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{
    "id": 396124688,
    "image": {
        "id": 1224,
        "uuid": "fd79af67-491c-488b-bc7d-a7f824e35fd4",
        "name": "Advertentie voor de \"Overgangscursus\"",
        "title": "Advertentie voor de \"Overgangscursus\", Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland, 20 januari 1938",
        "alt": "www.delpher.nl",
        "url": "",
        "path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Overgangscursus-CBIN-193800120.jpg",
        "filetype": "image",
        "description": "",
        "author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
        "copyright": "Publiek domein"
    },
    "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7eaef6db-5d69-466c-a948-9d51fa897c9b/",
    "published": true,
    "uuid": "7eaef6db-5d69-466c-a948-9d51fa897c9b",
    "name": "The Transition Course",
    "name_nl": "Overgangscursus",
    "name_en": "The Transition Course",
    "description": "<p>A <em>Transitional Course&nbsp;(Overgangscursus)</em> was set up for children of Jewish and non-Jewish emigrants in <strong>June 1933</strong> at the Public School, Govert Flinckstraat 64.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;To prepare them well for a Dutch school, they were taught Dutch, arithmetic and gymnastics. Over time, the course duration, the number of lessons and subject matter were adjusted. After <strong>November 1938</strong>, courses such as English, Spanish, French, Hebrew, geography and history were added.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The preparatory school was paid for by a subsidy from the Committee for Special Jewish Interests and by school fees that parents paid themselves. Children of poor parents could attend for free. The school was under medical supervision by the school doctor&#39;s service and was visited by a school nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The school moved locations several times: in <strong>1934</strong> to the Vondelschool in Moreelsestraat<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;and then in <strong>1935</strong> to the Diezeschool at Dintelstraat 11 in Amsterdam&#39;s Rivierenbuurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;At the <strong>end of 1938</strong> or the <strong>beginning of 1939</strong>, the course was first moved to the Deurlooschool at Dintelstraat 7,<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;and then in <strong>August 1939</strong> to the Valeriusschool in Des Pr&egrave;sstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even though Hello Silberberg already spoke Dutch, his grandfather sent him to the Transition Course&nbsp;at the Diezeschool to learn Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp; Peter van Pels probably took the Transition Course&nbsp;at the Diezeschool before going to secondary school, but it is not known when and for how long. His cousin&nbsp;Trude Leeser was also on it, as were probably his cousins Doris and G&uuml;nter Goldschmidt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Overgangscursus</em> is the title of a collection of columns that writer Renate Rubinstein (<strong>1929-1990</strong>) wrote under her pseudonym Tamar in the weekly magazine <em>Vrij Nederland</em>. In it she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;My mind drifted back to a long time ago, when I was still a child with a different language and culture who nevertheless had to go to primary school in the Netherlands. It was 1938, so before the war. My brother, sister and I had fled Germany by way of England. There suddenly were a lot of such children and the government had set up a Transition Course for them. The course lasted two months, after which you were placed in the class they deemed you suitable for: I was placed in the third grade, my brother and sister in the first grade, which was entirely in accordance with my ideas about our pecking order. (I was the eldest, they were a year and a half younger.) They still learned to how to read with a&nbsp;primer, I could already read. In German and English of course and now a third language to boot. Children find that a very usual thing.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Transition Course&nbsp;was led&nbsp;by Benjamin Reens.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup>&nbsp;In <strong>September 1941</strong>, three weeks after the compulsory segregation of Jewish students in education introduced by the occupying forces, Reens still advertised his course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;He then organized&nbsp;the course at his home address at Eemsstraat 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wkbr8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen&#39;</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen&#39;</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Isra&euml;lieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935.&nbsp;</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000577017:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Zes jaren Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen&#39;</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010662197:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan Duitsche kinderen&#39;</a>, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 30 januari 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen&#39;</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935. Deze verhuizing was ingegeven door bezuiniginen van het Amsterdamse college van B&amp;W: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010871416:mpeg21:p005\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Duitsche uitgewekenen&#39;</a>,&nbsp;<em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 2 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;De overgangscursus&#39;</a>,&nbsp;<em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief Silberberg, Helmut, transcriptie interview Edmond Silberberg door Teresien da Silva, 1 september 2012, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Renate Rubinstein, <em>Overgangscursus</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joods Monument, <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/205614/benjamin-reens\" target=\"_blank\">Benjamin Reens</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010318174:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Overgangscursus&#39;</a>, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 26 september 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "description_nl": "<p>Voor kinderen van Joodse en niet-Joodse emigranten was in <strong>juni 1933</strong> een &#39;Overgangscursus&#39;&nbsp;opgezet in de Openbare school, Govert Flinckstraat 64.