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{
"id": 396124660,
"image": {
"id": 968,
"uuid": "a424f31d-1d1d-4776-9fc0-1d5ea7673381",
"name": "Voor Joden Verboden",
"title": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/1c1c3c60-3e2d-8227-14a4-301ad5554079.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Houten bord met 'Voor Joden Verboden'.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9f136fe9-87fc-481d-b94b-b69a41654c68/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9f136fe9-87fc-481d-b94b-b69a41654c68",
"name": "Anti-Jewish measures",
"name_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen",
"name_en": "Anti-Jewish measures",
"description": "<p>The oppression of Jews in Germany began when Hitler came to power with the NSDAP in <strong>1933</strong>. Anti-Jewish laws made life impossible for them in Germany and many fled the country in desperation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Exclusion</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After coming to power on <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, the Nazis started reshaping society in line with their ideals. They saturated not only politics but also the cultural and social life in cities and villages with Nazi ideology. This process is called <em>Gleichschaltung</em>, and it included the exclusion of ‘enemies’. German Jews were the most actively targeted group. Discriminatory laws allowed the Nazis to progressively restrict their rights. There were more than half a million Jews in Germany at this time - about 0.75 per cent of the population.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 April 1933</strong> the regime passed the ‘Civil Service Restoration Act’, allowing the Nazis to create a loyal public administration. Political opponents and Jews were fired or forced to retire. University professors, who were classed as public servants in Germany, were included. The Nazis also purged the judiciary. Some Jewish lawyers were denied access to the courts. In a year, thousands of people lost their jobs. Yet a large percentage could continue their work more or less as usual, because First World War veterans were exempt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other professions also faced discrimination. Jewish doctors and dentists were excluded from the national health insurance system, which meant they lost a large proportion of their patients. Jewish actors and writers were not permitted to join the professional bodies set up by the Nazis. The Nazis also restricted access to education. Only 1.5 per cent of new pupils were allowed to be Jewish. Many students had to change courses or schools. Others could not graduate because of the restrictions. Associations and sports clubs often refused to accept Jewish members, so Jews started setting up their own clubs. But this reinforced segregation, and Germans and Jews were driven further and further apart.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Race laws</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the anti-Jewish laws, there was in fact no clear definition of ‘Jewish’ in the early stages of the Third Reich. In <strong>September 1935</strong> this changed. At the annual party rally in the German city of Nuremberg the Nazis unveiled the so-called Nuremberg race laws, which defined who was a Jew and who was not. Anyone with four ‘Aryan’ grandparents was a German. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was a Jew. People with or two Jewish grandparents were classed as <em>Mischling</em> or of mixed blood. The Nuremberg race laws turned Jews into second-class citizens. They had fewer rights because they were no longer Germans, according to the Nazis. Marriages and sexual relationships between Jews and ‘Aryans’ were now forbidden. It became vital for many Germans to be able to demonstrate their racial purity. A special document was created: the <em>Ahnenpass</em> or certificate of ancestry.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Some German Jews still hoped that things would get better. They hoped for legislation against the arbitrary treatment and harassment. They thought perhaps they could rebuild life as a minority group. Meanwhile, the Nazi regime did not launch any major anti-Jewish regulations during <strong>1936</strong>, to avoid negative attention during the Olympic Games and the occupation of the Rhineland. But the Jews’ hope was vain. The boycotts, exclusions and violent harassment continued.