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{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
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},
{
"id": 396124625,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl werkzaam bij verschillende bedrijven",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"description": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de lagere school had Bep Voskuijl verschillende banen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Volgens haar, bijna drie jaar jongere zus, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, werkte Bep Voskuijl in een naaiatelier en als dienstbode in een restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Ton van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder ook werkte als winkelmeisje bij banketbakker Ruperink in de Jan Evertsenstraat en als hulp bij Ruttens cafetaria in de Kalverstraat (filiaal van horecaketen Heck’s).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Joop van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder begon met werken als kamermeisje in hotels en pensionnetjes en dat zij zich vervolgens ging scholen om verder te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op de gezinskaart van haar vader Johannes Voskuijl, staat Bep geregistreerd als mantelnaaister.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend waar en wanneer dit was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Medio 1937</strong> werd Bep aangenomen bij Opekta, in die periode gevestigd op Singel 400. Ze was de opvolgster van Isa Cauvern, die stenotypiste was. Victor Kugler was haar chef. Ze kreeg haar opdrachten van hem en van Johannes Kleiman en een enkele keer van de Otto Frank. Net als Miep Gies verrichtte Bep werkzaamheden voor Opekta en voor Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op haar persoonsbewijs, uitgegeven op <strong>19 augustus 1941</strong> staat: ‘Kantoorbediende (Pektine prod.)”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Na de arrestatie bleef ze samen met Miep Gies op kantoor werken tot Kleimans terugkeer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1947</strong> verliet Bep Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep voerde de boekhouding voor haar man, Cor van Wijk, die een stoffeerderij aan huis had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl had veel verschillende banen.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124418,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4e033d12-cfa0-45fc-b774-443e0d58a787/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4e033d12-cfa0-45fc-b774-443e0d58a787",
"name": "Liberation",
"name_nl": "Bevrijding",
"name_en": "Liberation",
"description": "<p>The southern part of the Netherlands was liberated as early as the <strong>autumn of 1944</strong><strong> (12 September- 3 December</strong>). The first major Dutch city - Maastricht - was liberated on <strong>14 September 1944</strong>. However, after the failure of Operation Market Garden, the liberation of the rest of the Netherlands took longer. In the winter of <strong>1944-1945</strong>, the front line stretched from the Zeeland islands, along the Meuse and Waal rivers, all the way to Germany. In <strong>April 1945</strong>, the Allies invaded the Netherlands from northern Germany and parts of the northern and eastern Netherlands were liberated. The western part of the Netherlands was liberated only after the German capitulation in western Europe came into force, and Canadian troops crossed the front line on <strong>7 May 1945 </strong>.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Zuidelijk Nederland werd al in het <strong>najaar van 1944</strong> (<strong>12 september- 3 december</strong>) bevrijd. Op <strong>14 september 1944</strong> werd de eerste belangrijke Nederlandse stad bevrijd, namelijk Maastricht. Met de mislukking van Operatie Market Garden liet de bevrijding van de rest van Nederland echter langer op zich wachten. In de winter van 1944-1945 lag het front van de Zeeuwse eilanden, langs de Maas en de Waal, tot in Duitsland. In <strong>april 1945</strong> vielen de geallieerden Nederland binnen vanuit Noord-Duitsland en werden delen van Noord- en Oost-Nederland bevrijd. Het westen van Nederland werd pas bevrijd nadat de Duitse capitualtie in westelijk Europa van kracht was, en Canadese troepen op <strong>7 mei 1945 </strong>de frontlinie overstaken.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The southern part of the Netherlands was liberated as early as the <strong>autumn of 1944</strong><strong> (12 September- 3 December</strong>). The first major Dutch city - Maastricht - was liberated on <strong>14 September 1944</strong>. However, after the failure of Operation Market Garden, the liberation of the rest of the Netherlands took longer. In the winter of <strong>1944-1945</strong>, the front line stretched from the Zeeland islands, along the Meuse and Waal rivers, all the way to Germany. In <strong>April 1945</strong>, the Allies invaded the Netherlands from northern Germany and parts of the northern and eastern Netherlands were liberated. The western part of the Netherlands was liberated only after the German capitulation in western Europe came into force, and Canadian troops crossed the front line on <strong>7 May 1945 </strong>.</p>",
"summary": "The Netherlands was officially liberated on the occasion of the German capitulation to the Allied forces on 7 May 1945 in Reims, France. The Dutch East Indies became free on the occasion of the Japanese capitulation on 15 August 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Nederland was officieel vrij door de Duitse capitulatie op 7 mei 1945 te te Reims, Frankrijk, tegenover de geallieerde strijdkrachten. Nederlands-Indië werd vrij door de Japanse capitulatie op 15 augustus 1945.",
"summary_en": "The Netherlands was officially liberated on the occasion of the German capitulation to the Allied forces on 7 May 1945 in Reims, France. The Dutch East Indies became free on the occasion of the Japanese capitulation on 15 August 1945.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2527"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124512,
"image": {
"id": 800,
"uuid": "adc28982-5e8a-4caf-ab39-78965055f308",
"name": "Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 3 maart 1917.png",
"title": "Nieuws van den Dag voor Ned. I., 3 maart 1917",
"alt": "",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Nieuws%20van%20den%20Dag%20voor%20Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB%2C%203%20maart%201917.png",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Bestandsnaam is bron; vindplaats Delpher.",
"author": "",
"copyright": ""
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/33fccf8a-d8ce-43ec-ba4a-8fd86bf56fd8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "33fccf8a-d8ce-43ec-ba4a-8fd86bf56fd8",
"name": "B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung",
"name_nl": "B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung",
"name_en": "B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung",
"description": "<p>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was located on Grünerweg, Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to an advertisement in the <strong>1914</strong> address book, the firm 'B. Holländer' was founded in <strong>1858</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1914</strong>, Abraham Holländer was the owner. The company was located at Aachen-Nord Station at the time. It traded in scrap and old metal, machinery and parts, steam boilers, other appliances and semi-finished products, and carried out breakage of industrial plants. Forging and rolling work was performed on commission. The company also traded in waste paper, rags and scrap metal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Josef Holländer, Abraham's brother-in-law and husband of Lina Holländer, had a similar business, according to the same source.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1897, </strong>the address book listed its business address as Jülicherstrasse, without number<em> (am Bahnhof</em>). This was also the case in <strong>1899</strong> and <strong>1900</strong>. From <strong>1901</strong> to <strong>1911</strong>, <em>Abraham Holländer, Comptoir und Lager, Jülicherstraße 18</em> was listed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxfau\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1917</strong>, the company advertised for foremen and mine superintendents in the <em>Kölner Zeitung </em>. These were to lead 'large columns of workers' who were to carry out extensive work in occupied northern France. The German War Ministry was the client and the columns consisted of prisoners of war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq522\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1924</strong>, in addition to the branch in Aachen, there were branches in Cologne and Hannover-Osterwald. There was also an advertisement in that year's address book, but compared to <strong>1914</strong> it was slightly smaller.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gblnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1929</strong>, the ad in the address book was even smaller than in the previous year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhb4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> And in <strong>1932</strong>, there was no ad at all. However, Julius and Walter Holländer were both still listed as <em>Kaufmann</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo7kh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The company B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was deleted from the Trade Register in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Whether this happened before or after <em>Kristallnacht</em> is not clear from the sources. What is certain, however, is that in the weeks after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, Edith's mother and both brothers left Aachen for good.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The B. Holländer firm has a branch in Cologne headed by Ernst Holländer, a relative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie in <em>Aachener Adressbuch unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em> 1914.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxfau\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Angela Pauels, Stadtarchiv Aachen, 6 oktober 2009 (Anne Frank Stichting, afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie Edith Frank).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq522\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het verboden werk der krijgsgevangenen", <em>Nieuws van den Dag voor</em> <em>Nederlandsch-Indië</em>, 9 juni 1917.