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{
"id": 91,
"image": {
"id": 1024,
"uuid": "83ada918-e079-4a6f-94cd-9f6b608d42d2",
"name": "Tafel met kaars",
"title": "Kamer van Otto, Edith en Margot Frank",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frankl Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Tafeltje_kamer_Otto_Edith_Margot.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Gedurende kantooruren moest de onderduikers stil zijn. Meestal werk er in die tijd gestudeerd of gelezen. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek,",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5",
"name": "Quiet as mice: the fear of discovery",
"name_nl": "Muisstil: de angst voor ontdekking",
"name_en": "Quiet as mice: the fear of discovery",
"description": "<p>Fear of discovery is a recurring theme in Anne Frank's diary entries. The eight people in the Secret Annex lived secluded from the outside world. There were '<em>hiding rules</em>' to prevent unwitting staff and visitors such as customers and suppliers from noticing their presence. For example, there were strict agreements on the use of water - as noise from the pipes was audible - and flushing the toilet during the presence of outsiders.<em> 'So we had to be as quiet as mice',</em> Anne wrote on <strong>30 September 1942</strong> in response to such a situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> All good intentions notwithstanding, daily life repeatedly showed that this rule was rather hard to maintain.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The early days</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The first diary, in the well-known 'red-checkered' book, describes the early period in the Secret Annex. Naturally, because everything was new and unknown in that period, Anne's anxiety was high. Both the people in hiding and the helpers had to get used to the new situation. After a few weeks, Kugler decided that access to the Secret Annex should be hidden behind a cupboard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4grer\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Everyone paid close attention to the arrangements made: when Arthur Lewinsohn came to do experiments in the office kitchen with Victor Kugler, the days when the maid, the plumber or representatives Hendrik Daatzelaar and Johan Broks visited, everyone was quiet and cautious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Anne, they then took large jars and chamber pots to the loft because of not being able to use the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Consequently, the unexpected presence of a carpenter once led to consternation behind the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btesn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Dependency</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were completely dependent on the helpers for their care. Anne therefore worried about their welfare. She feared that the helpers were at risk of having to go into hiding themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, difficulties piled up. Bep, Miep and Kleiman were all suffering from illness, and compulsory work was imminent for Kugler. To limit the risks, the warehouse remained closed the next day. Only Bep would be in the office if her condition allowed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the end, things didn't turn out so bad; Bep's cold did not persist and Kugler managed to get a certificate that saved him from compulsory work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It shows how far dependency went, and how precarious the situation became if something did indeed happen to the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The warehousemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first eight to nine months of hiding, there was no major threat from the warehouse. Bep's father Johan Voskuijl was the manager there, and he was fully aware of the situation. When a serious illness forced him to leave his job, the outsider Willem van Maaren was sent by the Labour Exchange around <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"izg05\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> As a result, the people in the Secret Annex could no longer dispose of their waste through the warehouse, and had to burn it in the stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This in turn led to fears that local residents would see the chimney smoking at odd hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The people in hiding and the helpers were not happy with the new situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> For Anne and the others, Van Maaren became a persistent source of worry. They flushed the toilet sparingly during office hours to avoid him noticing anything.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> When Anne suspected him of involvement in thefts in the premises, she refers to him as having "a shady past".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Van Maaren had several employees in the warehouse over time. Almost none of their names were known, and Anne referred to them as the '<em>warehousemen'.</em> Only J.J. De Kok was named by her,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> although her father later said he never knew his name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Through the eye of the needle</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The period in the Secret Annex was unusual in that the eight people in hiding were - and remained - in one place. Many others moved from address to address, not infrequently also provided with pseudonyms and accompanying identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Such mobility obviously entailed additional risks. However, staying at one address in the middle of a busy city did too. Business premises in Amsterdam's city centre exerted a strong attraction on criminals. Break-ins and thefts were also commonplace during the occupation. The Opekta premises were no exception. On one such occasion, Hermann van Pels almost stumbled into a burglar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In another instance, '<em>the gentlemen</em>' chased away a pair of burglars who tried to enter through a kicked-in panel on the street door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the hole and alerted a policeman, who then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dljua\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Although this situation worked out alright in the end, it was very frightening for the people in hiding. What was also worrying was that those intruders would naturally have noticed that people were hiding in the premises. But then again, occupation of such premises was not