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>1937</strong> on, pressure on Jess increased to leave the country. One of the measures was the ‘aryanisation’ of Jewish possessions. This involved basically forced sales, often for prices that were far too low. Jews lost their possessions and even had to pay an emigration tax, so there was no money left to maintain them in the countries to which they wanted to flee. These countries therefore refused to take many refugees. Many Jews also did not want to leave because they still felt German, they did not want to give up their way of life and they were frightened of the unknown. Even so, between <strong>1933</strong> and the <strong>end of 1937</strong>, some 130,000 Jews leave Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong> the Nazi regime continued unchecked with its anti-Jewish moves. There was almost no opposition, because the important government roles were in the hands of loyal Nazis. Jews with non-recognisably ‘Jewish’ first names were forced to adopt the additional name of Israel or Sara. Their passports were also stamped with a ‘J’ to emphasise their Jewishness. More and more Jews lost their jobs or their businesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Anschluss in <strong>March 1938</strong>, when Austria was incorporated into Germany, the 200,000 Austrian Jews also suffered from discrimination. In <strong>May 1938</strong>, the Nazis arrested 2,000 Jews in Vienna for transportation to Dachau. Jews were still being arrested in Germany too. In a crackdown on so-called ‘asocial elements’ more than 1,000 Jews were rounded up by the Nazis in Berlin. The regime resorted to deportation. East European Jews without German citizenship were put out of the country. In <strong>October 1938</strong> the Nazis deported 18,000 Polish Jews in two days.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Pogrom</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 November 1938</strong> a young Polish Jew shot dead a German diplomat in Paris in revenge for the deportation of his parents. It was a prime opportunity for the Nazis to launch large scale anti-Jewish action. The shooting was an excuse rather than the cause, because the plans had already been drawn up. In the night of <strong>9 to 10 November</strong>, synagogues across Germany were set ablaze. The Nazi smashed up Jewish-owned shops. This night is known as <em>Kristallnacht</em> (Night of Borken Glass), because of the broken glass in the streets.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The misnomer <em>Kristallnacht</em> conceals the level of violence the Nazis used. Dozens of Jews are killed. That is why today the designation November pogrom is preferred. At least 25,000 were rounded up and sent to concentration camps, where the guards humiliated and abused them. Hundreds more died because of the conditions in the camps. Jews were now the majority group of prisoners. However, many were released quite quickly if they promised to leave the country. As a final humiliation, the Nazis declared the Jewish community responsible for the damage. They demanded a ‘compensation payment’ of one billion <em>Reichsmark</em>.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Toen Hitler met de NSDAP in <strong>1933</strong> aan de macht kwam, begon de onderdrukking van de Joden in Duitsland. Anti-Joodse wetgeving maakte het leven in Duitsland voor hen onmogelijk. Velen ontvluchtten wanhopig het land.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Uitsluiting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Machtsovername van <strong>30 januari 1933</strong> deden de nazi’s er alles aan de samenleving volgens hun idealen in te richten. Niet alleen de politiek, maar ook het culturele en sociale leven in steden en dorpen doordrenkten ze met de nazi-ideologie. Dit proces staat bekend als <em>Gleichschaltung</em> (gelijkschakeling). Hierbij hoorde ook het uitsluiten van vijanden. De Joden in Duitsland waren de actiefst bestreden groep. Met behulp van discriminerende wetgeving perkten de nationaalsocialisten hun rechten steeds verder in.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 april 1933</strong> vaardigde het regime de ‘wet op het herstel van de ambtenarij’ uit. Hiermee wilden de nazi’s een loyaal overheidsapparaat creëren. Dit betekende ontslag of gedwongen pensionering voor politieke tegenstanders en Joden. Universiteitsprofessoren, die in Duitsland als ambtenaar golden, vielen ook onder deze wet. De nazi’s zuiverden ook het juridisch apparaat. Sommige Joodse juristen werd zelfs de toegang tot de rechtbank ontzegd. Duizenden mensen verloren binnen één jaar hun baan. Toch kon een groot deel hun werk min of meer voortzetten, omdat er uitzonderingen bestaan voor Eerste Wereldoorlogsveteranen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook andere beroepsgroepen werden gediscrimineerd. Joodse