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> niet terug naar haar eigen huis, maar hield ze zich schuil in het ouderlijk huis van Cor van Wijk (haar latere echtgenoot). Cor zelf bevond zich dan in Osterode in de Harz. Het is niet duidelijk waarom en hoe ze op dat adres terecht is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od31k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In de zomer van 1942 werd de Da Costakade omgedoopt tot Goeverneurkade. Die wijziging werd ook op Beps persoonsbewijs (PB) aangetekend. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1919-07-05",
"date_end": "1983-05-06",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl heeft bijna haar hele leven in Amsterdam gewoond.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 245,
"main_image": {
"id": 1012,
"uuid": "ba1c277d-c749-4fb3-8051-97bc967558cb",
"name": "Het Achterhuis",
"title": "Omslag van Het Achterhuis",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Het_Achterhuis.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Omslag van de eerste uitgave van Het Achterhuis (1947).",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/4fea69ad-a50b-45d1-89ef-b68428864012/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/42405377-f044-4d4a-a988-f085228f8455",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/4476dc09-034e-43c6-a285-42b0c098c05e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e68d042f-25ad-4f2b-acfd-2ecbce09290d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/52976d4a-96a9-4975-970f-ad4d6437ea93"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4fea69ad-a50b-45d1-89ef-b68428864012",
"name": "Het Achterhuis is published",
"name_nl": "Het Achterhuis wordt gepubliceerd",
"name_en": "Het Achterhuis is published",
"content": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series. Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> 1947.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in de Proloogreeks van uitgeverij Contact. Otto Frank noteert op die datum in zijn agenda: <em>I Boek</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>september 1945</strong> maakte Otto Frank uittreksels van het dagboek om aan vrienden en zijn familie in vertaling te kunnen laten lezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pqh0w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit omdat hij vond dat er in het originele dagboek te veel stond wat niet voor anderen bestemd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Omstreeks <strong>november 1945</strong> besloot hij het dagboek van zijn dochter toch te publiceren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Achteraf zei hij hierover dat vrienden hem overtuigd hadden dat hij dit document niet voor zich zelf mocht houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Maar het bleek moeilijk om een uitgever te vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde dat zijn vriend Werner Cahn (aan wie hij het oorspronkelijke manuscript had voorgelezen en die bij uitgeverij Querido werkte) buiten zijn medeweten typescript II naar Annie Romein-Verschoor had gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In zijn agenda van <strong>22 maart 1946</strong> noteerde Otto Frank: Werner Cahn-(Romein). <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein liet het manuscript lezen aan haar man, Jan Romein. Van zijn hand verscheen op de voorpagina van <em>Het Parool</em> van <strong>3 april 1946</strong> het artikel: <em>Kinderstem</em>. Hierna wil de Uitgeverij Contact het dagboek uitgeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Op <strong>10 september 1946</strong> stuurde Otto Frank het contract ondertekend terug naar Uitgeverij Contact. Hij had bedongen dat hij zelf de vertaal- en filmrechten behield en dat als het dagboek was uitverkocht de uitgever zich verplichtte na zes maanden een nieuwe uitgave voor te bereiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De basis voor de uitgave was het door Otto Frank samengestelde typescript II. De uitgever redigeerde deze tekst en verwijderde passages die met seksualiteit te maken hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Het voorwoord was van Annie Romein-Verschoor en niet, zoals aanvankelijk het plan was, een aangepaste versie van het <em>Parool-</em>artikel <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern heeft verklaard dat hij het slotwoord had geschreven en dat Otto Frank het had aangepast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Er verscheen een voorpublicaties van het dagboek in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste druk van het dagboek verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in een oplage van 3.000 exemplaren die begin <strong>juli 1947</strong> bij de uitgever waren uitverkocht.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'<em>Ja, Anne’s Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (…) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De tweede druk, in <strong>december 1947</strong>, had een oplage van 5.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Otto Frank Archief bevindt zich een namenlijst van de vrienden, bekenden, politici en hoogwaardigheidsbekleders aan wie Otto Frank een eerste druk van het dagboek toestuurde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Hij bleef zich, ook na het verschijnen van de eerste editie, actief bezighouden met de uitgave van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pqh0w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series. Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> 1947.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s7f6t\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Sandra van Beek, <em>Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Pluijm, 2022; Karen Bartlett, <em>The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank</em>, London : Biteback Publishing, 2022</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1947-06-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
"summary_nl": "De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis wordt gepubliceerd door Uitgeverij Contact.",
"summary_en": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"id": 188,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a623c65-adc8-45d7-a3a4-b593b436eb2c/",
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"name": "Edith Frank's Dutch lessons",
"name_nl": "De Nederlandse lessen van Edith Frank",
"name_en": "Edith Frank's Dutch lessons",
"content": "<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around <strong>August 1934, </strong>she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> And in <strong>1935</strong> she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over de manier waarop en de mate waarin Edith Frank-Holländer zich de Nederlandse taal eigen gemaakte, is niets bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Boeken van haar die bewaard zijn gebleven zijn in het Duits en Frans. In de brieven aan Gertrud Naumann schreef Edith wel over de vorderingen in de Nederlandse taal van Margot en Anne, maar niet over die van haarzelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith schreef af en toe wel in het Nederlands, zoals blijkt uit enkele documenten. Omstreeks <strong>augustus 1934 </strong>schreef zij een referentie voor Renate Wolf: <em>Hiermede bevestigen wij dat mejuffrouw Renate Wolf bij ons werkzaam is. Salaris fl. 5.- p. week voor ½ dage. Mevr. Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> En in <strong>1935</strong> schreef zij een uitgebreide Nederlandse gelukwens ter gelegenheid van de geboorte van een zoon van de bevriende familie Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne sprak haar moeder erg slecht Nederlands. In haar dagboek schrijft ze:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Houd er alsje't blieft rekening mee, Kitty, dat de twee dames hier, schandelijk Nederlands spreken (van de heren durf ik niets te zeggen, die zouden erg beledigd zijn.), als je dat gehaspel eens zou horen zou je schateren; wij letten er niet eens meer op, verbeteren helpt toch niet. ik zal als ik over moeder of mevr.v.P. schrijf maar niet het originele taaltje weergeven doch behoorlijk Nederlands’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around <strong>August 1934, </strong>she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> And in <strong>1935</strong> she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Nothing is known about how Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.",
"summary_nl": "Over hoe Edith Frank-Holländer zich de Nederlandse taal eigen gemaakte, is niets bekend.",
"summary_en": "Nothing is known about how Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.",
"same_as": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/0a9383f6-8b2e-43f1-81ab-8f962d3ad569/",
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"name": "Edith Frank's English lessons",
"name_nl": "De Engelse lessen van Edith Frank",
"name_en": "Edith Frank's English lessons",
"content": "<p>At <em>Viktoriaschule</em>, the secondary school Edith attended, English was part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an: "English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children<em>".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op de Viktoriaschule, de middelbare school die Edith bezocht, behoorde Engels tot het gewone lesprogramma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In Nederland kreeg Edith Engelse les van Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank beschreef Rosey Pool aan Nathan Straus als een: <em>English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne leerde Edith tijdens de onderduik ook Engels uit schriftelijke cursussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>At <em>Viktoriaschule</em>, the secondary school Edith attended, English was part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an: "English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children<em>".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Edith Frank-Holländer learnt English not only during her secondary school days, but also afterwards.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank-Holländer leerde niet alleen Engels tijdens haar middelbare schooltijd, maar ook daarna.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer learnt English not only during her secondary school days, but also afterwards.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"uuid": "bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"content": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de loop van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> verzamelden alle hoofdrolspelers van de onderduik in het Achterhuis zich in de stad: de families Frank en Van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer. Behalve de forens Kugler waren allen er ook woonachtig. Miep Gies woonde er al sinds <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sinds <strong>1923</strong> was Amsterdam de vestigingsplaats van verschillende bedrijven van Otto Frank en zijn familie. Het is de geboorteplaats van Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.893036 52.373419)",
"summary": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam had van oudsher een grote Joodse bevolkingsgroep. Tijdens de Duitse bezetting was het de stad waar vrijwel alle anti-Joodse maatregelen hun eerste toepassing vonden of het hardste aankwamen. Hoewel velen hun toevlucht op het platteland zochten, kende ook de hoofdstad een grote populatie van onderduikers.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
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"name": "010016000133",
"title": "Apollohal, 1934",
"alt": "Fotograaf Paul Guermonprez. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4453e0fd-6791-44d5-ba9b-34ca31414650/",
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"uuid": "4453e0fd-6791-44d5-ba9b-34ca31414650",
"name": "Leisure activities, Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Vrijetijdsbesteding Anne Frank",
"name_en": "Leisure activities, Anne Frank",