so unusual at this time that they would immediately have drawn the conclusion that these were people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Not so quiet</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the principle that caution and safety were paramount, things still went wrong from time to time. Already in the first weeks of hiding, Anne writes about an argument between the Van Pels couple during which<em> "</em>'<em>Mr v.P. yelled so much that they must surely have been able to hear him houses away</em>"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"exgko\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> And during a meal in <strong>March '44</strong>, there was a knock on the wall in a neighbouring building. This unexpected proximity of a stranger naturally caused nervousness and fear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also used knock signals among themselves. Hermann van Pels used this to signal in the morning that Anne's porridge was ready at the top of the stairs,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> while three knocks in the evening was also the signal for <em>'dinner time</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex went downstairs after office hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> They did laundry in the office kitchen at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Pfeffer sometimes sat at Kugler's desk,<sup data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> as did Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne also sometimes went with Margot to the front office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"248tn\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In the private office, they all listened to the radio - until it had to be handed in<sup data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> . One of the consequences of this use of the offices was that, as shown above, burglars or other intruders could have noticed the presence of people in the building. A tightening of procedures followed after <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, therefore, with the result that life again became lived much more behind the bookcase. However, when Broks brought in a large batch of strawberries in the summer, the cleaning and racking of these was accompanied by such excitement and noise that Anne wondered,<em> 'Yes but are we really in hiding?'</em> Later that day, when the accountant was in the building, no-one was allowed to run any water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Peter chopped wood in the loft during lunch breaks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> By then the warehouse staff had left the building, but the possible presence of the neighbours was apparently no reason not to proceed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ultimately, it is still unknown how the fatal information about the people in hiding in the Secret Annex got to the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>. It is therefore impossible to say how effective the precautions were, and whether indiscretions may have influenced the outcome.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4grer\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btesn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"izg05\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: “Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Johannes .Kleiman aan de Politieke Opsporingsdienst, februari 1946 (per abuis gedateerd 1945).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Lunch break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, 26 november 1963, p.v.b. No. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse jodendom 1940–1945, </em>'s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 248-250.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dljua\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: meldingsapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exgko\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune slägt....", 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"248tn\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2971: ʼBekendmaking‘.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Angst voor ontdekking is een steeds terugkerend thema in de dagboeknotities van Anne Frank. De acht onderduikers leefden afgezonderd van de buitenwereld. Er waren ‘<em>schuilregels</em>’ om te voorkomen dat onwetende personeelsleden en bezoekers zoals klanten en leveranciers hun aanwezigheid opmerkten. Zo waren er strikte afspraken over het gebruik van water – het geruis van de leidingen was immers hoorbaar – en het doorspoelen van het toilet tijdens de aanwezigheid van buitenstaanders. '<em>We moesten dus zo stil als muisjes zijn'</em>, schrijft Anne op <strong>30 september 1942</strong> naar aanleiding van zo’n situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alle goede voornemens ten spijt toonde het dagelijks leven herhaaldelijk aan dat de praktijk toch weerbarstiger was. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De begintijd</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het eerste dagboek, het welbekende ‘rood-geruite’, is de beginperiode in het Achterhuis beschreven. Uiteraard was vanwege het nieuwe en onbekende in die periode Annes angst groot. Zowel onderduikers als helpers moesten wennen aan de nieuwe situatie. Na enkele weken besloot Kugler dat de toegang tot het Achterhuis achter een kast verborgen moest worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4grer\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Iedereen lette scherp op de gemaakte afspraken: toen Arthur Lewinsohn kwam om met Victor Kugler proefnemingen te doen in de kantoorkeuken, de dagen dat de werkster, de loodgieter of de vertegenwoordigers Hendrik Daatzelaar en Johan Broks kwamen, was iedereen stil en voorzichtig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Volgens Anne namen ze toen vanwege het niet kunnen gebruiken van het toilet weckflessen en po’s mee naar de vliering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De onverwachte aanwezigheid van een timmerman leidde dan ook op een keer tot consternatie achter de boekenkast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btesn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Afhankelijkheid</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waren voor hun verzorging volledig afhankelijk van de helpers. Anne maakte zich dan ook zorgen over hun welzijn. Ze vreesde dat de helpers de kans liepen zelf te moeten onderduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>maart ’44</strong> stapelden de moeilijkheden zich op. Bep, Miep en Kleiman hadden alle drie met ziekte te kampen, en voor Kugler dreigde tewerkstelling. Om de risico’s te beperken, bleef het magazijn de volgende dag gesloten. Alleen Bep zou op kantoor zijn als haar toestand dat toeliet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Uiteindelijk viet het allemaal nog mee; Beps verkoudheid zette niet door en Kugler wist een attest te bemachtigen dat hem voor verplicht werk behoedde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Er blijkt uit hoe ver de afhankelijkheid ging, en hoe precair de situatie werd als er inderdaad iets met de helpers zou gebeuren.