dokters en tandartsen mochten niet langer meedraaien in het ziektekostenverzekeringssysteem. Hierdoor verloren ze een groot deel van hun klanten. Acteurs en schrijvers konden geen lid worden van de door de nazi’s ingestelde beroepsorganisaties. De nazi’s beperkten ook de toegang tot onderwijs. Slechts 1,5 procent van de nieuwe leerlingen mocht nog Joods zijn. Studenten moesten daarom van opleiding of school wisselen. Anderen konden niet afstuderen door de beperkende maatregelen. Verenigingen en sportclubs namen vaak geen Joodse leden meer aan. Daarom richtten Joden clubs voor zichzelf op. Dit werkte segregatie in de hand. Duitsers en Joden raaktn steeds verder van elkaar verwijderd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Rassenwetten</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks de anti-Joodse wetten was er in de beginfase van het Derde Rijk nog geen duidelijke definitie van ‘Joods’. In <strong>september 1935</strong> veranderde dit. Op de partijdag in de Duitse stad Neurenberg maakten de nazi’s de zogeheten Rassenwetten van Neurenberg bekend. Hierin definieerde het regime wie Joods was en wie niet. Als Duitser gold iedereen met vier ‘Arische’ grootouders. Met drie of meer Joodse grootouders was je een Jood. Wie één of twee Joodse grootouders had, gold als <em>Mischling</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Neurenberger Rassenwetten maakten tweederangsburgers van de Joden. Joden kregen minder rechten, want ze waren volgens de nazi’s geen Duitser meer. Huwelijken en seksuele relaties tussen Joden en ’Ariërs’ waren voortaan verboden. Hierdoor was het voor steeds meer Duitsers belangrijk hun raszuiverheid aan te tonen. Daar was een speciaal document voor beschikbaar: de <em>Ahnenpass</em>, een 'voorouderpaspoort'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sommige Joden in Duitsland hoopten nog steeds dat de situatie verbeterde. Ze hoopten dat wetgeving een einde maakte aan willekeur en pesterijen. Misschien konden ze als minderheid in Duitsland een bestaan opbouwen. Bovendien ondernam het regime in <strong>1936</strong> geen nieuwe grootschalige anti-Joodse maatregelen. Het naziregime wilde tijdens de Olympische Spelen en in de periode van de Rijnlandbezetting negatieve aandacht vermijden. Maar de hoop was tevergeefs. Joden bleven in deze periode slachtoffer van boycots, uitsluiting en gewelddadige pesterijen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>1937</strong> nam de druk op de Joden toe om het land te verlaten. Eén van de methoden was het ‘ariseren’ van Joods bezit. Dit kwam neer op gedwongen verkoop, vaak tegen te lage prijzen. De Joden waren hun bestaansmiddelen kwijt en moesten zelfs een emigratiebelasting betalen. Daarom hadden ze geen geld meer om in hun eigen onderhoud te voorzien in de landen waar ze heen vluchtten. Deze landen namen daarom maar weinig vluchtelingen op. Veel Joden widlen bovendien het land nog steeds niet verlaten omdat ze zich nog altijd Duitser voelden, hun bestaan niet konden opgeven en bang warenn voor het onbekende. Toch verlieten tussen <strong>begin 1933</strong> en <strong>eind 1937</strong> zo’n 130.000 Joden het land. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het naziregime ging in <strong>1938</strong> onverminderd door met de anti-Joodse acties. Het kreeg daarbij nauwelijks tegenstand, omdat de belangrijkste overheidsfuncties in handen waren van trouwe nationaalsocialisten. Joden met niet als ‘Joods’ herkenbare voornamen werden gedwongen de extra naam Israel of Sara aan te nemen. Ook kregen ze een ‘J’ in hun paspoort gestempeld. Zo benadrukten de nazi’s hun Joods-zijn. Meer en meer Joden verloren hun baan of bedrijf.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Anschluss, de inlijving van Oostenrijk bij Duitsland in <strong>maart 1938</strong>, kregen ook de 200.000 Oostenrijkse Joden met discriminatie te maken. In <strong>mei 1938</strong> arresteerden de nazi’s 2.000 Joden in Wenen om ze naar Dachau te deporteren. Ook in Duitsland arresteerden de nazi’s Joden. In het kader van acties tegen ‘asocialen’ pakten de nazi’s in Berlijn meer dan 1.000 Joden op. Het regime ging ook over tot verbanning. Oost-Europese Joden zonder Duits staatsburgerschap werden het land uitgezet. In <strong>oktober 1938</strong> deporteerden de nazi’s in twee dagen 18.000 Poolse Joden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Pogrom</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 november 1938</strong> schoot een jonge Poolse Jood in Parijs een Duitse diplomaat dood. Hij wilde zo de deportatie van zijn ouders wreken. Dit was een uitgelezen kans voor de nazi’s om een grootschalige anti-Joodse actie op touw te zetten. De aanslag was hierbij meer een excuus dan een oorzaak, want de plannen bestonden al. In de nacht van <strong>9 op 10 november</strong> brandden in heel Duitsland synagogen. De nazi’s sloegen winkels van Joodse eigenaren kort en klein. Deze gebeurtenis stond bekend als <em>Kristallnacht</em>, dat verwees naar de glasscherven op straat.