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{
"id": 396124407,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416",
"name": "Emigration from Europe",
"name_nl": "Emigratie uit Europa",
"name_en": "Emigration from Europe",
"description": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het uiteindelijke reisdoel van veel vluchtelingen was de Verenigde Staten, er waren er ook die naar Zuid-Afrika, Palestina en Latijns-Amerika vertrokken. Maar emigratie was niet vanzelfsprekend. Wie weg wilde kwam in een bureaucratische molen terecht van ontelbare formulieren voor uitreisvergunningen, doorreisvergunningen, inreisvisa, gerechtelijke verklaringen en borgstellingen. De rijen wachtenden bij hulporganisaties, consulaten, ambassades en reisbureaus waren eindeloos. Regels veranderden voortdurend en emigratielanden stelden hoge financiële eisen. Naarmate anti-Joodse maatregelen en oorlogsdreiging toenamen, groeide de paniek om weg te komen. Uiteindelijk heeft maar een relatief kleine groep de Jodenvervolging in Europa weten te ontvluchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook de families Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer hebben pogingen ondernomen uit Europa weg te komen. Otto Frank probeerde al vanaf <strong>1937</strong> geprobeerd een zaak op te zetten in Engeland en deed in <strong>1938</strong> een visumaanvraag gedaan bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Beide pogingen liepen op niets uit. Toen in <strong>1939</strong> de Tweede Wereldoorlog uitbrak, werd het nog moelijker om te vluchten. Na de Duitse inval in <strong>1940</strong> probeerde de familie Frank in <strong>1941</strong> opnieuw naar de Verenigde Staten te gaan. Ze worden daarbij geholpen door Amerikaanse vrienden en Julius en Walter Holländer, de broers van Edith, die er al in zijn geslaagd naar de Verenigde Staten te vluchten. Tevergeefs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin van Pels had ook geen geluk. Ondanks hun Nederlanderschap voelden zij zich niet veilig in Nederland. In <strong>1939</strong> deden zij een visumaanvraag bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Zij kwamen op een wachtlijst te staan die al zo lang was dat hun kansen gering waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hun poging om verder te trekken mislukte, al zijn er enkele familieleden van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen er wel in geslaagd naar Noord-, Zuid-Amerika of een andere bestemming overzee te emigreren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de vreemdelingenkaart van Fritz Pfeffer staat dat hij naar Australië wilde, maar hij probeerde ook naar Aruba te gaan. Verder deed hij een emigratieaanvraag voor Chili. Maar het lukte ook hem niet weg te komen uit Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> verloren alle in het buitenland wonende Duitse Joden hun nationaliteit en werden daarmee stateloos. Emigratie werd daarmee onmogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-on-mogelijkheden-om-te-vluchten-joodse-emigratie-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>De (on)mogelijkheden om te vluchten: Joodse emigratie 1933-1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"summary_nl": "Tussen 1933 en 1941 vluchtten ongeveer 280.000 Joden uit nazi-Duitsland en 130.000 uit het door Hitler geannexeerde Oostenrijk. Velen zochten hun toevlucht in de omringende landen. Voor velen was dit echter slechts een tussenstop op weg naar veiliger oorden.",
"summary_en": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": null,
"files": [
835
]
}