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{
"id": 221,
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"main_image": {
"id": 1128,
"uuid": "54710ac4-fdfd-484a-b787-ef378fda8c9d",
"name": "A_vPels_III_005",
"title": "De Israelische Elementarschule, Osnabrück, 1934. Peter van Pels zit op de vierde rij, tweede van links. Trude Leeser zit op de achterste rij met haar hand omhoog.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/3880b6bd-a32a-912c-a7b5-63a60807b882.jpg",
"path": null,
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"description": "undefined",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.2738",
"longitude": "8.03879",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124646,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/28608122-5c3c-4872-b7bc-3d4d5cf963bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "28608122-5c3c-4872-b7bc-3d4d5cf963bd",
"name": "Education, Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Opleidingen Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "Education, Peter van Pels",
"description": "<h1><strong>Kindergarten</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is as yet known about a kindergarten that Peter van Pels is said to have attended in Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Primary school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück, Peter van Pels attended the<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>at Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This school was attached to the Synagogue-Gemeinde of Osnabrück. Peter was taught there by Abraham Trepp who, in addition to being a teacher, held the position of preacher, cantor and teacher of religion in the synagogue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pupils from different year levels were in one class together; practically all the lessons were taught by Abraham Trepp. The school initially provided only the first four years of schooling, but when it was made increasingly difficult for Jewish children to attend public schools after <strong>1933</strong>, the Israelitischen Elementarschule extended its four years of schooling to the upper grades of primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More and more children left the school as they moved abroad with their parents, and by the <strong>1936-1937 </strong>school year only 13 children were still in school. As part of the increasing <em>Auswanderung</em>, New Hebrew was taught and there were English courses for adults in the evenings. Kristallnacht put a definitive end to education at the <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During Peter's school days, students were regularly sworn at and attacked by members of the Hitler Youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three class photos of Peter van Pels with his classmates/classmates are known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (b. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Miriam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1937</strong>, Peter emigrated with his parents to Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known exactly which primary school he attended. A former classmate of Peter van Pels at the MULO school, Wim van de Graaff, said in an interview that Peter first did the transition course in the Diez school before going to the regular primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The same Wim van de Graaff also relates that at the Spinoza School (MULO), Peter van Pels sat next to him in the first grade <strong>(August 1940 - July 1941</strong>). Class teacher was Mr Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No official records are known of Peter van Pels' enrolment at the Spinoza School. As a Jewish pupil, he had to leave the school after the summer of <strong>1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Trade school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote in a letter that Peter van Pels ended up at a <em>Handwerkschüle</em>: <em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what course this involved. However, a photograph has survived in which Peter appears to be working on the inner springs of a chair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary that Kleiman gave Peter a new spring for his divan so that he could upholster it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While in hiding in the Secret Annex, Peter learned English and French and did schoolwork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz<strong> (3 September 1944</strong>), Peter is listed as <em>Metallarb.</em> (metal worker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Peter's Jewish Council card indicates that he was without occupation and <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Mauthausen camp records give his occupation as <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Red Cross settlement records after the war gave his occupation as: <em>Tischler</em> and <em>Furniture Maker/Turner</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, 22 March 1944 and 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1><strong>Kleuterschool</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over een kleuterschool die Peter van Pels in Duitsland bezocht zou hebben is vooralsnog niets bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Lagere school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück bezocht Peter van Pels de<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>in de Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Deze school was verbonden aan de Synagoge-Gemeinde van Osnabrück. Peter kreeg daar les van Abraham Trepp die naast zijn leraarschap ook de functie van predikant, kantor en godsdienstleraar in de synagoge uitoefende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Leerlingen van verschillende jaarlagen zaten bij elkaar in een klas, praktisch alle lessen werden gegeven door Abraham Trepp. De school voorzag aanvankelijk alleen in de eerste vier schooljaren, maar toen het Joodse kinderen na <strong>1933</strong> steeds moeilijker gemaakt werd om openbare scholen te bezoeken breidde de <em>Israelitischen Elementarschule</em> haar vier leerjaren uit naar het onderwijs naar de hogere klassen van de lagere school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Steeds meer kinderen verlieten de school omdat ze met hun ouders naar het buitenland vertrokken en in het schooljaar <strong>1936-1937 </strong>zaten er nog maar dertien kinderen op school. In het kader van de toenemende <em>Auswanderung</em> werd Nieuw-Hebreeuws onderwezen en ’s avonds waren er cursussen Engels voor volwassenen. De <em>Kristallnacht</em> maakte definitief een einde aan het onderwijs op de <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de schoolperiode van Peter werden de leerlingen regelmatig uitgescholden en belaagd door leden van de <em>Hitlerjugend</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn drie klassenfoto’s van Peter van Pels bekend met zijn klasgenoten/medeleerlingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (geb. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Mirjam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van <strong>1937 </strong>emigreerde Peter met zijn ouders naar Nederland, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet exact bekend welke lagere school hij bezocht. Oud-klasgenoot van Peter van Pels op de MULO, Wim van de Graaff, vertelt in een interview dat Peter eerst de 'Overgangscursus<em>'</em> in de Diezeschool deed voordat hij naar de gewone lagere school ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Dezelfde Wim van de Graaff vertelt ook dat Peter van Pels op de Spinozaschool (MULO) in de eerste klas (<strong>augustus 1940 – juli 1941</strong>) naast hem in de bank zat. Klassenleraar was de heer Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn geen officiële gegevens bekend van Peter van Pels’ inschrijving op de Spinozaschool. Als Joodse leerling moest hij na de zomer van <strong>1941</strong> de school verlaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ambachtsschool</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef in een brief dat Peter van Pels op een <em>Handwerkschüle</em> terecht kwam: <em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet bekend welke opleiding dit was. Wel is er een foto bewaard gebleven waarop Peter lijkt te werken aan de binnenvering van een stoel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne schrijft in haar dagboek dat Kleiman Peter een nieuwe veer voor zijn divan gaf zodat hij die kon stofferen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis leerde Peter Engels en Frans en deed hij schoolwerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Op de transportlijst van Westerbork naar Auschwitz (<strong>3 september 1944</strong>) staat bij Peter vermeld <em>Metallarb.