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"title": "Advertentie van het adviesbureau van Goslar en Ledermann in het Nieuw Israelitisch Weekblad, 5 januari 1934.",
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"name": "Goslar and Ledermann start a consultancy firm",
"name_nl": "Goslar en Ledermann beginnen een adviesbureau",
"name_en": "Goslar and Ledermann start a consultancy firm",
"content": "<p>Both settled in Amsterdam with their families in late <strong>1933</strong>. From <strong>January 1934</strong>, they worked together as consultants on economic, financial and legal matters. Initially they did so from an office building on Rokin. They placed an advertisement in the <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em> on <strong>5 January 1934</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later, they established their office in Goslar's home on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> When the Goslar family moved, the firm moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Their focus included exchanging houses, mortgages and businesses in the Netherlands for manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Furthermore, they represented companies in the British Mandate area of Palestine, such as the long-established 'Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> and the 'Industrial and Financial Corporation of Palestine Ltd.' ('Ifico').<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Goslar-Klee had studied ancient and modern languages, and therefore picked up Dutch quickly. She was in charge of the firm's secretariat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Bemiddeling", <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 5 januari 1934, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 30 januari 1936, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 1 juli1937, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Tausch mit Deutschland”, <em>Limburger Koerier</em>, 4 mei 1936, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.”, <em>Nieuw Israëlitisch Weekblad</em>, 26 februari 1937, p. .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen Goslar: interview met Hanneli Pick-Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva in Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:42:54 - 15:44:42.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Beiden vestigden zich eind <strong>1933</strong> met hun gezinnen in Amsterdam. Vanaf <strong>januari 1934</strong> werkten zij samen als adviseurs in economische, financiële en juridische zaken. Aanvankelijk deden ze dat vanuit een kantoorpand aan het Rokin. Op <strong>5 januari 1934</strong> plaatsten zij een advertentie in het <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later vestigden zij hun bureau in de woning van Goslar aan het Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Toen het gezin Goslar verhuisde, verhuisde het bureau mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ze richtten zich onder meer op het ruilen van huizen, hypotheken en bedrijven in Nederland tegen fabrieken, grossiers- en detailbedrijven in Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verder vertegenwoordigden zij bedrijven in het Britse mandaatgebied Palestina, zoals de al langer bestaande 'Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> en de 'Industrial and Financial Corporation of Palestine Ltd.' ('Ifico').<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Goslar-Klee was geschoold in oude en moderne talen, en pikte daardoor het Nederlands snel op. Zij verzorgde het secretariaat van het bureau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Bemiddeling", <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 5 januari 1934, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 30 januari 1936, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 1 juli1937, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Tausch mit Deutschland”, <em>Limburger Koerier</em>, 4 mei 1936, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.”, <em>Nieuw Israëlitisch Weekblad</em>, 26 februari 1937, p. .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen Goslar: interview met Hanneli Pick-Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva in Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:42:54 - 15:44:42.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Both settled in Amsterdam with their families in late <strong>1933</strong>. From <strong>January 1934</strong>, they worked together as consultants on economic, financial and legal matters. Initially they did so from an office building on Rokin. They placed an advertisement in the <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em> on <strong>5 January 1934</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Later, they established their office in Goslar's home on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> When the Goslar family moved, the firm moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Their focus included exchanging houses, mortgages and businesses in the Netherlands for manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Furthermore, they represented companies in the British Mandate area of Palestine, such as the long-established 'Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> and the 'Industrial and Financial Corporation of Palestine Ltd.' ('Ifico').<sup data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Goslar-Klee had studied ancient and modern languages, and therefore picked up Dutch quickly. She was in charge of the firm's secretariat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4tmb1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Bemiddeling", <em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 5 januari 1934, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ma08a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 30 januari 1936, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mmh5l\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Palestijnsche effectenkoersen", <em>Centraal Blad voor Israëlieten</em>, 1 juli1937, p. 7.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzpix\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Tausch mit Deutschland”, <em>Limburger Koerier</em>, 4 mei 1936, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1e4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie “Palestine Land Development Company Ltd.”, <em>Nieuw Israëlitisch Weekblad</em>, 26 februari 1937, p. .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oq6fj\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenverhalen Goslar: interview met Hanneli Pick-Goslar door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva in Jeruzalem, 6 mei 2009, tijdcode 15:42:54 - 15:44:42.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1934-01-05",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Franz Ledermann and Hans Goslar were both from Berlin and worked together in various fields in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Franz Ledermann en Hans Goslar waren allebei uit Berlijn afkomstig en werkten in Amsterdam op verschillende terreinen samen.",
"summary_en": "Franz Ledermann and Hans Goslar were both from Berlin and worked together in various fields in Amsterdam.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
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{
"id": 396124506,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "233f34c4-f312-4cac-b08e-71819db78627",
"name": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_nl": "Rivierenbuurt",
"name_en": "Rivierenbuurt",
"description": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt, die wordt begrensd door de Amstelrivier in het oosten, de Boerenwetering in het westen, het Amstelkanaal in het noorden, en de Zuidelijke Wandelweg in het zuiden. Het maakt deel uit van <em>Plan Zuid</em>, een stedenbouwkundig plan voor Amsterdam-Zuid, dat in het begin van de <strong>20e eeuw</strong> werd ontworpen door de architect H.P Berlage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> bestond uit drie delen: de <em>Apollobuurt</em> en de <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, gericht op welgestelden, middenklasse en arbeidersklasse, en de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, gericht op de middenklasse. Ook een groot deel van de buurt <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> behoort tot het <em>Plan Zuid</em>. In het stedenbouwkundig plan was bedacht dat drie hoofdstraten (de Amstellanen) de buurt in een Y-vorm zouden doorsnijden, en samen zouden komen op het Daniël Willinkplein, een vernoeming naar de Nederlandse schrijver Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit waren de Amstellaan (na de oorlog werd dit de Stalinlaan en in <strong>1956</strong>, na de Russische inval in Hongarije, gewijzigd in Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (nu Churchill-laan) en Zuider Amstellaan (nu Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De overige straatnamen in de buurt werden vernoemd naar Nederlandse rivieren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De woningen in de <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> oefenden vanaf het begin van de <strong>jaren '30</strong> grote aantrekkingskracht uit op Joodse Amsterdammers uit de middenklasse. Qua grootte en voorzieningen staken zij bijzonder gunstig af tegen de kleine, slechte woningen in de overbevolkte Jodenbuurt rond het Waterlooplein. Toch was er in de <strong>jaren '30</strong> veel leegstand, en daardoor streken ook veel Duitse Joden die vanuit nazi-Duitsland naar Nederland vluchtten, hier neer, waaronder ook de families Frank en Van Pels en een aantal van hun vrienden en kennissen. De immigranten voelden zich thuis in deze buurt met de vele geloofsgenoten. Uiteindelijk woonde in <strong>1940</strong> zo'n 40% van de in Amsterdam wonende Joden in dit deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district, bounded by the Amstel River to the east, the Boerenwetering to the west, the Amstel Canal to the north, and the Zuidelijke Wandelweg to the south. It is part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>, an urban development plan for Amsterdam South designed by architect H.P Berlage in the early <strong>20th</strong> century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"paafj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Plan Zuid</em> consisted of three parts: the <em>Apollobuurt</em> and <em>Stadionbuurt</em>, aimed at the well-to-do, middle and working classes, and the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em>, aimed at the middle classes. A large part of the <em>Nieuwe Pijp</em> neighbourhood was also part of <em>Plan Zuid</em>. The urban plan envisaged that three main streets (the <em>Amstellanen</em>) would cut through the neighbourhood in a Y-shape, converging on Daniël Willinkplein, named after the Dutch writer Daniël Willink (1676-1722).<sup data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These were Amstellaan (after the war this became Stalinlaan and in <strong>1956</strong>, after the Russian invasion of Hungary, changed to Vrijheidslaan), Noorder Amstellaan (now Churchilllaan) and Zuider Amstellaan (now Rooseveltlaan).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The other street names in the neighbourhood were named after Dutch rivers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The houses in the <em>Rivierenbuurt</em> exerted great attraction on middle-class Jewish Amsterdammers from the early <strong>1930s</strong>. In terms of size and amenities, they contrasted particularly favourably with the small, poor houses in the overcrowded Jewish quarter around Waterlooplein. Nevertheless, there was a lot of vacancy in the <strong>1930s</strong>, and as a result, many German Jews who fled to the Netherlands from Nazi Germany also settled here, including the Frank and Van Pels families and some of their friends and acquaintances. The immigrants felt at home in this neighbourhood with its many fellow Jews. Eventually, by <strong>1940</strong>, around 40 per cent of the Jews living in Amsterdam lived in this part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"paafj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Zuid</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snfsd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Daniël Willinkplein werd kort na de oorlog, naar aanleiding van de overwinning van de Geallieerden, omgedoopt tot Victorieplein; zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorieplein_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hk7av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstellanen</a> (geraadpleegd 19 ovember 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xk4k5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivierenbuurt_(Amsterdam)</a> (geraadpleegd 19 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
"summary_nl": "De Rivierenbuurt is een in het oosten van het Amsterdamse stadsdeel Zuid gelegen buurt waar zich vanaf de jaren dertig veel Joodse inwoners hebben gevestigd.",
"summary_en": "The Rivierenbuurt is a neighbourhood located in the east of Amsterdam's Zuid district where many Jewish residents settled from the 1930s onwards.",
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"name_nl": "Jan Gies woont bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Jan Gies lives in Amsterdam for almost his entire life",
"content": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Jan Gies woonde gedurende zijn leven op de volgende Amsterdamse adressen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: van zijn geboorte tot <strong>12 december 1907</strong> (Dit adres werd in <strong>april 1906</strong> vernummerd tot 303).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: van <strong>12 december 1907</strong> tot <strong>10 september 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: van <strong>10 september 1914</strong> tot <strong>31 mei 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: vanaf <strong>31 mei 1917 </strong>(Watergraafsmeer was op dat moment nog een zelfstandige gemeente).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> kwam hij in Amsterdam terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk van Jan Gies zijn ouders werd <strong>2 januari 1925</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Volgens de bevolkingskaarten bleef hij bij zijn vader wonen, behoudens de korte periode in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> tot <strong>6 april 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 april 1927</strong> tot <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> (alleen Jan). Nadere gegevens ontbreken.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> tot <strong>18 december 1928.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 december 1928</strong> trouwde Jan Gies met M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>18 december 1928</strong> tot <strong>21 juli 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies stond op 3 hoog ingeschreven van <strong>21 juli 1931</strong> tot <strong>4 september 1931</strong>. Daarna stond hij tot <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> ingeschreven op 2 hoog.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>14 januari 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zijn echtgenote stond hier nog tot <strong>28 april 1937</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>12 december 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit huis staat op de hoek van de Amsteldijk en de Govert Flinckstraat. Het was het pension van de familie Amende. Er is een foto van de keuken van dit pension, met daarin J. Bunjes-Amende, haar moeder L. Amende-Zaaiman, een onbekende vrouw en de hond Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Toen er op de Amsteldijk problemen met de eigenaar ontstonden, verhuisde de familie Amende. Alle bewoners, ook Jan, verhuisden mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies stond hier van <strong>22 december 1938</strong> tot <strong>4 december 1940</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies stond op dit adres ingeschreven van <strong>4 december 1940</strong> tot <strong>1 juni 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij vertrok hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder, Gedurende een groot deel van het jaar <strong>1942 </strong>stond ook Dien Gendering in de woning ingeschreven. Hij woonde hier bij mevrouw Stoppelman-van der Reis. Volgens Mieps memoires woonden zij en Jan er aanvankelijk ongehuwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Volgens Mieps persoonskaart stond ze op dit adres ingeschreven vanaf haar huwelijksdag.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>1 juni 1946</strong> tot <strong>21 november 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Jans zus Fenna. Hij woonde hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder,</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>21 november 1946</strong> tot <strong>24 juni 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Ab Cauvern, waar ook Otto Frank woonde. Omdat de woning te groot was voor een gezin met één kind, moesten hij en Miep verhuizen toen Otto Frank naar Zwitserland vertrok.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>24 juni 1953</strong> tot zijn overlijden op <strong>26 januari 1993</strong>. Jan Gies vroeg op <strong>5 november 1952</strong> een woonvergunning voor de woning aan. Deze werd <strong>18 mei 1953</strong> verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Het huurcontract ging in op 1 augustus 1953. De huur bedroeg fl. 34,15 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, deel I, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1907-12-12",
"date_end": "1993-01-26",
"summary": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies woonde bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 224,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl woont haar hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"content": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bep Voskuijl heeft tijdens haar leven op de volgende adressen in Amsterdam gewoond (met uitzondering van de twee jaar dat zij in Hilversum woonde):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong> (geboorte) tot <strong>21 maart 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs, <strong>21 maart 1921</strong> tot <strong>4 maart 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 maart 1924</strong> tot <strong>2 juli 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 juli 1926</strong> tot <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, vanaf <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>12 mei 1933</strong> tot <strong>23 juli 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 juli 1941</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od31k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>6 mei 1943</strong> tot <strong>27 november 1944</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Idem, <strong>27 november 1944</strong> tot <strong>15 mei 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> (huwelijk) tot <strong>12 juni 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 juni 1948</strong> tot <strong>13 januari 1949</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs, <strong>13 januari 1949</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1983</strong> (overlijden).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Da Costakade 77-I woonde Beps tante Alida C. Sodenkamp. Zij vertrok op <strong>15 april 1943</strong> naar Eindhoven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep was toen waarschijnlijk alweer terug naar de Lumeystraat. Als deze inschrijfdata juist zijn, woonde Bep de eerste tien maanden van de onderduiktijd niet thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit zijn de adressen zoals ze uit officiële stukken naar voren zijn gekomen. Volgens zoon Ton van Wijk ging Bep na de inval in het Achterhuis van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> niet terug naar haar eigen huis, maar hield ze zich schuil in het ouderlijk huis van Cor van Wijk (haar latere echtgenoot). Cor zelf bevond zich dan in Osterode in de Harz. Het is niet duidelijk waarom en hoe ze op dat adres terecht is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od31k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In de zomer van 1942 werd de Da Costakade omgedoopt tot Goeverneurkade. Die wijziging werd ook op Beps persoonsbewijs (PB) aangetekend. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1919-07-05",
