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{
"id": 128,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.36553",
"longitude": "4.875403",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 88,
"image": {
"id": 959,
"uuid": "fb455f04-3c8c-4b47-9d6e-a1b0ddd6c5f0",
"name": "Leerboekjes",
"title": "Leerboeken",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/AFH-Leerboeken.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Deze leerboekjes zijn gebruikt in het Achterhuis. Otto en Edith wilden dat hun kinderen niet te ver achter zouden raken.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4da36e02-e29b-48b9-8cb5-5034731aa9ba/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4da36e02-e29b-48b9-8cb5-5034731aa9ba",
"name": "Learning in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Leren in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Learning in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>For the children in the Secret Annex, it was important to ensure that they could return to school after the expected end of the war and the restoration of normality. Anne writes frequently about how she hoped and expected to be able to continue her education. In <strong>July '44</strong>, a few weeks after D-Day, she expected to be back in school in October.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot, Anne and Peter were regularly updating their school knowledge. Some of the adults were also engaged in self-study. The plan drawn up by Hermann van Pels and quoted by Anne <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u> stated that the people there would help and correct each other when making mistakes in the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne attended the Sixth Montessori School on Niersstraat in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood. It was initially planned that she would stay there for an extra year after the <strong>summer of 1941</strong>, but because of educational segregation she had to go to the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qv128\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>August '42</strong>, once in hiding, she received tutoring from her father. Her school knowledge was draining away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her father tried to help her with sums, but because they were also beyond him, Margot had to step in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She studied French, especially irregular verbs, and read the book <em>La belle Nivernaise</em> by Alphonse Daudet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> German reading progressed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also learned the words for 'brothel' and 'cocotte', which must not have been part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>27 April 1944,</strong> Anne describes what she learned one day. About Brazil, she quotes passages from her land and ethnography book. The comparison between the Mississippi River and the Missouri River is from the same book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The passages about monkeys and hippos she also derived from a textbook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She additionally mentions a large number of historical figures, but it is not known which book she used for them. She loved history, but had an aversion to algebra, geometry and arithmetic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Algebra she learned only under pressure from her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Other subjects she studied included art, mythology, Dutch literature and biblical history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For her last birthday, <strong>12 June 1944,</strong> she received, among other things, the booklet <em>Principles of Botany.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In the front she wrote, "Anne Frank 12 June 1944 Secret Annex."<sup data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Since Anne had never shown a particular interest in plants, this gift must also have been a result of the hope of returning to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Margot and her father, Anne took the shorthand course of the institute <em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> This Amsterdam-West institute had been offering correspondence courses for years. <strong>In early 1940</strong> this stenography course cost 65 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1943</strong> it was 85 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Even before the end of that year the price increased to a guilder a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Progress is discussed regularly in the diary, sometimes quite appropriately in shorthand form. Anne wanted to go from 75 syllables per minute to 140.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> According to the B version, Anne, Margot and Peter took the course,<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> and finished it in <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> However, Anne was still working on it in July of that year as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Margot</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot had to leave the Municipal Lyceum for Girls in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> to attend the newly founded Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, Margot kept up with regular school subjects, and, like Anne and her father, took the stenography course. She considered taking a course in calligraphy at the same institute.<sup data-footnote-id=\"npd48\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> However, Anne does not return to this in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, Margot did enroll at Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI) for a course in Elementary Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> She chose a pace of one lesson per week, with payment one month in advance, and she wanted to keep the material upon completion. She submitted her lessons under the name Elly Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> It was therefore Bep who took care of sending in the assignments she made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Teacher A.C. Nielson corrected Margot's work, very regularly adding compliments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank, former grammar school student, helped Margot, and in the B version Anne describes them as "the Latinists".<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the hiding period, Margot studied English, French, shorthand (English, German and Dutch), mechanics, trigonometry, stereometry, physics, chemistry, algebra, geometry, English, French and German literature, bookkeeping, geography, modern history, biology and economics, in addition to the Latin course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest, Bep wrote to LOI that she wanted to discontinue the course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> It was not until <strong>June '</strong> <strong>45 </strong>that she wrote to this institute how things really were.