"description": "<h1><strong>Sports</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Anne learned to ice skate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> And on <strong>13 January 1941,</strong> she wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>A <strong>1941</strong> photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 March 1941,</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: <em>"I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Table tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1942, </strong>Anne writes<strong>:</strong> "<em>Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club</em>" .<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes the following about her hobbies: "<em>Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Writing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved to read. She got <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends')</em> from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped <em>Camera Obscura</em> for volume 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication<em> 'In Memory of Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Family trees</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne also wrote about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "<em>of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "<em>I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Greek and Roman mythology</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "<em>I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She also writes: <em>(...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne also shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944 and 8 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1><strong>Sport</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verschillende getuigenissen was Anne lichamelijk niet erg sterk; haar ledematen raakten snel uit de kom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Toch zat ze op ritmische gymnastiek en beoefende ze verschillende andere sporten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gymnastiekclubje werd waarschijnlijk geleid door Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schaatsen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de winter van 1938-1939 leerde Anne schaatsen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>13 december 1940</strong> schreef Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> En op <strong>13 januari 1941</strong> schrijft ze:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan. Ik had tot nu toe nog altijd mijn oude schaatsen die Margot vroeger gedragen heeft, die schaatsen moeten met een sleuteltje aangeschroefd worden, en op de Kunstijsbaan hadden al mijn vriendinnetjes echte Kunstschaatsen, die met spijkers aan je schoenen vastgemaakt moeten worden, en dan gaan ze er niet meer af. Ik wou zo vreselijk graag ook zulke schaatsen hebben, en na lang zeuren, heb ik ze ook gekregen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Een foto uit <strong>1941</strong> toont Anne met andere kinderen op de schaats in het Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Deze foto kreeg Anton Witsel van de vader van het voorste meisje op de foto Ansje de Leeuw. Volgens het bijschrift van de foto woonde Ansje in de Verenigde Staten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 maart 1941</strong> schreef Anne aan haar oma: <em>Ik wou dat ik alweer met schaatsrijden beginnen kon, maar daarvoor moet ik nog een poosje geduld hebben, tot de oorlog voorbij is (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tafeltennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni 1942</strong> schrijft Anne: <em>Wij met ons vijven vormen een club genaamd de kleine Beer, minus 2 afgekort d.k.B.-2. (…) Het is een ping-pongclub</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over haar hobbies schrijft Anne het volgende: <em>Lieve Kitty, je hebt me gevraagd, wat mijn hobby's en interessen zijn en daarop wil ik je antwoorden, maar ik waarschuw je, schrik niet, want het zijn er een heleboel. In de eerste plaats: schrijven, maar dat rekent eigenlijk niet als hobby</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schrijven</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast haar overgeleverde dagboeken, verhaaltjes en brieven, heeft Anne ook gedichtjes geschreven in de poëziealbums van haar vriendinnetjes, o.a: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi en Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Lezen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne las graag. Ze kreeg van de pingpongclub voor haar dertiende verjaardag <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden</em>, maar per ongeluk gaven ze haar deel 2. Ze ruilde vervolgens de <em>Camera Obscura</em> voor deel 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze boeken waren geschreven door Josef Cohen. Deel 2 bevindt zich in de museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deel 1 gaf Anne kort voor het onderduiken aan buurmeisje Toosje Kupers, die het nog steeds in bezit heeft. Voorin staat in Annes handschrift de opdracht '<em>Ter Herinnering aan Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Stambomen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde zijn dochters tijdens de onderduik over de familiegeschiedenis en over individuele familieleden. Anne maakte op basis daarvan stambomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne schrijft hier ook over in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Deze stambomen zijn niet bewaard gebleven: De stambomen die Anne op grote vellen papier had getekend zijn ook niet gevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne maakte ook stambomen van diverse Europese vorstenhuizen: <em>Van de Franse, Duitse, Spaanse, Engelse, Oostenrijkse, Russische, Noordse en Nederlandse vorstenfamilies ben ik in alle kranten, boeken en papieren naar stambomen aan 't zoeken. Met vele ben ik al erg ver gevorderd, temeer daar ik allang uit al de biografieën of geschiedenisboeken, die ik lees, aantekeningen maak</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze haalde hiervoor veel informatie uit de biografie van Karel V.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> toen er kort daarna een bloemenvaas omviel, stroomde het water over haar stambomen. De schade bleek uiteindelijk echter beperkt. Aantekeningen over Maria de Medici’, Karel V, Willem van Oranje en Marie Antoinette moesten op zolder worden gedroogd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Geschiedenis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg van haar vader veel geschiedenisboeken. Ze kon niet wachten tot ze naar de Openbare Bibliotheek kon gaan om daar verder te lezen. Ze voelde ook veel voor kunstgeschiedenis. Ze schrijft daarover: <em>Ik zou graag een jaar naar Parijs en een jaar naar Londen om de taal te leren en kunstgeschiedenis te studeren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Ze deelde deze belangstelling met haar vader.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Waar een schoolmeisje in één dag al niet van hoort, neem mij nu eens. Eerst vertaalde ik van Hollands in Engels een stuk van Nelson's laatste slag. Daarna nam ik het vervolg van de Noordse oorlog door (1700-1721), van Peter de Grote, Karel XII, Augustus de Sterke, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Voor-Pommeren, Achter-Pommeren en Denemarken + de gebruikelijke jaartallen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne las de biografie van Galileï uit, omdat het terug moest naar de bibliotheek. Ze was er de vorige dag in begonnen. De volgende week kwam deel 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Griekse en Romeinse mythologie</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft drie dagen na haar dertiende verjaardag: <em>Nu krijg ik nog Mythen van Griekenland en Rome van mijn eigen geld</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Ook schrijft ze: <em>(...) hier heb ik verscheidene boeken over. De 9 muzen of 7 liefjes van Zeus kan ik je zo opnoemen. De vrouwen van Heracles enz. enz. ken ik op m'n duimpje.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ook deze belangstelling deelde Anne met haar vader.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg ongeveer in het najaar van 1941 een zwarte poes, die de naam Moortje kreeg.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944 en 8 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Sports</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Anne learned to ice skate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> And on <strong>13 January 1941,</strong> she wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>A <strong>1941</strong> photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 March 1941,</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: <em>"I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Table tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1942, </strong>Anne writes<strong>:</strong> "<em>Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club</em>" .<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes the following about her hobbies: "<em>Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Writing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved to read. She got <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends')</em> from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped <em>Camera Obscura</em> for volume 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication<em> 'In Memory of Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Family trees</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne also wrote about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "<em>of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "<em>I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Greek and Roman mythology</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "<em>I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She also writes: <em>(...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne also shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944 and 8 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practiced several other sports. Her other hobbies were reading and writing.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat ze op ritmische gymnastiek en beoefende verschillende andere sporten. Andere hobbies van haar waren lezen en schrijven.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practiced several other sports. Her other hobbies were reading and writing.",
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"parent": 396124413,
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"name": "Apollohal (Apollo Hall)",
"name_nl": "Apollohal",
"name_en": "Apollohal (Apollo Hall)",
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"content": "<p>The building opened in <strong>1934</strong> and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Political meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on <strong>19 September 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>, and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940</strong>, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until <strong>1949 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>13 January 1941</strong>, she wrote: "<em>I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het gebouw dateert van <strong>1934</strong> en werd jarenlang gebruikt voor tentoonstellingen, sportevenementen en vergaderingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Politieke bijeenkomsten waren er van allerlei soort. Naar aanleiding van de Neurenberger wetten hield het Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen op <strong>19 september 1935</strong> een protestvergadering in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De zaal bood ook onderdak aan de NSB na de verloren verkiezingen van <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> en aan ‘Eenheid door Democratie’ met W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940 </strong>werd de installatie van de ‘N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan’ aan de Linnaeusstraat overgezet naar de Apollohal, en bleef daar tot <strong>1949 </strong>in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 december 1940</strong> schrijft Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Op <strong>13 januari 1941</strong> schrijft ze: '<em>Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The building opened in <strong>1934</strong> and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Political meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on <strong>19 September 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>, and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940</strong>, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until <strong>1949 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>13 January 1941</strong>, she wrote: "<em>I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohal</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884287 52.348413)",
"summary": "Sports hall and space for events and exhibitions in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Sporthal en ruimte voor manifestaties en tentoonstellingen in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Sports hall and space for events and exhibitions in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Apollolaan 4",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"longitude": "4.89712",
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"subjects": [
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
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"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
"name_nl": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
"name_en": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
"uuid": "e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"content": "<p>Arc's Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was located at Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This number also appeared with the addition 'Arc' in Otto Frank's <strong>1937</strong> diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's had been founded <strong>in the late 1920s</strong>. Precisely because the business world was in great trouble during those years, the agency was able to thrive: advertisers were quicker to adopt a new approach.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, Opekta combined an advertising campaign with a promotion in the newspaper <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Anyone who came in person to the newspaper's counters to submit a 'Speurder' classified advert costing at least a guilder, published between <strong>28 June</strong> and <strong>4 July</strong> that year, received an Opekta preserving package free of charge. These packages had been made available by the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. The advertisement announcing this had Arc's company's logo in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau. De ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, dissertatie Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was gevestigd op Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telefoon 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit nummer stond ook met de toevoeging 'Arc' in Otto Franks agenda van <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's was <strong>eind jaren twintig</strong> van de vorige eeuw opgericht. Juist doordat het bedrijfsleven in die jaren grote problemen had, kon het bureau goed gedijen: adverteerders waren sneller geneigd een nieuwe aanpak te kiezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van <strong>1936</strong> combineerde Opekta een reclamecampagne met een actie van <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Wie persoonlijk aan de loketten van de krant een 'Speurder' ter waarde van minstens een gulden kwam opgeven, verschenen tussen <strong>28 juni</strong> en <strong>4 juli</strong> van dat jaar, kreeg gratis een Opekta-inmaakpakket. Deze pakketten waren door de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. beschikbaar gesteld. De advertentie die dit aankondigde, had in de marge het beeldmerk van de firma Arc's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau. De ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, dissertatie Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Arc's Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was located at Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This number also appeared with the addition 'Arc' in Otto Frank's <strong>1937</strong> diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's had been founded <strong>in the late 1920s</strong>. Precisely because the business world was in great trouble during those years, the agency was able to thrive: advertisers were quicker to adopt a new approach.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, Opekta combined an advertising campaign with a promotion in the newspaper <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Anyone who came in person to the newspaper's counters to submit a 'Speurder' classified advert costing at least a guilder, published between <strong>28 June</strong> and <strong>4 July</strong> that year, received an Opekta preserving package free of charge. These packages had been made available by the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. The advertisement announcing this had Arc's company's logo in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau. De ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, dissertatie Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89712 52.37672)",