"date_end": "1983-05-06",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl heeft bijna haar hele leven in Amsterdam gewoond.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 245,
"main_image": {
"id": 1012,
"uuid": "ba1c277d-c749-4fb3-8051-97bc967558cb",
"name": "Het Achterhuis",
"title": "Omslag van Het Achterhuis",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Het_Achterhuis.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Omslag van de eerste uitgave van Het Achterhuis (1947).",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/4fea69ad-a50b-45d1-89ef-b68428864012/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/77e2d1df-a034-4a82-88b2-2a5ab0bb9471",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e68d042f-25ad-4f2b-acfd-2ecbce09290d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/42405377-f044-4d4a-a988-f085228f8455",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/4476dc09-034e-43c6-a285-42b0c098c05e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/52976d4a-96a9-4975-970f-ad4d6437ea93"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4fea69ad-a50b-45d1-89ef-b68428864012",
"name": "Het Achterhuis is published",
"name_nl": "Het Achterhuis wordt gepubliceerd",
"name_en": "Het Achterhuis is published",
"content": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series. Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation. This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> 1947.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in de Proloogreeks van uitgeverij Contact. Otto Frank noteert op die datum in zijn agenda: <em>I Boek</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>september 1945</strong> maakte Otto Frank uittreksels van het dagboek om aan vrienden en zijn familie in vertaling te kunnen laten lezen. Dit omdat hij vond dat er in het originele dagboek te veel stond wat niet voor anderen bestemd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Omstreeks <strong>november 1945</strong> besloot hij het dagboek van zijn dochter toch te publiceren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Achteraf zei hij hierover dat vrienden hem overtuigd hadden dat hij dit document niet voor zich zelf mocht houden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Maar het bleek moeilijk om een uitgever te vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaarde dat zijn vriend Werner Cahn (aan wie hij het oorspronkelijke manuscript had voorgelezen en die bij uitgeverij Querido werkte) buiten zijn medeweten typescript II naar Annie Romein-Verschoor had gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In zijn agenda van <strong>22 maart 1946</strong> noteerde Otto Frank: Werner Cahn-(Romein). <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein liet het manuscript lezen aan haar man, Jan Romein. Van zijn hand verscheen op de voorpagina van <em>Het Parool</em> van <strong>3 april 1946</strong> het artikel: <em>Kinderstem</em>. Hierna wil de Uitgeverij Contact het dagboek uitgeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Op <strong>10 september 1946</strong> stuurde Otto Frank het contract ondertekend terug naar Uitgeverij Contact. Hij had bedongen dat hij zelf de vertaal- en filmrechten behield en dat als het dagboek was uitverkocht de uitgever zich verplichtte na zes maanden een nieuwe uitgave voor te bereiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De basis voor de uitgave was het door Otto Frank samengestelde typescript II. De uitgever redigeerde deze tekst en verwijderde passages die met seksualiteit te maken hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Het voorwoord was van Annie Romein-Verschoor en niet, zoals aanvankelijk het plan was, een aangepaste versie van het <em>Parool-</em>artikel <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern heeft verklaard dat hij het slotwoord had geschreven en dat Otto Frank het had aangepast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Er verscheen een voorpublicaties van het dagboek in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste druk van het dagboek verscheen op <strong>25 juni 1947</strong> in een oplage van 3.000 exemplaren die begin <strong>juli 1947</strong> bij de uitgever waren uitverkocht.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'<em>Ja, Anne’s Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (…) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De tweede druk, in <strong>december 1947</strong>, had een oplage van 5.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Otto Frank Archief bevindt zich een namenlijst van de vrienden, bekenden, politici en hoogwaardigheidsbekleders aan wie Otto Frank een eerste druk van het dagboek toestuurde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Hij bleef zich, ook na het verschijnen van de eerste editie, actief bezighouden met de uitgave van het dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The first edition of <em>Het Achterhuis</em> <em>('The Secret Annex') </em>appeared on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in publisher Contact's <em>Proloog</em> series. Otto Frank notes on that date in his diary: "I Book".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn late <strong>September 1945</strong>, Otto Frank made excerpts from the diary for friends and his family to read in translation. This was because he felt there was too much in the original diary that was not intended for others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Around <strong>November 1945</strong>, he decided to publish his daughter's diary anyway.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In retrospect, he said about this that friends had convinced him not to keep this document for himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> But finding a publisher proved difficult.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup><br />\r\nOtto Frank stated that his friend Werner Cahn (to whom he had read the original manuscript and who worked at Querido publishers) had taken typescript II to Annie Romein-Verschoor without his knowledge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"txjww\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In his diary of <strong>22 March 1946</strong>, Otto Frank noted: "Werner Cahn-(Romein)". <sup data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annie Romein had the manuscript read by her husband, Jan Romein. He wrote the article <em>Kinderstem </em>(A Child's Voice) that appeared on the front page of <em>Het Parool</em> on <strong>3 April 1946</strong>. After this, Contact Publishers wanted to publish the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> On <strong>10 September 1946</strong>, Otto Frank sent the signed contract back to Contact Publishers. He had stipulated that he himself retained the translation and film rights and that if the diary sold out, the publisher undertook to prepare a new edition within six months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe basis for the edition was the typescript II compiled by Otto Frank. The publisher edited this text and removed passages related to sexuality. <sup data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The foreword was by Annie Romein-Verschoor and not, as initially planned, an adapted version of the <em>Parool </em>article <em>Kinderstem</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ab Cauvern later stated that he had written the epilogue and that Otto Frank had adapted it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> An advance copy of the diary appeared in <em>De Nieuwe Stem.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe first edition of the diary was published on <strong>25 June 1947</strong> in an edition of 3,000 copies, which were sold out with the publisher by early <strong>July</strong> 1947.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>'<em> Ja, Anne's Buch liegt täglich vor mir, täglich rufen Leute an, ich habe viel Korrespondenz und es halt mich mehr in Atem als das Geschäft. Es geht mir ja auch näher! (...) Der Verlag ist ausverkauft, in Geschäften ist auch schon viel Frage und in vielen die vorhandenen Exemplare weg, Nachlieferung kann ja nicht vorgenommen werden</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The second edition, in <strong>December 1947</strong>, had a print run of 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Otto Frank Archive contains a list of names of the friends, acquaintances, politicians and dignitaries to whom Otto Frank sent a first edition of the diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> He remained actively involved in publishing the diary even after the first edition was published.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cghrr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_004: Agenda Otto Frank 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3cql\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 30 september 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzwlp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_072: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"77hnc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1cd1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er was weinig belangstelling voor oorlogsliteratuur, aldus Annie Romein-Verschoor, in: <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspres, 1971, p. 109; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089: Jan Romein, notitie, 28 juli z.j. Uitgeverij Querido wees het af. Zie: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. In de wetenschappelijke editie worden ook nog Uitgeverij De Bezige Bij, Uitgeverij H. Meulenhoff en Uitgeverij de Republiek der Letteren genoemd als mogelijke uitgevers. Zie: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 78.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"txjww\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 8. Werner Cahn beweerde hetzelfde. Zie: NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Werner Cahn. Jan Romein herinnerde zich later dat Otto Frank zelf het manuscript bij zijn vrouw bracht met het verzoek te bemiddelen bij het vinden van een uitgever. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_089. Annie Romein-Verschoor herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank zelf het dagboek bij haar bracht. <em>Omzien in verwondering 2</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tj10\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n4hwi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Kees Lekkerkerker.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0dv5\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact, contract, 1 augustus 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7x0sr\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_109: Otto Frank aan Chris Blom, 6 augustus 1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4lql\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Contract; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wcev1\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, archief 257d, De dagboeken van Anne Frank, inv. no. 1i: Gespreksverslag Ab Cauvern; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact, 2 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4h9gf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Fragmenten uit het dagboek van Anne Frank, in: <em>De Nieuwe Stem. Maandblad voor Cultuur en Politiek</em>, 1 (1946) 6; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_37.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j3chr\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Uitgeverij Contact aan Otto Frank, 16 oktober 1946; AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 7 juli 1947; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fc31y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Franks Staat van inlichtingen t.b.v. naturalisatieprocedure noemt de eerste twee uitgaven van resp. 3.000 en 5.000 stuks. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie, Verbaalarchief, 1915-1955; Kabinetsarchief, 1915-1940, nummer toegang 2.09.22, inv. nr. 13402, volgnr. 2234: Staat van inlichtingen bij naturalisatie, 25 februari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi1o2\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy7f3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_090: Correspondentie van Otto Frank met Uitgeverij Contact.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1947-06-25",
"date_start": null,
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"summary": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
"summary_nl": "De eerste editie van Het Achterhuis wordt gepubliceerd door Uitgeverij Contact.",
"summary_en": "The first edition of Het Achterhuis was published by Contact Publishers.",
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"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"content": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de loop van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> verzamelden alle hoofdrolspelers van de onderduik in het Achterhuis zich in de stad: de families Frank en Van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer. Behalve de forens Kugler waren allen er ook woonachtig. Miep Gies woonde er al sinds <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sinds <strong>1923</strong> was Amsterdam de vestigingsplaats van verschillende bedrijven van Otto Frank en zijn familie. Het is de geboorteplaats van Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.</p>",
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"summary": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam had van oudsher een grote Joodse bevolkingsgroep. Tijdens de Duitse bezetting was het de stad waar vrijwel alle anti-Joodse maatregelen hun eerste toepassing vonden of het hardste aankwamen. Hoewel velen hun toevlucht op het platteland zochten, kende ook de hoofdstad een grote populatie van onderduikers.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
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"uuid": "85ddb85a-b4ad-41fb-a68c-8dce4544d624",
"name": "010016000133",
"title": "Apollohal, 1934",
"alt": "Fotograaf Paul Guermonprez. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010016000133.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": ""
},
"latitude": "52.348413",
"longitude": "4.884287",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124583,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4453e0fd-6791-44d5-ba9b-34ca31414650/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4453e0fd-6791-44d5-ba9b-34ca31414650",
"name": "Leisure activities, Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "Vrijetijdsbesteding Anne Frank",
"name_en": "Leisure activities, Anne Frank",
"description": "<h1><strong>Sports</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Anne learned to ice skate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> And on <strong>13 January 1941,</strong> she wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>A <strong>1941</strong> photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 March 1941,</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: <em>"I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Table tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1942, </strong>Anne writes<strong>:</strong> "<em>Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club</em>" .<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes the following about her hobbies: "<em>Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Writing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved to read. She got <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends')</em> from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped <em>Camera Obscura</em> for volume 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication<em> 'In Memory of Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Family trees</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne also wrote about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "<em>of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "<em>I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Greek and Roman mythology</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "<em>I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She also writes: <em>(...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne also shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944 and 8 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1><strong>Sport</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens verschillende getuigenissen was Anne lichamelijk niet erg sterk; haar ledematen raakten snel uit de kom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Toch zat ze op ritmische gymnastiek en beoefende ze verschillende andere sporten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gymnastiekclubje werd waarschijnlijk geleid door Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schaatsen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de winter van 1938-1939 leerde Anne schaatsen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>13 december 1940</strong> schreef Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> En op <strong>13 januari 1941</strong> schrijft ze:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan. Ik had tot nu toe nog altijd mijn oude schaatsen die Margot vroeger gedragen heeft, die schaatsen moeten met een sleuteltje aangeschroefd worden, en op de Kunstijsbaan hadden al mijn vriendinnetjes echte Kunstschaatsen, die met spijkers aan je schoenen vastgemaakt moeten worden, en dan gaan ze er niet meer af. Ik wou zo vreselijk graag ook zulke schaatsen hebben, en na lang zeuren, heb ik ze ook gekregen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Een foto uit <strong>1941</strong> toont Anne met andere kinderen op de schaats in het Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Deze foto kreeg Anton Witsel van de vader van het voorste meisje op de foto Ansje de Leeuw. Volgens het bijschrift van de foto woonde Ansje in de Verenigde Staten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 maart 1941</strong> schreef Anne aan haar oma: <em>Ik wou dat ik alweer met schaatsrijden beginnen kon, maar daarvoor moet ik nog een poosje geduld hebben, tot de oorlog voorbij is (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tafeltennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni 1942</strong> schrijft Anne: <em>Wij met ons vijven vormen een club genaamd de kleine Beer, minus 2 afgekort d.k.B.