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"next": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects?format=api&page=4",
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{
"id": 396124413,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/32bd0843-b6ff-45f8-8120-ac10666db76a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "32bd0843-b6ff-45f8-8120-ac10666db76a",
"name": "Daily life",
"name_nl": "Dagelijks leven",
"name_en": "Daily life",
"description": "<p>Daily life is everyday life, 'ordinary' life. Used here mainly to refer to things that took place or had an effect among civilians, both in public life and at home. During the German occupation, daily life went on as usual. The image of constant suffering was mainly shaped by the Hunger Winter. Yet daily life became increasingly difficult because of rationing and increasing repression. With the <em>Arbeitseinsatz</em>, many Dutch men were deported to Nazi Germany.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Dagelijks leven is het leven van alledag, het 'gewone' leven. Hier vooral gebruikt voor de zaken die bij burgers plaats of effect hadden, zowel in het openbare leven als in huiselijke kring. Tijdens de Duitse bezetting ging het dagelijks leven gewoon door. Het beeld van constant lijden is vooral gevormd door de Hongerwinter. Toch werd het dagelijks leven steeds moeilijker vanwege rantsoenering en toenemende repressie. Met de <em>Arbeitseinsatz</em> werden veel Nederlandse mannen naar nazi Duitsland afgevoerd.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Daily life is everyday life, 'ordinary' life. Used here mainly to refer to things that took place or had an effect among civilians, both in public life and at home. During the German occupation, daily life went on as usual. The image of constant suffering was mainly shaped by the Hunger Winter. Yet daily life became increasingly difficult because of rationing and increasing repression. With the <em>Arbeitseinsatz</em>, many Dutch men were deported to Nazi Germany.</p>",
"summary": "Daily life is everyday life, 'ordinary' life.",
"summary_nl": "Dagelijks leven is het leven van alledag, het 'gewone' leven.",
"summary_en": "Daily life is everyday life, 'ordinary' life.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2717"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 73,
"image": {
"id": 1037,
"uuid": "cd98e548-4815-4816-b191-4f8c9865b20c",
"name": "Studieboeken",
"title": "Studieboeken",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Schoolboeken.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De tijd in het Achterhuis werd deels gedood met lezen en studeren.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek.",
"copyright": ""
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/eefe9602-8893-47ad-bc48-3dd10392ff86/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "eefe9602-8893-47ad-bc48-3dd10392ff86",
"name": "The daily schedule in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De dagindeling in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The daily schedule in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Anne Frank's diary and her stories are the main source for the daily schedule in the Secret Annex. The B version and the stories do require the caveat that there is a strong compositional element involved. Otto Frank and the helpers gave further insight, in various statements after the war, into how the people in the Secret Annex filled their days. In particular, the presence and absence of staff in the office and warehouse determined the difference between weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays. However, it is difficult to establish whether certain routines remained the same during the 25 months of hiding, or whether significant shifts occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Weekdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An undated entry from Anne's diary, assumed to be from <strong>March 1944,</strong> describes an<em> 'Anne Frank's daily schedule'</em> on weekdays. In it, she details what such a day looked like. There may be scepticism about its accuracy. For instance,<em> 'getting dressed from seven thirty-eight to seven fifty-five'</em> does sound very detailed for something so mundane. That everything in the Secret Annex followed strict schedules, however, is plausible. According to this 'daily schedule', Anne got up around seven-thirty and then woke her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family's alarm clock rang earlier: at a quarter to seven, after which Hermann van Pels put on water and went to the bathroom. At a quarter past seven, Fritz Pfeffer, meanwhile also getting up, went to the bathroom. Anne then darkened their room. At eight, it was her turn for the bathroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Breakfast was taken in the van Pels family room between nine and nine-thirty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her story <em>Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt</em>, Anne describes the morning routine of the people in the Secret Annex. It all comes across as a fairly well-oiled machine. Everyone did what needed to be done, and made sure it was quiet again between eight thirty and nine. This prevented the warehouse staff from noticing anything. This was followed by breakfast. Anne, however - the only one - had had a plate of porridge earlier, which the Van Pels family had prepared.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From one o'clock to a quarter past one, they listened to the radio. Then they ate until ten to two. At two o'clock they listened to the <em>Wehrmachtsbericht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At five-thirty, when the company closed, Bep came to give them their 'freedom'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> At noon, the helpers came to eat soup.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In general, all of them went to bed fairly early. When Jan and Miep Gies came to stay one night in <strong>October 1942</strong>, despite the festive mood, the lights went out at eleven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Saturdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On Saturdays, the office and warehouse worked in the morning, as was customary at the time. This affected the freedom of movement of the people in hiding. On Saturday afternoon, the curtains in the front office closed, which meant they could move around the offices reasonably freely. Saturday was also the day Miep brought library books,<sup data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> and Anne twice describes visits by Mrs Kleiman on Saturdays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The Saturday evening Anne listened to the German variety show on the radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Sundays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The prime source for these details is the story <em>Sunday</em>. On Sundays, the rhythm in the Secret Annex was different from other days. Almost everyone slept in, with only Pfeffer getting up at eight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Breakfast was late; not until 11.30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was also the day they had a bath. Anne quotes on <strong>17 November 1942</strong> the<u> 'Prospectus and guidebook</u>' that Hermann van Pels had made on the occasion of Pfeffer's arrival:<em> 'Baths: On Sundays from 9 o'clock the bathtub is available to all housemates. One can bathe in the W.C., kitchen, private office, front office, all as desired</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tale8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides '<em>bath day</em>', Sunday also was household chores day. Anne writes the following about this: '<em>When other people are wearing nice clothes and walking in the sunshine, we here are scrubbing, sweeping and washing.