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De benaming <em>Kristallnacht</em> verhult de hoeveelheid geweld die de nazi’s tegen mensen gebruikten. Tientallen Joden vonden de dood. Daarom spreekt men tegenwoording liever van <em>Novemberpogrom</em>. Minstens 25.000 Joden werden opgepakt en opgesloten in concentratiekampen. De bewakers vernederden en mishandelden hen. In honderden gevallen leidden de omstandigheden in de kampen tot de dood. De Joden vormden nu een meerderheid onder de gevangenen. Niettemin kwamen veel van de opgepakte mensen snel weer vrij als ze beloofden het land te verlaten. Als laatste vernedering stelden de nazi’s de Joodse gemeenschap aansprakelijk voor de schade. Ze eisten een ‘compensatiebetaling’ van 1 miljard Reichsmark.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The oppression of Jews in Germany began when Hitler came to power with the NSDAP in <strong>1933</strong>. Anti-Jewish laws made life impossible for them in Germany and many fled the country in desperation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Exclusion</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After coming to power on <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, the Nazis started reshaping society in line with their ideals. They saturated not only politics but also the cultural and social life in cities and villages with Nazi ideology. This process is called <em>Gleichschaltung</em>, and it included the exclusion of ‘enemies’. German Jews were the most actively targeted group. Discriminatory laws allowed the Nazis to progressively restrict their rights. There were more than half a million Jews in Germany at this time - about 0.75 per cent of the population.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 April 1933</strong> the regime passed the ‘Civil Service Restoration Act’, allowing the Nazis to create a loyal public administration. Political opponents and Jews were fired or forced to retire. University professors, who were classed as public servants in Germany, were included. The Nazis also purged the judiciary. Some Jewish lawyers were denied access to the courts. In a year, thousands of people lost their jobs. Yet a large percentage could continue their work more or less as usual, because First World War veterans were exempt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other professions also faced discrimination. Jewish doctors and dentists were excluded from the national health insurance system, which meant they lost a large proportion of their patients. Jewish actors and writers were not permitted to join the professional bodies set up by the Nazis. The Nazis also restricted access to education. Only 1.5 per cent of new pupils were allowed to be Jewish. Many students had to change courses or schools. Others could not graduate because of the restrictions. Associations and sports clubs often refused to accept Jewish members, so Jews started setting up their own clubs. But this reinforced segregation, and Germans and Jews were driven further and further apart.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Race laws</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite the anti-Jewish laws, there was in fact no clear definition of ‘Jewish’ in the early stages of the Third Reich. In <strong>September 1935</strong> this changed. At the annual party rally in the German city of Nuremberg the Nazis unveiled the so-called Nuremberg race laws, which defined who was a Jew and who was not. Anyone with four ‘Aryan’ grandparents was a German. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was a Jew. People with or two Jewish grandparents were classed as <em>Mischling</em> or of mixed blood. The Nuremberg race laws turned Jews into second-class citizens. They had fewer rights because they were no longer Germans, according to the Nazis. Marriages and sexual relationships between Jews and ‘Aryans’ were now forbidden. It became vital for many Germans to be able to demonstrate their racial purity. A special document was created: the <em>Ahnenpass</em> or certificate of ancestry.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Some German Jews still hoped that things would get better. They hoped for legislation against the arbitrary treatment and harassment. They thought perhaps they could rebuild life as a minority group. Meanwhile, the Nazi regime did not launch any major anti-Jewish regulations during <strong>1936</strong>, to avoid negative attention during the Olympic Games and the occupation of the Rhineland. But the Jews’ hope was vain. The boycotts, exclusions and violent harassment continued.