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> In <strong>1947</strong>, Nielson received a copy of <em>The Secret Annex </em>by Otto Frank, and wrote in his letter of thanks:<em> "During the war, hundreds of people in hiding [...] attended our classes.</em> <em>[...] Hundreds of letters from this time I keep as a precious memory of the many lonely and anxious people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture [...].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In correspondence about the post-war <em>Entschädigung</em>, Otto Frank's lawyer wrote on his authority that Margot would have liked to study medicine. The Latin course was intended as preparation for this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nups7\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Anne writes that Margot wanted to go to Palestine as a maternity nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> This played out around the time that <em>Palestina op de tweesprong</em> (Palestine at the Crossroads) was being read in the Secret Annex, which discussed professional child care in detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that this change of direction was a result of the increasing hopelessness caused by the ongoing occupation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Otto and Edith Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was tutored by her father, but she helped him with Dutch. She made fun of his mistakes, for example when he mixed up the Dutch 'klotsen' and the German 'glotzen'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> She was rather negative about her mother's Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kclws\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> To what extent Edith Frank mastered the Dutch language is unclear. According to her husband, she was also taught English for some time by Rosey Pool, a later teacher at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, according to Anne, Edith was still learning English, but in writing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Improvement in English proficiency was basically done with a view to the intended emigration to England or America.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Peter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Before going into hiding, Peter attended vocational training. In a well-known photo of him, he is working on the upholstery and springs of a chair or sofa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> According to Anne, he was still learning woodworking in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She was probably referring to the theory of this course.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter was working on English in the <strong>autumn of '42</strong>, and French <strong>in early '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> He got help with French from Anne, who incidentally writes that he was good at English and geography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> In <strong>1963,</strong> Otto Frank recounted that on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> he was helping Peter with English at the moment when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> raided the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hermann and Auguste van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u>, according to Anne created by Hermann van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was written in fairly good Dutch. Anne suggests elsewhere that his Dutch left much to be desired,<sup data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> which might indicate that he had help writing it. Auguste van Pels, according to Anne, was studying a language book while stirring in a pan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e411s\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup> The museum collection of the Anne Frank Foundation contains a <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre </em>for school and self-study.<sup data-footnote-id=\"713yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Despite her efforts, Anne said she spoke 'outrageous' Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> If this is true, the good intention mentioned in the "Prospectus" to help each other learn the language did not come to pass.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In connection with his intended emigration to South America, Pfeffer taught himself Spanish. Among other things, he translated the Spanish-language travel guide <em>Holande. Mi viaje a travès de los Paises Bajos</em> by W. Fernandez Flores into Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne writes repeatedly about Pfeffer working relentlessly on his 'pensum'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In improving his correspondence, he received help from Margot; Anne condescendingly called it <em>"education for children who get no further"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> Considering that in 1920 Pfeffer had graduated as "Dr. med. dent.",<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup> his cognitive abilities will not have been so poor in reality.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex were much occupied with learning and reading, because there was not much to do besides household chores and support work for the businesses. The children in particular were trying to keep their knowledge up to date in the context of an expected return to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qv128\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22, 26 and 30 September, 6, 7, 10 and 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Brummelkamp en J.J. Fahrenfort,<em> Beknopte Land- en Volkenkunde, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1942, p. 79-82, 52-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.J. van Pesch, <em>Leerboek der dierkunde, </em>Groningen: Wolters, 1931, p. 143, 137.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (May 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_20: .Schutblad, D. Horn en S. de Gast, <em>Beginselen der plantkunde. Ten dienste van H.B.S. 3-j. c., lagere klassen van H.B.S. 5-j. c. en gymnasia en daarmee gelijkstaande inrichtingen van onderwij</em>s,<em> </em>'s-Gravenhage: Ykema, 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad voor Noord-Holland</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 282.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"npd48\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_060 en 064: Afschrift aanvraagformulier en ontvangstbevestiging.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074-110: Correcties lessen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Briefje d.d. 10 augustus 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nups7\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_069: F. Fafflok aan ‘Entschädigungsbehörde’, 17 november 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>László Faragó, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij,1937, hoofdstuk XIX.