-2. (…) Het is een ping-pongclub</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over haar hobbies schrijft Anne het volgende: <em>Lieve Kitty, je hebt me gevraagd, wat mijn hobby's en interessen zijn en daarop wil ik je antwoorden, maar ik waarschuw je, schrik niet, want het zijn er een heleboel. In de eerste plaats: schrijven, maar dat rekent eigenlijk niet als hobby</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schrijven</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast haar overgeleverde dagboeken, verhaaltjes en brieven, heeft Anne ook gedichtjes geschreven in de poëziealbums van haar vriendinnetjes, o.a: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi en Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Lezen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne las graag. Ze kreeg van de pingpongclub voor haar dertiende verjaardag <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden</em>, maar per ongeluk gaven ze haar deel 2. Ze ruilde vervolgens de <em>Camera Obscura</em> voor deel 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze boeken waren geschreven door Josef Cohen. Deel 2 bevindt zich in de museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deel 1 gaf Anne kort voor het onderduiken aan buurmeisje Toosje Kupers, die het nog steeds in bezit heeft. Voorin staat in Annes handschrift de opdracht '<em>Ter Herinnering aan Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Stambomen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde zijn dochters tijdens de onderduik over de familiegeschiedenis en over individuele familieleden. Anne maakte op basis daarvan stambomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne schrijft hier ook over in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Deze stambomen zijn niet bewaard gebleven: De stambomen die Anne op grote vellen papier had getekend zijn ook niet gevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne maakte ook stambomen van diverse Europese vorstenhuizen: <em>Van de Franse, Duitse, Spaanse, Engelse, Oostenrijkse, Russische, Noordse en Nederlandse vorstenfamilies ben ik in alle kranten, boeken en papieren naar stambomen aan 't zoeken. Met vele ben ik al erg ver gevorderd, temeer daar ik allang uit al de biografieën of geschiedenisboeken, die ik lees, aantekeningen maak</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze haalde hiervoor veel informatie uit de biografie van Karel V.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> toen er kort daarna een bloemenvaas omviel, stroomde het water over haar stambomen. De schade bleek uiteindelijk echter beperkt. Aantekeningen over Maria de Medici’, Karel V, Willem van Oranje en Marie Antoinette moesten op zolder worden gedroogd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Geschiedenis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg van haar vader veel geschiedenisboeken. Ze kon niet wachten tot ze naar de Openbare Bibliotheek kon gaan om daar verder te lezen. Ze voelde ook veel voor kunstgeschiedenis. Ze schrijft daarover: <em>Ik zou graag een jaar naar Parijs en een jaar naar Londen om de taal te leren en kunstgeschiedenis te studeren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Ze deelde deze belangstelling met haar vader.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Waar een schoolmeisje in één dag al niet van hoort, neem mij nu eens. Eerst vertaalde ik van Hollands in Engels een stuk van Nelson's laatste slag. Daarna nam ik het vervolg van de Noordse oorlog door (1700-1721), van Peter de Grote, Karel XII, Augustus de Sterke, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Voor-Pommeren, Achter-Pommeren en Denemarken + de gebruikelijke jaartallen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne las de biografie van Galileï uit, omdat het terug moest naar de bibliotheek. Ze was er de vorige dag in begonnen. De volgende week kwam deel 2.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Griekse en Romeinse mythologie</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft drie dagen na haar dertiende verjaardag: <em>Nu krijg ik nog Mythen van Griekenland en Rome van mijn eigen geld</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Ook schrijft ze: <em>(...) hier heb ik verscheidene boeken over. De 9 muzen of 7 liefjes van Zeus kan ik je zo opnoemen. De vrouwen van Heracles enz. enz. ken ik op m'n duimpje.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ook deze belangstelling deelde Anne met haar vader.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg ongeveer in het najaar van 1941 een zwarte poes, die de naam Moortje kreeg.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944 en 8 mei 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 juni 1942, in:<em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Sports</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>According to several accounts, Anne was not very strong physically; her limbs dislocated easily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Nevertheless, she took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practised several other sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The gymnastics club was probably led by Hedda Eisenstaedt.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the winter of <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Anne learned to ice skate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she was going ice skating at the artificial ice rink at the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> And on <strong>13 January 1941,</strong> she wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'I spend every free minute at the ice rink. Until now, I still had my old skates that Margot used to wear, those skates have to be screwed on with a little key, and at the ice rink, all my friends had real Figure Skates, which have to be attached to your shoes with nails, and then they don't come off. I wanted so terribly to have such skates too, and after long nagging, I got them too.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vit19\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>A <strong>1941</strong> photo shows Anne with other children ice skating in Vondelpark.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anton Witsel received this photo from the father of the frontmost girl in the picture Ansje de Leeuw. According to the caption of the photo, Ansje lived in the United States.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 March 1941,</strong> Anne wrote to her grandmother: <em>"I wish I could start ice skating again, but for that I have to be patient for a while, until the war is over (...).</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Table tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1942, </strong>Anne writes<strong>:</strong> "<em>Five of us girls have formed a club. It's called The Little Dipper Minus Two. (...) It's a ping-pong club</em>" .<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hobbies</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes the following about her hobbies: "<em>Dear Kitty, You asked me what my hobbies and interests are and I'd like to answer, but I'd better warn you, I have lots of them, so don't be surprised</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Writing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to her surviving diaries, stories and letters, Anne also wrote poems in the poetry albums of her friends, including: Mary Bos, Juultje Ketellapper, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie Amelsbeek, Henny Scheerder, Eva Goldberg, Kitty Egyedi and Jacqueline van Maarsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved to read. She got <em>Nederlandsche sagen en legenden ('Dutch Sagas and Legends')</em> from the ping-pong club for her thirteenth birthday, but by mistake they gave her volume 2. She then swapped <em>Camera Obscura</em> for volume 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These books had been written by Josef Cohen. Volume 2 is in the museum collection of the Anne Frank House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volume 1 was given by Anne shortly before going into hiding to neighbour Toosje Kupers, who still owns it. At the front, Anne's handwriting bears the dedication<em> 'In Memory of Anne Frank'</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Family trees</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank told his daughters about family history and individual relatives while in hiding. Anne made family trees based on these.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne also wrote about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> These family trees have not been preserved. The family trees Anne had drawn on large sheets of paper have also not been found.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also made family trees of several European royal houses: "<em>of the French, German, Spanish, English, Austrian, Russian, Norwegian and Dutch royal families. I've made great progress with many of them, because for a long time I've been taking notes while reading biographies or history books"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She drew a lot of information for this from Charles V's biography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> When a vase of flowers fell over shortly afterwards, water poured over her family trees. However, the damage proved limited in the end. Notes on Maria de Medici', Charles V, William of Orange and Marie Antoinette had to be dried in the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>History</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was given many history books by her father. She could not wait to go to the Public Library to continue reading. She also felt strongly about art history. She writes about it: "<em>I'd like to spend a year in Paris and London learning the language and studying art history"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> She shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'The things a schoolgirl has to do in the course of a single day! Take me, for example. First I translated a passage on Nelson's last battle from Dutch into English. Then I read more about the Great Northern War (1700-1721) involving Peter the Great, Charles XII, Augustus the Strong, Stanislaus Lescinsky, Mazeppa, Von Görz, Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania and Denmark, plus the usual dates.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne read the biography of Galileo to the end because it had to go back to the library. She had started it the previous day. Part 2 came the next week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"do13y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Greek and Roman mythology</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne writes three days after her 13th birthday: "<em>I will still get Myths of Greece and Rome, paid for with my own money"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She also writes: <em>(...) I have various books on this subject too. I can name the nine Muses and the seven loves of Zeus. I have the wives of Heracles, etc., etc., down pat"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne also shared this interest with her father.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne got a black cat, named Moortje, about the autumn of 1941.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kvn9l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab, transcriptie interview 18 oktober 2006, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ulb1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 2; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hisxb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-8: Anne Frank aan Stephan Elias, december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sdvhi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vit19\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18-01: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en familie Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6wja5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vrije Volk</em>, 1 april 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mfym1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF-corr18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 22 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tzee\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jqegf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7el6r\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank in poëzie-album van Mary Bos, 5 maart 1938 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_017); in album van Juultje Ketellapper (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_018; in album van Dinie Amelsbeek (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_I_019); in album van Bep Groot Batavé.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xvs02\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code B_Achterhuis_VII_067.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ffyp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 26 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eg5yr\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47yjl\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_263: Otto Frank aan René Willemsen, 6 juni 1974.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"do13y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytjym\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlecw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944 and 8 May 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbetl\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1iv4\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 June 1942, in:<em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practiced several other sports. Her other hobbies were reading and writing.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat ze op ritmische gymnastiek en beoefende verschillende andere sporten. Andere hobbies van haar waren lezen en schrijven.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank took part in rhythmic gymnastics and practiced several other sports. Her other hobbies were reading and writing.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/00b422b7-7011-4acb-bee7-0af3199cd124",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2ce70ffc-474f-4743-a9a8-dd4ed4e59c77"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/2e5f78fd-1234-4a2c-ae52-c5853ff4cda4/",
"published": true,
"name": "Apollohal (Apollo Hall)",
"name_nl": "Apollohal",
"name_en": "Apollohal (Apollo Hall)",
"uuid": "2e5f78fd-1234-4a2c-ae52-c5853ff4cda4",
"content": "<p>The building opened in <strong>1933</strong> and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Political meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on <strong>19 September 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>, and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940</strong>, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until <strong>1949 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>13 January 1941</strong>, she wrote: "<em>I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/indexen/item_132159/@99857/apollohal/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/indexen/item_132159/@99857/apollohal/</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het gebouw dateert van <strong>1933</strong> en werd jarenlang gebruikt voor tentoonstellingen, sportevenementen en vergaderingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Politieke bijeenkomsten waren er van allerlei soort. Naar aanleiding van de Neurenberger wetten hield het Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen op <strong>19 september 1935</strong> een protestvergadering in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De zaal bood ook onderdak aan de NSB na de verloren verkiezingen van <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> en aan ‘Eenheid door Democratie’ met W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940 </strong>werd de installatie van de ‘N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan’ aan de Linnaeusstraat overgezet naar de Apollohal, en bleef daar tot <strong>1949 </strong>in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 december 1940</strong> schrijft Anne aan haar oma dat ze gaat schaatsen op de Kunstijsbaan in de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Op <strong>13 januari 1941</strong> schrijft ze: '<em>Ik ben elk vrij minuutje op de Kunstijsbaan.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/indexen/item_132159/@99857/apollohal/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/indexen/item_132159/@99857/apollohal/</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The building opened in <strong>1933</strong> and was used for exhibitions, sporting events and meetings for many years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my3js\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Political meetings of all kinds were held there. Following the Nuremberg Laws, the Committee for Special Jewish Interests held a protest meeting in the Apollo Hall on <strong>19 September 1935</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The hall also hosted the NSB party after the lost elections of <strong>1937</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>, and 'Unity through Democracy' with W. Schermerhorn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1940</strong>, the ice rink of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan' at Linnaeusstraat was transferred to the Apollo Hall, and remained in use there until <strong>1949 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1940</strong>, Anne wrote to her grandmother that she goes skating at the Ice Rink in the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crda7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> On <strong>13 January 1941</strong>, she wrote: "<em>I spend every free minute at the Ice Rink."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"523p1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my3js\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/indexen/item_132159/@99857/apollohal/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/indexen/item_132159/@99857/apollohal/</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pa01\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De ontrechting der Joden in Duitschland”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 19 september 1935, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x7w5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De heer Mussert aan het woord”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 28 mei 1937, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fyjj5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Eenheid door Democratie houdt propagandavergadering”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 november 1938, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yctjw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, 'Bevroren borstplaat', in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crda7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 december 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"523p1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern en Stephan Elias, 13 januari 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"name": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
"name_nl": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
"name_en": "Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V.",
"uuid": "e81eeb71-37e6-4299-9a32-d4d419af2117",