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gblnn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1924-1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhb4q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch </em>1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo7kh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1932.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>“Verzeichnis” der Regierung Aachen abgemeldete bzw. arisierte Betriebe, in: Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust. Die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942, </em>Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, p.1658.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was gevestigd aan de Grünerweg, Aken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Volgens een advertentie in het adresboek van <strong>1914</strong> werd de firma 'B. Holländer' opgericht in <strong>1858</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1914</strong> was Abraham Holländer eigenaar. Het bedrijf was toen gevestigd aan het Bahnhof Aachen-Nord. De handel omvatte schroot en oud metaal, machines en onderdelen, stoomketels, andere apparaten en halffabrikaten, evenals de afbraak van industriële installaties. Er werd smeed- en walswerk in opdracht verricht. Ten slotte handelde het bedrijf in oud papier, lompen en oud metaal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Josef Holländer, zwager van Abraham en echtgenoot van Lina Holländer, had volgens dezelfde bron een vergelijkbaar bedrijf.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1897</strong> gaf het adresboek als zaakadres Jülicherstraße op, zonder nummer (<em>am Bahnhof</em>). Zo ook in <strong>1899</strong> en <strong>1900</strong>. Van <strong>1901</strong> tot en met <strong>1911</strong> was <em>Abraham Holländer, Comptoir und Lager, Jülicherstraße 18</em> aangegeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxfau\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1917 </strong>zocht de firma via de <em>Kölner Zeitung </em>ploegbazen en mijnopzichters. Deze moesten leiding gaan geven aan 'grote arbeiderscolonnes' die in het bezette Noord-Frankrijk omvangrijke werkzaamheden gingen uitvoeren. Het Duitse Ministerie van Oorlog was opdrachtgever en de kolonnes bestonden uit krijgsgevangenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq522\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1924</strong> waren er naast de vestiging in Aken filialen in Keulen en Hannover-Osterwald. In het adresboek van dit jaar stond ook een advertentie, maar in vergelijking met <strong>1914</strong> was die iets kleiner.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gblnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1929</strong> was de advertentie in het adresboek nog kleiner dan in het voorgaande jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhb4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> En in <strong>1932</strong> was er helemaal geen advertentie meer. Julius en Walter Holländer stonden allebei nog wel als <em>Kaufmann</em> vermeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo7kh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het bedrijf B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung werd in <strong>1938</strong> uit het Handelsregister geschrapt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Of dit voor of na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> is gebeurd, blijkt niet uit de bronnen. Wel is zeker dat in de weken na de <em>Kristallnacht</em> de moeder en beide broers van Edith voorgoed uit Aachen vertrokken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma B. Holländer heeft in Keulen een filiaal dat onder leiding staat van Ernst Holländer, een familielid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie in <em>Aachener Adressbuch unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em> 1914.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxfau\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Angela Pauels, Stadtarchiv Aachen, 6 oktober 2009 (Anne Frank Stichting, afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie Edith Frank).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq522\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het verboden werk der krijgsgevangenen", <em>Nieuws van den Dag voor</em> <em>Nederlandsch-Indië</em>, 9 juni 1917.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gblnn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1924-1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhb4q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch </em>1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo7kh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1932.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>“Verzeichnis” der Regierung Aachen abgemeldete bzw. arisierte Betriebe, in: Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust. Die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942, </em>Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, p.1658.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was located on Grünerweg, Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to an advertisement in the <strong>1914</strong> address book, the firm 'B. Holländer' was founded in <strong>1858</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In <strong>1914</strong>, Abraham Holländer was the owner. The company was located at Aachen-Nord Station at the time. It traded in scrap and old metal, machinery and parts, steam boilers, other appliances and semi-finished products, and carried out breakage of industrial plants. Forging and rolling work was performed on commission. The company also traded in waste paper, rags and scrap metal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Josef Holländer, Abraham's brother-in-law and husband of Lina Holländer, had a similar business, according to the same source.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1897, </strong>the address book listed its business address as Jülicherstrasse, without number<em> (am Bahnhof</em>). This was also the case in <strong>1899</strong> and <strong>1900</strong>. From <strong>1901</strong> to <strong>1911</strong>, <em>Abraham Holländer, Comptoir und Lager, Jülicherstraße 18</em> was listed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxfau\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1917</strong>, the company advertised for foremen and mine superintendents in the <em>Kölner Zeitung </em>. These were to lead 'large columns of workers' who were to carry out extensive work in occupied northern France. The German War Ministry was the client and the columns consisted of prisoners of war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq522\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>1924</strong>, in addition to the branch in Aachen, there were branches in Cologne and Hannover-Osterwald. There was also an advertisement in that year's address book, but compared to <strong>1914</strong> it was slightly smaller.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gblnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In <strong>1929</strong>, the ad in the address book was even smaller than in the previous year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhb4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> And in <strong>1932</strong>, there was no ad at all. However, Julius and Walter Holländer were both still listed as <em>Kaufmann</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo7kh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The company B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was deleted from the Trade Register in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Whether this happened before or after <em>Kristallnacht</em> is not clear from the sources. What is certain, however, is that in the weeks after <em>Kristallnacht</em>, Edith's mother and both brothers left Aachen for good.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The B. Holländer firm has a branch in Cologne headed by Ernst Holländer, a relative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdbui\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie in <em>Aachener Adressbuch unter Benutzung amtlicher Quellen</em> 1914.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxfau\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Angela Pauels, Stadtarchiv Aachen, 6 oktober 2009 (Anne Frank Stichting, afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie Edith Frank).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq522\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Het verboden werk der krijgsgevangenen", <em>Nieuws van den Dag voor</em> <em>Nederlandsch-Indië</em>, 9 juni 1917.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gblnn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1924-1925.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhb4q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch </em>1929.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo7kh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Aachener Adressbuch</em> 1932.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r6brk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>“Verzeichnis” der Regierung Aachen abgemeldete bzw. arisierte Betriebe, in: Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust. Die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942, </em>Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, p.1658.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was a company owned by the Holländer family from Aachen.",
"summary_nl": "B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was een bedrijf van de familie Holländer uit Aken.",
"summary_en": "B. Holländer Rohproduktenhandlung was a company owned by the Holländer family from Aachen.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124446,
"image": {
"id": 969,
"uuid": "33e03d04-814e-49ea-8b14-b553ab55fdd1",
"name": "Cinema & Theater",
"title": "Cinema & Theater, 29 april 1944, nummer 18",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/d77086e0-1b93-e944-d92f-91ec6ec2a48e.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Uitgave van weekblad Cinema & Theater, met inhoud over films, theater, puzzels, feuilletons, korte verhalen en recepten, gedrukt in Amsterdam en uitgegeven op 29 april 1944, nummer 18 met Suse Graf op de voorpagina en een oproep van Flipje ik zit in zak en asch voor lege potten.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5f1eb96c-eeda-4ba6-af5d-64da9ff08487/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5f1eb96c-eeda-4ba6-af5d-64da9ff08487",
"name": "Cinema & Theater",
"name_nl": "Cinema & Theater",
"name_en": "Cinema & Theater",