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kclws\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_132; Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 22 november 1950; AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_154, Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001: Foto op onbekende datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 en 16 februari 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e411s\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"713yv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Achterhuis_VII_121: Th.G.G. von Valette, <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre für den Gebrauch in Schulen und zum Selbstunterricht, </em>Heidelberg: Groos, 1931.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_014: “Mijn reis door Nederland: uit het Spaans vertaald door Fredo. 16 VI, 1943”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944; Diary Version B, 14 March 1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The best little table”, 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pfeffer aan zijn ‘Konabiturienten’, 12 October 1920, aangehaald in Jürgen Dauernheim, “Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen – Anne Franks “Dr. Dussel” (Eine Ergänzung)”, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtveriens Giessen, </em>(2012), nr. 97, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Voor de kinderen in het Achterhuis was het van belang ervoor te zorgen dat ze na de verwachte beëindiging van de oorlog en het herstel van de normale verhoudingen terug naar school kodnen. Anne schrijft er regelmatig over dat ze hoopte en verwachtte haar opleiding te kunnen vervolgen. In <strong>juli ’44</strong>, enkele weken na D-Day, denkt ze in oktober weer in de schoolbanken te kunnen zitten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot, Anne en Peter waren geregeld bezig hun schoolkennis bij te houden. Ook een aantal van de volwassenen hield zich met (zelf-)studie bezig. De door Hermann van Pels opgestelde en door Anne aangehaalde <u><em>Prospectus en leiddraad voor het Achterhuis</em></u> stelde dat de onderduikers elkaar zouden helpen en verbeteren bij het maken van fouten in de Nederlandse taal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bezocht de Zesde Montessorischool aan de Niersstraat in de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt. Het was aanvankelijk de bedoeling dat ze daar na de <strong>zomer van 1941</strong> een extra jaar zou blijven, maar vanwege de onderwijssegregatie moest ze naar het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qv128\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>augustus ’42</strong> kreeg ze, eenmaal ondergedoken, van haar vader bijles. Haar schoolkennis was aan het wegzakken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Haar vader probeerde haar te helpen met sommen, maar omdat ze ook hem boven de pet gingen moest Margot bijspringen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ze studeerde op het Frans, vooral onregelmatige werkwoorden en las het boek <em>La belle Nivernaise</em> van Alphonse Daudet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het Duits lezen ging vooruit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Ze leerde ook de woorden ‘bordeel’ en ‘cocotte’, wat niet tot het reguliere lesprogramma zal hebben behoord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>27 april 1944</strong> beschrijft Anne wat ze op een dag zoal leerde. Over Brazilië haalt ze passages aan uit haar land- en volkenkundeboek. De vergelijking tussen de Mississippi en de Missouri komt uit hetzelfde boek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De passages over apen en nijlpaarden ontleende ze ook aan een schoolboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ze noemt daarnaast een groot aantal historische figuren, maar niet bekend is welk boek ze daar bij gebruikte. Ze hield van geschiedenis, maar tegen algebra, meetkunde en rekenen had ze een weerzin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Algebra leerde ze slechts onder druk van haar vader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Kunst, mythologie, Nederlandse literatuur en bijbelse geschiedenis behoorden ook tot haar vakken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Voor haar laatste verjaardag, <strong>12 juni 1944</strong>, kreeg ze onder meer het boekje <em>Beginselen der plantkunde.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Voorin schreef ze: “Anne Frank 12 Juni 1944 Achterhuis”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Daar Anne nooit een bijzondere interesse voor planten aan de dag had gelegd, zal dit cadeau ook een voortvloeisel zijn geweest van de hoop op een terugkeer naar school.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne volgde samen met Margot en haar vader de cursus steno van het instituut <em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Dit instituut uit Amsterdam-West bood al jarenlang correspondentiecursussen aan. <strong>Begin 1940</strong> kostte deze cursus steno 65 cent per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1943</strong> was dat 85 cent per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Nog voor het einde van dat jaar steeg de prijs naar een gulden per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De vorderingen komen regelmatig in het dagboek ter sprake, heel toepasselijk soms ook in stenovorm. Anne wilde van 75 lettergrepen per minuut naar 140.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie deden Anne, Margot en Peter de cursus,<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> en is deze in <strong>maart ’43</strong> klaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne was er echter ook in juli van dat jaar nog mee in de weer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Margot</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot moest in de <strong>herfst van 1941</strong> het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes verlaten,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> om naar het nieuw opgerichte Joods Lyceum te gaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis hield Margot de reguliere schoolvakken bij, en volgde net als Anne en haar vader de stenocursus. Ze overwoog bij hetzelfde instituut een cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ te volgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"npd48\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Anne komt hier in haar dagboek echter niet meer op terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>herfst van 1943</strong> schreef Margot zich wel in bij de Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI) voor een cursus ‘Elementair Latijn’<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Ze koos voor een tempo van één les per week, met betaling van een maand vooruit en ze wilde het materiaal na afloop houden. Ze stuurde haar lessen in onder de naam Elly Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Het was dan ook Bep die zorg droeg voor het versturen van de gemaakte opdrachten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Docent A.C. Nielson corrigeerde Margots werk, en