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{
"id": 396124599,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/1b283344-263f-400b-9d4e-1a98b4e5ea00/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "1b283344-263f-400b-9d4e-1a98b4e5ea00",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer's work in the Netherlands",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer werkzaam in Nederland",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer's work in the Netherlands",
"description": "<p>Little is known about Pfeffer's professional activities in the Netherlands. According to Anne's diary, he practised his profession as a dentist clandestinely.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This could be the reason why not much can be found about it.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When applying for temporary residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer indicated that he had means of subsistence and was not going to pursue a profession or business.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon Pfeffer's arrival in the Netherlands, the Aliens Office noted: <em>Looks after himself</em>. This was later followed by the note that Pfeffer was supported by the Committee for Jewish Refugees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to testimony from Hilde Goldberg-Jacobsthal, her father had arranged for Pfeffer to work a few hours a week with other dentists. She herself also had a few fillings made by Pfeffer, Hilde said.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7hc3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other sources indicating that Pfeffer continued to practise his profession as a dentist are:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A letter dated <strong>23 June 1939 </strong>in which Pfeffer wrote to<strong> </strong>Charlotte Kaletta that he went to his practice at two-thirty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2cuc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>According to Anne's diary, Pfeffer worked clandestinely with dentist Samuel van der Hoeden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Van der Hoeden was in fact a traveller in dental supplies and a dental technician.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dgin\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On Pfeffer's personal card, the profession dentist was replaced by <em>dental technician</em>. When this happened is not known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35sug\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>According to Miep Gies, Pfeffer was her dentist. Miep said in an interview that she ignored the ban on Jewish doctors treating non-Jewish patients and remained a patient with Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvrz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 February 1941</strong>, the Departments of Justice and Social Affairs wrote to Jewish practitioners of liberal professions that they had to stop working by <strong>1 May 1941</strong>, but were allowed to work for Jews if they wished. The measure affected lawyers, prosecutors, doctors, dentists and pharmacists, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4xjy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Foreign Office noted on <strong>25 July 1941 </strong>that Pfeffer was being supported financially by his father in Giessen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, Pfeffer took charge of caring for the teeth of at least some of the others. Anne regularly writes about this in her diary, noting that Pfeffer had obtained a foot-powered dental drill, and she expected to receive treatment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Veemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7hc3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobsthal, Hilde: Interview 15 april 2007.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2cuc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_006: Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dgin\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten ( toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Samuel van der Hoeden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35sug\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvrz2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4xjy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 117. Aangezien Pfeffer niet officieel praktijk hield, kreeg hij deze brief waarschijnlijk niet.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Over beroepswerkzaamheden van Pfeffer in Nederland is weinig bekend. Volgens Annes dagboek oefende hij zijn beroep als tandsarts clandestien uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit zou de reden kunnen zijn dat er niet veel over terug te vinden is.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij zijn verzoek om tijdelijk verblijf in Nederland gaf Pfeffer te kennen dat hij over bestaansmiddelen beschikte en geen beroep of bedrijf ging uitoefenen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Vreemdelingendienst noteerde bij Pfeffers aankomst in Nederland: <em>Zorgt voor zichzelf</em>. Later volgde de notitie dat Pfeffer werd gesteund door het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Volgens getuigenissen van Hilde Goldberg-Jacobsthal had haar vader voor Pfeffer een paar uur per week werk geregeld bij andere tandartsen. Zelf had ze ook nog een paar door Pfeffer gemaakte vullingen in haar mond, aldus Hilde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7hc3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Andere bronnen die erop duiden dat Pfeffer zijn beroep als tandarts bleef uitoefenen zijn:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Een brief van <strong>23 juni 1939 </strong>waarin Pfeffer aan<strong> </strong>Charlotte Kaletta schreef dat hij om half drie <em>naar de praktijk</em> ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2cuc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Volgens het dagboek van Anne werkte Pfeffer clandestien bij tandarts Samuel van der Hoeden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Van der Hoeden was in feite reiziger in tandheelkundige artikelen en tandtechnieker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dgin\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op Pfeffers persoonskaart werd het beroep tandarts vervangen door <em>tandtechniker</em>. Wanneer is niet bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35sug\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Volgens Miep Gies was Pfeffer haar