"content": "<p>Arc's Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was located at Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This number also appeared with the addition 'Arc' in Otto Frank's <strong>1937</strong> diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's had been founded <strong>in the late 1920s</strong>. Precisely because the business world was in great trouble during those years, the agency was able to thrive: advertisers were quicker to adopt a new approach.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, Opekta combined an advertising campaign with a promotion in the newspaper <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Anyone who came in person to the newspaper's counters to submit a 'Speurder' classified advert costing at least a guilder, published between <strong>28 June</strong> and <strong>4 July</strong> that year, received an Opekta preserving package free of charge. These packages had been made available by the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. The advertisement announcing this had Arc's company's logo in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau. De ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, dissertatie Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Arc’s Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was gevestigd op Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telefoon 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit nummer stond ook met de toevoeging 'Arc' in Otto Franks agenda van <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's was <strong>eind jaren twintig</strong> van de vorige eeuw opgericht. Juist doordat het bedrijfsleven in die jaren grote problemen had, kon het bureau goed gedijen: adverteerders waren sneller geneigd een nieuwe aanpak te kiezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van <strong>1936</strong> combineerde Opekta een reclamecampagne met een actie van <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Wie persoonlijk aan de loketten van de krant een 'Speurder' ter waarde van minstens een gulden kwam opgeven, verschenen tussen <strong>28 juni</strong> en <strong>4 juli</strong> van dat jaar, kreeg gratis een Opekta-inmaakpakket. Deze pakketten waren door de Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. beschikbaar gesteld. De advertentie die dit aankondigde, had in de marge het beeldmerk van de firma Arc's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau. De ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, dissertatie Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Arc's Advertentie- en Uitgeversbedrijf N.V. was located at Damrak 19-22, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 44462.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iic19\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This number also appeared with the addition 'Arc' in Otto Frank's <strong>1937</strong> diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Arc's had been founded <strong>in the late 1920s</strong>. Precisely because the business world was in great trouble during those years, the agency was able to thrive: advertisers were quicker to adopt a new approach.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, Opekta combined an advertising campaign with a promotion in the newspaper <em>De Telegraaf. </em>Anyone who came in person to the newspaper's counters to submit a 'Speurder' classified advert costing at least a guilder, published between <strong>28 June</strong> and <strong>4 July</strong> that year, received an Opekta preserving package free of charge. These packages had been made available by the Nederlandsche Opekta Mij. The advertisement announcing this had Arc's company's logo in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iic19\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw4di\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_001: Agenda Otto Frank 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2nij\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>R.P.M. van Rossum, <em>Van advertentiekruier tot reclameadviesbureau. De ontwikkeling in Nederland, de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, dissertatie Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2012, p. 244.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2msa\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie "Surpriseweek", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was an advertising agency that handled a campaign for Opekta.",
"summary_nl": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was een reclamebureau dat een campagne voor Opekta verzorgde.",
"summary_en": "Arc's (Aronson en Compagnons) was an advertising agency that handled a campaign for Opekta.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/82488322-afe2-47a1-89b8-e4399ad32cb8/",
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"name": "Hermine Santrouschitz goes to school in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Hermine Santrouschitz gaat naar school in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Hermine Santrouschitz goes to school in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, better known as Miep Gies, went to the <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4 ('Public primary School, 2de class, for boys and girls')</em>, at Maresingel in Leiden from <strong>1920 </strong>to <strong>1924</strong>. The school was probably situated on the corner of Maresingel and Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was demolished in the early 1990s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After the Nieuwenburg family moved to Amsterdam, Miep briefly went to the Boumanschool. The Boumanschool was on the corner of Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The building is still there and now has number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It currently (2010) houses the Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A report for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> was preserved. Given the date of the family's move, Miep switched to this school in the <strong>middle of May</strong>. This is the 'Report on Hermine Santrouschitz' for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> of the Boumanschool, public school for extended primary education 1st class, Rustenburgerstraat 164. The report was drawn up on<strong> 29 July 1924</strong> and concerns the sixth year. The scale is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reading 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Writing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Arithmatic 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>History 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Drawing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastics 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handicrafts 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Behaviour 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Diligence 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Teacher C.E. ten Cate noted: 'Goes without exam to the 4-year U.L.O.' A mistake or a misunderstanding, because Miep went to the 3-year ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to her foster parents, Miep went from the Boumanschool to the 3-year MULO on Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This was the Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, incidentally a 4-year ULO, with L.M.C. Brugman as its principal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Miep's foster parents used the term MULO, from the 1857 Education Act, which had officially been changed to ULO in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, beter bekend als Miep Gies, zat in de jaren <strong>1920-1924</strong> op de <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4</em> aan de Maresingel in Leiden. Waarschijnlijk stond deze school op de hoek van de Maresingel en de Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit gebouw is begin jaren negentig afgebroken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na de verhuizing van de familie Nieuwenburg naar Amsterdam ging Miep kort naar de Boumanschool. De Boumanschool stond op de hoek van de Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het gebouw is er nog en heeft nu nummer 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het huisvest momenteel (2010) het Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een rapport voor het schooljaar <strong>1923-1924</strong> bewaard gebleven. Gezien de datum van de verhuizing heeft zij de school pas vanaf <strong>half mei</strong> bezocht. Dit is het <em>Verslag aangaande Hermine Santrouschitz</em> voor het schooljaar <strong>1923-1924</strong> van de <em>Boumanschool, openbare school voor uitgebreid lager onderwijs 1ste klasse</em>, Rustenburgerstraat 164. Het rapport is opgemaakt op <strong>29 juli 1924</strong> en betreft de zesde klas. De schaal is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lezen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Schrijven 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Rekenen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Nederlandsch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Geschiedenis 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Aardrijkskunde 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Tekenen 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastiek 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handwerken 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Gedrag 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Vlijt 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Onderwijzeres C.E. ten Cate tekende aan: '<em>Gaat zonder examen naar 4j. U.L.O.'</em> Een vergissing of een misverstand, want Miep ging naar de 3-jarige ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens haar pleegouders ging Miep van de Boumanschool naar de 3-jarige MULO aan de Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Daar was de Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, overigens een 4-jarige ULO, met als schoolhoofd L.M.C. Brugman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De pleegouders gebruikten de term MULO, die afkomstig is uit de Onderwijswet van 1857, maar die in <strong>1920</strong> officieel is veranderd in ULO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Hermine Santrouschitz, better known as Miep Gies, went to the <em>Openbare Lagere School IIe Klasse voor Jongens & Meisjes No. 4 ('Public primary School, 2de class, for boys and girls')</em>, at Maresingel in Leiden from <strong>1920 </strong>to <strong>1924</strong>. The school was probably situated on the corner of Maresingel and Marnixstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The building was demolished in the early 1990s.<sup data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After the Nieuwenburg family moved to Amsterdam, Miep briefly went to the Boumanschool. The Boumanschool was on the corner of Hendrik de Keijserstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The building is still there and now has number 246.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It currently (2010) houses the Lycée Vincent van Gogh.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A report for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> was preserved. Given the date of the family's move, Miep switched to this school in the <strong>middle of May</strong>. This is the 'Report on Hermine Santrouschitz' for the school year <strong>1923-1924</strong> of the Boumanschool, public school for extended primary education 1st class, Rustenburgerstraat 164. The report was drawn up on<strong> 29 July 1924</strong> and concerns the sixth year. The scale is 1-5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"maild\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reading 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Writing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Arithmatic 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>History 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Drawing 4</li>\r\n\t<li>Gymnastics 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Handicrafts 3½</li>\r\n\t<li>Behaviour 5</li>\r\n\t<li>Diligence 5</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Teacher C.E. ten Cate noted: 'Goes without exam to the 4-year U.L.O.' A mistake or a misunderstanding, because Miep went to the 3-year ULO.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to her foster parents, Miep went from the Boumanschool to the 3-year MULO on Mauritskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This was the Thérèse Schwartzeschool, Mauritskade 24, incidentally a 4-year ULO, with L.M.C. Brugman as its principal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Miep's foster parents used the term MULO, from the 1857 Education Act, which had officially been changed to ULO in <strong>1920</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8l6qx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"duoq6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Lida Jansen, 16 maart 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3bc7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 308: Woningkaart Rustenburgerstraat 164. Jaren later is de school verhuisd naar de hoek Verbindingsstraat-Van Ostadestraat. Dit pand is, zoals op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief blijkt, inmiddels afgebroken.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3w7kf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bron: Google Streetview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pp35h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"https://lfvvg.com/\" target=\"_blank\">https://lfvvg.com/</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"maild\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_031: Rapport van Hermine Santrouschitz schooljaar 1923/24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7t0iy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_018: Verklaring Nieuwenburg-Moene inzake naturalisatie, 8 juni 1939. Zij noemden in deze verklaring de Boumanschool niet. Volgens dezelfde verklaring ging Miep na deze school werken bij Schellekens. Dat betekent dat ze in de leeftijd van ongeveer 15 tot 18 jaar de ULO volgde. Volgens Jacques Dane van het Onderwijsmuseum kwam het wel meer voor dat leerlingen pas later naar het voortgezet onderwijs gingen. Dit kon zijn wegens langdurige ziekte of om een betere positie op de arbeidsmarkt te krijgen (e-mail 2 september 2010).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2xtkj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em>, 71ste jaargang 1924-1925, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms &amp; Co., p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bcnu\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: <a href=\"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer_uitgebreid_lager_onderwijs</a> (geraadpleegd 5 september 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1924-07-29",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After moving to Amsterdam, Hermine switched to a school there.",
"summary_nl": "Na de verhuizing naar Amsterdam vervolgde Hermine daar haar schoolcarrière.",
"summary_en": "After moving to Amsterdam, Hermine switched to a school there.",
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],
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"published": true,
"uuid": "bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762",
"name": "Schools",
"name_nl": "Scholen",
"name_en": "Schools",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"summary_nl": "Scholen zijn instellingen waar onderwijs gegeven wordt.",
"summary_en": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2390"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/c22d7f02-9e97-4dc3-a7cf-388ac0bcd8de/",
"published": true,
"name": "Boumanschool",
"name_nl": "Boumanschool",
"name_en": "Boumanschool",
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"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89774 52.35255)",
"summary": "Miep Gies attended the Boumanschool after moving to Amsterdam with her foster parents. \r\nThe building still exists and is now number 246.",
"summary_nl": "Miep Gies ging na haar verhuizing met haar pleegouders naar Amsterdam naar de Boumanschool. \r\nHet gebouw bestaat nog en heeft nu nummer 246.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Miep Gies attended the Boumanschool after moving to Amsterdam with her foster parents. \r\nThe building still exists and is now number 246.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Rustenburgerstraat 164",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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205
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"uuid": "5765e71f-6157-4ac1-b4d0-2f9733235768",
"name": "012_008",
"title": "Uitzicht vanuit Prinsengracht 263 op de brug over de Bloemgracht, 1954",
"alt": "Maria Austria. Maria Austria Instituut Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/012_008_brug_over_bloemgracht.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "In copyright (rechten derden)"
},
"latitude": "52.37523",
"longitude": "4.883286",
"events": [
{
"id": 163,
"main_image": {
"id": 1060,
"uuid": "60834823-1faa-4d3f-a84f-e1563fb27687",
"name": "B_Diversen_B_009",
"title": "Brug over Bloemgracht bij Prinsengracht",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NL_AsdAFS_MCAF_B-Diversen-I_0009_0001.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/34bdfcf8-0991-4cdb-adff-8daf1d7b429e/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/7308791d-5bce-455d-9f37-a512450e8951"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f2004ab1-f62f-43c5-9864-18eea838d81e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/bb316e57-dfee-461d-9042-d2afff20bd52"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe",
"published": true,
"uuid": "34bdfcf8-0991-4cdb-adff-8daf1d7b429e",
"name": "Jan Gies witnessed the arrest",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies was getuige van de arrestatie",
"name_en": "Jan Gies witnessed the arrest",
"content": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arrived at the Opekta office as he did every day around noon for lunch, but his wife Miep Gies sent him away again immediately. He was able to escape unhindered, and he also stated that he did not see any SD officers. He returned to his office on Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There he considered his options and decided to inform Kleiman's brother, who worked at Paauwe's firm on Bloemgracht. Together, from the bridge at Prinsengracht, they watched the rest of what happened. He saw a dark-coloured van parked in front of the building, which apparently had not been there before. He believed this was an Amsterdam police detention van, and in any case not a German vehicle.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arriveerde zoals elke dag rond twaalf uur op het kantoor van Opekta voor het middageten, maar zijn vrouw Miep Gies stuurde hem direct weer weg. Hij kon ongehinderd ontkomen, en hij verklaarde ook geen SD’ers te hebben gezien. Hij keerde terug naar zijn kantoor aan de Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daar overlegde hij met zichzelf wat te doen en besloot Kleimans broer in te lichten, die bij de firma Paauwe aan de Bloemgracht werkte. Samen sloegen ze vanaf de brug bij de Prinsengracht het verdere verloop gade. Hij zag een donkerkleurige bestelwagen voor het pand geparkeerd staan, die er blijkbaar eerder nog niet was. Hij meende dat dit een arrestantenwagen van de Amsterdamse politie was, en in ieder geval geen Duits voertuig.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Jan Gies arrived at the Opekta office as he did every day around noon for lunch, but his wife Miep Gies sent him away again immediately. He was able to escape unhindered, and he also stated that he did not see any SD officers. He returned to his office on Marnixstraat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>There he considered his options and decided to inform Kleiman's brother, who worked at Paauwe's firm on Bloemgracht. Together, from the bridge at Prinsengracht, they watched the rest of what happened. He saw a dark-coloured van parked in front of the building, which apparently had not been there before. He believed this was an Amsterdam police detention van, and in any case not a German vehicle.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After Jan Gies heard that the SD was at Opekta, he and Johannes Kleiman's brother tried to see what was happening from across the canal. They saw the people in hiding and the helpers put into a van for detainees and driven away.",
