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{
"id": 396124417,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21",
"name": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"name_nl": "Gasten en personeel van de familie Frank",
"name_en": "Guests and staff of the Frank family",
"description": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De eerste bewoners van Merwedeplein 37-II betrokken de toen nieuwe woning in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was <strong>eind 1933</strong> de vierde hoofdbewoner. Bouwer en beheerder van het hele blok was de N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis en de huur bedroeg zeventig gulden. Dat was inclusief twintig gulden voor de warmwatervoorziening en centrale verwarming die de stookkelder van de nabijgelegen z.g. 'Wolkenkrabber' leverde, de woontoren die nog altijd deel van het complex uitmaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Huishoudelijke hulpen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buiten de familie Frank kwamen ook tal van andere Duitsers, waaronder veel Joden, na het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP naar Nederland. Organisaties die al langer actief waren bij het helpen van Joodse vluchtelingen uit Oost-Europa speelden op deze nieuwe ontwikkelingen in. Zo creëerde het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen werkgelegenheid in de huishoudelijke dienstverlening om zo vrouwen en meisjes kansen te bieden zich in Nederland te vestigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de woning van het gezin Frank vond een aantal van deze vrouwen voor kortere of langere tijd werk of onderdak. Enkele van hen, Renate Wolf en Malli Aschenbrand, waren eveneens afkomstig uit Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen en Rosel Goldschmidt kwamen uit andere delen van Duitsland.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Onderhuurders</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de latere jaren dertig vond een verandering in de ecomische omstandigheden van het gezin plaats. Otto Frank reisde in <strong>1937</strong> verschillende keren naar Engeland in vruchteloze pogingen daar een zakelijk initiatief van de grond te krijgen. In <strong>juni 1938</strong> richtte Jo Kleiman in samenwerking met Otto Frank de nieuwe firma Pectacon op. De laatste huishoudelijke hulp vertrok <strong>half oktober 1937</strong>, en in <strong>juni 1938</strong> verscheen de eerste onderhuurder Ernst Katz. Hij zou de eerste van vier zijn: na hem kwamen nog Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker en Werner Goldschmidt. Over de onderhuurders schreef Anne haar verhaaltje 'Pension- of huurgasten'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker en Goldschmidt komen ook voor in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oma Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto en Edith Frank vroegen in <strong>september 1938</strong> voor oma Holländer om toelating tot Nederland, zodat zij zich bij het gezin van haar dochter in Amsterdam kon voegen. Het Ministerie van Justitie wees dat af omdat de regering in mei van dat jaar de grens voor vluchtelingen sloot. Door een beperkte verruiming na de pogroms van november kon ze uiteindelijk toch komen en in <strong>maart 1939</strong> vestigde zij zich hier alsnog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Haar komst bracht het aantal personen in huis op zes.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>najaar van 1941</strong> kwam de poes Moortje er nog bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne schrijft over haar in een brief aan haar grootmoeder, en noemde haar later herhaaldelijk in haar dagboek. Moortje ging niet mee naar het Achterhuis, maar volgens het dagboek bracht Werner Goldschmidt haar naar de buren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het buurgezin Kupers op 39-III zou de verdere zorg op zich nemen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Gezin Kohnke</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Als laatsten verschenen de drie leden van het gezin Kohnke - Leyens. Leni Kohnke was een goede bekende van Edith en moest met haar man en dochtertje hun woonplaats Hilversum verlaten. Omstreeks <strong>mei 1942</strong> woonden ze enkele weken bij het gezin in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Oma Holländer was in januari overleden, dus in deze weken was het aantal personen in de woning acht.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacués</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de familie Frank vertrok bleef onderhuurder Werner Goldschmidt achter. Later vestigden zich in de woning evacués uit andere plaatsen die verplicht naar Amsterdam trokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel bronnen ontbreken lijkt hier de Joodse Raad een rol in te spelen. De huuradministratie van Hilwis laat zien dat de laatste evacué op <strong>20 juni 1943</strong> vertrok en dat de woning de 28e leeg was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> De nieuwe hoofdbewoner Tim Choy stond per <strong>3 september 1943</strong> op dit adres in het bevolkingsregister ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Desondanks behielden alle vier de leden van het gezin Frank hun inschrijvingen op de woning nog tot <strong>27 oktober 1944</strong>, bijna twee maanden na hun deportatie naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Pension- of huurgasten", 15 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni, 20 en 22 oktober 1942 (Wronker), 14 en 22 augustus, 5 november 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The first residents of Merwedeplein 37-II moved into the then new house in <strong>1931</strong>. Otto Frank was the fourth main resident <strong>by the end of 1933</strong>. The construction and management company of the entire block was the N.V. Bouw en Exploitatie Maatschappij Hilwis and the rent was seventy guilders. That included twenty guilders for the hot water supply and central heating provided by the heating cellar of the nearby so-called 'Wolkenkrabber' (Skyscraper), the residential tower that is still part of the complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Domestic workers</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Apart from the Frank family, numerous other Germans, including many Jews, came to the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP came to power. Organisations that had long been active in helping Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe responded to these new developments. For example, the Committee for Jewish Refugees created jobs in domestic service to give women and girls opportunities to settle