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then, in this story, Anne describes how everyone in the Secret Annex was busy until two o'clock with all kinds of household chores, such as washing clothes, shampooing the carpet and scrubbing the bathroom. The accessibility of the office kitchen on Sundays was obviously related to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Interestingly, despite the great boredom that Sunday brought, Anne wrote on this day more often than not. This at least applies to the surviving A-version. Whether it was the same in the lost <strong>1943</strong> volumes, we obviously do not know.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne on weekends</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly felt miserable at weekends. Her writings show that she found those days only tedious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the early days, Anne writes that she listened to the radio every Saturday night,<em> 'but it gets duller every time</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> By<strong> March 1944</strong>, only Peter could cheer her up on the weekends.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'Although it is Saturday I am not bored! That's because I was in the attic with Peter</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"k02je\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Anne commented negatively on both days of the weekend, she thought Sunday was the worst. Nobody came over, so there was no distraction and at the same time they had to be extra quiet for the neighbours. Otherwise, Sunday was actually a day when a lot happened in the house. Because there were no staff in the warehouse, the house could be cleaned properly. From about two o'clock in the afternoon, peace returned, followed by sleep. Anne writes:<em> 'It's really not nice to see only sleepy faces in the afternoon between 2 and 4 wherever you go</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She also found it an ordeal to watch Pfeffer pray early on Sundays. She got giddy from his wiggling back and forth, she writes in her storybook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In the B version, she notes on <strong>22 December 1942</strong> that she was irritated by his early gymnastic exercises next to her bed: it gave her a headache.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The role of helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the daily schedule of the Secret Annex, the helpers had a clear function. Miep fetched a shopping list in the morning, and delivered what she could get in terms of meat and vegetables in the afternoon. Bep provided milk and bread. At lunchtime, everyone from the office would drop by, and often eat a cup of soup with them. In any case, Bep ate with the people in the Secret Annex every afternoon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Jan Gies also dropped by to have lunch with Miep. He then visited the people in the Secret Annex and, according to his wife, sometimes stayed for about ten minutes, sometimes half an hour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The helpers brought news from outside. Jan Gies, Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman often stopped by to discuss political developments. Kugler, in particular, emerged from Anne's notes as the '<em>final person in charge</em>'. It was he who at one point locked the premises at night and took all necessary measures. The premises were rented at that time by Gies & Co, of which company he was director. As part of the Secret Annex routine, the helpers also provided much-needed distraction.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As can be seen, the daily schedule in the Secret Annex was very much determined by external factors. The working hours of Opekta and Gies & Co. greatly influenced the rhythm by which the people there had to live. The - sometimes unexpected - presence of outsiders also played a role. Finally, the rather regimented housekeeping was an imperative element. It was within these frameworks that the people in hiding lived. In her diary, Anne of course often describes the worries in the building, since her entire life took place here. Over time, the daily schedule was subject to change due to, among other things, voucher shortages and illness of helpers. Still, the sources we have are mainly snapshots, about which no overly detailed conclusions for the entire period can be drawn.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (March 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt...”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-6\">f</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 February and 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Lunch Break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 and 31 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tale8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, 30 January 1944, 15 March 1944; Version B, 29 October 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k02je\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecties, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl voor onderzoeksrechter uit Lübeck, afgelegd in Rheine, 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis. </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 107. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het dagboek van Anne Frank en haar verhaaltjes vormen de voornaamste bron voor de dagindeling in het Achterhuis. Bij de B-versie en de verhaaltjes is wel het voorbehoud nodig dat er een sterk gecomponeerd element in zit. Otto Frank en de helpers gaven in enkele naoorlogse verklaringen nader inzicht in de wijze waarop de onderduikers hun dagen invulden. Vooral de aan- en afwezigheid van het personeel in kantoor en magazijn bepaalden het verschil tussen weekdag, zaterdag en zondag. Het is echter lastig om vast te stellen of bepaalde routines gedurende de 25 maanden van de onderduik hetzelfde bleven, of dat zich belangrijke verschuivingen voordeden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Weekdagen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een ongedateerde maar in <strong>maart 1944 </strong>te plaatsen notitie uit Annes dagboek beschrijft een '<em>dagindeling van Anne Frank</em>' op werkdagen. Hierin geeft ze gedetailleerd weer hoe zo’n dag eruitzag. Er is scepsis mogelijk over de accuratesse van het geheel. Zo klinkt '<em>aankleden van acht over half acht tot vijf voor acht'</em> wel erg gedetailleerd voor iets zo alledaags. Dat alles in het Achterhuis volgens strikte schema’s verliep is evenwel aannemelijk. Volgens deze ‘dagindeling’ stond Anne rond half acht op en wekte dan haar vader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wekker van de familie Van Pels ging al eerder: om kwart voor zeven, waarna Hermann van Pels water opzette en naar de badkamer ging. Om kwart over zeven ging Fritz Pfeffer, inmiddels ook opgestaan, naar de badkamer.. Anne ontduisterde vervolgens hun kamer. Om acht uur was het haar beurt voor de badkamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tussen