plaatste daar zeer geregeld complimenten bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank, oud-gymnasiast, hielp Margot en in de B-versie omschrijft Anne hen als ‘de Latijners’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduikperiode deed Margot naast de cursus Latijn ook aan Engels, Frans, steno (Engels, Duits en Nederlands), mechanica, goniometrie, stereometrie, natuurkunde, scheikunde, algebra, meetkunde, Engelse, Franse en Duitse literatuur, boekhouden, aardrijkskunde, moderne geschiedenis, biologie en economie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hjmy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie schreef Bep aan de LOI dat ze de cursus wilde stopzetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Pas in <strong>juni ’45</strong> schreef ze aan dit instituut hoe de zaak werkelijk in de steel zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Nielson kreeg in <strong>1947</strong> een exemplaar van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>van Otto Frank, en schreef in zijn bedankbrief: '<em>Gedurende de oorlog hebben honderden onderduikers […] onze lessen gevolgd.</em> […] <em>Honderden brieven uit deze tijd bewaar ik als een kostbare herinnering aan de vele eenzame en angstige onderduikers, aan wie mijn lessen troost en cultuur brachten […].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In correspondentie over de naoorlogse <em>Entschädigung</em> schreef Otto Franks advocaat op zijn gezag dat Margot graag medicijnen had willen studeren. De Latijnse cursus was als voorbereiding hierop bedoeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nups7\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Anne schrijft dat Margot als kraamverpleegster naar Palestina wilde gaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Dit speelde rond de tijd dat in het Achterhuis Palestina op de tweesprong werd gelezen, waarin de professionele kinderverzorging daar uitgebreid ter sprake kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Otto Frank meende dat deze koerswijziging gevolg was van de toenemende hopeloosheid die door de zich voortslepende bezetting wordt veroorzaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Otto en Edith Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg bijles van haar vader, maar zij hielp hem met Nederlands. Ze maakte zich vrolijk om zijn fouten, bijvoorbeeld toen hij het Nederlandse ‘klotsen’ en het Duitse ‘glotzen’ door elkaar haalde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Over het Nederlands van haar moeder was ze nogal negatief.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kclws\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> In hoeverre Edith Frank de Nederlandse taal beheerste, is onduidelijk. Volgens haar man kreeg ze ook enige tijd Engelse les van Rosey Pool, een latere lerares aan het Joods Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leerde Edith volgens Anne nog steeds Engels, maar dan schriftelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Verbetering van de Engelse taalbeheersing gebeurde in principe met het oog op de voorgenomen emigratie naar Engeland of Amerika.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Peter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor hij ging onderduiken volgde Peter een beroepsopleiding. Op een bekende foto van hem is hij bezig aan de bekleding en vering van een stoel of bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> Volgens Anne leerde hij in het Achterhuis nog steeds houtbewerking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Waarschijnlijk doelde ze daarmee op de theorie van deze opleiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter was in de <strong>herfst van ’42</strong> bezig met Engels, en <strong>begin ’44</strong> met Frans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> Met het Frans kreeg hij hulp van Anne, die overigens schrijft dat hij goed was in Engels en aardrijkskunde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> In 1963 vertelde Otto Frank dat hij op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> Peter juist met Engels hielp toen de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> het Achterhuis binnenviel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hermann en Auguste van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De <u><em>Prospectus en leiddraad voor het Achterhuis</em></u>, volgens Anne door Hermann van Pels gemaakt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was in vrij goed Nederlands gesteld. Anne suggereert elders dat zijn Nederlands te wensen overliet,<sup data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> wat erop zou kunnen duiden dat hij daar hulp bij heeft gehad. Auguste van Pels bestudeerde volgens Anne een taalboekje terwijl ze in een pan roerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e411s\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup> De museale collectie van de Anne Frank Stichting bevat een <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre </em>voor school en zelfstudie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"713yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Ondanks haar pogingen sprak ze volgens Anne 'schandelijk' Nederlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> Als dat klopt is er van het in de 'Prospectus’ genoemde goede voornemen elkaar met het leren van de taal te helpen toch niet zo veel terechtgekomen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In verband met zijn voorgenomen emigratie naar Zuid-Amerika leerde Pfeffer zichzelf Spaans. Hij vertaalde hiervoor onder meer een Spaanstalig reisgidsje <em>Holande. Mi viaje a travès de los Paises Bajos</em> van W. Fernandez Flores in het Nederlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne schrijft herhaaldelijk over Pfeffer die onverdroten aan zijn ‘pensum’ werkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het verbeteren van zijn correspondentie kreeg hij hulp van Margot; Anne noemt het neerbuigend <em>'onderwijs voor kinderen die niet verder komen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> In aanmerking genomen dat Pfeffer in 1920 tot “Dr. med. dent.” was gepromoveerd,<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup> zullen zijn cognitieve vermogens in werkelijkheid niet zo slecht zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waren veel bezig met leren en lezen, omdat er naast de huishoudelijke taken en ondersteunende werkzaamheden voor de bedrijven niet veel was te doen. Met name de kinderen probeerden hun kennis op peil te houden met het oog op een verwachte terugkeer naar school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qv128\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22, 26 en 30 september, 6, 7, 10 en 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Brummelkamp en J.J. Fahrenfort,<em> Beknopte Land- en Volkenkunde, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1942, p. 79-82, 52-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.J. van Pesch, <em>Leerboek der dierkunde, </em>Groningen: Wolters, 1931, p. 143, 137.