"summary": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was an advertising agency that handled a campaign for Opekta.",
"summary_nl": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was een reclamebureau dat een campagne voor Opekta verzorgde.",
"summary_en": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was an advertising agency that handled a campaign for Opekta.",
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"title": "De kruising van de Zuider Amstellaan en de Waalstraat, met rechts boekhandel Blankevoort, 1934",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d2a6e743-4840-476c-b673-b77d04c972b2/",
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"name": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank krijgt een dagboek voor haar dertiende verjaardag",
"name_en": "Anne Frank is presented with a diary for her 13th birthday",
"content": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>zondag 12 juni 1942</strong> een rood geruit dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Twee dagen later schrijft ze daarin:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee.) Vrijdag 12 Juni was ik al om zes uur wakker, en dat is heel begrijpelijk daar ik jarig was. (…) Om even na zevenen ging ik naar papa en mama en dan naar de huiskamer, om mijn cadeautjes uit te pakken, het was in de eerste plaats jij die ik te zien kreeg, en wat misschien wel een van mijn fijnste cadeaux is.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief aan Meyer Levin schreef Otto Frank: '<em>The diary was bought by my wife.'</em> Levin deed het in zijn toneelbewerking voorkomen dat Hanneli Goslar het dagboek aan Anne had gegeven. Otto heeft had daar geen bezwaar tegen ('<em>liberty of the write</em>r'), maar merkte wel op dat in werkelijkheid Edith het dagboek had gekocht. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne Frank was given a red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>Sunday 12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Two days later, she wrote in it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count.) On Friday, June 12th I was awake at six o'clock, which isn't surprising since it was my birthday. (...) A little after seven I went to Daddy and Mama and then to the living room to open my presents, and you were the first thing I saw, maybe one of my nicest presents."<sup data-footnote-id=\"swlug\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In a letter to Meyer Levin, Otto Frank wrote: "The diary was bought by my wife". In his stage adaptation, Levin made it appear that Hanneli Goslar had given the diary to Anne. Otto did not object to this ("liberty of the writer"), but did note that in reality Edith had bought the diary. <sup data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swlug\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb9en\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_155: Otto Frank aan Meyer Levin, 8 september 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-06-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank kreeg voor haar dertiende verjaardag een rood geruit dagboek. Het was gekocht bij Boekhandel Blankevoort, om de hoek.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was given a red-checked diary for her 13th birthday. It had been bought at Boekhandel Blankevoort, around the corner.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
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"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
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"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren '30</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren '30</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"name": "Blankevoort, Bookshop and Reading Library",
"name_nl": "Blankevoort, Boekhandel en Leesbibliotheek",
"name_en": "Blankevoort, Bookshop and Reading Library",
"uuid": "5e6e4c0b-e255-4b81-9abc-a8b22fd9d87c",
"content": "<p><em>Address:</em> Zuider Amstellaan 62, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is where the box of cards for the <em>Varieté</em> game came from, which Anne Frank received for her birthday in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is very likely that the red checkered diary was also bought here, although there is no clear source for this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookshop was owned by Gerrit Blankevoort (1891-1955). He started the company in Groen van Prinstererstraat and moved it to Zuider Amstellaan in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\">http://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Zuider Amstellaan 62 te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier kwam het doosje kaartjes voor het Varieté-spel vandaan, dat Anne Frank in <strong>1942</strong> voor haar verjaardag kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zeer waarschijnlijk was ook het roodgeruite dagboekje hier gekocht, hoewel daar geen duidelijke bron voor is.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De boekhandel was het bedrijf van Gerrit Blankevoort (1891-1955). Hij begon het bedrijf in de Groen van Prinstererstraat en verhuisde dit in <strong>1931</strong> naar de Zuider Amstellaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\">http://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address:</em> Zuider Amstellaan 62, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is where the box of cards for the <em>Varieté</em> game came from, which Anne Frank received for her birthday in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa898\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is very likely that the red checkered diary was also bought here, although there is no clear source for this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The bookshop was owned by Gerrit Blankevoort (1891-1955). He started the company in Groen van Prinstererstraat and moved it to Zuider Amstellaan in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd0g5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 117. De Zuider Amstellaan werd na de oorlog hernoemd tot Rooseveltlaan. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa898\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zssxz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort\">http://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/architectuur/146-de-geschiedenis-van-boekhandel-blankevoort</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900771 52.344857)",
"summary": "Bookshop in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood, where Anne Frank's red-checked diary was possibly bought.",
"summary_nl": "Boekhandel in de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt, waar mogelijk het roodgeruite dagboek van Anne Frank werd gekocht.",
"summary_en": "Bookshop in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood, where Anne Frank's red-checked diary was possibly bought.",
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"street": "Zuider Amstellaan 62",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"longitude": "4.89774",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/82488322-afe2-47a1-89b8-e4399ad32cb8/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762"
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"name": "Hermine Santrouschitz goes to school in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Hermine Santrouschitz gaat naar school in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Hermine Santrouschitz goes to school in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, better known as Miep Gies, went to the <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4 ('Public primary School, 2de class, for boys and girls')</em>, at Maresingel in Leiden from <strong>1920 </strong>to <strong>1924</strong>. The school was probably situated on the corner of Maresingel and Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was demolished in the early 1990s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After the Nieuwenburg family moved to Amsterdam, Miep briefly went to the Boumanschool. The Boumanschool was on the corner of Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The building is still there and now has number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It currently (2010) houses the Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A report for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> was preserved. Given the date of the family's move, Miep switched to this school in the <strong>middle of May</strong>. This is the 'Report on Hermine Santrouschitz' for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> of the Boumanschool, public school for extended primary education 1st class, Rustenburgerstraat 164. The report was drawn up on<strong> 29 July 1924</strong> and concerns the sixth year. The scale is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reading 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Writing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Arithmatic 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>History 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Drawing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastics 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handicrafts 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Behaviour 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Diligence 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Teacher C.E. ten Cate noted: 'Goes without exam to the 4-year U.L.O.' A mistake or a misunderstanding, because Miep went to the 3-year ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to her foster parents, Miep went from the Boumanschool to the 3-year MULO on Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This was the Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, incidentally a 4-year ULO, with L.M.C. Brugman as its principal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Miep's foster parents used the term MULO, from the 1857 Education Act, which had officially been changed to ULO in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, beter bekend als Miep Gies, zat in de jaren <strong>1920-1924</strong> op de <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4</em> aan de Maresingel in Leiden. Waarschijnlijk stond deze school op de hoek van de Maresingel en de Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit gebouw is begin jaren negentig afgebroken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na de verhuizing van de familie Nieuwenburg naar Amsterdam ging Miep kort naar de Boumanschool. De Boumanschool stond op de hoek van de Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het gebouw is er nog en heeft nu nummer 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het huisvest momenteel (2010) het Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een rapport voor het schooljaar <strong>1923-1924</strong> bewaard gebleven. Gezien de datum van de verhuizing heeft zij de school pas vanaf <strong>half mei</strong> bezocht. Dit is het <em>Verslag aangaande Hermine Santrouschitz</em> voor het schooljaar <strong>1923-1924</strong> van de <em>Boumanschool, openbare school voor uitgebreid lager onderwijs 1ste klasse</em>, Rustenburgerstraat 164. Het rapport is opgemaakt op <strong>29 juli 1924</strong> en betreft de zesde klas. De schaal is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lezen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Schrijven 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Rekenen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Nederlandsch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Geschiedenis 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Aardrijkskunde 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Tekenen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastiek 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handwerken 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Gedrag 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Vlijt 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Onderwijzeres C.E. ten Cate tekende aan: '<em>Gaat zonder examen naar 4j. U.L.O.'