in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"msosn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the Frank family home, some of these women found work or shelter for shorter or longer periods of time. A couple of them, Renate Wolf and Malli Aschenbrand, were also from Frankfurt. Ilse Windesheim, Gerda Einstein, Julie van Groningen and Rosel Goldschmidt came from other parts of Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Subtenants</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The <strong>later 1930s</strong> saw a change in the family's economic circumstances. Otto Frank travelled to England several times in <strong>1937</strong> in fruitless attempts to get a business initiative off the ground there. In <strong>June 1938</strong>, Jo Kleiman founded the new firm Pectacon in collaboration with Otto Frank. The last domestic help left <strong>in mid-October 1937</strong>, and in <strong>June 1938</strong> the first subtenant Ernst Katz appeared. He was to be the first of four: after him came Johanna Briels, Paul Wronker and Werner Goldschmidt. About the subtenants, Anne wrote her story 'Boarders or lodgers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Wronker and Goldschmidt also appear in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Grandmother Holländer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto and Edith Frank applied for grandmother Holländer's admission to the Netherlands in <strong>September 1938</strong> so that she could join her daughter's family in Amsterdam. The Justice Ministry turned this down because the government closed the border to refugees in May that year. A limited widening after the November pogroms eventually allowed her to come and in <strong>March 1939</strong> she settled here after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Her arrival brought the number of people in the house to six.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Moortje</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje the cat was added in the <strong>autumn of 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"11snu\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne wrote about her in a letter to her grandmother, and later mentioned her repeatedly in her diary. Moortje did not come with her to the Secret Annex, but according to the diary, Werner Goldschmidt took her to the neighbours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The neighbouring Kupers family at 39-III would take care of her after this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Kohnke family</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The last to appear were the three members of the Kohnke-Leyens family. Leni Kohnke was a close acquaintance of Edith and had to leave their hometown of Hilversum with her husband and young daughter. Around <strong>May 1942,</strong> they lived with the family for a few weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tober\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Grandma Holländer had died in January, so during these weeks the number of people in the house was eight.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Evacuees</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Frank family left, subtenant Werner Goldschmidt stayed behind. Later evacuees from other places settled in the house who were obliged to move to Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hacii\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although sources are lacking, the Jewish Council seems to have played a role here. Hilwis rent records show that the last evacuee left on <strong>20 June 1943</strong> and that the house was empty on the 28th.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The new main occupant Tim Choy was registered in the population register at this address from <strong>3 September 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, all four members of the Frank family retained their registrations at the house until <strong>27 October 1944</strong>, almost two months after their deportation to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0vyb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_001 t/m 032: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"msosn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>David Cohen, <em>Zwervend en dolend. De joodse vluchtelingen in Nederland in de jaren 1933-1940: met een inleiding over de jaren 1900-1933</em>, Haarlem: de erven F. Bohn, 1955, p. 66.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dogyw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Lodgers or Tenants", 15 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgtvh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June, 20 and 22 October 1942 (Wronker), 14 and 22 August, 5 November 1942 (Goldschmidt), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vncb\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en rechtsvoorgangers, toegangsnr. 2.09.45, inv. nr. 227: Commissaris van Politie Amsterdam aan Procureur-Generaal, 29 oktober 1938; Rapport Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, 25 oktober 1938; Secretaris-generaal van Justitie Van Angeren aan Procureur-Generaal, 17 november 1938; Otto Frank aan Bureau Grensbewaking, 22 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11snu\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18, ongedateerde (voorjaar 1942) brief Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o2fc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tober\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_071, Otto Frank aan ‘Meine Lieben’, 11 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hacii\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445), Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ji1\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven). Op 20 juni was er een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en -Oost.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aorhi\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten (toegangsnummer 5445): Woningkaart Merwedeplein 37-II; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_002: Huurstaten van N.V. HILWIS III aangaande de Noorder Amstellaan, Waalstraat (oneven) en Merwedeplein (oneven).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gzxlg\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten O.H. Frank, E. Holländer, M.B. Frank en A.M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank en haar familie woonden na hun komst naar Amsterdam acht en een half jaar in de woning Merwedeplein 37-II.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank and her family lived in their Merwedeplein 37-II home for eight and a half years after coming to Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124556,
"files": []
}