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerd (mei 1944), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_20: .Schutblad, D. Horn en S. de Gast, <em>Beginselen der plantkunde. Ten dienste van H.B.S. 3-j. c., lagere klassen van H.B.S. 5-j. c. en gymnasia en daarmee gelijkstaande inrichtingen van onderwij</em>s,<em> </em>'s-Gravenhage: Ykema, 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad voor Noord-Holland</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 282.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"npd48\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_060 en 064: Afschrift aanvraagformulier en ontvangstbevestiging.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074-110: Correcties lessen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hjmy6\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Briefje d.d. 10 augustus 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nups7\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_069: F. Fafflok aan ‘Entschädigungsbehörde’, 17 november 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>László Faragó, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij,1937, hoofdstuk XIX.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kclws\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_132; Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 22 november 1950; AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_154, Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001: Foto op onbekende datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942 en 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e411s\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"713yv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Achterhuis_VII_121: Th.G.G. von Valette, <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre für den Gebrauch in Schulen und zum Selbstunterricht, </em>Heidelberg: Groos, 1931.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_014: “Mijn reis door Nederland: uit het Spaans vertaald door Fredo. 16 VI, 1943”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 14 maart 1944; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Het beste tafeltje”, 13 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pfeffer aan zijn ‘Konabiturienten’, 12 oktober 1920, aangehaald in Jürgen Dauernheim, “Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen – Anne Franks “Dr. Dussel” (Eine Ergänzung)”, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtveriens Giessen, </em>(2012), nr. 97, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>For the children in the Secret Annex, it was important to ensure that they could return to school after the expected end of the war and the restoration of normality. Anne writes frequently about how she hoped and expected to be able to continue her education. In <strong>July '44</strong>, a few weeks after D-Day, she expected to be back in school in October.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Margot, Anne and Peter were regularly updating their school knowledge. Some of the adults were also engaged in self-study. The plan drawn up by Hermann van Pels and quoted by Anne <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u> stated that the people there would help and correct each other when making mistakes in the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne attended the Sixth Montessori School on Niersstraat in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood. It was initially planned that she would stay there for an extra year after the <strong>summer of 1941</strong>, but because of educational segregation she had to go to the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qv128\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>August '42</strong>, once in hiding, she received tutoring from her father. Her school knowledge was draining away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Her father tried to help her with sums, but because they were also beyond him, Margot had to step in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> She studied French, especially irregular verbs, and read the book <em>La belle Nivernaise</em> by Alphonse Daudet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> German reading progressed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also learned the words for 'brothel' and 'cocotte', which must not have been part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>27 April 1944,</strong> Anne describes what she learned one day. About Brazil, she quotes passages from her land and ethnography book. The comparison between the Mississippi River and the Missouri River is from the same book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The passages about monkeys and hippos she also derived from a textbook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> She additionally mentions a large number of historical figures, but it is not known which book she used for them. She loved history, but had an aversion to algebra, geometry and arithmetic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Algebra she learned only under pressure from her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Other subjects she studied included art, mythology, Dutch literature and biblical history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> For her last birthday, <strong>12 June 1944,</strong> she received, among other things, the booklet <em>Principles of Botany.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In the front she wrote, "Anne Frank 12 June 1944 Secret Annex."<sup data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Since Anne had never shown a particular interest in plants, this gift must also have been a result of the hope of returning to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with Margot and her father, Anne took the shorthand course of the institute <em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> This Amsterdam-West institute had been offering correspondence courses for years. <strong>In early 1940</strong> this stenography course cost 65 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1943</strong> it was 85 cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Even before the end of that year the price increased to a guilder a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Progress is discussed regularly in the diary, sometimes quite appropriately in shorthand form. Anne wanted to go from 75 syllables per minute to 140.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> According to the B version, Anne, Margot and Peter took the course,<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> and finished it in <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> However, Anne was still working on it in July of that year as well.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Margot</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot had to leave the Municipal Lyceum for Girls in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> to attend the newly founded Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, Margot kept up with regular school subjects, and, like Anne and her father, took the stenography course. She considered taking a course in calligraphy at the same institute.