</em> Een vergissing of een misverstand, want Miep ging naar de 3-jarige ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens haar pleegouders ging Miep van de Boumanschool naar de 3-jarige MULO aan de Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Daar was de Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, overigens een 4-jarige ULO, met als schoolhoofd L.M.C. Brugman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De pleegouders gebruikten de term MULO, die afkomstig is uit de Onderwijswet van 1857, maar die in <strong>1920</strong> officieel is veranderd in ULO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, better known as Miep Gies, went to the <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4 ('Public primary School, 2de class, for boys and girls')</em>, at Maresingel in Leiden from <strong>1920 </strong>to <strong>1924</strong>. The school was probably situated on the corner of Maresingel and Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was demolished in the early 1990s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After the Nieuwenburg family moved to Amsterdam, Miep briefly went to the Boumanschool. The Boumanschool was on the corner of Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The building is still there and now has number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It currently (2010) houses the Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A report for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> was preserved. Given the date of the family's move, Miep switched to this school in the <strong>middle of May</strong>. This is the 'Report on Hermine Santrouschitz' for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> of the Boumanschool, public school for extended primary education 1st class, Rustenburgerstraat 164. The report was drawn up on<strong> 29 July 1924</strong> and concerns the sixth year. The scale is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reading 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Writing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Arithmatic 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>History 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Drawing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastics 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handicrafts 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Behaviour 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Diligence 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Teacher C.E. ten Cate noted: 'Goes without exam to the 4-year U.L.O.' A mistake or a misunderstanding, because Miep went to the 3-year ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to her foster parents, Miep went from the Boumanschool to the 3-year MULO on Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This was the Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, incidentally a 4-year ULO, with L.M.C. Brugman as its principal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Miep's foster parents used the term MULO, from the 1857 Education Act, which had officially been changed to ULO in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1924-07-29",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After moving to Amsterdam, Hermine switched to a school there.",
"summary_nl": "Na de verhuizing naar Amsterdam vervolgde Hermine daar haar schoolcarrière.",
"summary_en": "After moving to Amsterdam, Hermine switched to a school there.",
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"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"summary_nl": "Scholen zijn instellingen waar onderwijs gegeven wordt.",
"summary_en": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/c22d7f02-9e97-4dc3-a7cf-388ac0bcd8de/",
"published": true,
"name": "Boumanschool",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89774 52.35255)",
"summary": "Miep Gies attended the Boumanschool after moving to Amsterdam with her foster parents. \r\nThe building still exists and is now number 246.",
"summary_nl": "Miep Gies ging na haar verhuizing met haar pleegouders naar Amsterdam naar de Boumanschool. \r\nHet gebouw bestaat nog en heeft nu nummer 246.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Miep Gies attended the Boumanschool after moving to Amsterdam with her foster parents. \r\nThe building still exists and is now number 246.",
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"street": "Rustenburgerstraat 164",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
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"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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{
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"name": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kolen, gas en licht in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Coal, gas and electricity in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Naast de aanvoer van kleding en levensmiddelen waren er in het Achterhuis meer zaken nodig, zoals brandstoffen, elektriciteit en gas. Voor de lichaamsverzorging waren zeep, cosmetica, medicijnen en verbandmiddelen nodig. Verder lukte het bij tal van feestelijke gelegenheden bloemen in huis te halen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brandstoffen en energie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>november 1942</strong> ging in het Achterhuis voor het eerst de kachel aan,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat betekent dat er toen ook brandstof moest zijn. Het particuliere kolenverbruik in Amsterdam was ongeveer 280.000 ton per jaar. Een gemiddeld huishouden gebruikte zo’n 1.200 kilo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Per 1<strong>0 november 1941</strong> goldl voor de kolenhandel een stelsel van klantenbinding door middel van inschrijving bij een leverancier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De families Frank en Van Pels hadden daar als huurders van centraal verwarmde woningen niet mee te maken. Fritz Pfeffer kon als kamerhuurder geen kolentoewijzingen meenemen naar het Achterhuis, omdat die alleen geldig waren voor een specifiek en officieel gehuurd vertrek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het kan niet anders of de onderduikers liftten mee op de kolenvoorraad van Gies & Co. en Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagbladen waarschuwden in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> tegen te enthousiast stoken voordat het werkelijk koud werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het dagboekje dat twee Amsterdamse zusters tijdens de oorlogsjaren bijhielden, schreven zij op <strong>1 december 1942</strong> dat hun kolenleverancier al een maand geen antraciet had en zij daarom noodgedwongen parelcokes stookten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de eerste onderduikwinter was er in Amsterdam al een duidelijk tekort aan brandstof.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Sinterklaasgedicht van <strong>1943</strong> werd Peter van Pels geprezen omdat hij kolen haalde en hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Begin <strong>februari ‘44</strong>, toen de angst voor een evacuatie van de westelijke steden groeide, schrijft Anne dat er genoeg kolen en brandhout voorhanden waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In dezelfde maand schrijft ze dat Peter op de zolder hout hakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De tweede winter in het Achterhuis liep toen al enigszins ten einde. Brandhout kon vanwege de lagere stookwaarde antraciet maar gedeeltelijk vervangen. In <strong>maart ‘44</strong> schrijft Anne dat '<em>de meeste mensen'</em> al een maand zonder kolen zaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Die bewering krijgt steun in de illegale pers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Over de situatie in het Achterhuis zegt ze niets. Er van uitgaande dat de acht onderduikers samen een gemiddeld huishouden vormden, en bovendien hun huisvuil moesten verbranden, hadden ze dan toch zo’n tweeduizend kilo steenkool verstookt, dus er moet regelmatige aanvoer van brandstof zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het elektraverbruik van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was niet groot. Meer dan wat lampen, een stofzuiger, waarschijnlijk een elektrische strijkbout en na <strong>juli ’43</strong> een klein radiootje waren er niet aanwezig. In de rest van het gebouw waren zwaardere elektrische apparaten in bedrijf. Er kwamen in <strong>juni 1941</strong> machines met een gezamenlijk motorvermogen van zo'n 10 PK (7,45 kW) te staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Het machinepark was daarmee goed voor een aanzienlijk deel van het stroomverbruik in het pand. Annes bewering dat er een 14-daagse stroomafsluiting dreigde<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> kan niet juist zijn, althans niet in <strong>november ’42</strong>. Een dergelijke sanctie was pas op zijn vroegst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1943</strong> werkelijk mogelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Er is geen reden om aan te nemen dat die situatie zich daadwerkelijk voordeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kantoorkeuken had een gasgeiser en een tweepits komfoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In kamer van Van Pels was een kookgelegenheid, waarvan aan te nemen is – gezien het bakken door mevrouw<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> – dat deze van een oven was voorzien. Geiser en komfoor deden dienst bij het baden en de was. In de kantoorruimtes op de eerste verdieping stonden gaskachels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Evenals bij de elektriciteit was het gasrantsoen <strong>medio 1941</strong> bepaald op 75 procent van dezelfde perioden in het voorgaande jaar, waarbij een minimum van 60 m<sup>3 </sup>geldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicijnen, verbandmiddelen en toiletartikelen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Maandverband, watten en andere verbandmiddelen behoorden tot de textielgoederen die vrij van distributieregels blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Er was wel schaarste: Anne schrijft in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> over maandverband dat niet meer te krijgen was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Het dagboek geeft verder nauwelijks inlichtingen over zaken als verband en pleisters. De <em>Rode-Kruis-doos</em> van de Franks behoorde tot de spullen die bij de familie Amende waren ondergebracht, en is dus niet in het Achterhuis aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels bestelde in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> verschillende toiletartikelen bij Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Tandpasta “en dergelijke” werden volgens Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> nog altijd geleverd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Desondanks schrijft ze dat in <strong>mei ’43</strong> de shampoo op was, en ze haar moeders haar met groene zeep waste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Het gebrek aan middelen maakte de hygiëne steeds moeilijker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In de regel moest iedereen in Nederland het doen met ongeveer de helft van de voorheen gebruikelijke hoeveelheid zeep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Dit algemene zeeptekort en de hierdoor mede veroorzaakte landelijke vlooienplaag in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> deden zich ook in het Achterhuis gelden. Fritz Pfeffer kreeg eens per maand een stuk ‘luchtzeep’, en Anne trapte er per ongeluk een stuk af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Een stuk zeep per maand was de gebruikelijke hoeveelheid die de reguliere distributie verschafte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een verwant hygiënisch probleem deed zich voor bij de kattenbak van Mouschi. Hij plaste naast zijn bak toen er geen turfmolm voor verschoning meer voorhanden is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zowel de tandarts als de huisarts van het gezelschap. Bij een behandeling van het gebit van mevrouw Van Pels gebruikte hij kennelijk eau de cologne als ontsmettingsmiddel en vaseline als was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne schrijft dat hij na enige maanden een ‘trapboormachientje’ ontving, en verwachtte dan ook snel een tandartsbehandeling te zullen ondergaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijls jongere zus Willy werkte tijdens de oorlogsjaren bij farmaceuticabedrijf Brocades Stheeman aan de Looiersgracht, overigens als sinds <strong>1933</strong> een zakenrelatie van Otto Frank. Bep vroeg haar zus soms om medicijnen, waarvan later bleek dat die in het Achterhuis belandden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne noemt in haar dagboek de aanwezigheid van biomals, valeriaantjes en codeïne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bloemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels kreeg op <strong>29 september 1942</strong>, haar verjaardag, van haar man rode anjers, van de helpers chrysanten en van de familie Frank - Pfeffer kwam pas in november - rozen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Omdat er geen bolbloemen mochten worden opgekweekt, waren chrysanten het belangrijkste alternatief. De prijzen waren hoog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Bij de Sinterklaasviering in <strong>december</strong> van dat jaar kregen de dames van de inmiddels drie heren veel bloemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In die maand werkte de Aalsmeerder bloemenveiling wel, maar vanwege stookverboden en brandstofbeperkingen kwam het enige aanbod uit de ‘koude kas’. Daardoor waren veel gewilde soorten niet verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> waren er veel klachten over bloemenhandelaren die veel te hoge prijzen rekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Desondanks kreeg Otto Franks voor zijn verjaardag op <strong>12 mei</strong> rozen en anjers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Een maand later was Anne jarig en kreeg van Pfeffer lathyrussen, terwijl Peter voor haar een