"summary_nl": "Nadat Jan Gies had gehoord dat de SD bij Opekta was, probeerde hij met de broer van Johannes Kleiman vanaf de overkant van de gracht te zien wat er gebeurde. Ze zagen de onderduikers en helpers in een arrestantenwagen stappen en wegrijden.",
"summary_en": "After Jan Gies heard that the SD was at Opekta, he and Johannes Kleiman's brother tried to see what was happening from across the canal. They saw the people in hiding and the helpers put into a van for detainees and driven away.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
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"related_locations": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe/",
"published": true,
"name": "The bridge over Bloemgracht Canal",
"name_nl": "Brug over de Bloemgracht",
"name_en": "The bridge over Bloemgracht Canal",
"uuid": "36c258e4-4437-4030-ae0b-09f4c4906dfe",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.883286 52.37523)",
"summary": "Here, Jan Gies witnessed the arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Hier was Jan Gies getuige van de arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Here, Jan Gies witnessed the arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
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163
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{
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"main_image": {
"id": 894,
"uuid": "cae8edf4-6b9c-4b71-9529-83ff77b7a145",
"name": "Evelyne Werthauer bij de trein naar Parijs.",
"title": "Evelyne Werthauer met andere actrice en producent Boekman bij de trein naar Parijs.",
"alt": "www.delpher.nl",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/MMKB08_000077079_mpeg21_p012_crop.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Collectie: Delpher. Foto in Delftsche Courant.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a8e37765-f8fa-4342-b44c-1fe381f7d7a3/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23",
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],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a8e37765-f8fa-4342-b44c-1fe381f7d7a3",
"name": "Evelina Werthauer goes to France",
"name_nl": "Evelina Werthauer naar Frankrijk",
"name_en": "Evelina Werthauer goes to France",
"content": "<p>She made the trip accompanied by Dutch film producer Hans Boekman, brother of the Amsterdam alderman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The film was a Dutch parallel production to the French version <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. The main roles were played by Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer and Elias van Praag, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several newspapers paid attention to the departure on their photo pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ze maakte de reis onder begeleiding van de Nederlandse filmproducent Hans Boekman, broer van de Amsterdamse wethouder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De film was een Nederlandse parallelproductie bij het maken van de Franse versie <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. De belangrijkere rollen werden onder meer vertolkt door Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer en Elias van Praag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Verschillende kranten besteedden aandacht aan het vertrek op hun fotopagina.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She made the trip accompanied by Dutch film producer Hans Boekman, brother of the Amsterdam alderman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The film was a Dutch parallel production to the French version <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. The main roles were played by Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer and Elias van Praag, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several newspapers paid attention to the departure on their photo pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1936-09-01",
"date_end": "1936-09-04",
"summary": "In early September 1936, Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer went to France to play a small role in the film 'De man zonder hart' (The Man Without a Heart).",
"summary_nl": "Begin september 1936 ging Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer naar Frankrijk om een klein rolletje te spelen in de film 'De man zonder hart'.",
"summary_en": "In early September 1936, Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer went to France to play a small role in the film 'De man zonder hart' (The Man Without a Heart).",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 17,
"main_image": {
"id": 1118,
"uuid": "d66689ed-96f7-4b68-868f-103a3177d8d8",
"name": "NIOD 249 0361B-9",
"title": "Verzamelrekening Gemeentetram, 4 september 1944.",
"alt": "NIOD, archief Dossier Joden - deportatie.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NIOD_249_0361B-9_dtVNYYS.PNG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De verzamelrekening vermeldt ook het vervoer naar het CS op 8 augustus 1944.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b35635f3-1f4b-4cd5-a057-c1ea531d377c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c0f73633-fd5b-42ff-8894-faef073cc6e2"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0855fb95-33ad-4cc8-a549-21853833eff5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b35635f3-1f4b-4cd5-a057-c1ea531d377c",
"name": "Deportation to Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Op transport naar Westerbork",
"name_en": "Deportation to Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On Tuesday <strong>8 August 1944 </strong>, Anne Frank, along with her parents, sister and the other people in hiding, were put on a transport from the Detention Centre on Weteringschans in Amsterdam to the Westerbork transit camp. The prisoners left under police guard by tram to Central Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kok16\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was number seventeen on the 'S' list <em>-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2go8e\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was a criminal transport - as arrested Jews who had been in hiding, the eight people from the Secret Annex were punishment ('S') cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They went to Westerbork in a normal train. On either side were compartments that were locked, and there was surveillance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The weather was also nice that day. The sun was shining and a breeze was blowing from the northwest; it was about 19<strong>°</strong>C.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3wxd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote that during the train ride he was mainly worried about Viktor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, who had also been arrested. Other than that, the mood was relatively good. Otto wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"We were together again and had got some food for the journey. We knew where we were going, but still it was like we were travelling together one more time, like we were on a journey, and actually we were excited [...], at least if I compare this trip to our next one."<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The journey from Amsterdam to Westerbork took five to six hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The route ran from Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle and Meppel to Hooghalen, from where the train entered Camp Westerbork via a branch line.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kok16\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2go8e\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Omdat Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voorkomt, maar volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd is op 20 juli 1944, ontbreekt hiervoor op dit moment een bron: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3wxd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\" target=\"_blank\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op dinsdag <strong>8 augustus 1944 </strong>ging Anne Frank samen met haar ouders, zusje en de andere onderduikers vanuit het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans in Amsterdam op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork. De gevangenen vertrokken onder politiebewaking met de tram naar het Centraal Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8cb3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was nummer zeventien op de lijst <em>"S"-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2go8e\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het ging hier om een zogeheten straftransport. Als opgepakte ondergedoken Joden waren de acht onderduikers namelijk zogenaamde strafgevallen ('S').</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers gingen in een normale trein naar Westerbork. Aan weerszijden waren coupés die werden afgesloten, en er was bewaking aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook het weer was mooi die dag. De zon scheen en een zwakke wind waaide vanuit het noordwesten, het was ongeveer negentien graden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3wxd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef dat hij zich tijdens de treinrit vooral zorgen maakte over Viktor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, die immers ook waren opgepakt. Verder was de stemming relatief goed. Otto schreef:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘We waren weer samen en hadden wat eten voor onderweg gekregen. We wisten waar we heengingen, maar toch was het alsof we nog eenmaal samen op reis waren, alsof we op reis waren, en eigenlijk waren we opgewekt […], tenminste als ik deze reis vergelijk met onze volgende.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De reis van Amsterdam naar Westerbork duurde vijf tot zes uur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het traject liep van Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle en Meppel naar Hooghalen, vanwaar de trein via een aftakking kamp Westerbork binnenreed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8cb3l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2go8e\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Omdat Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voorkomt, maar volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd is op 20 juli 1944, ontbreekt hiervoor op dit moment een bron: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3wxd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\" target=\"_blank\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On Tuesday <strong>8 August 1944 </strong>, Anne Frank, along with her parents, sister and the other people in hiding, were put on a transport from the Detention Centre on Weteringschans in Amsterdam to the Westerbork transit camp. The prisoners left under police guard by tram to Central Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kok16\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was number seventeen on the 'S' list <em>-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2go8e\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was a criminal transport - as arrested Jews who had been in hiding, the eight people from the Secret Annex were punishment ('S') cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They went to Westerbork in a normal train. On either side were compartments that were locked, and there was surveillance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The weather was also nice that day. The sun was shining and a breeze was blowing from the northwest; it was about 19<strong>°</strong>C.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3wxd\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote that during the train ride he was mainly worried about Viktor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, who had also been arrested. Other than that, the mood was relatively good. Otto wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"We were together again and had got some food for the journey. We knew where we were going, but still it was like we were travelling together one more time, like we were on a journey, and actually we were excited [...], at least if I compare this trip to our next one."<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The journey from Amsterdam to Westerbork took five to six hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The route ran from Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle and Meppel to Hooghalen, from where the train entered Camp Westerbork via a branch line.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kok16\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2go8e\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Omdat Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voorkomt, maar volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd is op 20 juli 1944, ontbreekt hiervoor op dit moment een bron: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3wxd\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\" target=\"_blank\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On Tuesday 8 August 1944, the eight people in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp.",
"summary_nl": "Op dinsdag 8 augustus 1944 gingen de acht onderduikers op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork.",
"summary_en": "On Tuesday 8 August 1944, the eight people in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp.",
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"published": true,
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"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0/",
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"name": "Central Station - Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Centraal Station - Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Central Station - Amsterdam",
"uuid": "63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0",
"content": "<p>After liberation, most survivors returned via Amsterdam CS. There was a special repatriation centre for registration, medical control and political control at the station.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de bevrijding keerden de meeste overlevers terug via Amsterdam CS. Hier was een speciaal repatriëringscentrum voor registratie, medische controle en politieke controle.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>After liberation, most survivors returned via Amsterdam CS. There was a special repatriation centre for registration, medical control and political control at the station.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900181 52.378494)",
"summary": "Amsterdam CS was used to deport Dutch Jews to Camp Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam CS werd gebruikt om Nederlandse Joden te deporteren naar Kamp Westerbork.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam CS was used to deport Dutch Jews to Camp Westerbork.",
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"name": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Nederlandse première van de film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1959-04-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
"summary_nl": "De Amerikaanse verfilming van 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank' beleefde zijn Nederlandse première in aanwezigheid van koningin Juliana en prinses Beatrix.",
"summary_en": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5/",
"published": true,
"name": "City Theater",
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"uuid": "058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884 52.36404)",
"summary": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
"summary_nl": "In het City Theater vond de Nederlandse première van de film 'The Diary of Anne Frank' plaats.",
"summary_en": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
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"name": "010012001054",
"title": "Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes, Reijnier Vinkeleskade 62, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
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"description": "Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes, Reijnier Vinkeleskade 62, Amsterdam.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
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"name": "A_MFrank_III_014",
"title": "Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1941",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/c35dea9b-15b2-0b39-1916-1f85f820588e.jpg",
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"description": "Klassenfoto in zwart wit van Margot Frank op het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor meisjes, genomen door een onbekende vervaardiger in Amsterdam, mei 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fd5617f2-9d79-4523-a0a3-1dc26999be11/",
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"name": "Margot Frank at the Municipal Lyceum for Girls",
"name_nl": "Margot Frank op het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes",
"name_en": "Margot Frank at the Municipal Lyceum for Girls",