<sup data-footnote-id=\"npd48\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> However, Anne does not return to this in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, Margot did enroll at Leidse Onderwijsinstellingen (LOI) for a course in Elementary Latin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> She chose a pace of one lesson per week, with payment one month in advance, and she wanted to keep the material upon completion. She submitted her lessons under the name Elly Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> It was therefore Bep who took care of sending in the assignments she made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Teacher A.C. Nielson corrected Margot's work, very regularly adding compliments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Otto Frank, former grammar school student, helped Margot, and in the B version Anne describes them as "the Latinists".<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the hiding period, Margot studied English, French, shorthand (English, German and Dutch), mechanics, trigonometry, stereometry, physics, chemistry, algebra, geometry, English, French and German literature, bookkeeping, geography, modern history, biology and economics, in addition to the Latin course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest, Bep wrote to LOI that she wanted to discontinue the course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> It was not until <strong>June '</strong> <strong>45 </strong>that she wrote to this institute how things really were.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> In <strong>1947</strong>, Nielson received a copy of <em>The Secret Annex </em>by Otto Frank, and wrote in his letter of thanks:<em> "During the war, hundreds of people in hiding [...] attended our classes.</em> <em>[...] Hundreds of letters from this time I keep as a precious memory of the many lonely and anxious people in hiding, to whom my lessons brought comfort and culture [...].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In correspondence about the post-war <em>Entschädigung</em>, Otto Frank's lawyer wrote on his authority that Margot would have liked to study medicine. The Latin course was intended as preparation for this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nups7\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> Anne writes that Margot wanted to go to Palestine as a maternity nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> This played out around the time that <em>Palestina op de tweesprong</em> (Palestine at the Crossroads) was being read in the Secret Annex, which discussed professional child care in detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that this change of direction was a result of the increasing hopelessness caused by the ongoing occupation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Otto and Edith Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was tutored by her father, but she helped him with Dutch. She made fun of his mistakes, for example when he mixed up the Dutch 'klotsen' and the German 'glotzen'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> She was rather negative about her mother's Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kclws\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> To what extent Edith Frank mastered the Dutch language is unclear. According to her husband, she was also taught English for some time by Rosey Pool, a later teacher at the Jewish Lyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, according to Anne, Edith was still learning English, but in writing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Improvement in English proficiency was basically done with a view to the intended emigration to England or America.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Peter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Before going into hiding, Peter attended vocational training. In a well-known photo of him, he is working on the upholstery and springs of a chair or sofa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup> According to Anne, he was still learning woodworking in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She was probably referring to the theory of this course.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter was working on English in the <strong>autumn of '42</strong>, and French <strong>in early '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> He got help with French from Anne, who incidentally writes that he was good at English and geography.<sup data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> In <strong>1963,</strong> Otto Frank recounted that on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> he was helping Peter with English at the moment when the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> raided the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Hermann and Auguste van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <u><em>Prospectus and leitmotif for the Secret Annex</em></u>, according to Anne created by Hermann van Pels,<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was written in fairly good Dutch. Anne suggests elsewhere that his Dutch left much to be desired,<sup data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> which might indicate that he had help writing it. Auguste van Pels, according to Anne, was studying a language book while stirring in a pan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e411s\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup> The museum collection of the Anne Frank Foundation contains a <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre </em>for school and self-study.<sup data-footnote-id=\"713yv\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Despite her efforts, Anne said she spoke 'outrageous' Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> If this is true, the good intention mentioned in the "Prospectus" to help each other learn the language did not come to pass.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In connection with his intended emigration to South America, Pfeffer taught himself Spanish. Among other things, he translated the Spanish-language travel guide <em>Holande. Mi viaje a travès de los Paises Bajos</em> by W. Fernandez Flores into Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne writes repeatedly about Pfeffer working relentlessly on his 'pensum'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In improving his correspondence, he received help from Margot; Anne condescendingly called it <em>"education for children who get no further"</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> Considering that in 1920 Pfeffer had graduated as "Dr. med. dent.",<sup data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup> his cognitive abilities will not have been so poor in reality.