bos pioenrozen wist te bemachtigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Bloemen waren toen nog steeds producten waar fors op werd verdiend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Bij dertig Amsterdamse bloemisten werd de hele voorraad in beslag genomen en gedwongen tegen vastgestelde prijzen verkocht, maar deze meevaller kwam voor Annes verjaardag net te laat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van Opekta en Gies & Co. in het pand. Kolentoewijzingen en stroomrantsoenen van de bedrijven gaven de onderduikers de gelegenheid zonder eigen inbreng – afgezien van financiële – te stoken en energie te gebruiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvoer van toiletartikelen, medicijnen en aanverwante artikelen waren soms afhankelijk van de distributie, maar veeleer van de externe contacten van de helpers. Deze contacten hielden veelal weer verband met de netwerken rond de bedrijven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De bloemen dienden natuurlijk het moreel, maar wwaren uiteindelijk toch een vorm van luxe. Uit de regelmatige aanvoer van bloemen blijkt dat er gedurende de hele onderduikperiode toch financiële ruimte voor zulke uitgaven was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944; Dagboek B, 17 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 28 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942; Dagboek B, 9 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, ingevoegde notitie d.d. 22 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart en 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In addition to the supply of clothes and food, the Secret Annex needed more matters - such as fuel, electricity and gas. Body care required soap, cosmetics, medicines and bandages. It was also possible to bring flowers into the house on numerous festive occasions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fuels and energy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>November 1942,</strong> the stove was lit in the Secret Annex for the first time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"969np\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> meaning there had to be fuel by then. Private coal consumption in Amsterdam was about 280,000 tonnes a year. An average household used about 1,200 kilos.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As of<strong> 10 November 1941</strong>, the coal trade was subject to a system of customer loyalty through registration with a supplier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As tenants of centrally heated flats, the Frank and Van Pels families did not have to deal with this. Fritz Pfeffer, as a room tenant, could not bring coal rations to the Secret Annex, as they were valid only for a specific and officially rented room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Inevitably, the people in the Secret Annex took some of the coal supplies of Gies & Co. and Opekta.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily newspapers in <strong>autumn</strong> <strong>1942</strong> warned against heating too enthusiastically before it got really cold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In a diary kept by two Amsterdam sisters during the war years, they wrote on <strong>1 December 1942</strong> that their coal supplier had not had any anthracite for a month and they were therefore forced to burn pearl coke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> During the first winter in hiding, there was already a clear shortage of fuel in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1943</strong> St Nicholas poem, Peter van Pels was praised for fetching coal and chopping wood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In early <strong>February '44</strong>, as fears of an evacuation of the western towns grew, Anne wrote that there was plenty of coal and firewood available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In the same month, she wrote that Peter was chopping wood in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n9287\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> By then, the second winter in the Secret Annex was coming to an end to some extent. Firewood could only partially replace anthracite because of its lower heating value. In <strong>March '44</strong>, Anne writes that<em> "most people"</em> had already run out of coal for a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This claim gets support in the underground press.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did not address the situation in the Secret Annex. Assuming that the eight people in hiding together formed an average household, and in addition had to burn their rubbish, they had also burned about two thousand kilos of coal, so there must have been a regular supply of fuel.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The electricity consumption by the people in the Secret Annex was not great. They had not much more than a few lamps, a vacuum cleaner, probably an electric iron and, after <strong>July '43</strong>, a small radio. Heavier electrical appliances were in operation in the rest of the building. There were machines with a combined motor power of about 10 HP (7.45 kW) in <strong>June 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fli78\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The machinery thus accounted for a significant proportion of the power consumption in the building. Anne's claim that a 14-day power cut was imminent<sup data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> cannot be correct, at least not in <strong>November '42</strong>. Such a sanction was not really possible until <strong>spring 1943 </strong>at the earliest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> There is no reason to believe that this situation actually occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The office kitchen had a gas water heater and a two-burner stove.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Van Pels room there was a cooking facility, and given the baking by Mrs. Van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> one can assume that this included an oven. The water heater and the stove were used for bathing and laundry. There were gas stoves in the office rooms on the first floor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> As with electricity, the gas ration <strong>in mid-1941</strong> was set at 75 per cent of the same periods in the previous year, with a minimum of 60 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Medicines, bandages and toiletries</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanitary napkins, cotton wool and other bandages were among the textile goods that remained unaffected by rationing rules.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> There were shortages, though: Anne writes in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> about sanitary napkins that were no longer available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Otherwise, the diary gives hardly any information about things like bandages and plasters. The Franks' <em>Red Cross box</em> was among the items stored with the Amende family, so it was not present in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels ordered various toiletries from Johannes Kleiman in <strong>October '42</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Toothpaste 'and the like' were still being delivered in <strong>January '44</strong>, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she wrote that in <strong>May '43</strong>, she ran out of shampoo and washed her mother's hair with green soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> The lack of resources made hygiene increasingly difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> As a rule, everyone in the Netherlands had to make do with about half the previously usual amount of soap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> This general shortage of soap and the resulting national flea plague in <strong>1943</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"k691z\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> also affected the Secret Annex. Fritz Pfeffer was given a piece of 'air soap' once a month, and Anne accidentally kicked off a piece.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> One bar of soap a month was the usual amount provided under standard rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A related hygiene problem occurred with Mouschi's litter box. He urinated next to his litter box when peat moss was no longer available for changing it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sf605\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was both the company's dentist and general practitioner. When treating Mrs Van Pels' teeth, he apparently used cologne as a disinfectant and petroleum jelly as a wax.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne writes that he received a 'foot-operated drill' after some months, and therefore expected to undergo dental treatment soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl's younger sister Willy worked at the pharmaceutical company Brocades Stheeman on Looiersgracht, incidentally a business associate of Otto Frank since <strong>1933</strong>. Bep sometimes asked her sister for medicine, which later turned out to have ended up in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"km74d\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the presence of biomals, valerian and codeine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Flowers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels received red carnations from her husband on <strong>29 September 1942</strong>, her birthday, chrysanthemums from the helpers and roses from the Frank family - Pfeffer did not arrive until November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> As bulbous flowers were not allowed to be grown, chrysanthemums were the main alternative. Prices were high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> At St Nicholas celebrations in <strong>December</strong> that year, the ladies received lots of flowers from the now three gentlemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In that month, the Aalsmeer flower auction did operate, but due to heating bans and fuel restrictions, the only supply came from the 'cold greenhouse'. As a result, many sought-after varieties were not available.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were many complaints about flower dealers charging far too high prices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6q677\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Otto Frank received roses and carnations for his birthday on <strong>12 May</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> A month later, Anne had a birthday and received lathyrus from Pfeffer, while Peter managed to get her a bunch of peonies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In those days, flowers were still products on which substantial profits were made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> At thirty Amsterdam florists, the entire stock was confiscated and forcibly sold at set prices, but this windfall came just too late for Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annex depended entirely on the presence of Opekta and Gies & Co. in the premises. Coal allocations and power rations from the companies allowed the people there to stoke the stove and use energy without their own input - apart from a financial input.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Supplies of toiletries, medicines and related items sometimes depended on rationing, but all the more on the external contacts of the helpers. These contacts, in turn, were often related to the networks surrounding the companies.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The flowers served to boost morale, of course, but were ultimately a form of luxury. The regular supply of flowers shows that there was still financial room for such expenses throughout the period in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"969np\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4exh6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Amsterdam verbruikt vier millioen mud kolen per jaar”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 28 februari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fxvvw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 5 november 1941, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uxcoy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Brandstoffendistributie en verhuizende pensiongasten”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 21 oktober 1941, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpzhk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Niet de kalender maar de thermometer”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"go8qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Inkomsten en uitgaven voor Moe – oorlog 40/45</em>, uitgave in eigen beheer, 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb5m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn6r7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n9287\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944; Diary Version B, 17 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b20lj\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w32ti\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Als kou en kolennood rijpen”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 21 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fli78\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; Stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533): Dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"thkn4\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ngs4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zuinig met gas en electriciteit!