"description": "<p>Magazine for film and theatre fans. <em>De Film-Wereld</em>, the first Dutch film magazine for the general public, had been published since <strong>1918</strong>. In<strong> 1921</strong>, it was renamed <em>Cinema & Theater</em>, which existed until <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Before the war, the magazine offered purely light-hearted entertainment; during the war years it was decidedly pro-German.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t84ik\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Victor Kugler regularly took the magazine to Anne Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd73u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to him, <em>Cinema & Theater</em> was the only one of its kind that was "<em>nicht von der Nazi-Propaganda verseucht</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"29pqo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> However, the magazine did contain advertisements from the <em>Deutsches Theater in den Niederlanden</em>, bearing swastika emblems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q68q1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The magazine also placed advertisements for 'Strengthening Sports Camps' and the 'Germanic Land Service'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0958q\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfuh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/collectie/filmgeschiedenis/artikel/vakpers-en-fan-magazines\">Vakpers en fan magazines</a>, Eye Filmmuseum (geraadpleegd april 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t84ik\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Erik Werkman, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zl_001200501_01/_zl_001200501_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">'Een filmtijdschrift in oorlogstijd: Cinema & Theater als speelbal van uitgeversperikelen'</a>, in: ZL, 5 (2005-2006) 1, p. 42-57.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd73u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944 and 18 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"29pqo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q68q1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Cinema & Theater</em>, 20 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0958q\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Cinema & Theater</em>, o.a. 5 februari en 13 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Publiekstijdschrift voor film en theater. Sinds <strong>1918</strong> verscheen <em>De Film-Wereld</em>, het eerste Nederlandse filmtijdschrift voor het grote publiek. In<strong> 1921</strong> werd het omgedoopt tot <em>Cinema & Theater</em>, dat tot <strong>1944</strong> bestond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t3jmk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Voor de oorlog bood het blad louter luchtig vertier, tijdens de oorlogsjaren was het onmiskenbaar pro-Duits.<sup data-footnote-id=\"btdeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Victor Kugler nam het blad regelmatig mee voor Anne Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd73u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Volgens hem was <em>Cinema & Theater</em> het enige in zijn soort dat “nicht von der Nazi-Propaganda verseucht” was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"29pqo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het blad bevatte echter wel advertenties van het <em>Deutsches Theater in den Niederlanden</em>, voorzien van hakenkruisembleem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q68q1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ook plaatste het blad advertenties voor “Weersportkampen” en de “Germaanschen Landdienst”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0958q\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t3jmk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/collectie/filmgeschiedenis/artikel/vakpers-en-fan-magazines\" target=\"_blank\">Vakpers en fan magazines</a>, Eye Filmmmuseum (geraadpleegd april 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"btdeo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Erik Werkman, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zl_001200501_01/_zl_001200501_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">'Een filmtijdschrift in oorlogstijd: Cinema & Theater als speelbal van uitgeversperikelen'</a>, in: ZL, 5 (2005-2006) 1, p. 42-57.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd73u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944 en 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"29pqo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q68q1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Cinema & Theater</em>, 20 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0958q\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Cinema & Theater</em>, o.a. 5 februari en 13 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Magazine for film and theatre fans. <em>De Film-Wereld</em>, the first Dutch film magazine for the general public, had been published since <strong>1918</strong>. In<strong> 1921</strong>, it was renamed <em>Cinema & Theater</em>, which existed until <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yzfuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Before the war, the magazine offered purely light-hearted entertainment; during the war years it was decidedly pro-German.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t84ik\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Victor Kugler regularly took the magazine to Anne Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd73u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to him, <em>Cinema & Theater</em> was the only one of its kind that was "<em>nicht von der Nazi-Propaganda verseucht</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"29pqo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> However, the magazine did contain advertisements from the <em>Deutsches Theater in den Niederlanden</em>, bearing swastika emblems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q68q1\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The magazine also placed advertisements for 'Strengthening Sports Camps' and the 'Germanic Land Service'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0958q\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yzfuh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/collectie/filmgeschiedenis/artikel/vakpers-en-fan-magazines\">Vakpers en fan magazines</a>, Eye Filmmuseum (geraadpleegd april 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t84ik\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Erik Werkman, <a href=\"https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zl_001200501_01/_zl_001200501_01_0003.php\" target=\"_blank\">'Een filmtijdschrift in oorlogstijd: Cinema & Theater als speelbal van uitgeversperikelen'</a>, in: ZL, 5 (2005-2006) 1, p. 42-57.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd73u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944 and 18 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"29pqo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q68q1\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Cinema & Theater</em>, 20 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0958q\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Cinema & Theater</em>, o.a. 5 februari en 13 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Magazine for film and theatre fans.",
"summary_nl": "Publiekstijdschrift voor film en theater.",
"summary_en": "Magazine for film and theatre fans.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 87,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124659,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59d0af70-cfde-4254-aaa9-03dce11393e3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59d0af70-cfde-4254-aaa9-03dce11393e3",
"name": "Collaboration",
"name_nl": "Collaboratie",
"name_en": "Collaboration",
"description": "<p>Collaborators were considered disloyal to the nation and thus to be committing treason. In the case of the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, a number of groups are considered collaborators. For example, NSB members, people working for the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>, companies that were gaining economic advantage and people who signed up for the <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Collaborateurs zouden niet loyaal zijn aan de natie en daarom verraad plegen. In het geval van de Duits bezetting van Nederland tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog worden een aantal groepen als collaborateurs gezien. Bijvoorbeeld NSB leden, mensen die voor de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> werken, bedrijven die er economisch op vooruit gaan en mensen die zich aanmelden voor de <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Collaborators were considered disloyal to the nation and thus to be committing treason. In the case of the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, a number of groups are considered collaborators. For example, NSB members, people working for the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>, companies that were gaining economic advantage and people who signed up for the <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"summary": "Collaboration is collaboration with a (foreign) enemy in which one turns against one's own people and government.",
"summary_nl": "Collaboratie is samenwerking met een (buitenlandse) vijand waarbij men zich keert tegen eigen bevolking en overheid.",
"summary_en": "Collaboration is collaboration with a (foreign) enemy in which one turns against one's own people and government.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2240"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124448,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b4e1988f-dbca-4cb7-ae6b-c0fded4f7f42/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b4e1988f-dbca-4cb7-ae6b-c0fded4f7f42",
"name": "COMO",
"name_nl": "COMO",
"name_en": "COMO",