tandarts. Miep vertelde in een interview dat zij het verbod aan Joodse artsen om niet-Joodse patiënten te behandelen negeerde en patiënt bij Pfeffer bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvrz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 februari 1941</strong> schreven de departementen van Justitie en Sociale Zaken de Joodse beoefenaars van vrije beroepen aan dat zij hun werkzaamheden voor <strong>1 mei 1941</strong> moesten staken, maar desgewenst wel voor Joden mochten werken. De maatregel trof o.m. advocaten, procureurs, artsen, tandartsen en apothekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4xjy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Vreemdelingendienst noteerde op <strong>25 juli 1941 </strong>dat Pfeffer door zijn vader in Giessen werd onderhouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eenmaal in het Achterhuis ondergedoken, nam Pfeffer de verzorging van de gebitten van in ieder geval een aantal van zijn lotgenoten op zich. Anne schrijft hier geregeld over in haar dagboek. In haar dagboek noteert ze dat Pfeffer een voetaangedreven tandartsboormachine ontving, en ze verwachtte een behandeling te zullen krijgen. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Veemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7hc3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobsthal, Hilde: Interview 15 april 2007.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2cuc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_006: Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dgin\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten ( toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Samuel van der Hoeden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35sug\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvrz2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4xjy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 117. Aangezien Pfeffer niet officieel praktijk hield, kreeg hij deze brief waarschijnlijk niet.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Little is known about Pfeffer's professional activities in the Netherlands. According to Anne's diary, he practised his profession as a dentist clandestinely.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This could be the reason why not much can be found about it.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When applying for temporary residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer indicated that he had means of subsistence and was not going to pursue a profession or business.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon Pfeffer's arrival in the Netherlands, the Aliens Office noted: <em>Looks after himself</em>. This was later followed by the note that Pfeffer was supported by the Committee for Jewish Refugees.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to testimony from Hilde Goldberg-Jacobsthal, her father had arranged for Pfeffer to work a few hours a week with other dentists. She herself also had a few fillings made by Pfeffer, Hilde said.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x7hc3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other sources indicating that Pfeffer continued to practise his profession as a dentist are:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A letter dated <strong>23 June 1939 </strong>in which Pfeffer wrote to<strong> </strong>Charlotte Kaletta that he went to his practice at two-thirty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g2cuc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>According to Anne's diary, Pfeffer worked clandestinely with dentist Samuel van der Hoeden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Van der Hoeden was in fact a traveller in dental supplies and a dental technician.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dgin\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On Pfeffer's personal card, the profession dentist was replaced by <em>dental technician</em>. When this happened is not known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35sug\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>According to Miep Gies, Pfeffer was her dentist. Miep said in an interview that she ignored the ban on Jewish doctors treating non-Jewish patients and remained a patient with Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rvrz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 February 1941</strong>, the Departments of Justice and Social Affairs wrote to Jewish practitioners of liberal professions that they had to stop working by <strong>1 May 1941</strong>, but were allowed to work for Jews if they wished. The measure affected lawyers, prosecutors, doctors, dentists and pharmacists, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4xjy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Foreign Office noted on <strong>25 July 1941 </strong>that Pfeffer was being supported financially by his father in Giessen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, Pfeffer took charge of caring for the teeth of at least some of the others. Anne regularly writes about this in her diary, noting that Pfeffer had obtained a foot-powered dental drill, and she expected to receive treatment.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhxas\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b7e8a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Veemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x7hc3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobsthal, Hilde: Interview 15 april 2007.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g2cuc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_006: Fritz Pfeffer aan Charlotte Kaletta.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dgin\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten ( toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Samuel van der Hoeden.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35sug\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rvrz2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4xjy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel I, p. 117. Aangezien Pfeffer niet officieel praktijk hield, kreeg hij deze brief waarschijnlijk niet.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer practised his profession of dentistry clandestinely in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer oefent zijn beroep van tandarts clandestien uit in Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer practised his profession of dentistry clandestinely in the Netherlands.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
}