negen en half tien vond het ontbijt plaats in de kamer van de familie van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In haar verhaaltje <em>Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt</em> beschrijft Anne de ochtendroutine van de onderduikers. Een en ander komt over als een redelijk geoliede machine. Allen deden wat moest gebeuren, en zorgden ervoor dat het tussen half negen en negen weer stil was. Zo voorkwamen ze dat het magazijnpersoneel iets merkte. Daarna volgde het ontbijt. Anne had echter eerder – als enige – al een bordje pap gehad, dat de familie Van Pels had klaargemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van een uur tot kwart over een luisterden de onderduikers naar de radio. Vervolgens werd er tot tien voor twee gegeten. Om twee uur luisterden ze naar het <em>Wehrmachtsbericht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Om half zes, als het bedrijf sloot, kwam Bep de onderduikers 'de vrijheid' geven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Tussen de middag kwamen de helpers soep eten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over het algemeen gingen alle onderduikers vrij vroeg naar bed. Toen Jan en Miep Gies in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> een nacht kwamen logeren, ging ondanks de feestelijke stemming om elf uur het licht uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zaterdag</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>‘s Zaterdags werd er op kantoor en in het magazijn, zoals destijds gebruikelijk, in de ochtend gewerkt. Dit had gevolgen voor de bewegingsvrijheid van de onderduikers. Op zaterdagmiddag gingen de gordijnen in het voorkantoor dicht, wat betekende dat zij zich redelijk vrij door de kantoren konden bewegen. Zaterdag was ook de dag dat Miep bibliotheekboeken bracht,<sup data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> en Anne beschrijft tweemaal een bezoek van mevrouw Kleiman op zaterdag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> De zaterdagavond ging Anne '<em>aan de radio'</em>, om naar de Duitse bonte avond te luisteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zondag</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De bron bij uitstek is het verhaaltje <em>Zondag</em>. Op zondag was het ritme in het Achterhuis anders dan op andere dagen. Vrijwel iedereen sliep uit, alleen Pfeffer stond al om acht uur op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het ontbijt was laat; pas om half twaalf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het was eveneens een dag waarop de onderduikers in de tobbe gingen. Anne citeert op <strong>17 november 1942</strong> de '<u>Prospectus en leiddraad</u>’ die Hermann van Pels ter gelegenheid van de komst van Pfeffer had gemaakt: '<em>Baden: Des Zondags vanaf 9 uur staat het teil voor alle huisgenoten beschikbaar. Men kan baden in W.C., keuken, privé-kantoor, voorkantoor, al naar wens</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tale8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast ‘<em>baddag</em>’ was zondag ook huishouddag. Anne schrijft hierover het volgende: '<em>Als andere mensen mooie kleren aan hebben en in het zonnetje wandelen, zijn wij hier aan het schrobben, vegen en wassen.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Vervolgens beschrijft Anne in dit verhaaltje hoe iedereen in het Achterhuis tot twee uur druk was met allerlei huishoudelijke taken, zoals kleren wassen, het kleed schuieren en de badkamer schrobben. De bereikbaarheid van de kantoorkeuken op zondag had daar uiteraard mee te maken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opvallend is dat Anne, ondanks de grote verveling die de zondag bracht, op deze dag vaker wel dan niet schrijft. Dit geldt althans voor de overgeleverde A-versie. Of het in de verloren delen uit <strong>1943</strong> ook zo was, weten we uiteraard niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne over de weekeinden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne voelde zich regelmatig ellendig in het weekeinde. Uit haar geschriften blijkt dat ze die dagen maar vervelend vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In de beginperiode schrijft Anne dat ze elke zaterdagavond naar de radio luisterde, '<em>maar het wordt elke keer saaier</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In<strong> maart ’44</strong> kon alleen Peter haar in de weekeinden opbeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ze schrijft: '<em>Hoewel het Zaterdag is ben ik niet vervelend! Dat komt omdat ik met Peter op zolder zat</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"k02je\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel Anne zich over beide dagen van het weekend negatief uitliet, vond ze de zondag toch het ergst. Er kwam niemand langs, dus er was geen afleiding en tegelijkertijd moesten ze extra stil zijn voor de buren. De zondag was verder juist een dag waarop veel gebeurde in huis. Doordat er geen personeel in het magazijn aanwezig was, kan er in het huis goed schoongemaakt worden. Vanaf een uur of twee ’s middags keerde de rust terug, waarna er geslapen werd. Anne schrijft hierover: '<em>Het is heus niet leuk om ’s middags tussen 2 en 4 waar je ook komt alleen maar slaperige gezichten te zien</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daarnaast vond ze het ook een beproeving om Pfeffer op zondag in alle vroegte te zien bidden. Ze werd draaierig van zijn heen en weer gewiebel, zo schrijft ze in haar verhaaltjesboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In de B-versie noteert ze op <strong>22 december 1942</strong> dat ze zich irriteerde aan zijn vroege gymnastiekoefeningen naast haar bed: ze kreeg er hoofdpijn van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De rol van de helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Binnen de dagindeling van het Achterhuis hadden de helpers een duidelijke functie. Miep haalde in de ochtend een boodschappenlijstje, en bezorgde ’s middags wat ze aan vlees en groente had kunnen krijgen. Bep verzorgde melk en brood. Tussen de middag gingen allen van kantoor langs, en aten dikwijls een kopje soep mee. Bep at sowieso elke middag met de onderduikers mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Ook Jan Gies kwam langs om bij Miep te lunchen. Hij bezocht dan de onderduikers en bleef volgens zijn echtgenote soms een minuut of tien, soms een half uur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De helpers brachten nieuws van buiten. Jan Gies, Victor Kugler en Jo Kleiman kwamen vaak langs om over politieke ontwikkelingen te spreken. Met name Kugler kwam uit Annes notities naar voren als ‘<em>eindverantwoordelijke</em>’. Hij was het die op een gegeven moment het pand ’s avonds afsloot en alle noodzakelijke maatregelen trof. Het pand werd dan ook gehuurd door Gies & Co., het bedrijf waarvan hij directeur was. Voor de helpers gold dat zij als onderdeel van de Achterhuisroutine ook zorgden voor de zo broodnodige afleiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zoals blijkt werd de dagindeling in het Achterhuis zeer sterk door externe factoren bepaald. De werktijden van Opekta en Gies & Co. beïnvloedden in hoge mate het ritme waarnaar de onderduikers moesten leven. Ook de – soms onverwachte – aanwezigheid van buitenstaanders speelde daarbij een rol. Ten slotte was de nogal geregimenteerde huishouding een dwingend element. Binnen deze kaders werd er door de onderduikers geleefd. Anne beschrijft in haar dagboek uiteraard vaak de beslommeringen in het gebouw, aangezien haar gehele leven zich hier afspeelde. Door de tijd is de dagindeling vanwege onder meer bonnenschaarste en ziekte van helpers aan veranderingen onderhevig geweest. De bronnen die we hebben zijn echter toch vooral momentopnamen, waaraan geen al te gedetailleerde conclusies voor de hele periode zijn te verbinden.