"content": "<p>After primary school, Margot Frank entered the HBS of the Municipal Lyceum for Girls, Reinier Vinkeleskade 62, in Amsterdam in <strong>September 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ci4nt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot completed three grades at this school until she had to leave school due to anti-Jewish measures.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2j1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Classmates</strong><br />\r\nIn the first school year <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Margot was in class 1b with the following classmates:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Allen, Madeleine</li>\r\n\t<li>Aselt, Mehra van</li>\r\n\t<li>Bardet, Meta</li>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Bienes, Marion Martha</li>\r\n\t<li>Brugge, Hennie ten</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Doornbosch, Riet</li>\r\n\t<li>Eisenloeffel, Paula</li>\r\n\t<li>Halleman, Lotti</li>\r\n\t<li>Harting, Anna</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Klaveren, Frouk van</li>\r\n\t<li>Kuyk, Annie</li>\r\n\t<li>Lampl, Jette</li>\r\n\t<li>Ledermann, Barbara</li>\r\n\t<li>Levy, Ellen</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Rooselaar, Erna</li>\r\n\t<li>Rosenthal, Mirjam</li>\r\n\t<li>Starck, Agnia</li>\r\n\t<li>Vos, Tinie</li>\r\n\t<li>Willigen Gatsonides, Tineke van der<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6avv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the second school year <strong>1939-1940</strong>, Margot was in class 2a with the following classmates:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Bardet, Meta</li>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Dishoeck, Marijke van</li>\r\n\t<li>Ees, Annemarie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Heimans, Myrte</li>\r\n\t<li>Kohlwey, Bella</li>\r\n\t<li>Last, Hetty</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Pouw, Lies</li>\r\n\t<li>Schiltman, Mieke</li>\r\n\t<li>Schuit, Lydi</li>\r\n\t<li>Vonck, Nep</li>\r\n\t<li>Weddepohl, Fieta</li>\r\n\t<li>Zweep, Tine van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Willigen Gatsonides, Tineke van der<sup data-footnote-id=\"zah2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the third school year <strong>1940-1941</strong>, Margot was in class 3a with the following classmates:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Bie Leuveling Tjeenk, Ellen de</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Dishoeck, Marijke van</li>\r\n\t<li>Ees, Annemarie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Huiskes, Anneke</li>\r\n\t<li>Kleij, Tine ten</li>\r\n\t<li>Kohlwey, Bella</li>\r\n\t<li>Last, Hetty</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Pouw, Lies</li>\r\n\t<li>Schiltman, Mieke</li>\r\n\t<li>Schuit, Lydi</li>\r\n\t<li>Weddepohl, Fieta</li>\r\n\t<li>Zweep, Tine van der <sup data-footnote-id=\"33fux\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Reports</strong><br />\r\nMargot achieved the following marks in successive semesters during the <strong>1938-1939</strong> school year:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dutch: 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>French: 7, 5, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>German: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>History: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Mathematics: 7/8, 9/9, 9/8</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant and animal science: 7, 6, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Draw: 6, 6, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 7, 6, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Crafts: 8, 6, 8, 8 <sup data-footnote-id=\"g8idu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1939-1940</strong> school year:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Calculus: 8, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Geometry: 8, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant and animal science: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>History: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch: 8, 7, 7, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>French: 7, 6, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>High German: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>English: 7, 6, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Signature: 6, 6, 6, 6 ></li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 7, 8, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Crafts: 7, -, 8, 8 <sup data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1940-1941</strong> school year:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Calculus: 9, 8, 8, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Geometry: 8, 8, 9, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Physics: 8, 9, 8, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant and animal science: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>History: 8, 7, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography: 8, 7, 9, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch: 8, 9, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>French: 5, 7, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>High German: 9, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>English: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Commercial sciences: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Sign: 6, 6, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 8, 8, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Crafts: 9, 8, 7, 8</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>She passed 'with commendation'. <sup data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nMuch is known about the teachers at the Lyceum for Girls. Who actually taught Margot is not clear. In any case, she was taught maths by Max Euwe and, according to a classmate, was his best student in their class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bn8ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Mr P.J. van Winter taught history, English was taught by Miss M.M.C. von der Möhlen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w19o3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The school had a drama society AHDO, '<em>Als Het Doek Opgaat' </em>(When the Curtain Rises). Margot participated at least once, in <em>The Chinese Nightingale</em>, a play with pointed hats, braids and black blackout paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va7z3\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the second grade <strong>(1939-1940</strong>), Margot Frank was taught English for the first time. Miss Von der Möhlen took the initiative to get the children writing to schoolchildren abroad, and on <strong>27 April 1940</strong>, Margot wrote an English-language letter to Betty Ann Wagner in Iowa in the United States.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z9aj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was friends with Jetteke Frijda at the Girls' Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> With fellow pupils at the Lyceum, Margot was involved in sports. She was a member of Tennis Association Temminck (=Temmink) and rowed at the <em>Vereeniging tot Bevordering van de Watersport onder jongeren</em> (Association for the Promotion of Water Sports among Young People).<br />\r\n<br />\r\nA group photo was taken in front of the school entrance on <strong>8 May 1941</strong> to mark the departure of classmate Lies Pouw. The photo shows from left to right:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Front row: Annie van den Burg, Fita Weddepohl, Tine ten Kleij, Miek Schilmann, Tine van de Zweep, Bella Kohlweij</li>\r\n\t<li>Second row: Gert van Gellicum, Anneke Huiskes, Marijke van Dishoeck, Jetteke Frijda</li>\r\n\t<li>Third row: Hetty Last, Lies Pouw, Margot Frank, Lidy Schuit, Greet Bezema, Annemarie van Ees.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fourth row: Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Ellen de Bie Leuvelink Tjeenk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3lcg\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Removal</strong><br />\r\nAs a result of the anti-Jewish measures, Jewish pupils were removed from education. From <strong>9-14 July 1941,</strong> headmasters had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On <strong>10 July 1941</strong>, head teacher M.J. Freie wrote to the parents of her pupils to ontain information from them for the purpose of the declaration of Jewish pupils.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On <strong>16 July 1941</strong>, she made the declaration of all Jewish pupils of her school. The HBS 4 class included Jetteke Frijda and Margot Frank. The list contained a total of fifty-one names, two of which, for unknown reasons, had been crossed out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2ogu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 September 1941</strong>, she wrote to the parents of the Jewish students that their daughters would no longer be admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to a classmate of Margot, head teacher Freie ended her speech, in response to the removal of the Jewish pupils and teachers, with the words, <em>"Allez, travaillez".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jdd7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a <em>Book of Memories </em>in <strong>1950</strong>, the school wrote: "Poignant remains the memory of those who, first removed from the school by the coercive power of the enemy when the <em>Sol Justitiae </em>was extinguished in our country, were later driven to their deaths in concentration camps<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2f5ii\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ci4nt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 en 491.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2j1x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_069: Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 1 maart 1967, inzake 'Entschadigung'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6avv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gerrit van der Veen Scholengemeenschap en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 623, inv. nr. 307: rapportenregisters klas 1B, 1938-'39. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zah2e\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, inv. nr. 421.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33fux\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, inv. nr. 491.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8idu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_032: Rapport Margot Frank, klas 1b.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_034: Rapport Margot Frank, klas 3a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bn8ka\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bienes: Samenvatting interview Marion Bienes, 1 december 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w19o3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va7z3\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kohlweij: Herinneringen van Bella Kohlweij. Het Stadsarchief Amsterdam heeft een grote collectie glasnegatieven van toneelvoorstellingen en eindexamen klassen van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor meisjes. SAA, toegangsnummer: 623.FO.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z9aj4\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty. De originele brief (en ook de brief van Anne aan Juanita Wagner, het zusje van Betty Ann, bevinden zich in het archief van het Simon Wiesenthal Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles, Verenigde Staten. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8694\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 47.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3lcg\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_014: Klassefoto met Margot Frank op Gemeentelijk lyceum voor meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2ogu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdd7d\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief Kohlweij. Bella.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2f5ii\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>'</em><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de lagere school ging Margot Frank in <strong>september 1938</strong> naar de HBS van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes, Reinier Vinkeleskade 62, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ci4nt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot doorliep op deze school drie klassen tot ze van school af moest als gevolg van anti-joodse maatregelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2j1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Klasgenoten</strong><br />\r\nHet eerste schooljaar <strong>1938-'39</strong> zat Margot in klas 1b met de volgende klasgenoten:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Allen, Madeleine</li>\r\n\t<li>Aselt, Mehra van</li>\r\n\t<li>Bardet, Meta</li>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Bienes, Marion Martha</li>\r\n\t<li>Brugge, Hennie ten</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Doornbosch, Riet</li>\r\n\t<li>Eisenloeffel, Paula</li>\r\n\t<li>Halleman, Lotti</li>\r\n\t<li>Harting, Anna</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Klaveren, Frouk van</li>\r\n\t<li>Kuyk, Annie</li>\r\n\t<li>Lampl, Jette</li>\r\n\t<li>Ledermann, Barbara</li>\r\n\t<li>Levy, Ellen</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Rooselaar, Erna</li>\r\n\t<li>Rosenthal, Mirjam</li>\r\n\t<li>Starck, Agnia</li>\r\n\t<li>Vos, Tinie</li>\r\n\t<li>Willigen Gatsonides, Tineke van der<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6avv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het tweede schooljaar <strong>1939-'40 </strong>zat Margot in klas 2a met de volgende klasgenoten:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Bardet, Meta</li>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Dishoeck, Marijke van</li>\r\n\t<li>Ees, Annemarie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Heimans, Myrte</li>\r\n\t<li>Kohlwey, Bella</li>\r\n\t<li>Last, Hetty</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Pouw, Lies</li>\r\n\t<li>Schiltman, Mieke</li>\r\n\t<li>Schuit, Lydi</li>\r\n\t<li>Vonck, Nep</li>\r\n\t<li>Weddepohl, Fieta</li>\r\n\t<li>Zweep, Tine van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Willigen Gatsonides, Tineke van der<sup data-footnote-id=\"zah2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het derde schooljaar <strong>1940-'41 </strong>zat Margot in klas 3a met de volgende klasgenoten:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Bie Leuveling Tjeenk, Ellen de</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Dishoeck, Marijke van</li>\r\n\t<li>Ees, Annemarie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Huiskes, Anneke</li>\r\n\t<li>Kleij, Tine ten</li>\r\n\t<li>Kohlwey, Bella</li>\r\n\t<li>Last, Hetty</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Pouw, Lies</li>\r\n\t<li>Schiltman, Mieke</li>\r\n\t<li>Schuit, Lydi</li>\r\n\t<li>Weddepohl, Fieta</li>\r\n\t<li>Zweep, Tine van der <sup data-footnote-id=\"33fux\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Rapporten</strong><br />\r\nMargot behaalde in het schooljaar <strong>1938-'39</strong> in de opeenvolgende semesters de volgende cijfers:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Nederlands: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Frans: 7, 5, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>Duits: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Geschiedenis: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Aardrijkskunde: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Wiskunde: 7/8, 9/9, 9/9, 9/8</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant- en dierkunde: 7, 6, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Tekenen: 6, 6, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 7, 6, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Handwerken: 8, 6, 8, 8 <sup data-footnote-id=\"g8idu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In het schooljaar <strong>1939-'40</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stelkunde: 8, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Meetkunde: 8, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant- en dierkunde: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Geschiedenis: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Aardrijkskunde: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Nederlands: 8, 7, 7, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Frans: 7, 6, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Hoogduits: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Engels: 7, 6, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Handtekenen: 6, 6, 6, 6 ></li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 7, 8, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Handwerken: 7, -, 8, 8 <sup data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In het schooljaar <strong>1940-'41</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stelkunde: 9, 8, 8, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Meetkunde: 8, 8, 9, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Natuurkunde: 8, 9, 8, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant- en dierkunde: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Geschiedenis: 8, 7, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Aardrijkskunde: 8, 7, 9, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Nederlands: 8, 9, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Frans: 5, 7, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Hoogduits: 9, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Engels: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Handelswetenschappen: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Handtekenen: 6, 6, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 8, 8, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Handwerken: 9, 8, 7, 8</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze werd bevorderd <em>met lof</em>. <sup data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nEr is veel bekend over de leerkrachten van het Lyceum voor Meisjes. Van wie Margot daadwerkelijk les kreeg is niet duidelijk. In ieder geval had ze wiskunde van Max Euwe en was ze, volgens een klasgenote, in hun klas zijn beste leerling.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bn8ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Meneer P.J. van Winter gaf geschiedenis, Engels werd gegeven door juffrouw M.M.C. von der Möhlen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w19o3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De school had een toneelvereniging AHDO, <em>Als Het Doek Opgaat</em>. Margot speelde minstens een keer mee, in <em>De Chinese nachtegaal</em>, een stuk met punthoeden, vlechten en zwart verduisteringspapier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va7z3\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn de tweede klas (<strong>1939-1940</strong>) kreeg Margot Frank voor het eerst Engels. Juffrouw Von der Möhlen, nam het initiatief om met scholieren in het buitenland te gaan schrijven. Op <strong>27 april 1940</strong> schreef Margot een Engelstalige brief aan Betty Ann Wagner in Iowa in de Verenigde Staten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z9aj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was op het meisjeslyceum bevriend met Jetteke Frijda.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Met medeleerlingen van het Lyceum deed Margot aan sport. Ze was lid van Tennisvereniging Temminck (=Temmink) en roeide bij de <em>Vereeniging tot Bevordering van de Watersport onder Jongeren.</em><br />\r\n<br />\r\nEr is op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> voor de ingang van de school een groepsfoto gemaakt ter gelegenheid van het vertrek van klasgenote Lies Pouw. Op de foto staan van links naar rechts:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eerste rij: Annie van den Burg, Fita Weddepohl, Tine ten Kleij, Miek Schilmann, Tine van de Zweep, Bella Kohlweij</li>\r\n\t<li>Tweede rij: Gert van Gellicum, Anneke Huiskes, Marijke van Dishoeck, Jetteke Frijda</li>\r\n\t<li>Derde rij: Hetty Last, Lies Pouw, Margot Frank, Lidy Schuit, Greet Bezema, Annemarie van Ees.</li>\r\n\t<li>Vierde rij: Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Ellen de Bie Leuvelink Tjeenk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3lcg\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Verwijdering</strong><br />\r\nAls gevolg van de anti-Joodse maatregelen werden Joodse leerlingen uit het onderwijs verwijderd. Van <strong>9-14 juli 1941</strong> moesten de schoolhoofden hun Joodse leerlingen tellen en het aantal doorgeven aan het <em>Centraal Bureau Inschrijving van Leerlingen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op <strong>10 juli 1941</strong> schreef rectrix M.J. Freie de ouders van haar leerlingen aan om gegevens te verstrekken ten behoeve van de opgaaf van Joodse leerlingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op <strong>16 juli 1941</strong> deed zij de opgave van alle Joodse leerlingen van haar school. Bij de klas HBS 4 staan Jetteke Frijda en Margot Frank. De lijst bevatte in totaal eenenvijftig namen, waarvan er twee, om onbekende redenen, waren doorgehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2ogu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 september 1941</strong> schreef zij de ouders van de Joodse leerlingen dat hun dochters niet meer mochten worden toegelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Volgens een klasgenote van Margot eindigde Rectrix Freie haar toespraak, naar aanleiding van de verwijdering van de Joodse leerlingen en leraren, met de woorden: <em>"Allez, travaillez"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jdd7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een <em>Gedenkboek </em>schreef de school in <strong>1950</strong>: <em>Schrijnend blijft de herinnering aan hen die, eerst door de dwingende macht des vijands van de school verwijderd toen in ons land de Sol Justitiae verduisterd werd, later in de concentratiekampen de dood in werden gedreven.