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De magazijnmannen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste acht à negen maanden van de onderduik ging er van het magazijn geen grote dreiging uit. Beps vader Johan Voskuijl was daar chef, en hij was volledig op de hoogte. Toen hij door een ernstige ziekte zijn werk moest neerleggen, kwam rond <strong>maart ’43</strong> via de Arbeidsbeurs de buitenstaander Willem van Maaren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"izg05\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Daardoor konden de onderduikers hun afval niet meer via het magazijn wegsluizen, en moesten ze het in de kachels verbranden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Daar kwam weer de angst uit voort dat omwonenden de schoorsteen op vreemde tijden zagen roken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Onderduikers en helpers waren niet gelukkig met de nieuwe situatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Voor Anne en de anderen werd Van Maaren een aanhoudende bron van angst. Ze spoelden het toilet tijdens kantooruren spaarzaam door om te voorkomen dat hij iets zou opmerken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Als Anne hem verdenkt van betrokkenheid bij diefstallen in het pand omschrijft ze hem als '<em>dat verlopen sujet'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Van Maaren kreeg in de loop van de tijd in het magazijn verschillende medewerkers. Van hen waren vrijwel geen namen bekend, en Anne duidde ze aan als de ‘<em>magazijnmannen’</em>. Alleen J.J. de Kok wordt door haar met name genoemd,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> hoewel haar vader later verklaarde zijn naam nooit te hebben geweten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Door het oog van de naald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Ongebruikelijk aan de onderduik in het Achterhuis is het gegeven dat de acht onderduikers op één plaats zaten – en bleven. Vele anderen trokken van adres naar adres, niet zelden ook voorzien van schuilnamen en bijbehorende persoonsbewijzen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Die mobiliteit bracht uiteraard extra risico’s met zich mee. Verblijf op één adres midden in een drukke stad deeddat echter ook. Bedrijfspanden in de Amsterdamse binnenstad oefenden een grote aantrekkingskracht uit op criminelen. Inbraken en diefstallen waren ook tijdens de bezetting aan de orde van de dag. Het Opekta-pand ontkwam hier dan ook niet aan.. Bij een van die gelegenheden overliep Hermann van Pels bijna een insluiper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In een ander geval verjoegen ‘<em>de heren</em>’ een paar inbrekers die door een ingetrapte vulling van de straatdeur trachtten binnen te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De nachtwaker Martinus Slegers ontdekte het gat en waarschuwde een agent, die vervolgens het pand inspecteerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dljua\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Voor de onderduikers was deze situatie, hoewel het met een sisser afliep, zeer beangstigend. Zorgelijk was ook dat die indringers natuurlijk opmerkten dat er zich mensen in het pand ophielden. Bewoning van dergelijke panden was in deze tijd echter ook weer niet zo ongewoon dat zij direct tot de gevolgtrekking moesten komen dat het hier om onderduikers ging.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Niet zo stil</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks het principiële uitgangspunt dat voorzichtigheid en veiligheid voorop stonden, ging het nog wel eens mis. Al in de eerste weken van het onderduiken schrijft Anne over een ruzie tussen het echtpaar Van Pels waarbij '<em>mijnheer zo ontzettend geschreeuwd heeft, dat men het zeker huizenver kon horen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"exgko\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> En tijdens een maaltijd in <strong>maart ’44</strong> werd er in een naburig pand op de muur geklopt. Deze onverwachte nabijheid van een onbekende veroorzaakte uiteraard nervositeit en angst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De onderduikers gebruikten onderling ook klopsignalen. Hermann van Pels gaf hier ’s morgens mee te kennen dat Annes pap boven aan de trap klaarstond,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> terwijl drie keer kloppen ook ’s avonds het signaal voor <em>‘etenstijd</em>’ was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers gingen na kantooruren naar beneden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Dan deden ze de was in de kantoorkeuken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Pfeffer zat soms aan Kuglers bureau,<sup data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> net als Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne ging met Margot ook wel naar het voorkantoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"248tn\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In het privékantoor luisterden allen - tot de gedwongen inlevering<sup data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> - naar de radio. Een van de gevolgen van dit gebruik van de kantoorruimtes was dat, zoals hiervoor bleek, inbrekers of insluipers de aanwezigheid van mensen in pand opmerkten. Na <strong>9 april 1944</strong> volgde dan ook een aanscherping, met als gevolg dat het leven zich weer veel meer achter de boekenkast ging afspelen. Toen Broks in de zomer echter een grote partij aardbeien aanvoerde, ging het schoonmaken en wecken hiervan met zoveel opwinding en rumoer gepaard dat Anne zich afvroeg: '<em>Ja maar, schuilen we nog heus?'</em> Toen later op de dag de accountant in huis was mocht er geen water meer lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> hakte Peter tijdens de middagpauze op de vliering hout.