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerd (maart 1944), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-6\">f</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen it het Achterhuis, “De vrijheid in het Achterhuis”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 5 februari en 5 augustus 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Schaftuurtje”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942 en 31 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tale8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 4 oktober 1942, 30 januari 1944, 15 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 29 oktober 1943; Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Zondag”, 20 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 4 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k02je\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 22 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecties, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl voor onderzoeksrechter uit Lübeck, afgelegd in Rheine, 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis. </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 107. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne Frank's diary and her stories are the main source for the daily schedule in the Secret Annex. The B version and the stories do require the caveat that there is a strong compositional element involved. Otto Frank and the helpers gave further insight, in various statements after the war, into how the people in the Secret Annex filled their days. In particular, the presence and absence of staff in the office and warehouse determined the difference between weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays. However, it is difficult to establish whether certain routines remained the same during the 25 months of hiding, or whether significant shifts occurred.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Weekdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An undated entry from Anne's diary, assumed to be from <strong>March 1944,</strong> describes an<em> 'Anne Frank's daily schedule'</em> on weekdays. In it, she details what such a day looked like. There may be scepticism about its accuracy. For instance,<em> 'getting dressed from seven thirty-eight to seven fifty-five'</em> does sound very detailed for something so mundane. That everything in the Secret Annex followed strict schedules, however, is plausible. According to this 'daily schedule', Anne got up around seven-thirty and then woke her father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family's alarm clock rang earlier: at a quarter to seven, after which Hermann van Pels put on water and went to the bathroom. At a quarter past seven, Fritz Pfeffer, meanwhile also getting up, went to the bathroom. Anne then darkened their room. At eight, it was her turn for the bathroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Breakfast was taken in the van Pels family room between nine and nine-thirty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her story <em>Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt</em>, Anne describes the morning routine of the people in the Secret Annex. It all comes across as a fairly well-oiled machine. Everyone did what needed to be done, and made sure it was quiet again between eight thirty and nine. This prevented the warehouse staff from noticing anything. This was followed by breakfast. Anne, however - the only one - had had a plate of porridge earlier, which the Van Pels family had prepared.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From one o'clock to a quarter past one, they listened to the radio. Then they ate until ten to two. At two o'clock they listened to the <em>Wehrmachtsbericht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> At five-thirty, when the company closed, Bep came to give them their 'freedom'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> At noon, the helpers came to eat soup.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In general, all of them went to bed fairly early. When Jan and Miep Gies came to stay one night in <strong>October 1942</strong>, despite the festive mood, the lights went out at eleven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Saturdays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On Saturdays, the office and warehouse worked in the morning, as was customary at the time. This affected the freedom of movement of the people in hiding. On Saturday afternoon, the curtains in the front office closed, which meant they could move around the offices reasonably freely. Saturday was also the day Miep brought library books,<sup data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> and Anne twice describes visits by Mrs Kleiman on Saturdays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The Saturday evening Anne listened to the German variety show on the radio.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Sundays</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The prime source for these details is the story <em>Sunday</em>. On Sundays, the rhythm in the Secret Annex was different from other days. Almost everyone slept in, with only Pfeffer getting up at eight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Breakfast was late; not until 11.30.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was also the day they had a bath. Anne quotes on <strong>17 November 1942</strong> the<u> 'Prospectus and guidebook</u>' that Hermann van Pels had made on the occasion of Pfeffer's arrival:<em> 'Baths: On Sundays from 9 o'clock the bathtub is available to all housemates. One can bathe in the W.C., kitchen, private office, front office, all as desired</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tale8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides '<em>bath day</em>', Sunday also was household chores day. Anne writes the following about this: '<em>When other people are wearing nice clothes and walking in the sunshine, we here are scrubbing, sweeping and washing.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then, in this story, Anne describes how everyone in the Secret Annex was busy until two o'clock with all kinds of household chores, such as washing clothes, shampooing the carpet and scrubbing the bathroom. The accessibility of the office kitchen on Sundays was obviously related to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Interestingly, despite the great boredom that Sunday brought, Anne wrote on this day more often than not. This at least applies to the surviving A-version. Whether it was the same in the lost <strong>1943</strong> volumes, we obviously do not know.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Anne on weekends</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly felt miserable at weekends. Her writings show that she found those days only tedious.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the early days, Anne writes that she listened to the radio every Saturday night,<em> 'but it gets duller every time</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> By<strong> March 1944</strong>, only Peter could cheer her up on the weekends.