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 23 november 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q6qgu\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942; Diary Version B, 9 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qh14m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3k6pd\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; stafafdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken (toegang 30533), inv. nr. 4383: dossier 24799, Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, notitie 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qrw9h\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Elektriciteit en gas”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 30 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8y9g\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat nog vrij is“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 1 februari 1941, aondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"10dw8\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve4ak\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dh2wc\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qxug\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, insert dated 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6s27j\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueq6b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ka47n\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat is luchtgevulde zeep?”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 1 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k691z\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geen blote benen meer in De Rijp”, <em>Het Volk</em>, 26 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65u3s\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zf1e\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Zeep op bon 412”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 7 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sf605\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc2z4\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sm3a7\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"km74d\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl en Van Wijk: Gesprek met Willy van de Venne, ongedateerd (medio 2011).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tmw22\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March and 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hqemo\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iqpbx\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Chrysantenoogst in het Westland”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 21 oktober 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l74dk\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsir6\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Aalsmeer veilt voor den Kersttijd”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 19 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6q677\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Intensieve côntrole op den prijs van bloemen”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 27 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ec2by\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1ogf\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wej2\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Woekerwinst op bloemen”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 27 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w0u9k\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Prijsbeheersching controleert bloemenhandel”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
"summary_nl": "De energie- en brandstofvoorziening in het Achterhuis was volledig afhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van de kolenvoorraad en stroomrantsoenen van de in het pand gevestigde bedrijven Opekta en Gies & Co.",
"summary_en": "The energy and fuel supply in the Secret Annexe was entirely dependent on the presence of the coal supplies and electricity rations of the companies Opekta and Gies & Co, located in the premises.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c/",
"published": true,
"name": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia",
"name_nl": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia",
"name_en": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia",
"uuid": "17e62508-f7db-41ee-bf60-e7f87d4dd63c",
"content": "<p><strong>Addresses</strong><em>:</em> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, since <strong>1927</strong> fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday, <strong>30 November 1934</strong>, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the <em>Groene-Kruis</em> building in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong>, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In <strong>1940</strong>, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades</a> (geraadpleegd 9 november 2023). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor een schets van het bedrijf <a href=\"http://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adressen:</strong> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, sinds <strong>1927</strong> voluit N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"x2k24\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was een farmaceutisch bedrijf dat zaken deed met de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Firmant van het bedrijf was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De commissarissen van Brocades richtten op <strong>10 augustus 1934 </strong>de N.V. Sangostop op. Dit bedrijf was vernoemd naar het bloedstelpend middel dat door de vennootschap werd gefabriceerd. Naast dit middel maakte ze ook andere chemische en farmaceutische producten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop werd geproduceerd met pectine van Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dinsdag <strong>20 november 1934</strong> demonstreerde een vertegenwoordiger van Brocades-Stheeman uit Meppel het artikel Opekta voor de Ned. Chr. Vrouwenbond in het Groene-Kruisgebouw in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Voor zover bekend was deze promotie, door een andere partij dan Opekta, eenmalig.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman was in <strong>1938 </strong>debiteur van Opekta voor ruim twaalfhonderd gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De fabriek van Brocades in Meppel vulde voor Opekta zakjes met droge pectine. In <strong>1940</strong> mengde het bedrijf voor Opekta nog wel twaalfhonderd kilo droge pectine, maar kon het verpakken er niet meer bij doen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijls zus Willy werkt in de oorlogsjaren bij Brocades. Zij kon zo aan vitaminepreparaten en andere middelen komen, die zij deels ook aan Bep gaf.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x2k24\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades</a> (geraadpleegd 9 november 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor een schets van het bedrijf <a href=\"http://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Addresses</strong><em>:</em> Meppel; Looiersgracht 27-35, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brocades-Stheeman, since <strong>1927</strong> fully N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken v/h Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Dutch Opekta Mij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The company's owner was P.J. Stheeman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Brocades commissioners founded N.V. Sangostop on <strong>10 August 1934</strong>. This company was named after the astringent manufactured by the company. In addition to this drug, it also made other chemical and pharmaceutical products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Sangostop was produced with pectin from Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday, <strong>30 November 1934</strong>, a representative of Brocades-Stheeman from Meppel demonstrated the Opekta product for the Dutch Christian Women's Union in the <em>Groene-Kruis</em> building in Lisse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> As far as we know, this promotion, by a party other than Opekta, was a one-off.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong>, Brocades-Stheeman was Opekta's debtor for more than twelve hundred guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The Brocades factory in Meppel filled bags with dry pectin for Opekta. In <strong>1940</strong>, the company mixed twelve hundred kilos of dry pectin for Opekta, but could no longer manage the packaging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep Voskuijl's sister Willy worked at Brocades during the war. This way she was able to obtain vitamin preparations and other substances, some of which she also gave to Bep.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ca0cu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang</em>, 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rbs5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocades</a> (geraadpleegd 9 november 2023). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6nioa\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor een schets van het bedrijf <a href=\"http://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.geheugenvandrenthe.nl/brocades-en-stheeman</a> (geraadpleegd 14 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60j5h\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie 1915 – 1955 (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 1304: Brief Otto Frank aan Mr. Th.H. de Meester, 9 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq1q9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Delft (toegang 3.17.19), inv. nr. 508, dossier 16118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gbhzc\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071: Brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 24 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6n9c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Demonstratieavond Vrouwenbond”, <em>Nieuwe Leidse Courant</em>, 21 november 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txy7c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_003: Verslag over het boekjaar 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnwxy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Opekta_I_005: Verslag over het boekjaar 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.881189 52.368266)",
"summary": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"summary_nl": "Brocades-Stheeman was een farmaceutisch bedrijf dat zaken deed met de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"summary_en": "Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia was a pharmaceutical company that did business with the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Looiersgracht 27-35",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "012_008",
"title": "Uitzicht vanuit Prinsengracht 263 op de brug over de Bloemgracht, 1954",
"alt": "Maria Austria. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/012_008_brug_over_bloemgracht.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
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"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "In copyright (rechten derden)"
},
"latitude": "52.37523",
"longitude": "4.883286",
"events": [
{
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"id": 1060,
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"name": "B_Diversen_B_009",
"title": "Brug over Bloemgracht bij Prinsengracht",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NL_AsdAFS_MCAF_B-Diversen-I_0009_0001.jpg",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/34bdfcf8-0991-4cdb-adff-8daf1d7b429e/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/7308791d-5bce-455d-9f37-a512450e8951"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f2004ab1-f62f-43c5-9864-18eea838d81e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/bb316e57-dfee-461d-9042-d2afff20bd52"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe",
"published": true,
"uuid": "34bdfcf8-0991-4cdb-adff-8daf1d7b429e",
"name": "Jan Gies witnessed the arrest",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies was getuige van de arrestatie",
"name_en": "Jan Gies witnessed the arrest",
"content": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arrived at the Opekta office as he did every day around noon for lunch, but his wife Miep Gies sent him away again immediately. He was able to escape unhindered, and he also stated that he did not see any SD officers. He returned to his office on Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There he considered his options and decided to inform Kleiman's brother, who worked at Paauwe's firm on Bloemgracht. Together, from the bridge at Prinsengracht, they watched the rest of what happened. He saw a dark-coloured van parked in front of the building, which apparently had not been there before. He believed this was an Amsterdam police detention van, and in any case not a German vehicle.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arriveerde zoals elke dag rond twaalf uur op het kantoor van Opekta voor het middageten, maar zijn vrouw Miep Gies stuurde hem direct weer weg. Hij kon ongehinderd ontkomen, en hij verklaarde ook geen SD’ers te hebben gezien. Hij keerde terug naar zijn kantoor aan de Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daar overlegde hij met zichzelf wat te doen en besloot Kleimans broer in te lichten, die bij de firma Paauwe aan de Bloemgracht werkte. Samen sloegen ze vanaf de brug bij de Prinsengracht het verdere verloop gade. Hij zag een donkerkleurige bestelwagen voor het pand geparkeerd staan, die er blijkbaar eerder nog niet was. Hij meende dat dit een arrestantenwagen van de Amsterdamse politie was, en in ieder geval geen Duits voertuig.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arrived at the Opekta office as he did every day around noon for lunch, but his wife Miep Gies sent him away again immediately. He was able to escape unhindered, and he also stated that he did not see any SD officers. He returned to his office on Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There he considered his options and decided to inform Kleiman's brother, who worked at Paauwe's firm on Bloemgracht. Together, from the bridge at Prinsengracht, they watched the rest of what happened. He saw a dark-coloured van parked in front of the building, which apparently had not been there before. He believed this was an Amsterdam police detention van, and in any case not a German vehicle.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After Jan Gies heard that the SD was at Opekta, he and Johannes Kleiman's brother tried to see what was happening from across the canal. They saw the people in hiding and the helpers put into a van for detainees and driven away.",
