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"main_image": {
"id": 940,
"uuid": "7f665530-6f6b-412a-8bce-763c43d9f1fd",
"name": "PBKD00330000013",
"title": "Binnen Gasthuis, rond 1920",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/PBKD00330000013.jpg",
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"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"latitude": "52.369059",
"longitude": "4.894398",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 97,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f",
"name": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"name_nl": "De gezondheid van de onderduikers en de helpers",
"name_en": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"description": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In de dagboeken van Anne Frank komt het thema ‘gezondheid’ regelmatig naar voren. De onderduikers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes. Ook de helpers bleven niet gespaard, en met name Johannes Kleiman kreeg met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen te kampen. Verder schrijft Anne over haar lichamelijke ontwikkeling en (aanstaande) menstruatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De onderduikers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Om te beginnen had Anne zelf verschillende gezondheidskwesties. Ze mocht naar eigen zeggen geen zout,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat mogelijk perspectief krijgt door Otto Franks latere uitspraken over hartklachten van zijn dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarnaast schreef Ernst Schnabel in 1958 op basis van gesprekken met oud-buurmeisje Toos Buiteman-Kupers dat Anne geen handstand kon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In haar dagboek schrijft Anne dat haar armen en benen uit de kom schoten bij lichamelijke oefeningen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze mocht daarom ook nooit met gymnastiek meedoen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een klasgenoot van de Montessorischool vertelde decennia later dat Anne zelf haar arm uit de kom kon halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef in de jaren zeventig dat ze wel lessen ritmische gymnastiek volgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober 1942</strong> schrijft de dertienjarige Anne dat ze verwachtte dat ze binnenkort ongesteld zou worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De gemiddelde leeftijd voor de eerste menstruatie lag toen volgens een Duits onderzoek uit 1954 rond 14,1 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1944</strong> komt ze erop terug, en toen was het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>. Ook bestudeerde ze haar vagina, en constateerde dat die steeds wijder werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rond dezelfde tijd constateerde ze dat ze sinds haar komst naar het Achterhuis 8½ kilo was aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Met haar gezondheid en ontwikkeling was op dat moment niet veel mis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de andere onderduikers noteerde Anne ook het gewicht, als allen op de weegschaal waren geweest. Toch waren de omstandigheden natuurlijk niet optimaal. <strong>Eind oktober 1942</strong> waren Anne en Margot erg verkouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne lag toen nog twee dagen ziek in bed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een jaar later lag ze met griep nog eens anderhalve week op bed. Ze liet zich met tegenzin door Fritz Pfeffer, die tenslotte medicus was, onderzoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>april 1944</strong> had ze keelpijn, en stak tot overmaat van ramp Margot en haar ouders aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Enkele dagen later was ook mevrouw Van Pels ziek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduiksituatie drukte ook op het geestelijk welzijn van de onderduikers. Anne slikte valeriaantjes tegen angst en depressie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Eén valeriaantje behoorde tot haar Sinterklaascadeaus van 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne klaagde in haar dagboek meerdere keren over hoofdpijnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In de B-versie schrijft ze ook over de verslechtering van haar zicht: '<em>Ik ben erg bijziend geworden en moest allang een bril hebben [...].'</em> Volgens deze notitie speelden haar ouders zelfs met de gedachte mevrouw Kleiman te vragen met haar naar een oogarts te gaan. Dat werd echter te riskant bevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Haar moeder wilde niet dat Anne aan de cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ meedeed, vanwege de toestand van haar ogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zoals bleek de medicus van het gezelschap. Hij studeerde aanvankelijk medicijnen en vervolgens tandheelkunde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Als ervaren tandarts hield hij zich uiteraard ook met de gebitten van zijn lotgenoten bezig. Uit Annes geschriften blijkt dat hij in ieder geval Anne, Peter en mevrouw Van Pels mondzorg bood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen meerdere helpers tegelijk ziek waren, bracht dat direct problemen met zich mee. Eenmaal waren Miep Gies en Jo Kleiman allebei ziek terwijl er voor Victor Kugler spitwerk in Hilversum dreigde. Dan was alleen nog Bep beschikbaar, en werd het magazijn gesloten om de onderduikers enigszins te ontlasten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was in deze periode geruime tijd afwezig; tijdens het huwelijk van Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk had ze een zware verkoudheid opgelopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Kleiman schrijft Anne dat hij regelmatig maagbloedingen had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In een brief aan Yad Vashem legde Otto Frank verband tussen Kleimans maagklachten en de spanningen rond de onderduik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Die spanningen zullen hem ook geen goed hebben gedaan. Kleiman tobde echter al jarenlang met deze klachten, en zou in <strong>1951</strong> een zware maagzweeroperatie ondergaan. Daarna ging het goed en had hij geen bloedingen meer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> was Bep afwezig omdat een