"description": "<p><strong>Adressess</strong>: Dintelstraat 95 (April 1941); Rijnstraat 227, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 29991.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Reading club <em>Cultureel Ontspannend, Maatschappelijk Ontwikkelend </em>('Culturally Relaxing, Socially Developing').<sup data-footnote-id=\"58ca1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Founder and owner Jacob Licht was a friend of Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fw23\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> At this bookshop-cum-library, Gies borrowed books for the people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, it was a company for circulating reading portfolios that started on <strong>30 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It was an initiative of civil servants dismissed from municipal service after the February strike. According to the German authorities, subscriptions for the reading company were sold among municipal staff a few months later. The director of the Municipal Transport Company circulated a notice that such activities were strictly forbidden during work hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhbyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Licht was issued a sign <em>Prohibited for Jews</em> for his business in <strong>April 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkiyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An advertisement appeared on <strong>8 May 1945 </strong>thanking COMO for its support<em> 'In the difficult time after the February 1941 strike</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5g2nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A certain Riet (M.J.M.) Peters, who was boarding with the Amende family, worked at COMO. She eventually took over the business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2106y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 November 1952</strong>, COMO hosted an exhibition of children's books in one of the classrooms of the Sixth Montessori School on the occasion of a parents' evening.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbpsz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister, dossier 33055685. Dit gesloten dossier is nog in beheer van de KvK in Amsterdam en zal op een later moment overgaan naar het Noord-Hollands Archief in Haarlem.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"58ca1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vignet C.O.M.O., Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: B_Achterhuis_I_011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fw23\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1987, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhbyk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf, toegang 5252, inv. nr. 4642, circulaire A.D. 83, 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkiyl\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6605: Rapport d.d. 14 april 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5g2nm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Nieuw Christelijk Sociaal Cultureel Dagblad</em>, 8 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2106y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Gesprek met Joke en Martin Bunjes, 28 mei 2009. Voor de overname, zie ook noot 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbpsz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Montessorischool_I_0005: Uitnodiging ouderavond dinsdag 18 november 1952. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p><strong>Adressen</strong>: Dintelstraat 95 (april ’41); Rijnstraat 227, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telefoon 29991.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Leesgezelschap <em>Cultureel Ontspannend, Maatschappelijk Ontwikkelend</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"58ca1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Oprichter en eigenaar Jacob Licht was een vriend van Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fw23\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In deze boekhandel annex bibliotheek leende Gies boeken voor de onderduikers. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aanvankelijk was het een bedrijf voor het circuleren van leesportefeuilles dat van start ging op <strong>30 april 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het was een initiatief van ambtenaren die na de Februaristaking uit gemeentedienst waren ontslagen. Volgens de Duitse autoriteiten werd er onder gemeentepersoneel enkele maanden later aan abonneewerving voor het leesgezelschap gedaan. De directeur van het Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf stuurde een circulaire rond dat dergelijke activiteiten in diensttijd streng verboden waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhbyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Licht kreeg voor zijn zaak in <strong>april '42</strong> een bord <em>Verboden voor Joden</em> uitgereikt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkiyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Op <strong>8 mei 1945 </strong>verscheen een advertentie waarin COMO bedankte voor de steun '<em>In den moeilijken tijd na de Februaristaking 1941</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"5g2nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij COMO werkte ene Riet (M.J.M.) Peters, die bij de familie Amende in pension was. Uiteindelijk nam ze de zaak over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2106y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>18 november 1952 </strong>verzorgde COMO ter gelegenheid van een ouderavond een tentoonstelling van kinderboeken in een van de lokalen van de Zesde Montessorischool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbpsz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister, dossier 33055685. Dit gesloten dossier is nog in beheer van de KvK in Amsterdam en zal op een later moment overgaan naar het Noord-Hollands Archief in Haarlem.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"58ca1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vignet C.O.M.O., Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: B_Achterhuis_I_011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fw23\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1987, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhbyk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf, toegang 5252, inv. nr. 4642, circulaire A.D. 83, 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkiyl\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6605: Rapport d.d. 14 april 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5g2nm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Nieuw Christelijk Sociaal Cultureel Dagblad</em>, 8 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2106y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Gesprek met Joke en Martin Bunjes, 28 mei 2009. Voor de overname, zie ook noot 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbpsz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Montessorischool_I_0005: Uitnodiging ouderavond dinsdag 18 november 1952. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p><strong>Adressess</strong>: Dintelstraat 95 (April 1941); Rijnstraat 227, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Telephone 29991.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Reading club <em>Cultureel Ontspannend, Maatschappelijk Ontwikkelend </em>('Culturally Relaxing, Socially Developing').<sup data-footnote-id=\"58ca1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Founder and owner Jacob Licht was a friend of Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fw23\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> At this bookshop-cum-library, Gies borrowed books for the people in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, it was a company for circulating reading portfolios that started on <strong>30 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It was an initiative of civil servants dismissed from municipal service after the February strike. According to the German authorities, subscriptions for the reading company were sold among municipal staff a few months later. The director of the Municipal Transport Company circulated a notice that such activities were strictly forbidden during work hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lhbyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Licht was issued a sign <em>Prohibited for Jews</em> for his business in <strong>April 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkiyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> An advertisement appeared on <strong>8 May 1945 </strong>thanking COMO for its support<em> 'In the difficult time after the February 1941 strike</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5g2nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A certain Riet (M.J.M.) Peters, who was boarding with the Amende family, worked at COMO. She eventually took over the business.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2106y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>18 November 1952</strong>, COMO hosted an exhibition of children's books in one of the classrooms of the Sixth Montessori School on the occasion of a parents' evening.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbpsz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kp80k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, Handelsregister, dossier 33055685. Dit gesloten dossier is nog in beheer van de KvK in Amsterdam en zal op een later moment overgaan naar het Noord-Hollands Archief in Haarlem.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"58ca1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vignet C.O.M.O., Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code: B_Achterhuis_I_011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fw23\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1987, p. 108.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lhbyk\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf, toegang 5252, inv. nr. 4642, circulaire A.D. 83, 9 juni 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkiyl\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6605: Rapport d.d. 14 april 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5g2nm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie, <em>Nieuw Christelijk Sociaal Cultureel Dagblad</em>, 8 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2106y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Gesprek met Joke en Martin Bunjes, 28 mei 2009. Voor de overname, zie ook noot 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbpsz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Montessorischool_I_0005: Uitnodiging ouderavond dinsdag 18 november 1952. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 87,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 90,
"image": {
"id": 1015,
"uuid": "c5b33d48-05b4-4ae3-9b05-ab281e5c22a4",
"name": "Radio",
"title": "Radio en fotoalbum",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/b4ce1d97-f229-d58e-2454-4c9ebfea33d0.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Naar de radio luisteren was een vast onderdeel van de dag van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6f4311e6-168c-4225-8c74-2c25a7f0a957",
"name": "Contact with the outside world",
"name_nl": "Contact met de buitenwereld",
"name_en": "Contact with the outside world",
