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{
"id": 188,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 936,
"uuid": "1242e09a-540e-4b17-b595-6447663c22de",
"name": "063450",
"title": "Kleykamp aan de Scheveningseweg, Den Haag",
"alt": "Fotograaf H.A.W. Douwes. Collectie Haags Gemeentearchief.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/063450.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting huisde hier de Rijksinspectie van de Bevolkingsregisters.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk."
},
"latitude": "52.08726",
"longitude": "4.29876",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124659,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59d0af70-cfde-4254-aaa9-03dce11393e3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59d0af70-cfde-4254-aaa9-03dce11393e3",
"name": "Collaboration",
"name_nl": "Collaboratie",
"name_en": "Collaboration",
"description": "<p>Collaborators were considered disloyal to the nation and thus to be committing treason. In the case of the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, a number of groups are considered collaborators. For example, NSB members, people working for the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>, companies that were gaining economic advantage and people who signed up for the <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Collaborateurs zouden niet loyaal zijn aan de natie en daarom verraad plegen. In het geval van de Duits bezetting van Nederland tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog worden een aantal groepen als collaborateurs gezien. Bijvoorbeeld NSB leden, mensen die voor de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> werken, bedrijven die er economisch op vooruit gaan en mensen die zich aanmelden voor de <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Collaborators were considered disloyal to the nation and thus to be committing treason. In the case of the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, a number of groups are considered collaborators. For example, NSB members, people working for the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>, companies that were gaining economic advantage and people who signed up for the <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"summary": "Collaboration is collaboration with a (foreign) enemy in which one turns against one's own people and government.",
"summary_nl": "Collaboratie is samenwerking met een (buitenlandse) vijand waarbij men zich keert tegen eigen bevolking en overheid.",
"summary_en": "Collaboration is collaboration with a (foreign) enemy in which one turns against one's own people and government.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2240"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 194,
"image": {
"id": 970,
"uuid": "08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a",
"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
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"parent": 396124663,
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{
"id": 396124656,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c8d25c6e-d1f9-4415-b091-e45ab3f20672/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c8d25c6e-d1f9-4415-b091-e45ab3f20672",
"name": "Resistance",
"name_nl": "Verzet",
"name_en": "Resistance",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Resistance is the collective term for all individuals and groups who resisted the German occupation.",
"summary_nl": "Verzet is de verzamelnaam voor alle personen en groepen die weerstand boden aan de Duitse bezetting.",
"summary_en": "Resistance is the collective term for all individuals and groups who resisted the German occupation.",
"same_as": [
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],
"parent": null,
"files": []
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/bef89df5-fe42-46d6-ae0b-1db78164bdd5/",
"published": true,
"name": "State Inspectorate of Population Registers",
"name_nl": "Rijksinspectie van de Bevolkingsregisters",
"name_en": "State Inspectorate of Population Registers",
"uuid": "bef89df5-fe42-46d6-ae0b-1db78164bdd5",
"content": "<p>In the 'Kleijkamp building' on the Scheveningseweg, the Rijksinspectie kept all receipts of issued identity cards, accompanied by passport photos and signatures. This meant that any proof of identity could be quickly verified by the Dutch or German police. For a long time, the Dutch government in London did not sufficiently realise this danger because of inadequate information from the Netherlands. At the insistence of the underground in the Netherlands, a plan was devised to destroy the files. It was not known to this part of the underground that some of the personnel manipulated documents to sabotage the verification.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday <strong>11 April 1943</strong>, the building was attacked and destroyed by six Mosquitoes at three in the afternoon. 59 employees were killed, including some of the saboteurs. Nevertheless, the destruction of the documents made taking care of people in hiding and forging identity cards much easier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ak7ax\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank mentions in her diary that the building was attacked by a bomber and that all Dutch people should get new identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2few9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak7ax\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog : deel 7: mei '43 - juni '44 : tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1976, p. 797-804.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2few9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to it as <em>Pub. Registration Office</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De Rijksinspectie bewaarde in ‘gebouw Kleykamp’ aan de Scheveningseweg alle van pasfoto’s en handtekeningen voorziene ontvangstbewijzen van uitgereikte persoonsbewijzen. Hierdoor was elk persoonsbewijs door de Nederlandse of Duitse politie snel te verifiëren. De Nederlandse regering in Londen realiseerde zich dit gevaar lange tijd onvoldoende, vanwege gebrekkige informatie uit Nederland. Op aandringen van de illegaliteit in Nederland werd een plan bedacht om de bestanden te vernietigen. Het was bij dit deel van de illegaliteit niet bekend dat een deel van het personeel documenten manipuleerde om de controle te saboteren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op dinsdag <strong>11 april 1943</strong> werd het gebouw om drie uur ’s middags door zes Mosquito’s aangevallen en verwoest. Er kwamen 59 medewerkers om het leven, onder wie een aantal van de saboteurs. Desondanks heeft de vernietiging van de documenten het verzorgen van onderduikers en het vervalsen van persoonsbewijzen veel makkelijker gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ak7ax\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank vermeldt in haar dagboek dat het gebouw door een bommenwerper is aangevallen en dat alle Nederlanders nieuwe stamkaarten moeten krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2few9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak7ax\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog : deel 7: mei '43 - juni '44 : tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1976, p. 797-804.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2few9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>Ver. Ned. Burgerlijk Stand</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the 'Kleijkamp building' on the Scheveningseweg, the Rijksinspectie kept all receipts of issued identity cards, accompanied by passport photos and signatures. This meant that any proof of identity could be quickly verified by the Dutch or German police. For a long time, the Dutch government in London did not sufficiently realise this danger because of inadequate information from the Netherlands. At the insistence of the underground in the Netherlands, a plan was devised to destroy the files. It was not known to this part of the underground that some of the personnel manipulated documents to sabotage the verification.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Tuesday <strong>11 April 1943</strong>, the building was attacked and destroyed by six Mosquitoes at three in the afternoon. 59 employees were killed, including some of the saboteurs. Nevertheless, the destruction of the documents made taking care of people in hiding and forging identity cards much easier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ak7ax\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank mentions in her diary that the building was attacked by a bomber and that all Dutch people should get new identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2few9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ak7ax\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog : deel 7: mei '43 - juni '44 : tweede helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1976, p. 797-804.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2few9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to it as <em>Pub. Registration Office</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.29876 52.08726)",
"summary": "The State Inspectorate of Population Registers was in charge of maintaining the central register of persons.",
"summary_nl": "De Rijksinspectie van de Bevolkingsregisters was belast met het bijhouden van het centraal persoonsregister.",
"summary_en": "The State Inspectorate of Population Registers was in charge of maintaining the central register of persons.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Scheveningseweg 17",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Den Haag",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
}