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex were much occupied with learning and reading, because there was not much to do besides household chores and support work for the businesses. The children in particular were trying to keep their knowledge up to date in the context of an expected return to school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2t6yq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfuw7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qv128\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ciw93\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2ouo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lv2g5\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22, 26 and 30 September, 6, 7, 10 and 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz8v1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vh5jk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v49kn\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Brummelkamp en J.J. Fahrenfort,<em> Beknopte Land- en Volkenkunde, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1942, p. 79-82, 52-53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em6ux\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.J. van Pesch, <em>Leerboek der dierkunde, </em>Groningen: Wolters, 1931, p. 143, 137.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"anxhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fa6eq\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nsdqe\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (May 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1neoi\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69qt6\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_AFrank_VII_20: .Schutblad, D. Horn en S. de Gast, <em>Beginselen der plantkunde. Ten dienste van H.B.S. 3-j. c., lagere klassen van H.B.S. 5-j. c. en gymnasia en daarmee gelijkstaande inrichtingen van onderwij</em>s,<em> </em>'s-Gravenhage: Ykema, 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ukv\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zs4eq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dww7z\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9uja\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Dagblad voor Noord-Holland</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h2kac\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9e0p\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"55zrk\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lygmq\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo6c0\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Archief van de Secretarie, Afdeling Onderwijs, inv. nr. 7410: Opgave 16 juli 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p1epg\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 282.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"npd48\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgp6t\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94yhz\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_060 en 064: Afschrift aanvraagformulier en ontvangstbevestiging.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kc5ih\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f2q2i\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_074-110: Correcties lessen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ygvi\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nms9i\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1rn8a\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_068: Briefje d.d. 10 augustus 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4y0i\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_071: Bep Voskuijl aan LOI, 11 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hzsmg\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_100: A.C. Nielson aan Otto Frank, 17 juli 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nups7\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC. reg. code OFA_069: F. Fafflok aan ‘Entschädigungsbehörde’, 17 november 1966.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ogzqw\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q15cu\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>László Faragó, <em>Palestina op de tweesprong, </em>Amsterdam: Nederlandsche Keurboekerij,1937, hoofdstuk XIX.<em> </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddeae\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kclws\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f9qqh\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_132; Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 22 november 1950; AFS, AFC, reg code OFA_154, Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s08j8\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pr4t1\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001: Foto op onbekende datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pav6l\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 en 16 februari 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"shdn1\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4vvke\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5u60q\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e411s\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"713yv\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Achterhuis_VII_121: Th.G.G. von Valette, <em>Kleine Niederländische Sprachlehre für den Gebrauch in Schulen und zum Selbstunterricht, </em>Heidelberg: Groos, 1931.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"32h6i\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ere9z\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_014: “Mijn reis door Nederland: uit het Spaans vertaald door Fredo. 16 VI, 1943”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nw1l\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944; Diary Version B, 14 March 1944; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The best little table”, 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ila2m\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g4jpy\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pfeffer aan zijn ‘Konabiturienten’, 12 October 1920, aangehaald in Jürgen Dauernheim, “Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen – Anne Franks “Dr. Dussel” (Eine Ergänzung)”, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtveriens Giessen, </em>(2012), nr. 97, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex did a lot of learning and reading.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis waren veel bezig met leren en lezen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex did a lot of learning and reading.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124547,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9387d3f9-946e-454c-a5ca-114d9d072653/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9387d3f9-946e-454c-a5ca-114d9d072653",
"name": "Education",
"name_nl": "Opleidingen",
"name_en": "Education",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Educational courses and institutions.",
"summary_nl": "Opleidingen zijn zowel instellingen waaraan men kan worden opgeleid als het onderricht dat of de opleiding die men volgt.",
"summary_en": "Educational courses and institutions.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2419"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/0a959340-e4cb-42e9-b8b4-aff5238139bd/",