"description": "<p>Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing '<em>a novel of the Secret Annex'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"820yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is what she began on <strong>20 May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports about daily life</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as<em> Haagsche Post</em>,<em> Das Reich</em> and<em> Cinema & Theater</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in <strong>1944</strong> on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from <em>De Telegraaf</em>, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7509n\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The Normandy map also came from <em>De Telegraaf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"45e10\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The advert also appeared in the <em>Haagsche Post</em> on <strong>6 February</strong><em>.</em> Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that <em>De Telegraaf </em>was also read in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports on the progress of the war</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zur56\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1942</strong>, she writes about listening to German radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68obt\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi567\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oen21\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The first report is from <em>Trouw</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service <strong>in late 1943</strong>, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In <strong>May 1944</strong>, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in <em>Het Parool </em>just under a year earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Messages about family, friends and acquaintances</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,<sup data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> When Fritz Pfeffer came in <strong>November 1942</strong>, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f556y\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's '<em>Künstler-neigungen</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on <strong>20 May 1945</strong> that the last message she had received from him was dated <strong>2 June 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlren\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Again, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The outside world intrudes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>As Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6h615\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> As far as is known, only the burglary of <strong>9 April 1944</strong> came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kseou\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The immediate vicinity</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In <strong>March 1944</strong>, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 206a, Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten: Transcriptie toespraak Uitzending Radio Oranje 28 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"820yr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7509n\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Artikel en gedicht, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 april en mei 1944; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"45e10\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voorpagina, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder “Diversen”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 2 februari 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zur56\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68obt\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi567\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oen21\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Trouw</em>, eerste jaargang, nummer 13 (midden november 1943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De komende afrekening”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 25 juni 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f556y\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief AnneFrank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Erich Elias, AFF_ErE_odoc_04: ‘Plikarte’, 16 april, 12 mei, 8 september, 7 oktober en 10 december 1943, 4 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_072: Alice Frank aan Johannes Kleiman, 20 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlren\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6h615\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 and 30 September, 1, 5, 15 and 20 October, 17 November 1942, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15, 18, 21 and 25 April 1944; Version B, 5 August and 16 September 1943; Tales and Events from the Secret Annex, "Lunch Break", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942; Diary Version B, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March and 9 April 1944; Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kseou\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Politierapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Van Pels: Mededeling van H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Broerse; Gesprek Dineke Stam met Sinie Broerse, 20 juni 1996; Dineke Stam, “‘Ik was de inbreker’ Hans Wijnberg: ‘Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten’”, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Eenmaal in het Achterhuis ondergedoken waren vele lijnen met het vroegere leven afgesloten. De afhankelijkheid was groot, en aanvoer van allerlei levensbenodigdheden liep via de helpers. Ook nieuws van buiten, berichten over de oude buurt, kranten en dergelijke kwamen via hen binnen. Daarnaast was er ook de radio. De berichten van de BBC en Radio Oranje waren voor het moreel van de onderduikers van groot belang. Wel een heel belangrijke uitzending was, achteraf gezien, de rede van minister Gerrit Bolkestein op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong>. Anne hield toen al geruime tijd een dagboek bij. Die avond hoorde zij Bolkestein echter zeggen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Haar [= de Nederlandse regering in Londen] staat voor oogen de oprichting van een nationaal centrum, waar al het geschiedkundige materiaal betreffende deze jaren zal worden bijeengebracht, bewerkt en uitgegeven […] Wil het nageslacht ten volle beseffen wat wij als volk in deze jaren hebben doorstaan en zijn te boven gekomen, dan hebben wij juist de eenvoudige stukken nodig: een dagboek, brieven van een arbeider uit Duitsland, [...] toespraken van een predikant.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was deze toespraak die haar op het idee bracht ‘<em>een roman van het Achterhuis’</em> te schrijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"820yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hier begon ze op <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Haar boek is zoals bekend later in bewerkte vorm uitgegeven en wereldberoemd geworden. Dit was dus wel een heel essentieel contact met de buitenwereld te noemen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Berichten over het dagelijks leven</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de Franks hun intrek in het Achterhuis hadden genomen, zijn de enige mensen waar ze rechtstreeks contact mee hadden de helpers, aangevuld met mevrouw Kleiman<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> en de vader van Bep Voskuijl. Zij verschaften directe informatie omdat zij op de hoogte waren van allerlei nieuwtjes en toegang hadden tot reguliere en clandestiene pers. Zo vertelde Johannes Kleiman volgens Anne dat de brandweer bij het blussen van het Bevolkingsregister met veel bluswater de schade opzettelijk had vergroot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler bracht kranten en tijdschriften, zoals<em> Haagsche Post</em>,<em> Das Reich</em> en<em> Cinema & Theater</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne was geïnteresseerd in film en muziek, en noteerde in haar dagboek dat Bep Voskuijl naar optredens van Thelma van Breemen en Evelyn Künneke ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Ook noemde ze concerten van Händel en Mozart die de radio uitzond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beschouwingen over de stand van zaken in Nederland en Amsterdam baseerde Anne in <strong>1944</strong> vaak op krantenberichten. Ze las en schreef over inbraken, vermissingen, jeugdcriminaliteit en vandalisme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Veel van dergelijke berichten verschenen in verschillende dagbladen. In het dagboek refereerde Anne aan berichten en bijbehorende gedichten van Clinge Doorenbos uit <em>De Telegraaf</em>, zoals de zaak van de doodgeslagen kat in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7509n\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ook het Normandiëkaartje kwam uit <em>De Telegraaf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"45e10\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Verder plaatste “Gies, Prinsengr. 263” in het blad een ‘Speurder’ waarin een camera te koop werd gevraagd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> De annonce verscheen op <strong>6 februari</strong> ook in de <em>Haagsche Post.</em> Hoewel er geen expliciete vermeldingen zijn blijkt dat ook <em>De Telegraaf </em>in het Achterhuis werd gelezen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Berichten over het oorlogsverloop</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast de helpers en de kranten die zij meebrachten, was de radio een belangrijke inlichtingenbron. Anne omschrijft de radio als ‘moed-houd-bron’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zur56\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1942</strong> schrijft ze over het luisteren naar de Duitse radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68obt\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Nadat Kugler de grote radio uit het privékantoor noodgedwongen had ingeleverd,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi567\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> kwam er in het Achterhuis een ‘baby-radiootje’ van Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels hoorde rond deze tijd, mogelijk via dit radiootje, van de val van Mussolini.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oen21\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naarmate de tijd vorderde, volgden de onderduikers de strijd aan het Oostfront op de voet. Na D-Day steeg het optimisme,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> en hielden ze met behulp van het Normandië-kaartje de geallieerde vorderingen bij. Uit verschillende notities blijkt dat de onderduikers ook toegang hadden tot informatie uit ondergrondse bronnen. Zo weet Anne te vertellen dat er een voetbalwedstrijd tussen marechaussees en onderduikers zou zijn geweest, en dat de Hilversumse distributiedienst spreekuren voor onderduikers hield.