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'Although it is Saturday I am not bored! That's because I was in the attic with Peter</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"k02je\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Anne commented negatively on both days of the weekend, she thought Sunday was the worst. Nobody came over, so there was no distraction and at the same time they had to be extra quiet for the neighbours. Otherwise, Sunday was actually a day when a lot happened in the house. Because there were no staff in the warehouse, the house could be cleaned properly. From about two o'clock in the afternoon, peace returned, followed by sleep. Anne writes:<em> 'It's really not nice to see only sleepy faces in the afternoon between 2 and 4 wherever you go</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She also found it an ordeal to watch Pfeffer pray early on Sundays. She got giddy from his wiggling back and forth, she writes in her storybook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In the B version, she notes on <strong>22 December 1942</strong> that she was irritated by his early gymnastic exercises next to her bed: it gave her a headache.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The role of helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the daily schedule of the Secret Annex, the helpers had a clear function. Miep fetched a shopping list in the morning, and delivered what she could get in terms of meat and vegetables in the afternoon. Bep provided milk and bread. At lunchtime, everyone from the office would drop by, and often eat a cup of soup with them. In any case, Bep ate with the people in the Secret Annex every afternoon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Jan Gies also dropped by to have lunch with Miep. He then visited the people in the Secret Annex and, according to his wife, sometimes stayed for about ten minutes, sometimes half an hour.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The helpers brought news from outside. Jan Gies, Victor Kugler and Jo Kleiman often stopped by to discuss political developments. Kugler, in particular, emerged from Anne's notes as the '<em>final person in charge</em>'. It was he who at one point locked the premises at night and took all necessary measures. The premises were rented at that time by Gies & Co, of which company he was director. As part of the Secret Annex routine, the helpers also provided much-needed distraction.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As can be seen, the daily schedule in the Secret Annex was very much determined by external factors. The working hours of Opekta and Gies & Co. greatly influenced the rhythm by which the people there had to live. The - sometimes unexpected - presence of outsiders also played a role. Finally, the rather regimented housekeeping was an imperative element. It was within these frameworks that the people in hiding lived. In her diary, Anne of course often describes the worries in the building, since her entire life took place here. Over time, the daily schedule was subject to change due to, among other things, voucher shortages and illness of helpers. Still, the sources we have are mainly snapshots, about which no overly detailed conclusions for the entire period can be drawn.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0v1y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, undated (March 1944), in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0wl44\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4hpr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Wenn die Uhr halb neune schlagt...”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhbw7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-6\">f</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3r29\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Freedom in the Annexe”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aicw4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 5 February and 5 August 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Lunch Break”, 5 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ete2s\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lt1o7\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruymg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942 and 31 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8oy2k\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tale8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6m52x\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, 30 January 1944, 15 March 1944; Version B, 29 October 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sunday”, 20 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n2yoy\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k02je\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gh33e\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 22 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hl7u1\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecties, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl voor onderzoeksrechter uit Lübeck, afgelegd in Rheine, 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmheu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis. </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 107. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The daily schedule of the people in the Secret Annex was largely determined by external factors.",
"summary_nl": "De dagindeling van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis werd voor het grootste deel door externe factoren bepaald.",
"summary_en": "The daily schedule of the people in the Secret Annex was largely determined by external factors.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 191,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/80b0ead3-4e36-4788-91cd-b5bdd9338c11/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "80b0ead3-4e36-4788-91cd-b5bdd9338c11",
"name": "Financing the period in hiding",
"name_nl": "De financiering van de onderduik",
"name_en": "Financing the period in hiding",
"description": "<p>Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce, mostly unclear in nature and thus not very useful for serious calculations. Therefore, this is only a global overview. There are, however, sporadic details on the financial position of the Frank and Van Pels families, and of Fritz Pfeffer in the preceding years. In addition, the diary provides information on household money issues. Ordinance VO148/41, which came into force on <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, stipulated that Jews had to deposit their cash and cheques in excess of one thousand guilders with banking firm Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. They also had to deposit securities and balances and deposits at other institutions there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was followed on <strong>21 May 1942</strong> by ordinance VO58/42, which required the surrender of jewellery and precious metals. A household was then allowed to dispose of 250 guilders per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These measures are known as the first and second Liro regulations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>More people went into hiding: in addition to Jews, people sent to work in Germany who remained in the Netherlands after leave, and Dutch soldiers who wanted to evade captivity. All these people needed means of subsistence. Recent research suggests that in the first phase of the deportations, i.e. until <strong>May 1943</strong>, the Jewish category relied mainly on their own resources.