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;Om&nbsp;ze goed voor te bereiden op een Nederlandse school kregen ze les in Nederlands, rekenen en gymnastiek. In de loop van de tijd werd de cursusduur, het aantal lessen en het vakkenpakket aangepast. Na <strong>november 1938</strong> kwamen er vakken bij als Engels, Spaans, Frans, Hebreeuws, aardrijkskunde en geschiedenis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De voorbereidende school werd betaald door subsidie van het Comit&eacute; voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen en door schoolgeld dat ouders zelf betaalden.&nbsp;Kinderen van arme ouders konden er gratis terecht.&nbsp;De school stond onder medisch toezicht van de schoolartsendienst en werd bezocht door een schoolverpleegster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De school verhuisde meerdere malen van locatie: in <strong>1934&nbsp;</strong>naar de Vondelschool in de Moreelsestraat<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;en&nbsp;vervolgens in <strong>1935&nbsp;</strong>naar de Diezeschool op Dintelstraat 11&nbsp;in de Amsterdamse Rivierenbuurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;<strong>Eind 1938</strong> of <strong>begin</strong><strong>&nbsp;1939</strong>&nbsp;werd&nbsp;de cursus eerst verplaatst naar&nbsp;de Deurlooschool op Dintelstraat 7,<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;en daarna in&nbsp;<strong>augustus 1939</strong>&nbsp;naar de Valeriusschool&nbsp;in de Des Pr&egrave;sstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks dat Hello Silberberg al aardig Nederlands sprak, werd hij door zijn opa naar de &#39;Overgangscursus<em>&#39;</em> op de Diezeschool gestuurd om Nederlands te leren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;Vermoedelijk heeft Peter van Pels de &#39;Overgangscursus<em>&#39;</em>&nbsp;op de Diezeschool gevolgd voordat hij naar de MULO ging, maar het is niet bekend wanneer en hoe lang. Zijn nicht Trude Leeser zat er ook op, evenals vermoedelijk zijn nicht Doris en neef G&uuml;nter Goldschmidt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Overgangscursus</em> is de titel van een verzameling van columns die Renate Rubinstein (<strong>1929-1990</strong>) als Tamar schreef in het weekblad <em>Vrij Nederland</em>. Daarin schrijft zij:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;Mijn gedachten gingen terug naar lang geleden, toen ik zelf nog een kind was met een andere taal en cultuur dat niettemin in Nederland op de lagere school moest. Het was in 1938, dus nog v&oacute;&oacute;r de oorlog. Mijn broertje, zusje en ik kwamen met een omweg over Engeland uit Duitsland gevlucht. Er waren ineens erg veel van dergelijke kinderen en de overheid had er een Overgangscursus voor ingesteld. Die cursus duurde twee maanden, daarna werd je ingedeeld in de klasse waar ze je geschikt voor vonden: ik kwam in de derde, mijn broer en zusje in de eerste klas, wat geheel in overeenstemming was met mijn idee&euml;n over onze hi&euml;rachie. (Ik was de oudste, zij waren anderhalf jaar kleiner.) Zij hebben nog lezen geleerd met het leesplankje, ik kon al lezen. In Duits en Engels natuurlijk en daar kwam nu een derde taal bij. Kinderen vinden dat heel gewoon.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De &#39;Overgangscursus<em>&#39;</em> stond onder leiding van Benjamin Reens.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup>&nbsp;In <strong>september 1941</strong>, drie weken na de door de bezetter ingevoerde verplichtte segregatie van Joodse leerlingen in het onderwijs,&nbsp;adverteerde Reens nog voor zijn cursus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;Hij&nbsp;organiseerde&nbsp;de cursus&nbsp;toen&nbsp;op zijn eigen woonadres op&nbsp;Eemsstraat 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wkbr8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup>&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen&#39;</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen&#39;</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Isra&euml;lieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935.&nbsp;</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000577017:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Zes jaren Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen&#39;</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010662197:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan Duitsche kinderen&#39;</a>, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 30 januari 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen&#39;</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935. Deze verhuizing was ingegeven door bezuiniginen van het Amsterdamse college van B&amp;W: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010871416:mpeg21:p005\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Duitsche uitgewekenen&#39;</a>,&nbsp;<em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 2 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;De overgangscursus&#39;</a>,&nbsp;<em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief Silberberg, Helmut, transcriptie interview Edmond Silberberg door Teresien da Silva, 1 september 2012, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Renate Rubinstein, <em>Overgangscursus</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joods Monument, <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/205614/benjamin-reens\" target=\"_blank\">Benjamin Reens</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010318174:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Overgangscursus&#39;</a>, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 26 september 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "description_en": "<p>A <em>Transitional Course&nbsp;(Overgangscursus)</em> was set up for children of Jewish and non-Jewish emigrants in <strong>June 1933</strong> at the Public School, Govert Flinckstraat 64.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;To prepare them well for a Dutch school, they were taught Dutch, arithmetic and gymnastics. Over time, the course duration, the number of lessons and subject matter were adjusted. After <strong>November 1938</strong>, courses such as English, Spanish, French, Hebrew, geography and history were added.