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Toen was het magazijnpersoneel de deur uit, maar mogelijke aanwezigheid van de buren was kennelijk geen bezwaar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk is het nog altijd onbekend hoe de fatale informatie over de onderduikers in het Achterhuis bij de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> is terechtgekomen. Daarom is dan ook niet te zeggen hoe effectief de voorzorgen waren, en of de indiscreties wellicht op de afloop van invloed zijn geweest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4grer\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btesn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"izg05\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: “Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Johannes .Kleiman aan de Politieke Opsporingsdienst, februari 1946 (per abuis gedateerd 1945).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 augustus 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Schaftuurtje”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, 26 november 1963, p.v.b. No. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse jodendom 1940–1945, </em>'s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 248-250.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dljua\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: meldingsapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exgko\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune slägt", 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De Vrijheid in het Achterhuis”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"248tn\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2971: ʼBekendmaking‘.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Fear of discovery is a recurring theme in Anne Frank's diary entries. The eight people in the Secret Annex lived secluded from the outside world. There were '<em>hiding rules</em>' to prevent unwitting staff and visitors such as customers and suppliers from noticing their presence. For example, there were strict agreements on the use of water - as noise from the pipes was audible - and flushing the toilet during the presence of outsiders.<em> 'So we had to be as quiet as mice',</em> Anne wrote on <strong>30 September 1942</strong> in response to such a situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> All good intentions notwithstanding, daily life repeatedly showed that this rule was rather hard to maintain.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The early days</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The first diary, in the well-known 'red-checkered' book, describes the early period in the Secret Annex. Naturally, because everything was new and unknown in that period, Anne's anxiety was high. Both the people in hiding and the helpers had to get used to the new situation. After a few weeks, Kugler decided that access to the Secret Annex should be hidden behind a cupboard.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4grer\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Everyone paid close attention to the arrangements made: when Arthur Lewinsohn came to do experiments in the office kitchen with Victor Kugler, the days when the maid, the plumber or representatives Hendrik Daatzelaar and Johan Broks visited, everyone was quiet and cautious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Anne, they then took large jars and chamber pots to the loft because of not being able to use the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Consequently, the unexpected presence of a carpenter once led to consternation behind the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btesn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Dependency</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were completely dependent on the helpers for their care. Anne therefore worried about their welfare. She feared that the helpers were at risk of having to go into hiding themselves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In <strong>March '44</strong>, difficulties piled up. Bep, Miep and Kleiman were all suffering from illness, and compulsory work was imminent for Kugler. To limit the risks, the warehouse remained closed the next day. Only Bep would be in the office if her condition allowed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the end, things didn't turn out so bad; Bep's cold did not persist and Kugler managed to get a certificate that saved him from compulsory work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It shows how far dependency went, and how precarious the situation became if something did indeed happen to the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The warehousemen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first eight to nine months of hiding, there was no major threat from the warehouse. Bep's father Johan Voskuijl was the manager there, and he was fully aware of the situation. When a serious illness forced him to leave his job, the outsider Willem van Maaren was sent by the Labour Exchange around <strong>March '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"izg05\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> As a result, the people in the Secret Annex could no longer dispose of their waste through the warehouse, and had to burn it in the stoves.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This in turn led to fears that local residents would see the chimney smoking at odd hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The people in hiding and the helpers were not happy with the new situation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> For Anne and the others, Van Maaren became a persistent source of worry. They flushed the toilet sparingly during office hours to avoid him noticing anything.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> When Anne suspected him of involvement in thefts in the premises, she refers to him as having "a shady past".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Van Maaren had several employees in the warehouse over time. Almost none of their names were known, and Anne referred to them as the '<em>warehousemen'.