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Het eerste bericht is afkomstig uit <em>Trouw</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> van het tweede is de bron onbekend. Hoewel er bij die dienst <strong>eind ’43</strong> wel mensen waren gearresteerd, is er over dergelijke spreekuren niets bekend. In <strong>mei ’44</strong> schrijft ze over plannen voor concentratiekampen op Nieuw-Guinea.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Het plan om NSB’ers te interneren op Nieuw-Guinea werd een klein jaar eerder in <em>Het Parool </em>naar voren gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Het is niet duidelijk of de onderduikers hierover uit een blad vernamen, via de radio of het van de helpers hoorden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Berichten over familie, vrienden en bekenden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste maanden was het vooral Miep die berichten over de voormalige woonomgeving bracht. Zij vertelde over de taferelen waarmee het ophalen gepaard ging. Miep Gies bracht berichten over een huiszoeking bij haar pleegouders en over de wijze waarop mensen uit haar buurt werden opgehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Wanneer Anne schrijft over de lotgevallen van de Goslars en andere bekenden uit Zuid,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> is dat doorgaans op basis van deze inlichtingen. Bep, die in die periode weliswaar bij haar tante op de Da Costakade woonde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> maar nog veel thuis kwam, wist te vertellen dat Annes klasgenootje Betty Bloemendal uit de Reinier Claeszenstraat ook naar Polen was afgevoerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Toen Fritz Pfeffer in <strong>november ’42</strong> kwam, kende hij de actuele stand van zaken met betrekking tot het ophalen van Joden in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f556y\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman voerde tijdens de onderduikperiode zakelijke correspondentie met Erich Elias in Bazel. Hij leek in bedekte termen over te brengen dat alles redelijk goed ging en informeerde naar de familie daar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Zo sijpelde informatie door over de stand van zaken daar, bijvoorbeeld over de ‘Künstler-neigungen’ van Buddy.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Alice Frank schreef op <strong>20 mei 1945</strong> in een briefkaart aan Kleiman dat het laatste bericht dat zij van hem ontvangen had van <strong>2 juni 1944</strong> dateerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Verder ging Kleiman nog een keer naar Werner Goldschmidt en naar Albert Lewkowitz, om achtergebleven spullen uit de woning op het Merwedeplein te bemachtigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Via Miep Gies onderhield Pfeffer een correspondentie met Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank en Auguste van Pels waren hier uit veiligheidsoverwegingen erg op tegen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlren\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het moet ook weer via de helpers zijn geweest dat de onderduikers hoorden dat de vertegenwoordigers Martin Brouwer en Hendrik Daatzelaar wegens bonnenhandel waren gearresteerd. Dit was in meerdere opzichten slecht nieuws: door het wegvallen van die bron ontstonden tekorten in het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Korte tijd later bracht Miep het bericht dat de zoon van mevrouw Stoppelman, zijn vrouw en zijn schoonzusje waren gearresteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De buitenwereld dringt binnen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat Prinsengracht 263 als bedrijfspand bleef functioneren, was er veel beweging in het gebouw. Er kwamen leveranciers, vertegenwoordigers en klanten op bezoek. Ook de schoonmaakster, Arthur Lewinsohn, de loodgieter, de timmerman en de accountant waren storende en angstaanjagende factoren voor de onderduikers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6h615\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne drukt meer dan eens haar grote angst voor Willem van Maaren en de andere magazijnmannen uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er waren buitenstaanders die ongewild iets konden merken, maar er was ook vertegenwoordiger Johan Broks die nieuwsgierig was waar Otto Frank was gebleven. In samenspraak met Kleiman werd hij met een ingewikkelde en via een onwetende Opekta-klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen uitgevoerde list op een dwaalspoor gezet. De suggestie moest zijn dat de Franks via België naar Zwitserland waren vertrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een heel onwenselijke wijze van confrontatie met de buitenwereld ervoeren de onderduikers toen het pand doelwit werd van dieven en inbrekers. Anne vermeldt tijdens de onderduikperiode vier gevallen van binnendringen en pogingen daartoe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Voor zover bekend kwam alleen de inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> ter kennis van de politie, omdat nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de kapotte deur ontdekte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Een gewaarschuwde agent inspecteerde vervolgens het pand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kseou\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De directe omgeving</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne keek in het voorkantoor langs de gordijnen naar buiten en zag daar voorbijgangers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Vanaf de zolder keek ze met Peter naar buiten en ze zagen vogels en de kastanjeboom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Ook zag Anne eens een klein zwart katje in de tuin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het Achterhuis drongen geregeld geluiden uit omliggende panden door. In <strong>maart ’44</strong> werd er tijdens het eten ergens op de muur geklopt, wat schrik teweegbracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden in het weekeinde rekening met de mogelijkheid dat de vlakbij wonende ‘chef van Keg’ Jacob Boon toevallig kon langskomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> De meubelfabriek Elhoek aan de andere kant leken ze als minder dreigend te ervaren, hoewel het personeel daar bij mooi weer in de dakgoot vlakbij het Achterhuis pauzeerde. Een van hen verklaarde later dat ze wel bewoning opmerkten, maar zonder daarbij aan onderduikers te denken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> Meer mensen uit het blok stelden dat ze de aanwezigheid van mensen in het Achterhuis hadden bemerkt, maar dat zijn allemaal verklaringen uit de tijd dat deze onderduikgeschiedenis al zeer bekend was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel het beeld bestaat van het Achterhuis als een soort ‘black box’, volledig losstaand van de buitenwereld, blijkt dat er vrij veel interactie met de buitenwereld is geweest. Voor een belangrijk deel was dit weliswaar van buiten naar binnen. Daarbij waren de helpers essentieel, zoals toen Broks op een dwaalspoor werd gebracht via een klant in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Via de helpers liepen de lijnen ook naar Overijssel, waar zich het zwaartepunt van Brouwers bonnenhandel bevond. De belangrijkste lijn naar buiten was toch die naar Zwitserland, die door Kleiman per briefkaart werd onderhouden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 206a, Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten: Transcriptie toespraak Uitzending Radio Oranje 28 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"820yr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometeus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7509n\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Artikel en gedicht, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 april en mei 1944; Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"45e10\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voorpagina, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder “Diversen”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 2 februari 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zur56\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68obt\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi567\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oen21\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Trouw</em>, eerste jaargang, nummer 13 (midden november 1943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De komende afrekening”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 25 juni 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober en 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f556y\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief AnneFrank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Erich Elias, AFF_ErE_odoc_04: ‘Plikarte’, 16 april, 12 mei, 8 september, 7 oktober en 10 december 1943, 4 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_072: Alice Frank aan Johannes Kleiman, 20 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlren\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6h615\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 en 30 september, 1, 5, 15 en 20 oktober, 17 november 1942, 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15, 18, 21 en 25 april 1944; Dagboek B, 5 augustus en 16 september 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Schaftuurtje", 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942; Dagboek B, 25 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart en 9 april 1944; Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kseou\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Politierapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Pels: Mededeling van H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Broerse; Gesprek Dineke Stam met Sinie Broerse, 20 juni 1996; Dineke Stam, “‘Ik was de inbreker’ Hans Wijnberg: ‘Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten’”, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with people's former lives were cut off. They were very dependent on people outside, and supplies of all kinds of necessities of life went through the helpers. News from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and the like also came in through them. There was also the radio. Messages from the BBC and Radio Oranje were very important for the morale of the people in hiding. One very important broadcast, though, in retrospect, was Minister Gerrit Bolkestein's speech on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>. Anne had been keeping a diary for some time by then. That night, however, she heard Bolkestein say:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'It [= the Dutch government in London] envisages the establishment of a national centre, where all the historical material concerning these years will be brought together, edited and published [...] If posterity is to fully realise what we as a people have endured and overcome in these years, we need precisely the simple pieces: a diary, letters from a worker in Germany, [...] ministers' sermons.