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The preparatory school was paid for by a subsidy from the Committee for Special Jewish Interests and by school fees that parents paid themselves. Children of poor parents could attend for free. The school was under medical supervision by the school doctor&#39;s service and was visited by a school nurse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The school moved locations several times: in <strong>1934</strong> to the Vondelschool in Moreelsestraat<sup data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;and then in <strong>1935</strong> to the Diezeschool at Dintelstraat 11 in Amsterdam&#39;s Rivierenbuurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;At the <strong>end of 1938</strong> or the <strong>beginning of 1939</strong>, the course was first moved to the Deurlooschool at Dintelstraat 7,<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;and then in <strong>August 1939</strong> to the Valeriusschool in Des Pr&egrave;sstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even though Hello Silberberg already spoke Dutch, his grandfather sent him to the Transition Course&nbsp;at the Diezeschool to learn Dutch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp; Peter van Pels probably took the Transition Course&nbsp;at the Diezeschool before going to secondary school, but it is not known when and for how long. His cousin&nbsp;Trude Leeser was also on it, as were probably his cousins Doris and G&uuml;nter Goldschmidt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Overgangscursus</em> is the title of a collection of columns that writer Renate Rubinstein (<strong>1929-1990</strong>) wrote under her pseudonym Tamar in the weekly magazine <em>Vrij Nederland</em>. In it she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>&#39;My mind drifted back to a long time ago, when I was still a child with a different language and culture who nevertheless had to go to primary school in the Netherlands. It was 1938, so before the war. My brother, sister and I had fled Germany by way of England. There suddenly were a lot of such children and the government had set up a Transition Course for them. The course lasted two months, after which you were placed in the class they deemed you suitable for: I was placed in the third grade, my brother and sister in the first grade, which was entirely in accordance with my ideas about our pecking order. (I was the eldest, they were a year and a half younger.) They still learned to how to read with a&nbsp;primer, I could already read. In German and English of course and now a third language to boot. Children find that a very usual thing.&#39;<sup data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Transition Course&nbsp;was led&nbsp;by Benjamin Reens.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup>&nbsp;In <strong>September 1941</strong>, three weeks after the compulsory segregation of Jewish students in education introduced by the occupying forces, Reens still advertised his course.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;He then organized&nbsp;the course at his home address at Eemsstraat 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wkbr8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yx8qp\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000581099:mpeg21:p00004\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitsche uitgewekenen&#39;</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland,</em> 17 januari 1935; <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000582026:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Twee jaar onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen&#39;</a><em>, Centraal blad voor Isra&euml;lieten in Nederland</em>, 22 augustus 1935.&nbsp;</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdmj1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000577017:mpeg21:p00007\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Zes jaren Onderwijs aan kinderen van Duitse uitgewekenen&#39;</a>, <em>Centraal blad voor Israëlieten in Nederland</em>, 22 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e5lr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010662197:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan Duitsche kinderen&#39;</a>, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 30 januari 1934.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m4ckb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000892045:mpeg21:p00009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Onderwijs aan Duitse kinderen&#39;</a>, <em>Het Volk</em>, 21 augustus 1935. Deze verhuizing was ingegeven door bezuiniginen van het Amsterdamse college van B&amp;W: <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010871416:mpeg21:p005\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Duitsche uitgewekenen&#39;</a>,&nbsp;<em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 2 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zyxyq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010874587:mpeg21:p004\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;De overgangscursus&#39;</a>,&nbsp;<em>Nieuw Israelietisch Weekblad</em>, 1 september 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zdhet\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief Silberberg, Helmut, transcriptie interview Edmond Silberberg door Teresien da Silva, 1 september 2012, p. 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2s3ez\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Renate Rubinstein, <em>Overgangscursus</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mlvuk\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joods Monument, <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/205614/benjamin-reens\" target=\"_blank\">Benjamin Reens</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4buq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010318174:mpeg21:p009\" target=\"_blank\">&#39;Overgangscursus&#39;</a>, <em>Het Joodsche Weekblad</em>, 26 september 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "summary": "The Transition Course was intended to prepare children of German immigrants, mainly Jewish refugees, for Dutch education and Dutch society.",
    "summary_nl": "De Overgangscursus was bedoeld om kinderen van Duitse immigranten, voornamelijk Joodse vluchtelingen, klaar te stomen voor het Nederlands onderwijs en de Nederlandse samenleving.",
    "summary_en": "The Transition Course was intended to prepare children of German immigrants, mainly Jewish refugees, for Dutch education and Dutch society.",
    "same_as": null,
    "parent": 396124547,
    "files": []
}