van haar zusjes difterie had. In Amsterdam waren in het hele jaar <strong>1943</strong> ruim 7.500 mensen met die ziekte besmet, waarvan zo’n driekwart thuis werd verpleegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Vanwege besmettingsgevaar waren huisgenoten van deze patiënten uiteraard voorzichtig. Bep kwam dan ook niet naar haar werk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beps vader Johan werkte in het magazijn en had de boekenkast gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Door ziekte moest hij die functie echter neerleggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> In het dagboek komt de ernstige verslechtering van zijn toestand ter sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bijkomende kwesties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het algemene gezondheidsthema hoorde ook de gezondheid van de dieren in het gebouw. Mouschi was door Peter meegebracht als gezelschapsdier. De andere katten waren er met het oog op knaagdiervraat, en dus ten dienste van de bedrijfshygiëne. Hoewel Peter veel van de zorg voor de pakhuiskatten op zich nam, waren zij in feite tot het ‘machinepark’ van Opekta en Gies & Co. - en dus tot de wereld van de helpers - te rekenen. <strong>Begin 1944</strong> was bedrijfskat Moffi ziek, en werd door Miep naar de ‘honden- en kattenkliniek’ gebracht. De dierenarts stelde vast dat Moffi iets aan de ingewanden had en schreef een drankje voor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gedurende de twee jaar in het Achterhuis bestond er natuurlijk kans op overlijden van een van de onderduikers. Er staat niets over in het dagboek, maar Kugler stelde later dat er afspraken waren gemaakt over wat te doen bij een sterfgeval.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Er zijn voorbeelden van zulke problemen. Presser noemt onder meer enkele politiemeldingen die op overleden onderduikers betrekking hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Dat er over het risico van een sterfgeval werd gesproken, is heel goed denkbaar, maar buiten Kugler heeft geen van de betrokkenen zich er over uitgelaten. De situatie heeft zich ook niet voorgedaan. Over de vraag hoe een en ander zou zijn opgelost, is uiteraard slechts speculatie mogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet vreemd dat zich onder een achttal mensen in een vochtig en matig geventileerd huis, altijd binnen blijvend en niet optimaal doorvoed, regelmatig verkoudheden en griep voordeden. Uit de dagboeknotities blijkt dat dit dan ook geregeld voorkwam. De onderduikers waren afhankelijk van hun helpers voor geneesmiddelen en dergelijke, en van Pfeffer voor serieuzere medische verzorging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Andere aan het gezondheidsthema verwante kwesties kenden de drie opgroeiende tieners. Bij hen deden zich puberteitskwesties voor, en Anne schrijft over hoe zij haar eigen lichamelijke en seksuele ontwikkeling heeft ervaren. Van Margot en Peter blijft dit onduidelijk. Over de spanningen en problemen die hiermee samenhingen, zowel bij de kinderen als bij de volwassenen, geven Annes teksten evenmin uitsluitsel. Epidemische ziektes als difterie en roodvonk, in de oorlogsjaren in Amsterdam zeker geen onbekende verschijnselen, bleven mede door voorzichtigheid van de helpers buiten de deur.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: Verzameld werk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober en 2 november 1942, 19 mei en 1 augustus 1944; Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, 19 maart 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De tandarts”, 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en ook de helpers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes en soms met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/1c89eab1-8089-49d1-a971-665cdcb30bab/",
"published": true,
"name": "Binnen Gasthuis Hospital",
"name_nl": "Binnen Gasthuis",
"name_en": "Binnen Gasthuis Hospital",
"uuid": "1c89eab1-8089-49d1-a971-665cdcb30bab",
"content": "<p><em>Address</em>: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1980s</strong>, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Grimburgwal 10, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was het oudste ziekenhuis van Amsterdam, waarvan de geschiedenis teruggaat tot de tijd van de Reformatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijls vader, Johan Voskuijl, werd tijdens zijn ziekte opgenomen in het Binnen Gasthuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de jaren tachtig van de twintigste eeuw verliet het ziekenhuis de binnenstad, en om deel uit te maken van het Academisch Medisch Centrum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em>: Grimburgwal 10, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam, whose history dates back to the time of the Reformation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl's father, Johan Voskuijl, was admitted to the Binnen Gasthuis during his illness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>1980s</strong>, the hospital moved from the city center to become part of the Academic Medical Center.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tha8d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8axxv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De Amsterdamsche ziekenhuizen”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 5 augustus 1932. Zie ook: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnengasthuis_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Binnengasthuis (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awcgi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5tolm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Angela Rijnen, “<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/artikelen/met-bed-en-al-de-bus-in\" target=\"_blank\">Met bed en al de bus in</a>”, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 7/8 (juli-augustus).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.894398 52.369059)",
"summary": "The \"Binnen Gasthuis\" was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Het Binnen Gasthuis was het oudste ziekenhuis van Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The \"Binnen Gasthuis\" was the oldest hospital in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Grimburgwal 10",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
}