"summary_nl": "Nadat Jan Gies had gehoord dat de SD bij Opekta was, probeerde hij met de broer van Johannes Kleiman vanaf de overkant van de gracht te zien wat er gebeurde. Ze zagen de onderduikers en helpers in een arrestantenwagen stappen en wegrijden.",
"summary_en": "After Jan Gies heard that the SD was at Opekta, he and Johannes Kleiman's brother tried to see what was happening from across the canal. They saw the people in hiding and the helpers put into a van for detainees and driven away.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe/",
"published": true,
"name": "The bridge over Bloemgracht Canal",
"name_nl": "Brug over de Bloemgracht",
"name_en": "The bridge over Bloemgracht Canal",
"uuid": "36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.883286 52.37523)",
"summary": "Here, Jan Gies witnessed the arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Hier was Jan Gies getuige van de arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Here, Jan Gies witnessed the arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
163
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},
"score": 1.3463335
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"main_image": {
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"uuid": "006ae213-5fa4-4ce9-aeda-be627a4370f3",
"name": "012000008360",
"title": "Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam, rond 1930",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/012000008360_2uEXLR8.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"latitude": "52.363805",
"longitude": "4.889798",
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{
"id": 249,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/70959786-0cfa-4ff1-8020-1efb44e8a983/",
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2cef6f9d-6c1a-4879-a71c-1de745d5eb52"
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"name": "Johannes Kleiman worked at Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman worked at Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
"content": "<p>On <strong>19 November 1923</strong>, the <em>Continentale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em> was founded in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To obtain Royal Assent, at government instructions on <strong>15 January 1924</strong>, the name was changed to <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Royal assent was granted on <strong>31 January 1924</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>28 February 1924</strong>, the <em>Staatscourant </em>(Government Gazette) published a notification regarding the foundation of the <em>N.V. Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe company was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam, and its directors were Jacques Heuskin and Jo Kleiman. Its object was: <em>The pursuit of credit business and trade in the broadest sense of the word.</em> The authorised capital was NLG 200,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The supervisory directors to be appointed by the board of directors were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A.E. von Saher, Amsterdam.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dr Th. Metz, Frankfurt am Main.</li>\r\n\t<li>Albert Reinhard, Luxembourg.</li>\r\n\t<li>Paul Stanfield, London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Brief timeline of the company:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>25 June 1925</strong> Heuskin resigned as director. The company address became Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>2 July 1927</strong> Metz became supervisory director (again?).<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>17 July 1928</strong> the address became Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>12 March 1929</strong> the address became Thomsonlaan 25, Haarlem (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"70822\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>23 June 1933</strong> the address became Generaal Vetterstraat 40 I, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>6 December 1933</strong> Metz stepped down as supervisory director. Otto Frank succeeded him the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 March 1934</strong> the firm moved to Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (where Opekta was also located).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 March 1935</strong> the address again became General Vetterstraat 40, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In early <strong>1938</strong> the company moved to Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam </em>(General Address Book of the City of Amsterdam) of <strong>1938-1939</strong> still listed the company at Singel 400, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> However, the Trade Register did not mention that address, nor did the address book of the previous year.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie in Chemische Producten</em> was established at the address Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague on <strong>20 June 1938</strong>. No records have yet been encountered indicating any involvement of Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"x691b\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 1; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, toegang 448, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 11; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 12; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter a, 9 april 1924.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 3; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter c, 25 juni 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter d, 2 juli 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter e, 17 juli 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70822\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter f, 12 mei 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter g, 23 juni 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletters j en k, 6 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter m, 15 maart 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter n, 22 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter o, 8 februari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x691b\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Handelsregister Den Haag, toegang 3.17.13.03, inv. nr. 1173, dossier 25511.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>19 november 1923</strong> werd in Amsterdam de <em>Continentale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em> opgericht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Om de Koninklijke bewilliging te krijgen, werd op aanwijzing van regeringswege op <strong>15 januari 1924</strong> de naam gewijzigd in <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op <strong>31 januari 1924</strong> werd de Koninklijke bewilliging verleend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>28 februari 1924</strong> publiceerde de <em>Staatscourant</em> de oprichting van de <em>N.V. Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verschillende zakenrelaties van Otto Frank waren bij dit bedrijf betrokken, onder wie Th. Metz, die ook in Frankfurt had gewoond. Toen Otto in <strong>1933</strong> in Amsterdam kwam wonen, volgde hij hem op als commissaris bij dit bedrijf.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vennootschap was gevestigd op Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam en de directeuren waren Jacques Heuskin en Jo Kleiman. Doel was: <em>De uitoefening van het credietbedrijf, alsmede den handel in den ruimsten zin des woords.</em> Het maatschappelijk kapitaal bedroeg fl. 200.000,-.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De commissarissen die de directie moesten benoemen waren:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A.E. von Saher, Amsterdam.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dr. Th. Metz, Frankfurt am Main.</li>\r\n\t<li>Albert Reinhard, Luxemburg.</li>\r\n\t<li>Paul Stanfield, London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Korte tijdlijn van het bedrijf:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>25 juni 1925</strong> Heuskin vertrekt als directeur. Het bedrijfsadres werd (Kleimans privé-adres) Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>2 juli 1927</strong> Metz wordt (opnieuw?) commissaris.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>17 juli 1928</strong> het adres wordt Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam (Kleimans privé-adres).<sup data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>12 maart 1929</strong> het adres wordt Thomsonlaan 25, Haarlem (Kleimans privé-adres).<sup data-footnote-id=\"70822\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>23 juni 1933</strong> het adres wordt Generaal Vetterstraat 40 I, Amsterdam (Kleimans privé-adres).<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>6 december 1933</strong> Metz treedt terug als commissaris. Otto Frank volgt hem dezelfde dag op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 maart 1934</strong> de firma verhuist naar Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (waar ook Opekta gevestigd is).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 maart 1935</strong> het adres wordt opnieuw Generaal Vetterstraat 40, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Begin <strong>1938</strong> het bedrijf verhuist naar de Lange Houtstraat 6 in Den Haag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het <em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> van <strong>1938-1939</strong> vermeldde het bedrijf nog op Singel 400, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Het Handelsregister vermeldde dat adres echter niet, en het adresboek van het vorige jaar evenmin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Lange Houtstraat 6 in Den Haag werd op <strong>20 juni 1938</strong> de <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie in Chemische Producten</em> gevestigd. Er zijn vooralsnog geen gegevens die duiden op enige betrokkenheid van Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"x691b\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 1; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, toegang 448, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 11; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 12; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter a, 9 april 1924.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 3; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter c, 25 juni 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter d, 2 juli 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter e, 17 juli 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70822\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter f, 12 mei 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter g, 23 juni 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletters j en k, 6 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter m, 15 maart 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter n, 22 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter o, 8 februari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x691b\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Handelsregister Den Haag, toegang 3.17.13.03, inv. nr. 1173, dossier 25511.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>19 November 1923</strong>, the <em>Continentale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em> was founded in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To obtain Royal Assent, at government instructions on <strong>15 January 1924</strong>, the name was changed to <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Royal assent was granted on <strong>31 January 1924</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>28 February 1924</strong>, the <em>Staatscourant </em>(Government Gazette) published a notification regarding the foundation of the <em>N.V. Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe company was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam, and its directors were Jacques Heuskin and Jo Kleiman. Its object was: <em>The pursuit of credit business and trade in the broadest sense of the word.</em> The authorised capital was NLG 200,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The supervisory directors to be appointed by the board of directors were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A.E. von Saher, Amsterdam.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dr Th. Metz, Frankfurt am Main.</li>\r\n\t<li>Albert Reinhard, Luxembourg.</li>\r\n\t<li>Paul Stanfield, London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Brief timeline of the company:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>25 June 1925</strong> Heuskin resigned as director. The company address became Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>2 July 1927</strong> Metz became supervisory director (again?).<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>17 July 1928</strong> the address became Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>12 March 1929</strong> the address became Thomsonlaan 25, Haarlem (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"70822\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>23 June 1933</strong> the address became Generaal Vetterstraat 40 I, Amsterdam (Kleiman's private address).