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>It was this speech that gave her the idea of writing '<em>a novel of the Secret Annex'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"820yr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This is what she began on <strong>20 May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Her book, as we know, was later published in edited form and became world-famous. So this could be called a very essential contact with the outside world.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports about daily life</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Franks moved into the Secret Annex, the only people they had direct contact with were the helpers, supplemented by Mrs Kleiman<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> and Bep Voskuijl's father. They provided direct information because they were aware of all kinds of news and had access to the mainstream and underground press. For example, Johannes Kleiman told Anne that the fire brigade had deliberately increased the damage when extinguishing the fire at the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages with a lot of extinguishing water.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines, such as<em> Haagsche Post</em>,<em> Das Reich</em> and<em> Cinema & Theater</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Anne was interested in film and music, and noted in her diary that Bep Voskuijl went to performances by Thelma van Breemen and Evelyn Künneke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> She also mentioned concerts by Handel and Mozart that the radio broadcast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne often based her reflections on the state of affairs in the Netherlands and Amsterdam in <strong>1944</strong> on newspaper reports. She read and wrote about burglaries, missing persons, juvenile crime and vandalism.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Many such reports appeared in various newspapers. In the diary, Anne referred to reports and accompanying poems by Clinge Doorenbos from <em>De Telegraaf</em>, such as the case of the cat beaten to death in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7509n\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> The Normandy map also came from <em>De Telegraaf.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"45e10\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Furthermore, 'Gies, Prinsengr. 263' placed a 'Speurder' classified advertisement in the newspaper looking to purchase a camera.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> The advert also appeared in the <em>Haagsche Post</em> on <strong>6 February</strong><em>.</em> Although there are no explicit mentions of it, it appears that <em>De Telegraaf </em>was also read in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reports on the progress of the war</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides the helpers and the newspapers they brought, the radio was an important source of information. Anne describes the radio as a 'courage-keeping source'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zur56\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1942</strong>, she writes about listening to German radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68obt\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> After Kugler was forced to hand in the large radio from the private office,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qi567\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> a 'baby radio' from Kleiman arrived in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels heard about the fall of Mussolini around this time, possibly through this little radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oen21\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As time progressed, the people in the Secret Annex closely followed the battle on the Eastern Front. After D-Day, optimism rose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> and, using the Normandy map, they kept track of Allied progress. Several notes reveal that they also had access to information from underground sources. This explains how Anne was able to relate that there was supposedly a football match between military police and people in hiding, and that the Hilversum distribution service held consultation hours for people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The first report is from <em>Trouw</em>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> the source of the second is unknown. Although people had been arrested at that service <strong>in late 1943</strong>, nothing is known about such consulting hours. In <strong>May 1944</strong>, she writes about plans for concentration camps in New Guinea.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> The plan to intern NSB members on New Guinea was put forward in <em>Het Parool </em>just under a year earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> It is not clear whether the people in the Secret Annex had heard about this from a magazine, from the radio or heard it from the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Messages about family, friends and acquaintances</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>For the first few months, it was mainly Miep who brought reports about their former living surroundings. She recounted the scenes that accompanied the round-ups. Miep Gies brought reports of a search of her foster parents' home and how people were picked up from her neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> When Anne writes about the fate of the Goslars and other acquaintances from Amsterdam-Zuid,<sup data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> it is usually on the basis of this intelligence. Bep, who, although living with her aunt on Da Costakade during that period,<sup data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> still came home a lot, was able to inform them that Anne's classmate Betty Bloemendal from Reinier Claeszenstraat had also been deported to Poland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> When Fritz Pfeffer came in <strong>November 1942</strong>, he knew the current state of affairs regarding the round-up of Jews in Amsterdam-Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f556y\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman had business correspondence with Erich Elias in Basel during the hiding period. He seemed to convey in veiled terms that everything was going reasonably well and inquired about the family there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Thus, information seeped through about the state of affairs there, for example about Buddy's '<em>Künstler-neigungen</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Alice Frank wrote in a postcard to Kleiman on <strong>20 May 1945</strong> that the last message she had received from him was dated <strong>2 June 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Kleiman also went once more to Werner Goldschmidt and to Albert Lewkowitz, to get hold of items left behind from the house on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Through Miep Gies, Pfeffer maintained a correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta. Edith Frank and Auguste van Pels were very much against this for security reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wlren\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Again, it must have been through the helpers that the people in hiding heard that representatives Martin Brouwer and Hendrik Daatzelaar had been arrested for voucher trading. This was bad news in more ways than one: the loss of that source created shortages in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> A short time later, Miep brought word that Mrs Stoppelman's son, his wife and sister-in-law had been arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The outside world intrudes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>As Prinsengracht 263 continued to function as business premises, there was a lot of movement in the building. Suppliers, representatives and customers visited. The cleaning lady, Arthur Lewinsohn, the plumber, the carpenter and the accountant were also disruptive and frightening factors for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6h615\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne expressed her great fear of Willem van Maaren and the other warehousemen more than once.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There were outsiders who could unwittingly notice something, but there was also representative Johan Broks who was curious about where Otto Frank had gone. In collusion with Kleiman, he was led astray with a complicated ruse, carried out via an unwitting Opekta customer in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The suggestion had to have been that the Franks had left for Switzerland via Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A very undesirable form of confrontation with the outside world was experienced by the people in the Secret Annex when the premises became a target for thieves and burglars. Anne mentions four cases of break-ins and attempted break-ins during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> As far as is known, only the burglary of <strong>9 April 1944</strong> came to the attention of the police, because night watchman Martinus Slegers discovered the broken door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> An alerted policeman then inspected the premises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kseou\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The immediate vicinity</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne looked out past the curtains in the front office and saw passers-by there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> From the attic, she and Peter looked outside and they saw birds and the chestnut tree.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Once Anne also saw a small black kitten in the garden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sounds from surrounding premises regularly penetrated the Secret Annex. In <strong>March 1944</strong>, there was a knock on the wall somewhere during dinner, causing alarm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup> At weekends, they kept in mind the possibility that the nearby 'head of Keg' Jacob Boon could happen to drop by.