"published": true,
"name": "Cursus Zelfontwikkeling",
"name_nl": "Cursus Zelfontwikkeling",
"name_en": "Cursus Zelfontwikkeling",
"uuid": "0a959340-e4cb-42e9-b8b4-aff5238139bd",
"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Bosboom Toussaintstraat 46, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"056f1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em> </em></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em> (Self-development course) was an institution that offered correspondence courses used by the people in hiding in the Secret Annex to learn shorthand. Since at least <strong>1916</strong> <em>Zelfontwikkeling</em> offered correspondence courses in modern languages, bookkeeping and shorthand, among others<sup data-footnote-id=\"8se8n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The institution advertised for years in Dutch and Dutch-Indonesian newspapers. The most last known advertisement is - as far as known - from <strong>May 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqd0e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Early 1940</strong>, the shorthand course cost sixty-five cents a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"056f1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In S<strong>eptember 1943</strong> it cost eightyfive cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtw47\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Before the end of that year, the price had risen to one guilder per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xu10w\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl arranged the course for the people in hiding in her own name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhrea\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"056f1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8se8n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 22 april 1916.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqd0e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Limburgs Dagblad</em>, 22 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtw47\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xu10w\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Dagblad voor Noord Holland, Schager editie</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhrea\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Bosboom Toussaintstraat 46, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"056f1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em> </em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling was een instituut voor schriftelijke zelfstudie waar de onderduikers in het Achterhuis steno leerden. <em>Zelfontwikkeling</em> bood sinds in ieder geval<strong> 1916 </strong>correspondentiecursussen aan in onder meer de moderne talen, boekhouden en stenografie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8se8n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De instelling adverteerde jarenlang in Nederlandse en Nederlands-Indische kranten. De recentste advertentie is - voor zover bekend - van <strong>mei 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqd0e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin 1940</strong> kostte de cursus steno vijfenzestig cent per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"056f1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1943</strong> was dat vijfentachtig cent per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtw47\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nog voor het einde van dat jaar was de prijs naar een gulden per maand gestegen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xu10w\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De cursus voor de onderduikers regelde Bep Voskuijl op haar eigen naam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhrea\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"056f1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8se8n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 22 april 1916.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqd0e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Limburgs Dagblad</em>, 22 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtw47\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xu10w\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Dagblad voor Noord Holland, Schager editie</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhrea\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Bosboom Toussaintstraat 46, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"056f1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <em> </em></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Cursus Zelfontwikkeling</em> (Self-development course) was an institution that offered correspondence courses used by the people in hiding in the Secret Annex to learn shorthand. Since at least <strong>1916</strong> <em>Zelfontwikkeling</em> offered correspondence courses in modern languages, bookkeeping and shorthand, among others<sup data-footnote-id=\"8se8n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The institution advertised for years in Dutch and Dutch-Indonesian newspapers. The most last known advertisement is - as far as known - from <strong>May 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqd0e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Early 1940</strong>, the shorthand course cost sixty-five cents a month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"056f1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In S<strong>eptember 1943</strong> it cost eightyfive cents per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtw47\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Before the end of that year, the price had risen to one guilder per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xu10w\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl arranged the course for the people in hiding in her own name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhrea\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"056f1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Herstel. Algemeen Katholiek Weekblad</em>, 16 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8se8n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 22 april 1916.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqd0e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Limburgs Dagblad</em>, 22 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtw47\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Dagblad van Noord-Brabant</em>, 3 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xu10w\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Dagblad voor Noord Holland, Schager editie</em>, 3 december 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhrea\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.875403 52.36553)",
"summary": "Institution for correspondence courses.",
"summary_nl": "Instituut voor schriftelijke zelfstudie.",
"summary_en": "Institution for correspondence courses.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Bosboom Toussaintstraat 46",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
}