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2f5ii\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ci4nt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 en 491.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2j1x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_069: Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 1 maart 1967, inzake 'Entschadigung'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6avv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gerrit van der Veen Scholengemeenschap en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 623, inv. nr. 307: rapportenregisters klas 1B, 1938-'39. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zah2e\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, inv. nr. 421.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33fux\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, inv. nr. 491.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8idu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_032: Rapport Margot Frank, klas 1b.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_034: Rapport Margot Frank, klas 3a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bn8ka\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bienes: Samenvatting interview Marion Bienes, 1 december 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w19o3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va7z3\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kohlweij: Herinneringen van Bella Kohlweij. Het Stadsarchief Amsterdam heeft een grote collectie glasnegatieven van toneelvoorstellingen en eindexamen klassen van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor meisjes. SAA, toegangsnummer: 623.FO.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z9aj4\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty. De originele brief (en ook de brief van Anne aan Juanita Wagner, het zusje van Betty Ann, bevinden zich in het archief van het Simon Wiesenthal Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles, Verenigde Staten. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8694\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 47.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3lcg\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_014: Klassefoto met Margot Frank op Gemeentelijk lyceum voor meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2ogu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdd7d\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief Kohlweij. Bella.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2f5ii\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>'</em><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After primary school, Margot Frank entered the HBS of the Municipal Lyceum for Girls, Reinier Vinkeleskade 62, in Amsterdam in <strong>September 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ci4nt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot completed three grades at this school until she had to leave school due to anti-Jewish measures.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2j1x\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Classmates</strong><br />\r\nIn the first school year <strong>1938-1939</strong>, Margot was in class 1b with the following classmates:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Allen, Madeleine</li>\r\n\t<li>Aselt, Mehra van</li>\r\n\t<li>Bardet, Meta</li>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Bienes, Marion Martha</li>\r\n\t<li>Brugge, Hennie ten</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Doornbosch, Riet</li>\r\n\t<li>Eisenloeffel, Paula</li>\r\n\t<li>Halleman, Lotti</li>\r\n\t<li>Harting, Anna</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Klaveren, Frouk van</li>\r\n\t<li>Kuyk, Annie</li>\r\n\t<li>Lampl, Jette</li>\r\n\t<li>Ledermann, Barbara</li>\r\n\t<li>Levy, Ellen</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Rooselaar, Erna</li>\r\n\t<li>Rosenthal, Mirjam</li>\r\n\t<li>Starck, Agnia</li>\r\n\t<li>Vos, Tinie</li>\r\n\t<li>Willigen Gatsonides, Tineke van der<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6avv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the second school year <strong>1939-1940</strong>, Margot was in class 2a with the following classmates:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Bardet, Meta</li>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Dishoeck, Marijke van</li>\r\n\t<li>Ees, Annemarie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Heimans, Myrte</li>\r\n\t<li>Kohlwey, Bella</li>\r\n\t<li>Last, Hetty</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Pouw, Lies</li>\r\n\t<li>Schiltman, Mieke</li>\r\n\t<li>Schuit, Lydi</li>\r\n\t<li>Vonck, Nep</li>\r\n\t<li>Weddepohl, Fieta</li>\r\n\t<li>Zweep, Tine van der</li>\r\n\t<li>Willigen Gatsonides, Tineke van der<sup data-footnote-id=\"zah2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the third school year <strong>1940-1941</strong>, Margot was in class 3a with the following classmates:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Beugelink, Ineke</li>\r\n\t<li>Bezema, Greet</li>\r\n\t<li>Bie Leuveling Tjeenk, Ellen de</li>\r\n\t<li>Burg, Anni van den</li>\r\n\t<li>Corts, Hennie</li>\r\n\t<li>Dishoeck, Marijke van</li>\r\n\t<li>Ees, Annemarie van</li>\r\n\t<li>Frijda, Jetteke</li>\r\n\t<li>Gellicum, Gert van</li>\r\n\t<li>Huiskes, Anneke</li>\r\n\t<li>Kleij, Tine ten</li>\r\n\t<li>Kohlwey, Bella</li>\r\n\t<li>Last, Hetty</li>\r\n\t<li>Meijer, Gisela</li>\r\n\t<li>Overbeek, Bea van</li>\r\n\t<li>Pouw, Lies</li>\r\n\t<li>Schiltman, Mieke</li>\r\n\t<li>Schuit, Lydi</li>\r\n\t<li>Weddepohl, Fieta</li>\r\n\t<li>Zweep, Tine van der <sup data-footnote-id=\"33fux\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Reports</strong><br />\r\nMargot achieved the following marks in successive semesters during the <strong>1938-1939</strong> school year:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dutch: 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>French: 7, 5, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>German: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>History: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Mathematics: 7/8, 9/9, 9/8</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant and animal science: 7, 6, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Draw: 6, 6, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 7, 6, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Crafts: 8, 6, 8, 8 <sup data-footnote-id=\"g8idu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1939-1940</strong> school year:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Calculus: 8, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Geometry: 8, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant and animal science: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>History: 8, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch: 8, 7, 7, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>French: 7, 6, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>High German: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>English: 7, 6, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Signature: 6, 6, 6, 6 ></li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 7, 8, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Crafts: 7, -, 8, 8 <sup data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1940-1941</strong> school year:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Calculus: 9, 8, 8, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Geometry: 8, 8, 9, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Physics: 8, 9, 8, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Plant and animal science: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>History: 8, 7, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Geography: 8, 7, 9, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Dutch: 8, 9, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>French: 5, 7, 8, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>High German: 9, 8, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>English: 7, 8, 8, 8</li>\r\n\t<li>Commercial sciences: 9, 9, 9, 9</li>\r\n\t<li>Sign: 6, 6, 6, 6</li>\r\n\t<li>Gym: 8, 8, 7, 7</li>\r\n\t<li>Crafts: 9, 8, 7, 8</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>She passed 'with commendation'. <sup data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nMuch is known about the teachers at the Lyceum for Girls. Who actually taught Margot is not clear. In any case, she was taught maths by Max Euwe and, according to a classmate, was his best student in their class.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bn8ka\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Mr P.J. van Winter taught history, English was taught by Miss M.M.C. von der Möhlen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w19o3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The school had a drama society AHDO, '<em>Als Het Doek Opgaat' </em>(When the Curtain Rises). Margot participated at least once, in <em>The Chinese Nightingale</em>, a play with pointed hats, braids and black blackout paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"va7z3\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn the second grade <strong>(1939-1940</strong>), Margot Frank was taught English for the first time. Miss Von der Möhlen took the initiative to get the children writing to schoolchildren abroad, and on <strong>27 April 1940</strong>, Margot wrote an English-language letter to Betty Ann Wagner in Iowa in the United States.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z9aj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot was friends with Jetteke Frijda at the Girls' Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> With fellow pupils at the Lyceum, Margot was involved in sports. She was a member of Tennis Association Temminck (=Temmink) and rowed at the <em>Vereeniging tot Bevordering van de Watersport onder jongeren</em> (Association for the Promotion of Water Sports among Young People).<br />\r\n<br />\r\nA group photo was taken in front of the school entrance on <strong>8 May 1941</strong> to mark the departure of classmate Lies Pouw. The photo shows from left to right:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Front row: Annie van den Burg, Fita Weddepohl, Tine ten Kleij, Miek Schilmann, Tine van de Zweep, Bella Kohlweij</li>\r\n\t<li>Second row: Gert van Gellicum, Anneke Huiskes, Marijke van Dishoeck, Jetteke Frijda</li>\r\n\t<li>Third row: Hetty Last, Lies Pouw, Margot Frank, Lidy Schuit, Greet Bezema, Annemarie van Ees.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fourth row: Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Ellen de Bie Leuvelink Tjeenk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3lcg\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Removal</strong><br />\r\nAs a result of the anti-Jewish measures, Jewish pupils were removed from education. From <strong>9-14 July 1941,</strong> headmasters had to count their Jewish pupils and report the number to the Central Pupil Enrolment Office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On <strong>10 July 1941</strong>, head teacher M.J. Freie wrote to the parents of her pupils to ontain information from them for the purpose of the declaration of Jewish pupils.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On <strong>16 July 1941</strong>, she made the declaration of all Jewish pupils of her school. The HBS 4 class included Jetteke Frijda and Margot Frank. The list contained a total of fifty-one names, two of which, for unknown reasons, had been crossed out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2ogu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 September 1941</strong>, she wrote to the parents of the Jewish students that their daughters would no longer be admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8694\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to a classmate of Margot, head teacher Freie ended her speech, in response to the removal of the Jewish pupils and teachers, with the words, <em>"Allez, travaillez".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"jdd7d\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In a <em>Book of Memories </em>in <strong>1950</strong>, the school wrote: "Poignant remains the memory of those who, first removed from the school by the coercive power of the enemy when the <em>Sol Justitiae </em>was extinguished in our country, were later driven to their deaths in concentration camps<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"2f5ii\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup><br />\r\n </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ci4nt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 en 491.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2j1x\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_069: Otto Frank aan Fritz Fafflok, 1 maart 1967, inzake 'Entschadigung'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6avv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gerrit van der Veen Scholengemeenschap en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 623, inv. nr. 307: rapportenregisters klas 1B, 1938-'39. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zah2e\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, inv. nr. 421.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33fux\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, inv. nr. 491.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8idu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_032: Rapport Margot Frank, klas 1b.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w8n5\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_034: Rapport Margot Frank, klas 3a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bn8ka\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bienes: Samenvatting interview Marion Bienes, 1 december 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w19o3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"va7z3\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kohlweij: Herinneringen van Bella Kohlweij. Het Stadsarchief Amsterdam heeft een grote collectie glasnegatieven van toneelvoorstellingen en eindexamen klassen van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor meisjes. SAA, toegangsnummer: 623.FO.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z9aj4\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty. De originele brief (en ook de brief van Anne aan Juanita Wagner, het zusje van Betty Ann, bevinden zich in het archief van het Simon Wiesenthal Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles, Verenigde Staten. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8694\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 47.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3lcg\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_014: Klassefoto met Margot Frank op Gemeentelijk lyceum voor meisjes.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2ogu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941 (kopie bij: AFS, afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdd7d\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief Kohlweij. Bella.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2f5ii\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>'</em><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school, </em>Amsterdam, 1950, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1938-09-01",
"date_end": "1941-07-01",
"summary": "Margot Frank attended the Municipal Lyceum for Girls for three years.\r\n",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank zat drie jaar op het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank attended the Municipal Lyceum for Girls for three years.\r\n",
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"summary": "Schools are institutions where education is provided.",
"summary_nl": "Scholen zijn instellingen waar onderwijs gegeven wordt.",
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"name": "Municipal Lyceum for Girls",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.876379 52.352105)",
"summary": "The Municipal Lyceum for Girls was opened in 1926.",
"summary_nl": "Het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes werd in 1926 geopend.",
"summary_en": "The Municipal Lyceum for Girls was opened in 1926.",
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"name": "A_Kugler_III_002",
"title": "Het Huis van Bewaring aan de Havenstraat, Amsterdam. Victor Kugler heeft hierop met pen zijn cel met nummer aangewezen. Ongedateerd.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Foto van de gevangenis aan de Weteringschans, waarop Victor Kugler cel en nummer (B3 11) heeft aangegeven in pen. Hier is hij, na een verblijf in de Untersuchungsgefängnis op de Amstelveenseweg, in september 1944 vastgehouden. Op 11 september 1944 is hij zonder proces naar het Polizeiliche Durchgangslager Amersfoort gebracht. Bijschrift klopt niet. Dit is de gevangenis aan de Amstelveenseweg. 9 mei 2011, KSK.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/597278f2-5e8e-4f18-af23-c6cf558292ca/",
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"name": "Kugler and Kleiman in Detention Centre II (Amstelveenscheweg)",
"name_nl": "Kugler en Kleiman in Huis van Bewaring II (Amstelveenscheweg)",
"name_en": "Kugler and Kleiman in Detention Centre II (Amstelveenscheweg)",