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup> They seemed to perceive the Elhoek furniture factory on the other side as less threatening, although the staff there would take their breaks in the gutter near the Secret Annex when the weather was nice. One of them later stated that they did notice habitation, but without thinking of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> More people from the block claimed to have noticed the presence of people in the Secret Annex, but these are all statements from the time when this history of the hiding was already very well known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although there is an image of the Secret Annex as a kind of 'black box', completely detached from the outside world, it turns out that there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. To a large extent, admittedly, this was from the outside in. In this, the helpers were essential, as when Broks was led astray via a client in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Through the helpers, the lines of communication also ran to Overijssel, where the main focus of Brouwers' voucher business was located. Yet the most important line to the outside world was the one to Switzerland, which Kleiman maintained by postcard.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xqy8h\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, archief 206a, Europese dagboeken en egodocumenten: Transcriptie toespraak Uitzending Radio Oranje 28 maart 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"820yr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x6a98\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6cfp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8fnfj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eim4r\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e14a8\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvf8d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai8vx\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7509n\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Artikel en gedicht, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 april en mei 1944; Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"45e10\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voorpagina, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w90u3\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder “Diversen”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 2 februari 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zur56\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68obt\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qi567\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7pp3h\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oen21\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgitw\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ixiy\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8j5ee\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Trouw</em>, eerste jaargang, nummer 13 (midden november 1943).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnld4\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f81rj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“De komende afrekening”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 25 juni 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6myz9\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3zl9f\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tblq5\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1c6w\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f556y\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vr3qj\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief AnneFrank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Erich Elias, AFF_ErE_odoc_04: ‘Plikarte’, 16 april, 12 mei, 8 september, 7 oktober en 10 december 1943, 4 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0ceo\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7l8ia\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_072: Alice Frank aan Johannes Kleiman, 20 mei 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i9wwx\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wlren\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja14p\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiuoo\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6h615\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 and 30 September, 1, 5, 15 and 20 October, 17 November 1942, 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1w7ac\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15, 18, 21 and 25 April 1944; Version B, 5 August and 16 September 1943; Tales and Events from the Secret Annex, "Lunch Break", 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqirc\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942; Diary Version B, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wqn49\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March and 9 April 1944; Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzxas\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kseou\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Politierapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xsi3j\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yp7gl\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3xnoi\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qnw9\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gos3i\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1xez\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Van Pels: Mededeling van H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmvd7\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Broerse; Gesprek Dineke Stam met Sinie Broerse, 20 juni 1996; Dineke Stam, “‘Ik was de inbreker’ Hans Wijnberg: ‘Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten’”, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with the former life of the people there were closed. Still, there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. Through the helpers, news from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and other reading material came in. There was also the radio, which was used to listen to the BBC and Radio Oranje.",
"summary_nl": "Eenmaal in het Achterhuis ondergedoken waren vele lijnen met het vroegere leven van de onderduikers afgesloten. Toch was er vrij veel interactie met de buitenwereld. Via de helpers kwam nieuws van buiten, berichten over de oude buurt, kranten en ander lectuur naar binnen. Daarnaast was er ook de radio, waarmee werd geluisterd naar de BBC en Radio Oranje.",
"summary_en": "Once in hiding in the Secret Annex, many lines of communication with the former life of the people there were closed. Still, there was quite a lot of interaction with the outside world. Through the helpers, news from outside, reports about the old neighbourhood, newspapers and other reading material came in. There was also the radio, which was used to listen to the BBC and Radio Oranje.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124388,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124649,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/733b539d-9f5e-45e6-98c3-e915d16825b9/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "733b539d-9f5e-45e6-98c3-e915d16825b9",
"name": "Diaries",
"name_nl": "Dagboeken",
"name_en": "Diaries",
"description": "<p>During World War II, many Dutch people kept diaries. These are an important source of knowledge about life under the German occupation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxdb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxdb0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: T.M. Sjenitzer-van Leening (red.), <em>Dagboek fragmenten 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1954; Anna Voolstra & Eefje Blankevoort (red.), <em>Oorlogsdagboeken over de Jodenvervolging</em>, Amsterdam: Contact, 2001; Nina Siegal, <em>The diary keepers. World War II in the Netherlands, as written by the people who lived thtough it</em>, New York, NY: Ecco, 2023. Zie verder: <a href=\"https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/pages/collectie/Oorlogsdagboeken\">https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/pages/collectie/Oorlogsdagboeken</a> (geraadpleegd 20 maart 2023)</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog hielden veel Nederlanders een dagboek bij. Deze vormen een belangrijke bron van kennis over het leven onder de Duitse bezetting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tanw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tanw1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: T.M. Sjenitzer-van Leening (red.), <em>Dagboek fragmenten 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1954; Anna Voolstra & Eefje Blankevoort (red.), <em>Oorlogsdagboeken over de Jodenvervolging</em>, Amsterdam: Contact, 2001; Nina Siegal, <em>De vergeten dagboeken. De Tweede Wereldoorlog in Nederland in de woorden van hen die er getuige van ware</em>n, Amsterdam: HaperCollins, 2023. Zie verder: <a href=\"https://geheugen.delpher.nl/nl/geheugen/pages/collectie/Oorlogsdagboeken\" target=\"_blank\">https://geheugen.delpher.nl/nl/geheugen/pages/collectie/Oorlogsdagboeken</a> (geraadpleegd 20 maart 2023).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>During World War II, many Dutch people kept diaries. These are an important source of knowledge about life under the German occupation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxdb0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxdb0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: T.M. Sjenitzer-van Leening (red.), <em>Dagboek fragmenten 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1954; Anna Voolstra & Eefje Blankevoort (red.), <em>Oorlogsdagboeken over de Jodenvervolging</em>, Amsterdam: Contact, 2001; Nina Siegal, <em>The diary keepers. World War II in the Netherlands, as written by the people who lived thtough it</em>, New York, NY: Ecco, 2023. Zie verder: <a href=\"https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/pages/collectie/Oorlogsdagboeken\">https://geheugen.delpher.nl/en/geheugen/pages/collectie/Oorlogsdagboeken</a> (geraadpleegd 20 maart 2023)</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Diaries are autobiographical writings, recording what the writers experienced, thought, observed or contemplated, often from day to day, in chronological order.",
"summary_nl": "Dagboeken zijn autobiografische geschriften, waarin wordt opgetekend wat de schrijvers meemaken, denken, waarnemen of overwegen, vaak van dag tot dag, in chronologische volgorde.",
"summary_en": "Diaries are autobiographical writings, recording what the writers experienced, thought, observed or contemplated, often from day to day, in chronological order.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2822"
],
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
]
}