</em> (metaalwerker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>De Joodsche Raadkaart van Peter geeft aan dat hij zonder beroep was en <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>De kampadministratie van Mauthausen geeft als beroep <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In de afwikkelingsadministratie van het Rode Kruis na de oorlog werd als beroep gegeven: <em>Tischler</em> en <em>Meubelmaker/draaier</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, 22 maart 1944 en 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Kindergarten</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is as yet known about a kindergarten that Peter van Pels is said to have attended in Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Primary school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück, Peter van Pels attended the<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>at Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This school was attached to the Synagogue-Gemeinde of Osnabrück. Peter was taught there by Abraham Trepp who, in addition to being a teacher, held the position of preacher, cantor and teacher of religion in the synagogue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pupils from different year levels were in one class together; practically all the lessons were taught by Abraham Trepp. The school initially provided only the first four years of schooling, but when it was made increasingly difficult for Jewish children to attend public schools after <strong>1933</strong>, the Israelitischen Elementarschule extended its four years of schooling to the upper grades of primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More and more children left the school as they moved abroad with their parents, and by the <strong>1936-1937 </strong>school year only 13 children were still in school. As part of the increasing <em>Auswanderung</em>, New Hebrew was taught and there were English courses for adults in the evenings. Kristallnacht put a definitive end to education at the <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During Peter's school days, students were regularly sworn at and attacked by members of the Hitler Youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three class photos of Peter van Pels with his classmates/classmates are known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (b. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Miriam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1937</strong>, Peter emigrated with his parents to Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known exactly which primary school he attended. A former classmate of Peter van Pels at the MULO school, Wim van de Graaff, said in an interview that Peter first did the transition course in the Diez school before going to the regular primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The same Wim van de Graaff also relates that at the Spinoza School (MULO), Peter van Pels sat next to him in the first grade <strong>(August 1940 - July 1941</strong>). Class teacher was Mr Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No official records are known of Peter van Pels' enrolment at the Spinoza School. As a Jewish pupil, he had to leave the school after the summer of <strong>1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Trade school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote in a letter that Peter van Pels ended up at a <em>Handwerkschüle</em>: <em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what course this involved. However, a photograph has survived in which Peter appears to be working on the inner springs of a chair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary that Kleiman gave Peter a new spring for his divan so that he could upholster it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While in hiding in the Secret Annex, Peter learned English and French and did schoolwork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz<strong> (3 September 1944</strong>), Peter is listed as <em>Metallarb.</em> (metal worker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Peter's Jewish Council card indicates that he was without occupation and <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Mauthausen camp records give his occupation as <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Red Cross settlement records after the war gave his occupation as: <em>Tischler</em> and <em>Furniture Maker/Turner</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, 22 March 1944 and 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Peter van Pels attended the Israelitische Elementarschule in Osnabrück and the MULO stream at the Spinoza School in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels ging in Osnabrück naar de Israelitische Elementarschule en in Amsterdam naar de MULO op de Spinozaschool.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels attended the Israelitische Elementarschule in Osnabrück and the MULO stream at the Spinoza School in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124547,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/ca99d4c6-909d-4e6a-a314-b70871f9e132?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/45c13379-72d1-4290-867e-acc5b91003c6/",
"published": true,
"name": "Israelitische Elementarschule (Israelite Elementary School), Osnabrück",
"name_nl": "Israelitische Elementarschule, Osnabrück",
"name_en": "Israelitische Elementarschule (Israelite Elementary School), Osnabrück",
"uuid": "45c13379-72d1-4290-867e-acc5b91003c6",
"content": "<p>The school was right next to the synagogue in the <em>Katharinenviertel</em> (Katharinen quarter).<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2h9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2h9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenviertel_(Osnabrück)\" target=\"_blank\">Katharinenviertel (Osnabrück)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De school stond in het <em>Katharinenviertel</em> direct naast de synagoge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hegh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hegh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenviertel_(Osnabrück)\" target=\"_blank\">Katharinenviertel (Osnabrück)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The school was right next to the synagogue in the <em>Katharinenviertel</em> (Katharinen quarter).<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2h9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2h9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenviertel_(Osnabrück)\" target=\"_blank\">Katharinenviertel (Osnabrück)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (8.038790000000001 52.2738)",
"summary": "The primary school in Osnabrück where Peter van Pels went.",
"summary_nl": "Dit was de lagere school die Peter van Pels in Osnabrück bezocht.",
"summary_en": "The primary school in Osnabrück where Peter van Pels went.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Rolandstraße 5",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Osnabrück",
"state": "",
"land": "Duitsland",
"location_events": []
}