"content": "<p>After the people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were arrested on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, they were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle</em> on Adama van Scheltemaplein for interrogation. From there, Kleiman and Kugler were transferred to Detention Centre II on <em>Amstelveenscheweg</em> (Havenstraat 6) on the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xodj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler and Kleiman were detained at Amstelveenscheweg for about six weeks. They were locked in single cells filled with six men. Kugler was in cell B3-11, next to Kleiman. They communicated with each other by knock signals and clandestine notes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h6qmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A card, probably sent to Victor Kugler's wife, confirms that Kugler was detained in cell B 3-11 of HvB II (Havenstraat, German Department). The card contains a pre-printed request for clean laundry. Added in handwriting are "Shaving soap + brush. no device" and "Wooden nameplate on pillowcase." 5</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Kleiman went to the Detention Centre on Amstelveenseweg several times to bring clean clothes. She did not speak to her husband, but did receive some clandestine notes from him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2fbxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to family stories,Willy Kleiman's wife Ilse Schubert, who was German, tried to get her brother-in-law Johannes Kleiman released.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The two helpers remained imprisoned on <em>Amstelveenscheweg</em> until early September 1944 and were then transferred to Detention Centre I on <em>Weteringschans</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fuj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xodj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Johannes Kleiman aan de Politiek Opsporingsdienst (P.O.D.), onjuist gedateerd 'Februari 1945'. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h6qmx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Engelstalig notitieboekje Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2fbxy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fuj4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprekken met Folke Richard Kaales, 10 en 14 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Nadat de onderduikers en helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler waren gearresteerd op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong>, werden zij naar de <em>Zentralstelle</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein gebracht voor verhoor. Van daaruit werden Kleiman en Kugler op dezelfde dag nog naar het Huis van Bewaring II op de <em>Amstelveenscheweg</em> (Havenstraat 6) overgebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xodj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de <em>Amstelveenscheweg </em>zaten Kugler en Kleiman ongeveer zes weken vast. Ze zaten opgesloten in eenpersoonscellen die gevuld waren met zes man. Kugler zat in cel B3-11, naast Kleiman. Ze communiceerden met elkaar door klopsignalen en clandestiene briefjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h6qmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een kaartje, waarschijnlijk gestuurd aan Victor Kuglers vrouw, bevestigt dat Kugler vast zat in cel B 3-11 van HvB II (Havenstraat, Duitse Afdeling). Het kaartje bevat een voorgedrukt verzoek om schoon wasgoed. In handschrift is toegevoegd: '<em>Scheerzeep + kwast. geen apparaat</em>' en '<em>Houten naamplaatje aan kussensloop</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ck1sm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Kleiman ging enkele keren naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Amstelveenseweg om schone kleren te brengen. Zij sprak haar man niet, maar ontving van hem wel enkele clandestiene briefjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2fbxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens familieverhalen probeerde Ilse Schubert, de vrouw van Willy Kleiman, als Duitse haar zwager Jo Kleiman vrij te krijgen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De twee helpers bleven tot <strong>begin september 1944</strong> gevangen op de <em>Amstelveenscheweg</em> en werden daarna naar het Huis van Bewaring I aan de <em>Weteringschans</em> overgebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fuj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xodj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Johannes Kleiman aan de Politiek Opsporingsdienst (P.O.D.), onjuist gedateerd 'Februari 1945'. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h6qmx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Engelstalig notitieboekje Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ck1sm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, doss. 97791: Kaartje “Amsterdam, datum postmerk”. Overigens is de cel bij het pijltje op de foto in de catalogus niet B 3-11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2fbxy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fuj4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprekken met Folke Richard Kaales, 10 en 14 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were arrested on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, they were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle</em> on Adama van Scheltemaplein for interrogation. From there, Kleiman and Kugler were transferred to Detention Centre II on <em>Amstelveenscheweg</em> (Havenstraat 6) on the same day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xodj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler and Kleiman were detained at Amstelveenscheweg for about six weeks. They were locked in single cells filled with six men. Kugler was in cell B3-11, next to Kleiman. They communicated with each other by knock signals and clandestine notes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h6qmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A card, probably sent to Victor Kugler's wife, confirms that Kugler was detained in cell B 3-11 of HvB II (Havenstraat, German Department). The card contains a pre-printed request for clean laundry. Added in handwriting are "Shaving soap + brush. no device" and "Wooden nameplate on pillowcase." 5</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Kleiman went to the Detention Centre on Amstelveenseweg several times to bring clean clothes. She did not speak to her husband, but did receive some clandestine notes from him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2fbxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to family stories,Willy Kleiman's wife Ilse Schubert, who was German, tried to get her brother-in-law Johannes Kleiman released.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The two helpers remained imprisoned on <em>Amstelveenscheweg</em> until early September 1944 and were then transferred to Detention Centre I on <em>Weteringschans</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fuj4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xodj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Johannes Kleiman aan de Politiek Opsporingsdienst (P.O.D.), onjuist gedateerd 'Februari 1945'. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h6qmx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Engelstalig notitieboekje Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2fbxy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fuj4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprekken met Folke Richard Kaales, 10 en 14 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-04",
"date_end": "1944-09-07",
"summary": "On the day of the arrest of the eight people in hiding and the helpers Kleiman and Kugler, the helpers were transferred to Detention Centre II on Amstelveenscheweg.",
"summary_nl": "Op de dag van de arrestatie van de acht onderduikers en helpers Kleiman en Kugler, werden de helpers naar het Huis van Bewaring II op de Amstelveenscheweg overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "On the day of the arrest of the eight people in hiding and the helpers Kleiman and Kugler, the helpers were transferred to Detention Centre II on Amstelveenscheweg.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124654,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"name": "Arrest and betrayal",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie en verraad",
"name_en": "Arrest and betrayal",
"description": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down. Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>. Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Een van de meest gestelde vragen over de geschiedenis van Anne Frank en het Achterhuis is wel: 'Wie heeft ze nu eigenlijk verraden?' Die kwestie houdt zeer veel mensen bezig. Er komen bij de Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) met zekere regelmaat nog suggesties binnen, doorgaans duidelijk gericht naar individuen. Die suggesties worden altijd serieus bekeken maar leverden tot dusverre geen bruikbare gezichtspunten op. Ook binnen de AFS is het vraagstuk uiteraard altijd sterk aanwezig. Nu de AFS zich de laatste jaren sterker dan voorheen op eigen onderzoek is gaan richten, is deze kwestie in het onderzoeksprogramma opgenomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Opzet en achtergrond</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het onderzoek is opgezet vanuit de gedachte dat er maar één ding vaststaat: er is op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> een inval van leden van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> (SD) in het pand Prinsengracht 263 geweest, en daarbij zijn tien personen gearresteerd. Het is een aanname – hoewel een veilige – dat dit geen toevalstreffer was. Men had het wel degelijk op dit pand gemunt. Op grond van welke kennis de inval gebeurde, en hoe de SD daar aan kwam is echter volstrekt onduidelijk. Dat het een kwestie was van verraad, al dan niet welbewust en doelgericht gepleegd, is eveneens een aanname. Het zal moeten blijken in hoeverre analyse van de beschikbare gegevens deze overtuigend steunt. Kort na de bevrijding zetten Otto Frank en de helpers stappen om de opsporing te bevorderen van degene die voor het verraad verantwoordelijk zou zijn. De vraag of er wel werkelijk verraad plaatsvond stond niet merkbaar ter discussie. Nadat ‘nazi-jager’ Simon Wiesenthal in <strong>1963</strong> de ex-SS’er Karl Joseph Silberbauer opspoorde, de man die de inval in het Achterhuis leidde, leek de aanname van verraad bevestigd. In de literatuur over het onderwerp tot nu toe was de vraagstelling dan ook steeds gericht op ‘wie?’ Dat er gezocht moest worden naar een daadwerkelijke verrader stond daarbij op voorhand vast. De ontnuchterende conclusie is dat die aanpak tot op heden geen betrouwbare resultaten opleverde.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Vraagstelling en bronnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het voorgaande geeft voldoende aanleiding om het blikveld te verruimen en andere mogelijkheden niet bij voorbaat uit te sluiten. Uitgaande van wat in de vorige paragraaf naar voren is gebracht luidt daarom de vraagstelling: op grond van welke informatie viel de SD het pand Prinsengracht 263 op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> binnen, en hoe kwamen ze daar aan? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruik gemaakt van bekend en tot dusver onbekend materiaal. Oudere onderzoeken baseerden zich doorgaans op bronnen die zich bevinden in de dossiers van het Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR). Ondanks zeer uitvoerig onderzoek zijn hier nooit duidelijke aanwijzingen aangetroffen. Desondanks zijn gegevens uit deze dossiers uiteraard van groot belang. In dit onderzoek zijn veel gegevens daarom opnieuw bekeken en vergeleken met voorheen onbekende of onbenutte bronnen. Hiertoe behoren rapporten van de politiekorpsen van Amsterdam, Zwolle en Haarlem, en stukken van justitiële autoriteiten in de laatste twee steden. Met behulp van steeds vaker gedigitaliseerde gegevens uit de bevolkingsadministratie konden bovendien netwerken beter in kaart worden gebracht. Het lopend historisch onderzoek van de Anne Frank Stichting leverde de afgelopen jaren scherpere inzichten op. Deze zijn gebruikt om oudere denkbeelden en theorieën tegen het licht te houden. Bij het analyseren van alle gegevens is vanzelfsprekend ook gebruik gemaakt van de bestaande literatuur. Over verraad van onderduikers en andere vormen van mensenjacht verschenen in de loop van de tijd verschillende boeken. In biografieën over zowel Anne als Otto Frank zijn eveneens verschillende theorieën ontvouwd over het voortraject van de inval van 4 augustus. Deze bleven evenwel onbewezen, zoals een evaluatie van de onderzoekers David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom van het NIOD (destijds Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie) uit 2003 aantoont.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Een overzicht van al het gebruikte materiaal, gepubliceerd en ongepubliceerd, is aan dit verslag toegevoegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivelj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <em>Wie verraadde Anne Frank?</em>, Amsterdam: Boom / NIOD, 2003. Voor een geactualiseerde versie, zie: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>One of the most frequently asked questions about the history of Anne Frank and the inhabitants of the Secret Annex is: Who actually betrayed them? This question continues to intrigue people. The Anne Frank House (AFH) still regularly receives suggestions, usually singling out specific individuals. These suggestions are always taken seriously but so far have not provided useful leads. And, of course, here at the Anne Frank House this question is always present in the background. In recent years, the AFH has made more of a commitment to focus on conducting its own research, so this matter is now part of the Knowledge Centre’s research program.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Premise and Background</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>This investigative report is based on the premise that only one thing can be agreed on with certainty: on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, members of the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> or SD (German Security Service) raided the building at 263 Prinsengracht and arrested ten people. It is an assumption – granted a sound one – that this was not a chance occurrence. Obviously, the building had been selected for a reason. Yet, on what information that raid was based and how the SD got that information is still completely unclear. Whether this was a matter of betrayal, committed deliberately or not, is also an assumption. It remains to be seen if an analysis of the available data convincingly supports this decade-old theory. Shortly after the liberation, Otto Frank and the helpers took steps to identify those who might have been responsible for the betrayal. The question of whether betrayal had taken place was not under discussion at that moment. In <strong>1963</strong>, after the Austrian “Nazi-hunter” Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the former SS Officer Karl Joseph Silberbauer, the man who had led the raid on the Secret Annex, the assumption of betrayal seemed to be confirmed. Consequently, until now the literature on this subject has always focused on the question of who? It has long been assumed that a betrayer was out there who needed to be found. However, the sobering reality is that to date this avenue of thinking has yielded nothing conclusive.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Research Question and Sources</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Considering the above, there is sufficient reason to be receptive to new perspectives and not to exclude other theories. Given what was just presented in the last paragraph, the proposed research question is: Based on what information did the SD raid 263 Prinsengracht on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, and how did it acquire this information? Both existing and previously unknown sources have been consulted to address this question. Earlier studies generally relied on source material from the files of the Centraal Archief van de Bijzondere Rechtspleging or CABR (Central Archives for Special Criminal Jurisdiction). Despite extensive research, no definitive leads have ever been found there, but information in these files can still be very helpful. Therefore, during this study, a lot of data was scrutinized again and compared with previously unknown or untapped sources. This material included police reports from Amsterdam, Zwolle, and Haarlem, as well as records from the judicial authorities in the latter two cities. In addition, the increasing digitization of data from municipal population registers has made it easier to access information and identify how people might be connected. The ongoing historical research done by the Anne Frank House in recent years has provided more understanding as well. These insights have also been applied while re-examining earlier ideas and theories. Of course, in the analysis of all the related data, existing publications were also consulted. Over the years, several books have been released about the betrayal of people in hiding during the wartime occupation and how they were hunted down. Biographies about both Anne and Otto Frank also present different theories about the events leading up to the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>. Nonetheless, as the 2003 evaluation conducted by researchers David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom of the NIOD (Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, previously the Dutch Institute for War Documentation) concludes, these theories do not stand up to scrutiny.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> An overview of the source material used for this investigation – published as well as unpublished – is included at the end of this report</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cz28w\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Barnouw & Gerrold van der Stroom, <a href=\"https://www.niod.nl/nl/publicaties/who-betrayed-anne-frank\"><em>Who betrayed Anne Frank?</em></a>, Amsterdam: NIOD, 2003. For an updated version, see: David Barnouw, <em>Anne Frank en het verraad: een overzicht</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2023.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
"summary_nl": "Naar de arrestatie en het mogelijke verraad van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis is in 2016 door de Anne Frank Stichting uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan. Lees hier de inleiding en download het gehele verslag ´Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis´",
"summary_en": "Extensive research into the arrest and possible betrayal of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex was carried out by the Anne Frank House in 2016. Read the introduction here and download the entire report ´Research report on betrayal and arrest of the people in hiding in the Secret Annex´ here.",
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"parent": 396124388,
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"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/51209a6b-cf00-4fe8-8533-828555d56401",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/fad53262-2f05-426a-8396-dbd3341f6a05/",
"published": true,
"name": "Huis van Bewaring II (Detention Centre II) - Havenstraat 6 (Amstelveenseweg)",
"name_nl": "Huis van Bewaring II - Havenstraat 6 (Amstelveenseweg)",
"name_en": "Huis van Bewaring II (Detention Centre II) - Havenstraat 6 (Amstelveenseweg)",
"uuid": "fad53262-2f05-426a-8396-dbd3341f6a05",
"content": "<p>After the arrest of the people in the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were transferred to Huis van Bewaring (Detention Centre) II. Resistance fighter Hannie Schaft was in this Huis van Bewaring when she was picked up on <strong>17 April 1945</strong> to be executed in the dunes near Bloemendaal.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis werden helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar het Huis van Bewaring II overgebracht. Verzetsstrijdster Hannie Schaft zat in dit Huis van Bewaring toen zij op <strong>17 april 1945</strong> werd opgehaald om in de duinen bij Bloemendaal te worden geëxecuteerd.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest of the people in the Secret Annex, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were transferred to Huis van Bewaring (Detention Centre) II. Resistance fighter Hannie Schaft was in this Huis van Bewaring when she was picked up on <strong>17 April 1945</strong> to be executed in the dunes near Bloemendaal.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.85607111315618 52.3501946183377)",
"summary": "The Amstelveenseweg prison (officially called Huis van Bewaring (Detention Centre II) was located at Havenstraat 6 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "De gevangenis Amstelveenseweg (officieel Huis van Bewaring II geheten) stond aan de Havenstraat 6 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The Amstelveenseweg prison (officially called Huis van Bewaring (Detention Centre II) was located at Havenstraat 6 in Amsterdam.",
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"street": "Havenstraat 6",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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