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Despite the harsh measures with which the German authorities organised the looting of Jewish property, self-employed people had more opportunities to set aside 'black' money for a clandestine existence. Anne's diary entries show this implicitly, although money shortages emerged during <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank earned enough to live on with his family. In the <strong>1938-1939</strong> fiscal year, his income tax assessment was based on an income of 3,650 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The rent for the house on Merwedeplein was 70 guilders a month including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1933</strong>, according to an advertisement in the block, this was the cheapest option. By comparison, in the same year a doctor in Het Apeldoornsche Bosch earned 4,500 guilders plus free housing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> According to data from Netherlands Statistics, the average income of an assessed person in that year was 2,150 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1941</strong> and <strong>1942</strong>, Otto Frank surrendered assets and bank balances worth some thirteen thousand guilders pursuant to the Liro regulations.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Furthermore, he suffered financial losses by having to step down as director of Opekta. He received compensation of 4,800 guilders only after his return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1945</strong>, he informed Erich Elias that he had lent 135 guilders for hiding through Hans Goslar, which he had not yet been paid back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>So, although he was apparently still able to lend money, his economic position on the eve of going into hiding was not completely favourable. Anne writes in her <strong>1944</strong> diary (B version, with the date <strong>13 January 1943</strong>)<em> 'we supposedly eat our money</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, <strong>in early 1944</strong> Otto and Edith planned to give Anne and Margot both five hundred guilders to take with them in the event of an evacuation of the western Netherlands. They themselves wanted to take one thousand guilders each.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> This would mean that at that point they still had three thousand guilders at their disposal, while Anne said there were also dollars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A few weeks later, the Franks wanted to sell a chest, but found the offer made for it of four hundred guilders too low.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25vid\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This indicated that their situation was not yet quite desperate. So either there had to have been a considerable clandestine reserve or the companies were able to furnish this cash.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of the arrest, according to Otto Frank, Silberbauer asked for money and jewellery, which they then handed over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> When asked, Silberbauer expressed himself in similar terms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> This indicates that money and jewellery were still there in <strong>August 1944</strong>, although the value remains unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels entered Otto Frank's service when the three thousand guilders<sup data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> with which he came to the Netherlands were completely exhausted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> He ran a textile business with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt for some time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but what they made is unknown. At Pectacon he earned reasonably good money. According to Otto Frank, he and his family were able to live well from it, but were not able to save money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The family paid 75 guilders a month in rent, including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"223a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> It is not known what financial consequences the liquidation of Pectacon had for Van Pels. When Peter talked to Anne about<em> 'his life at home</em>', he also mentioned black marketeering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne's diary, Van Pels already had money problems <strong>by the end of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> He was the one who had the necessary contacts in the butchery world<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> and thus had an important role in food supply. Friction arose between the Van Pels and Frank families over money and the distribution of food. According to Anne's diary, Van Pels lost a wallet containing 100 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1e342\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> According to some notes, Van Pels was a heavy smoker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> That must have been a considerable expense. Van Pels' evident need for money led to the sale of the lady's fur coat. It reportedly fetched 325 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon his arrival in the Netherlands, Pfeffer revealed that he had assets of about four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Part of this consisted of depositary receipts on shares in General Motors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> According to notes from the Amsterdam Aliens Department, he was initially supported by the Committee for Jewish Refugees and later by his father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Nothing is known about Liro payments. In the Secret Annex, he was de facto a kind of room tenant of the Frank family. He - like the Franks - still had regular access to distribution vouchers. Furthermore, he was a medic and a dentist, which of course was also a useful contribution.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what Pfeffer brought to the Secret Annex in terms of money or valuables, and what ended up at the Liro. According to Kugler when asked about valuables during the raid in the Secrat Annex, Pfeffer handed a roll of gold pieces to Silberbauer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Income and expenditure</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto wrote in his talk to Yad Vashem that Kugler sold goods without recording the proceeds, and could thus channel money to the people in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also filled packets of gravy for Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne's diary also reveals several times that they kept the books for the companies in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> The companies had to pay the rent for the building anyway. Gies & Co. was the main tenant. Opekta contributed as a subtenant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Who paid for the electricity and fuel for the people in the Secret Annex is not known. It does appear that businesses and people in hiding helped each other in this way.