<sup data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>6 December 1933</strong> Metz stepped down as supervisory director. Otto Frank succeeded him the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 March 1934</strong> the firm moved to Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (where Opekta was also located).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>22 March 1935</strong> the address again became General Vetterstraat 40, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In early <strong>1938</strong> the company moved to Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam </em>(General Address Book of the City of Amsterdam) of <strong>1938-1939</strong> still listed the company at Singel 400, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> However, the Trade Register did not mention that address, nor did the address book of the previous year.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe <em>Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie in Chemische Producten</em> was established at the address Lange Houtstraat 6 in The Hague on <strong>20 June 1938</strong>. No records have yet been encountered indicating any involvement of Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman. <sup data-footnote-id=\"x691b\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kdes8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 1; Noord-Hollands Archief (NHA), Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, toegang 448, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c41yu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 11; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5e4k\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel<em> </em>Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 12; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxmfo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4x0m9\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter a, 9 april 1924.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7ry5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bijvoegsel Staatscourant, 28 februari 1924, p. 3; NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mc0ve\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NHA, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 430, dossier 19874: Akteletter c, 25 juni 1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssu25\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter d, 2 juli 1927.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g61l9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter e, 17 juli 1928.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"70822\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter f, 12 mei 1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lrnmm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter g, 23 juni 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrqjp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletters j en k, 6 december 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zu1tz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter m, 15 maart 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kysq4\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter n, 22 maart 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5efpd\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem: Akteletter o, 8 februari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfu1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x691b\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Handelsregister Den Haag, toegang 3.17.13.03, inv. nr. 1173, dossier 25511.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1923-11-19",
"date_end": "1938-02-08",
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman worked at the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie (Central Company for Trade and Industry). Several of Otto Frank's business associates were involved in this company, including Th. Metz, who had also lived in Frankfurt. When Otto came to live in Amsterdam in 1933, he succeeded him as supervisory director of this company.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkte bij de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie. Otto Frank was commissaris bij dit bedrijf.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman worked at the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie (Central Company for Trade and Industry). Several of Otto Frank's business associates were involved in this company, including Th. Metz, who had also lived in Frankfurt. When Otto came to live in Amsterdam in 1933, he succeeded him as supervisory director of this company.",
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"name": "Michael Frank & Zonen",
"title": "Michael Frank & Zonen, ontwerp 'Inserrat'.",
"alt": "Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Inserrat.PNG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Advertentie ('Inserrat') in archief Industrie- und Handelskammer, inv. nr. 177.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"uuid": "2854cc8b-52c9-4453-8a07-7522f54eb6c5",
"name": "Johannes Kleiman works with Michael Frank & Zonen",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij Michael Frank & Zonen",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman works with Michael Frank & Zonen",
"content": "<p>On <strong>23 May 1924</strong>, Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin obtained a joint power of attorney for <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em>, the Amsterdam branch of <em>Michael Frank Bankgeschäft</em> from Frankfurt am Main. They were authorised for sums up to fl. 20,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> moved to Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21 in Amsterdam, the home address of Kleiman. By then, the business was in the process of being liquidated. On account of Heuskin's dismissal, Kleinman was given full power of attorney. This change was registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>21 July 1925</strong>. Kleiman and <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> then moved to Frederik Hendrikstraat 24 in Amsterdam. This change was registered on <strong>23 July 1928</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kleiman remained in office until the dissolution of the firm, which was registered on <strong>12 February 1929</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief Anne Frank 212c-6a: Kopie Handelsregisterdossier 19006. Volgens zijn dochter maakte Kleiman in de tijd dat hij bij Patijn en Van Notten werkte kennis met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>23 mei 1924</strong> kreeg Johannes Kleiman met Jacques Heuskin een collectieve volmacht voor de firma <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em>, het Amsterdamse filiaal van het <em>Michael Frank Bankgeschäft</em> uit Frankfurt am Main. Ze waren bevoegd tot fl. 20.000,=.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> verhuisde naar de Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21 in Amsterdam, het huisadres van Kleiman. De zaak was toen al in liquidatie. Kleiman kreeg vanwege het ontslag van Heuskin algemene volmacht. Die wijziging werd op <strong>21 juli 1925</strong> ingeschreven bij de Kamer van Koophandel. Vervolgens verhuisden Kleiman en <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> naar de Frederik Hendrikstraat 24, Amsterdam. Die wijziging werd op <strong>23 juli 1928</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kleiman bleef in functie tot de opheffing van de zaak, die op <strong>12 februari 1929</strong> werd ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief Anne Frank 212c-6a: Kopie Handelsregisterdossier 19006. Volgens zijn dochter maakte Kleiman in de tijd dat hij bij Patijn en Van Notten werkte kennis met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>23 May 1924</strong>, Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin obtained a joint power of attorney for <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em>, the Amsterdam branch of <em>Michael Frank Bankgeschäft</em> from Frankfurt am Main. They were authorised for sums up to fl. 20,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> moved to Rombout Hogerbeetsstraat 21 in Amsterdam, the home address of Kleiman. By then, the business was in the process of being liquidated. On account of Heuskin's dismissal, Kleinman was given full power of attorney. This change was registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>21 July 1925</strong>. Kleiman and <em>Michael Frank & Zonen</em> then moved to Frederik Hendrikstraat 24 in Amsterdam. This change was registered on <strong>23 July 1928</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kleiman remained in office until the dissolution of the firm, which was registered on <strong>12 February 1929</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qp0t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Archief Anne Frank 212c-6a: Kopie Handelsregisterdossier 19006. Volgens zijn dochter maakte Kleiman in de tijd dat hij bij Patijn en Van Notten werkte kennis met Otto Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1924-05-23",
"date_end": "1929-02-12",
"summary": "In addition to their work for the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, Kleiman and Heuskin also held positions with the firm of Michael Frank & Zonen.",
"summary_nl": "Behalve in de Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel & Industrie hadden Kleiman en Heuskin ook functies bij de firma Michael Frank & Zonen.",
"summary_en": "In addition to their work for the Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie, Kleiman and Heuskin also held positions with the firm of Michael Frank & Zonen.",
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"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
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"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie",
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"summary": "The company Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam. The directors were Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin.",
"summary_nl": "De vennootschap Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie was gevestigd op Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam. De directeuren waren Johannes Kleiman en Jacques Heuskin. Dit was ook het adres van M. Frank en Zonen.",
"summary_en": "The company Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie was located at Keizersgracht 604, Amsterdam. The directors were Johannes Kleiman and Jacques Heuskin.",
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"alt": "Fotograaf ANP. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
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"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Cineac Damrak",
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"content": "<p>Cinema on the Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Pathé opened the first <em>Cinema d'Actualité</em> in Paris in <strong>1934</strong>, a cinema where newsreels were shown continuously. On <strong>March 17, 1938</strong>, a branch opened on the Damrak in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Wim Bunjes, who was friends with Miep and Jan Gies, was a projectionist there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vso12\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'1938 in beeld', fotografisch jaaroverzicht van het <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vso12\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 October 1942 (with 30 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bioscoop op het Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Pathé opende in <strong>1934</strong> de eerste <em>Cinema d’Actualité</em> in Parijs, een bioscoop waar doorlopend filmjournaals werden vertoond. Op <strong>17 maart 1938</strong> opende een vestiging op het Damrak in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De met Miep en Jan Gies bevriende Wim Bunjes was er filmoperateur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vso12\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'1938 in beeld', fotografisch jaaroverzicht van het <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vso12\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 oktober 1942 (bij 30 september 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Cinema on the Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Pathé opened the first <em>Cinema d'Actualité</em> in Paris in <strong>1934</strong>, a cinema where newsreels were shown continuously. On <strong>March 17, 1938</strong>, a branch opened on the Damrak in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Wim Bunjes, who was friends with Miep and Jan Gies, was a projectionist there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vso12\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1ie9z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineac_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rtq50\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'1938 in beeld', fotografisch jaaroverzicht van het <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vso12\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 October 1942 (with 30 September 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.894911 52.374882)",
"summary": "In a Cineac cinema, a continuous show alternated current affairs with documentaries and short films.",
"summary_nl": "In een Cineac-bioscoop werden in een doorlopende voorstelling actualiteiten afgewisseld met documentaires en korte films.",
"summary_en": "In a Cineac cinema, a continuous show alternated current affairs with documentaries and short films.",
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"street": "Damrak",
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