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{
"id": 396124422,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50",
"name": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
"name_nl": "Auschwitz I: de mannen in het Stammlager",
"name_en": "Auschwitz I: the men in the Stammlager",
"description": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on <em>Strassenbau</em> - road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Alle mannen van het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> die de selectie na aankomst in Birkenau overleefd hadden, gingen na de registratieprocedure te voet naar Auschwitz I.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Daar kwamen ze terecht in quarantaineblok 8. De gevangenen sliepen in stapelbedden van driehoog, vaak met twee of meer personen in een bed. Het quarantaineblok was overbevolkt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaine moesten alle gevangenen werken. De meesten werkten aan de <em>Straßenbau</em> – stratenbouw – of in de <em>Kiesgrube</em> – de grindkuil –, waar zij grind op karren moesten laden en deze wegbrengen om straten te verharden. Veel mensen liepen bij dit werk blessures en verwondingen op. Otto Frank heeft na de oorlog verklaard dat hij bij een commando was ingedeeld dat grind moest slepen.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Omdat ik zelf een tijdje in een Kieskommando was, weet ik veel over de zware arbeid die daar moest worden verricht en de mishandelingen die daar vaak aan verbonden waren.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De quarantaineperiode van de mannen uit het transport van 3 september eindigde <strong>begin oktober 1944 </strong>met twee selecties, waarbij opnieuw een groep mannelijke gevangenen die niet meer tot zware arbeid in staat geacht werd, in de gaskamer werd vermoord. Deze selecties zouden ook de dood van Hermann van Pels inluiden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die de selectie wel overleefden, bleven na de quarantaineperiode in Auschwitz I, waar zij bij verschillende arbeidscommando’s werden ingedeeld. Waar Fritz Pfeffer werd ingedeeld, weten we niet. Over de gevangenschap van Pfeffer in Auschwitz is niets teruggevonden in de getuigenissen van overlevenden. Wat we weten is dat hij in dezelfde groep is geregistreerd als Hermann en Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Net als de anderen verbleef hij in quarantaine tot circa <strong>1 oktober 1944</strong>. Rond <strong>11 november 1944</strong> is hij waarschijnlijk geselecteerd voor transport naar kamp Neuengamme, waar hij <strong>tussen</strong> <strong>10 en 18 november</strong> is aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de quarantaineperiode werkte Otto Frank eerst in het <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. Daarna kwam hij terecht in de <em>Straßenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Of dit direct na de quarantaineperiode gebeurde, is niet duidelijk. Toen het werk in de Straßenbau vanwege de vorst werd gestaakt, kreeg Otto Frank naar eigen zeggen beter werk, en wel in het Kartoffelschälkommando.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels kwam na de quarantaineperiode in blok 2 terecht. Otto Frank vertelde in een interview na de oorlog:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘<em>Peter had het geluk een baan te krijgen op het postkantoor van het kamp dat bestemd was voor de SS’ers en de niet-Joodse gevangenen die post en pakketjes ontvingen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die bij de <em>Paketstelle</em> werkten, hadden als taak de pakketjes voor de overleden gevangenen te openen en de inhoud selecteren. Zonder al te veel moeite konden zij veel daarvan achteroverdrukken. Otto Frank en Peter van Pels zouden elkaar dagelijks gezien hebben totdat Peter midden januari op transport werd gesteld naar kamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was de enige van de onderduikers die de kampen overleefde.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>All the men from the <strong>3 September 1944</strong> transport who survived selection after arriving in Birkenau went on foot to Auschwitz I after the registration procedure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35olj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> There they ended up in quarantine block 8. The prisoners slept in bunk beds on three floors, often with two or more people to a bed. The quarantine block was overcrowded.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During quarantine, all prisoners had to work. Most worked on <em>Strassenbau</em> - road construction - or in the <em>Kiesgrube</em> - the gravel pit - where they had to load gravel onto carts and take them away to pave roads. Many people suffered injuries during this work. Otto Frank stated after the war that he was assigned to a team that had to drag gravel.</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Being in a Kieskommando myself for a while, I know a lot about the hard labour that had to be done there and the beatings that were often associated with it.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The quarantine period of the men from the 3 September transport ended <strong>in early October 1944 </strong>with two selections, during which another group of male prisoners deemed no longer capable of hard labour was murdered in the gas chamber. The death of Hermann van Pels resulted from these selections.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men who did survive the selections remained in Auschwitz I after the quarantine period, where they were assigned to various labour teams. Where Fritz Pfeffer was assigned, we do not know. Nothing about Pfeffer's imprisonment in Auschwitz has been found in the testimonies of survivors. What we know is that he was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Like the others, he stayed in quarantine until about <strong>1 October 1944</strong>. Around <strong>11 November 1944,</strong> he was probably selected for transport to Neuengamme camp, where he arrived <strong>between</strong> <strong>10 and 18 November</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the quarantine period, Otto Frank first worked in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube</em>. He then joined the <em>Strassenbau</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Whether this happened immediately after the quarantine period is not clear. When work in the <em>Strassenbau </em>was stopped because of frost, Otto Frank said he got better work, in the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels entered Block 2 after the quarantine period. Otto Frank said in an interview after the war:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for SS and non-Jewish prisoners receiving mail and parcels.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> were tasked with opening the parcels for the deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin much of these. Otto Frank and Peter van Pels would have seen each other daily until Peter was transported to camp Mauthausen in mid-January.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was the only one of the people from the Secret Annex to survive the camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35olj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, verklaringen van Abraham Hakker (inv.nr. 1264), Philip Felix de Jong (inv.nr. 1268), Eliazer Kater (inv.nr. 1271), Elias Jacob Kleerekoper (inv.nr. 1272), Barend Konijn (inv.nr. 1274), Richard Felix Levee (inv.nr. 1276), Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr. 1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvvke\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Da ich selbst einige Zeit in einem Kieskommando war, wusste ich über die dort verlangte schwere Arbeit gut Bescheid und die damit oft verbundenen Misshandlungen.’ afs, afc, ofa, inv.nr. 85, verklaring van Otto Frank voor lotgenoot Joseph Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijbw2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; Landsberger e.a. (red.), <em>Auschwitz</em> 2, 26.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jcadb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De gevangenen die op 10 november 1944 in Neuengamme werden ingeschreven, kregen kampnummers vanaf 64230; degenen die op 18 november 1944 aankwamen, kampnummers vanaf 65105. Voor de (incomplete) lijst met gevangenen en kampnummers zie mails van Alyn Beßmann, Archives Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial aan Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, 5 mei 2017 tot 6 juni 2017.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3ywu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>dla, collectie Schnabel, notities Schnabel, 150.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vrv4u\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4q28z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, inv.nr. 211, interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, 138.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
"summary_nl": "De vier mannelijke onderduikers kwamen na hun aankomst in Auschwitz-Birkenau in Auschwitz I terecht.",
"summary_en": "The four males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau after arriving in Auschwitz I.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124393,
"files": []
}