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other than that, therefore, most of their funds were derived by depleting their reserves. When Van Pels was already running low on funds <strong>in late 1942</strong>, Anne writes that her father still had money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> About a year and a half later, however, she still had to acknowledge that<em> "</em>The bottom of our black moneybox is in sight"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> During a domestic argument, Edith expressed the opinion that<em> '</em>everyone should live on their own money'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> We do not know the amounts involved.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite little to no income, expenses continued during the hiding period. Food had to be bought, not to mention the fact that some of it required expensive clandestine vouchers. Anne writes that they bought 'country' coupon cards instead of 'city' coupons. These cost 33 guilders and were thus cheaper. Furthermore, the bread coupons of these could be resold, as baker Siemons supplied 'boneless' bread in exchange for lactose. Such bread coupons fetched 12 guilders a time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> How many of these country coupons were bought and sold, and how long this arrangement lasted, is unknown. Over the entire period, it is possible to indicate what the set prices for all kinds of products were, but of course that does not mean that the helpers could always get them for those prices. Furthermore, the people in hiding would also clearly have needed money for clothing and fuel. There would also have been costs for the supply of library books and magazines brought by Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All official assets of Jews were taken away from them through Liro regulations and other measures. Since those in hiding were nevertheless able to furnish their shelters and provide themselves with food, it must be assumed as certain that all of them had managed to set aside money in one way or another. This money, then, had obviously not been remitted to the Liro.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When deportations began in <strong>July 1942</strong>, it was unclear how long the occupation would last. However, almost no one foresaw that it would be as long as it was. In many cases, funds dried up during <strong>1944</strong>. If the claims of Otto Frank, Silberbauer and Kugler are correct, money and valuables were nevertheless still there when they were arrested.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] inzake het joodsche geldelijke vermogen, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1941, p. 624-628, aldaar p. 624.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] joodsche vermogenswaarden, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1942, p. 289-300, aldaar p. 294.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pim Grifffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940 – 1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen en oorzaken, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2011, p. 629.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 277: Rapport Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam No. 6838. Omgerekend naar 2012 levert dat een koopkracht op van ruim 32.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colelctie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_021: Kwitantie Hilwis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Archief 181b, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 24: Verklaring t.b.v. F. Klein, 16 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, <em>Statistiek der Inkomens en Vermogens in Nederland 1938/1939</em>, Den Haag: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1940, staatjes XVII en XX.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Toelichting door Otto Frank op zijn vordering van 29 augustus 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta): inv. nr. 19: Notulen aandeelhoudersvergadering 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 28 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25vid\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892. Verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Silberbauer, 4 maart 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963, p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omgerekend naar hedendaagse koopkracht ruim 27.000 euro (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann, 29 november 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045, dossier 51150: Handelsonderneming Moderna.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"223a8\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_006: Declaratie huurschade door Hilwis, 21 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouchitz: Transcriptie interview Miep Gies door W. van der Sluis en J. Boonstra, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 2-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1e342\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March and 16 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan het ‘Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelites’ in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939. Omgerekend naar 2012 is de koopkracht ruim 35.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: L. Kahn & Co. aan Pfeffer, 3 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. (nog) niet precies bekend: Registratiekaart Vreemdelingendienst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 21 September, 14 and 15 October 1942; Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_007: Verslag over het boekjaar 1941 (Opekta).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Battle of the Potatoes”, 4 August 1943, in <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Gegevens over de financiering van de onderduik zijn schaars, veelal onduidelijk van aard en dus niet goed bruikbaar voor serieuze berekeningen. Daarom is dit slechts een globaal overzicht. Er zijn wel sporadische gegevens over de financiële positie van de families Frank en Van Pels, en van Fritz Pfeffer in de voorafgaande jaren. Daarnaast levert het dagboek informatie over huishoudelijke geldkwesties. De verordening VO148/41, die <strong>8 augustus 1941</strong> van kracht werd, bepaalde dat Joden hun contanten en cheques boven een bedrag van duizend gulden moesten deponeren bij bankiersfirma Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. Ook effecten, en tegoeden en deposito’s bij andere instellingen moesten zij hier deponeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>21 mei 1942</strong> volgde VO58/42, die tot het inleveren van sieraden en edelmetalen verplichtte. Een huishouden mocht dan nog over 250 gulden per maand beschikken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze maatregelen staan bekend als de eerste en de tweede Liro-verordening.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er doken meer mensen onder, naast Joden o.m. ook in Duitsland tewerkgestelden die na verlof in Nederland bleven en Nederlandse militairen die zich aan krijgsgevangenschap wilden onttrekken. Al deze mensen hadden bestaansmiddelen nodig. Recent onderzoek stelt dat de Joodse categorie in de eerste fase van de deportaties, dat wil zeggen tot <strong>mei ’43</strong>, vooral waren aangewezen op eigen middelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ondanks de scherpe maatregelen waarmee de Duitse autoriteiten de roof van Joods bezit organiseerden, hadden zelfstandigen meer mogelijkheden zwart geld voor een clandestien bestaan te reserveren. Annes dagboeknotities tonen dat impliciet aan, hoewel in de loop van <strong>1944</strong> geldgebrek ontstond.