</em> Only J.J. De Kok was named by her,<sup data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> although her father later said he never knew his name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Through the eye of the needle</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The period in the Secret Annex was unusual in that the eight people in hiding were - and remained - in one place. Many others moved from address to address, not infrequently also provided with pseudonyms and accompanying identity cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Such mobility obviously entailed additional risks. However, staying at one address in the middle of a busy city did too. Business premises in Amsterdam's city centre exerted a strong attraction on criminals. Break-ins and thefts were also commonplace during the occupation. The Opekta premises were no exception. On one such occasion, Hermann van Pels almost stumbled into a burglar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> In another instance, '<em>the gentlemen</em>' chased away a pair of burglars who tried to enter through a kicked-in panel on the street door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the hole and alerted a policeman, who then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dljua\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Although this situation worked out alright in the end, it was very frightening for the people in hiding. What was also worrying was that those intruders would naturally have noticed that people were hiding in the premises. But then again, occupation of such premises was not so unusual at this time that they would immediately have drawn the conclusion that these were people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Not so quiet</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the principle that caution and safety were paramount, things still went wrong from time to time. Already in the first weeks of hiding, Anne writes about an argument between the Van Pels couple during which<em> "</em>'<em>Mr v.P. yelled so much that they must surely have been able to hear him houses away</em>"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"exgko\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> And during a meal in <strong>March '44</strong>, there was a knock on the wall in a neighbouring building. This unexpected proximity of a stranger naturally caused nervousness and fear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also used knock signals among themselves. Hermann van Pels used this to signal in the morning that Anne's porridge was ready at the top of the stairs,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> while three knocks in the evening was also the signal for <em>'dinner time</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in the Secret Annex went downstairs after office hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> They did laundry in the office kitchen at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Pfeffer sometimes sat at Kugler's desk,<sup data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> as did Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne also sometimes went with Margot to the front office.<sup data-footnote-id=\"248tn\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> In the private office, they all listened to the radio - until it had to be handed in<sup data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> . One of the consequences of this use of the offices was that, as shown above, burglars or other intruders could have noticed the presence of people in the building. A tightening of procedures followed after <strong>9 April 1944</strong>, therefore, with the result that life again became lived much more behind the bookcase. However, when Broks brought in a large batch of strawberries in the summer, the cleaning and racking of these was accompanied by such excitement and noise that Anne wondered,<em> 'Yes but are we really in hiding?'</em> Later that day, when the accountant was in the building, no-one was allowed to run any water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, Peter chopped wood in the loft during lunch breaks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> By then the warehouse staff had left the building, but the possible presence of the neighbours was apparently no reason not to proceed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ultimately, it is still unknown how the fatal information about the people in hiding in the Secret Annex got to the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>. It is therefore impossible to say how effective the precautions were, and whether indiscretions may have influenced the outcome.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7qxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4grer\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pz9x5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nvmze\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btesn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"drk0k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ji2a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w92v\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"izg05\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: “Verklaring – i.z. Gies & Co”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e7ysa\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jffhy\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fs73l\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Johannes .Kleiman aan de Politieke Opsporingsdienst, februari 1946 (per abuis gedateerd 1945).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uwysp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cwg8a\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nwsbm\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Lunch break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5cxh5\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Otto Frank, 26 november 1963, p.v.b. No. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d8qet\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse jodendom 1940–1945, </em>'s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 248-250.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rfy7\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5okhz\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dljua\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: meldingsapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exgko\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1h3xe\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5vb1\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune slägt....", 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uw5av\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ihuh\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank,Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"umc9o\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"248tn\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vcv51\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2971: ʼBekendmaking‘.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o7xf\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btwsp\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex were constantly worried that unwitting staff or visitors would notice their presence.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis waren er voortdurend beducht op dat onwetende personeelsleden of bezoekers hun aanwezigheid zouden opmerken.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex were constantly worried that unwitting staff or visitors would notice their presence.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
}