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>1937</strong> on, pressure on Jess increased to leave the country. One of the measures was the ‘aryanisation’ of Jewish possessions. This involved basically forced sales, often for prices that were far too low. Jews lost their possessions and even had to pay an emigration tax, so there was no money left to maintain them in the countries to which they wanted to flee. These countries therefore refused to take many refugees. Many Jews also did not want to leave because they still felt German, they did not want to give up their way of life and they were frightened of the unknown. Even so, between <strong>1933</strong> and the <strong>end of 1937</strong>, some 130,000 Jews leave Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong> the Nazi regime continued unchecked with its anti-Jewish moves. There was almost no opposition, because the important government roles were in the hands of loyal Nazis. Jews with non-recognisably ‘Jewish’ first names were forced to adopt the additional name of Israel or Sara. Their passports were also stamped with a ‘J’ to emphasise their Jewishness. More and more Jews lost their jobs or their businesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Anschluss in <strong>March 1938</strong>, when Austria was incorporated into Germany, the 200,000 Austrian Jews also suffered from discrimination. In <strong>May 1938</strong>, the Nazis arrested 2,000 Jews in Vienna for transportation to Dachau. Jews were still being arrested in Germany too. In a crackdown on so-called ‘asocial elements’ more than 1,000 Jews were rounded up by the Nazis in Berlin. The regime resorted to deportation. East European Jews without German citizenship were put out of the country. In <strong>October 1938</strong> the Nazis deported 18,000 Polish Jews in two days.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Pogrom</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 November 1938</strong> a young Polish Jew shot dead a German diplomat in Paris in revenge for the deportation of his parents. It was a prime opportunity for the Nazis to launch large scale anti-Jewish action. The shooting was an excuse rather than the cause, because the plans had already been drawn up. In the night of <strong>9 to 10 November</strong>, synagogues across Germany were set ablaze. The Nazi smashed up Jewish-owned shops. This night is known as <em>Kristallnacht</em> (Night of Borken Glass), because of the broken glass in the streets.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The misnomer <em>Kristallnacht</em> conceals the level of violence the Nazis used. Dozens of Jews are killed. That is why today the designation November pogrom is preferred. At least 25,000 were rounded up and sent to concentration camps, where the guards humiliated and abused them. Hundreds more died because of the conditions in the camps. Jews were now the majority group of prisoners. However, many were released quite quickly if they promised to leave the country. As a final humiliation, the Nazis declared the Jewish community responsible for the damage. They demanded a ‘compensation payment’ of one billion <em>Reichsmark</em>.</p>",
"summary": "Anti-Jewish measures are measures imposed against Jews during the Nazi regime: including deprivation of citizenship; not being allowed to hold public office; exclusion of Jews from education and jobs; loss of the right to vote, ban on marriages and sexual contacts between Jews and non-Jews; confiscation of Jewish property, compulsory wearing of the Jewish star.",
"summary_nl": "Anti-Joodse maatregelen zijn maatregelen die tijdens het naziregime tegen de Joden werden ingesteld: o.a. ontneming staatsburgerschap; niet mogen bekleden van openbare ambten; uitsluiting van Joden voor onderwijs en banen; verlies van stemrecht, verbod op huwelijken en seksuele contacten tussen Joden en niet-Joden; inbeslagname Joodse bezittingen, verplichte dracht van de Jodenster.",
"summary_en": "Anti-Jewish measures are measures imposed against Jews during the Nazi regime: including deprivation of citizenship; not being allowed to hold public office; exclusion of Jews from education and jobs; loss of the right to vote, ban on marriages and sexual contacts between Jews and non-Jews; confiscation of Jewish property, compulsory wearing of the Jewish star.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2030"
],
"parent": 396124591,
"files": []
}
