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{
"id": 396124525,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d212d31a-6c0c-471c-b08d-4a81a800f214/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d212d31a-6c0c-471c-b08d-4a81a800f214",
"name": "The marriage of Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta",
"name_nl": "Het huwelijk van Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta",
"name_en": "The marriage of Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta",
"description": "<p>Anne writes in her diary about Fritz Pfeffer:<em> "He lives with a charming Christian lady who's quite a bit younger than he is. They're probably not married, but that's beside the point".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"74pp8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta had both been married before and met in Berlin. A marriage was impossible as a result of the <em>Blutschutzgesetz</em> promulgated in <strong>September 1935</strong>. <strong>In late 1938</strong>, both came to Amsterdam, intending to get married in London in <strong>February 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The visa application form for emigration to Chile of Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta dated <strong>13 January 1939</strong> reads:<em> 'Im Laufe des Monats Februar 1939 wird die Ehe in London geschlossen.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because of a <strong>1902</strong> treaty, German nationals could not marry in the Netherlands without a declaration of no objection from the German authorities. From <strong>September 1935</strong>, such declarations were no longer issued for marriages between a Jewish and a non-Jewish marriage partner. The Netherlands was bound by multilateral treaties and thus had committed itself to respect the marriage laws of the treaty countries, and thus also those of Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dd32\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Belgium cancelled this treaty a few years after World War I. As a result, many people wishing to get married who were affected by German law went to Brussels. Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta also wanted to try their luck in Brussels. Charlotte Kaletta spent some time in that city in late June <strong>1939</strong>, but Pfeffer's passport had expired in <strong>January 1939</strong> and the German consulate in Amsterdam refused to renew it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ymor\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite being unable to marry, they presented themselves as a married couple. The fact that their marriage was not official was also not widely known among their acquaintances. Otto Frank first heard of Pfeffer's unmarried state when Miep Gies informed him about it in the summer of <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0dyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As their marriage was not official, Pfeffer lacked the status of a 'mixed married person' in occupied Netherlands and as a result, he was forced to go into hiding in <strong>1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the basis of an <em>Anordnung by the Senator für Justiz in Berlin dated <strong>5 February 1953</strong> recognising free marriages of people persecuted because of race, politics or religion</em>, the marriage was retrospectively recognised. This was to allow benefits/compensation to surviving relatives. The marriage date of Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta was retroactively set as <strong>31 May 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yro9s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's death certificate lists as marital status: <em>divorced</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"40nmz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>1953</strong>, acknowledgement of the non-approved marriage to Charlotte Kaletta was noted in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0x21h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"74pp8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst en Taakvoorgangers, toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: visumaanvraag F. Pfeffer, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dd32\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ymor\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en Taakvoorgangers, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0dyk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: Verklaring Otto Frank, 4 september 1951</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yro9s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4171: Vreemdelingenkaart M.C. Kaletta, aantekening d.d. 28 april 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"40nmz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit vanwege zijn in 1933 ontbonden huwelijk met Vera Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0x21h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte, 16 februari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Anne schrijft in haar dagboek over Fritz Pfeffer: '<em>Hij leeft samen met een veel jongere en leuke Christenvrouw, waar hij waarschijnlijk niet mee getrouwd is, maar dat is bijzaak.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"74pp8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta waren allebei eerder getrouwd geweest en ontmoetten elkaar in Berlijn. Een huwelijk was als gevolg van de in <strong>september 1935</strong> afgekondigde <em>Blutschutzgesetz</em> onmogelijk. <strong>Eind 1938</strong> kwamen beiden naar Amsterdam en hadden het voornemen in <strong>februari 1939</strong> in Londen te trouwen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op het visumaanvraagformulier voor emigratie naar Chili van Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta gedateerd <strong>13 januari 1939</strong> staat ingevuld: '<em>Im Laufe des Monats Februar 1939 wird die Ehe in London geschlossen.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege een verdrag uit <strong>1902</strong> konden Duitse onderdanen niet in Nederland trouwen, zonder verklaring van geen bezwaar van de Duitse autoriteiten. Vanaf <strong>september 1935 </strong>werden zulke verklaringen voor huwelijken tussen een Joodse en een niet-Joodse huwelijkspartner niet meer afgegeven. Nederland was aan multilaterale verdragen gebonden en had zich daarmee verplicht de huwelijkswetgeving van de aangesloten landen te respecteren, en dus ook die van Duitsland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dd32\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> België zegde dit verdrag enkele jaren na de Eerste Wereldoorlog op. Daardoor weken vele door de Duitse wet getroffen huwelijkskandidaten naar Brussel uit. Ook Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta wilden het in Brussel proberen. Charlotte Kaletta verbleef eind juni <strong>1939 </strong>enige tijd in die stad, maar Pfeffers paspoort was in <strong>januari 1939</strong> verlopen en het Duitse consulaat in Amsterdam weigerde dat te verlengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ymor\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks de onmogelijkheid te trouwen presenteerden zij zich als echtpaar. Dat hun huwelijk niet officieel was, was ook niet algemeen bekend onder hun kennissen. Otto Frank hoorde voor het eerst van Pfeffers ongehuwde staat toen Miep Gies hem hierover in de zomer van <strong>1942 </strong>inlichtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pyw2u\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat hun huwelijk niet officieel was, ontbeerde Pfeffer in bezet Nederland de status van 'gemengd gehuwde' en daardoor zag hij zich in de loop van <strong>1942</strong> gedwongen onder te duiken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op grond van een <em>Anordnung van de Senator für Justiz in Berlin d.d. <strong>5 februari 1953</strong> ter erkenning van vrije huwelijken van wegens ras, politiek of godsdienst vervolgden</em>, is het huwelijk achteraf alsnog erkend. Dit om uitkering/schadeloosstelling aan nabestaanden mogelijk te maken. De huwelijksdatum van Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta werd met terugwerkende kracht vastgesteld op <strong>31 mei 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jjqc7\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffers overlijdensakte noemt als burgerlijke staat: <em>gescheiden</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"86f2y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>1953</strong> is in de marge de erkenning van het geweigerde huwelijk met Charlotte Kaletta genoteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"60c84\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"74pp8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst en Taakvoorgangers, toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: visumaanvraag F. Pfeffer, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dd32\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ymor\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en Taakvoorgangers, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pyw2u\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: Verklaring Otto Frank, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jjqc7\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4171: Vreemdelingenkaart M.C. Kaletta, aantekening d.d. 28 april 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"86f2y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit vanwege zijn in 1933 ontbonden huwelijk met Vera Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60c84\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte, 16 februari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne writes in her diary about Fritz Pfeffer:<em> "He lives with a charming Christian lady who's quite a bit younger than he is. They're probably not married, but that's beside the point".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"74pp8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta had both been married before and met in Berlin. A marriage was impossible as a result of the <em>Blutschutzgesetz</em> promulgated in <strong>September 1935</strong>. <strong>In late 1938</strong>, both came to Amsterdam, intending to get married in London in <strong>February 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The visa application form for emigration to Chile of Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta dated <strong>13 January 1939</strong> reads:<em> 'Im Laufe des Monats Februar 1939 wird die Ehe in London geschlossen.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because of a <strong>1902</strong> treaty, German nationals could not marry in the Netherlands without a declaration of no objection from the German authorities. From <strong>September 1935</strong>, such declarations were no longer issued for marriages between a Jewish and a non-Jewish marriage partner. The Netherlands was bound by multilateral treaties and thus had committed itself to respect the marriage laws of the treaty countries, and thus also those of Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7dd32\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Belgium cancelled this treaty a few years after World War I. As a result, many people wishing to get married who were affected by German law went to Brussels. Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta also wanted to try their luck in Brussels. Charlotte Kaletta spent some time in that city in late June <strong>1939</strong>, but Pfeffer's passport had expired in <strong>January 1939</strong> and the German consulate in Amsterdam refused to renew it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ymor\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite being unable to marry, they presented themselves as a married couple. The fact that their marriage was not official was also not widely known among their acquaintances. Otto Frank first heard of Pfeffer's unmarried state when Miep Gies informed him about it in the summer of <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0dyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As their marriage was not official, Pfeffer lacked the status of a 'mixed married person' in occupied Netherlands and as a result, he was forced to go into hiding in <strong>1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On the basis of an <em>Anordnung by the Senator für Justiz in Berlin dated <strong>5 February 1953</strong> recognising free marriages of people persecuted because of race, politics or religion</em>, the marriage was retrospectively recognised. This was to allow benefits/compensation to surviving relatives. The marriage date of Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta was retroactively set as <strong>31 May 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yro9s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer's death certificate lists as marital status: <em>divorced</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"40nmz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>1953</strong>, acknowledgement of the non-approved marriage to Charlotte Kaletta was noted in the margin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0x21h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"74pp8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9r93\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst en Taakvoorgangers, toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031: visumaanvraag F. Pfeffer, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7dd32\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het Duitsche Ariërhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit", <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ymor\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Rijksvreemdelingendienst en Taakvoorgangers, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0dyk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: Verklaring Otto Frank, 4 september 1951</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yro9s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4171: Vreemdelingenkaart M.C. Kaletta, aantekening d.d. 28 april 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"40nmz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit vanwege zijn in 1933 ontbonden huwelijk met Vera Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0x21h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte, 16 februari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The German racial laws of 1935 prevented marriages between Jews and non-Jews. This ban also affected Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.",
"summary_nl": "De Duitse rassenwetten van 1935 verhinderden huwelijken tussen Joden en niet-Joden. Dit verbod trof ook Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta.",
"summary_en": "The German racial laws of 1935 prevented marriages between Jews and non-Jews. This ban also affected Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124544,
"files": []
}