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Familie Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verdiende voldoende om met zijn gezin van te leven. De Inkomstenbelasting sloeg hem in het dienstjaar <strong>1938-’39</strong> aan voor een inkomen van 3.650 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De huur van de woning aan het Merwedeplein bedroeg 70 gulden per maand inclusief verwarming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>februari 1933</strong> was dit blijkens een advertentie in het blok de goedkoopste optie. Ter vergelijking: in hetzelfde jaar verdiende een geneesheer in ‘het Apeldoornsche Bosch’ 4.500 gulden plus vrij wonen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Volgens gegevens van het Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek was het gemiddelde inkomen van een aangeslagene in dat jaar 2.150 gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1941</strong> en <strong>’42</strong> leverde Otto Frank ingevolge de Liro-verordeningen tegoeden en banksaldi in ter waarde van zo’n dertienduizend gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Verder leed hij financiële schade doordat hij als directeur van Opekta moest terugtreden. Een vergoeding van 4.800 gulden kreeg hij pas na zijn terugkeer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>’45</strong> liet hij Erich Elias weten dat hij voor de onderduik via Hans Goslar 135 gulden had uitgeleend die hij nog niet terug had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel hij blijkbaar nog geld uit kon lenen, was zijn economische positie aan de vooravond van de onderduik dus niet onverdeeld gunstig. Anne schrijft in <strong>1944</strong> in haar dagboek (B-versie, met als datum <strong>13 januari 1943</strong>) '<em>we eten zogenaamd ons geld op</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Desondanks waren Otto en Edith <strong>begin ’44</strong> van plan Anne en Margot bij een eventuele evacuatie van West-Nederland allebei vijfhonderd gulden mee te geven. Zelf wilden ze elk duizend gulden meenemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Dit zou betekenen dat zij op dat moment nog over drieduizend gulden konden beschikken, terwijl er volgens Anne ook nog dollars waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Enkele weken later wilden de Franks een kist verkopen, maar ze vonden het bod van vierhonderd gulden te laag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25vid\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dat wijst erop dat de situatie nog niet heel wanhopig was. Er moest dus ofwel een flinke clandestiene reserve zijn aangelegd, ofwel de bedrijven konden deze contanten verschaffen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij de arrestatie vraagt Silberbauer volgens Otto Frank naar geld en sieraden, waarop deze werden overhandigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Silberbauer liet zich desgevraagd in vergelijkbare bewoordingen uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Dit wijst erop dat er in <strong>augustus ’44</strong> nog geld en sieraden waren, hoewel de waarde onbekend blijft.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Familie Van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels kwam bij Otto Frank in dienst toen de drieduizend gulden<sup data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> waarmee hij naar Nederland kwam geheel op waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Hij dreef met zijn zwager Max Goldschmidt enige tijd een textielhandel,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> maar onbekend is wat dat opleverde. Bij Pectacon verdiende hij redelijk. Volgens Otto Frank kon hij er met zijn gezin wel goed van leven, maar niet sparen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Het gezin betaalde per maand 75 gulden aan huur, inclusief verwarming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"223a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Welke geldelijke gevolgen de liquidatie van Pectacon voor Van Pels had, is niet bekend. Toen Peter met Anne over '<em>z’n leven thuis</em>' sprak, had hij het ook over zwart handelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Annes dagboek had Van Pels <strong>eind ’42</strong> echter al geldproblemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Hij was degene die over de noodzakelijke contacten in de slagerswereld beschikte,<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> en daarmee dus een belangrijke rol had in de voedselvoorziening. Er ontstond tussen de families Van Pels en Frank wrijving over geld en de verdeling van het voedsel. Volgens Annes dagboek verloor Van Pels een portemonnee met daarin honderd gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1e342\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Van Pels was blijkens enkele notities een straffe roker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Dat moet een flinke kostenpost zijn geweest. Evidente geldnood van Van Pels leidde ertoe dat de bontmantel van mevrouw moest worden verkocht. Naar verluidt leverde die 325 gulden op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij zijn komst naar Nederland gaf Pfeffer te kennen dat hij beschikte over een vermogen van ongeveer vierduizend gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Een deel hiervan bestond uit certificaten van General Motors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Volgens notities van de Amsterdamse Vreemdelingendienst werd hij aanvankelijk gesteund door het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen en later door zijn vader.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Over Liro-afdrachten is niets bekend. Hij was in het Achterhuis de facto een soort kamerhuurder van de familie Frank. Hij kon – evenals de Franks – nog beschikken over reguliere distributiebonnen. Verder was hij medicus en tandarts, wat natuurlijk ook een nuttige inbreng was.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet bekend wat Pfeffer aan geld of waardevolle spullen meebracht naar het Achterhuis, en wat er bij de Liro terechtkwam. Bij de inval in het Achterhuis gaf Pfeffer volgens Kugler op de vraag naar kostbaarheden een rol goudstukken aan Silberbauer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inkomsten en uitgaven</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto schreef in zijn voordracht aan Yad Vashem dat Kugler goederen verkocht zonder de opbrengst in te boeken, en zo geld kon doorsluizen naar de onderduikers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> De onderduikers vulden ook pakjes jus voor Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Uit Annes dagboek komt bovendien verschillende keren naar voren dat zij in de avonduren administratie voor de bedrijven bijhielden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> De bedrijven moesten de huur van het pand toch al opbrengen. Gies & Co. was hoofdhuurder. Opekta droeg als onderhuurder bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Wie de elektriciteit en brandstof voor de onderduikers betaalde is niet bekend. Het blijkt wel dat bedrijven en onderduikers elkaar zo hielpen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verder werd er dus vooral op de reserves ingeteerd. Toen Van Pels <strong>eind ’42</strong> al krap kwam te zitten, schrijft Anne dat haar vader nog wel geld had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Zo’n anderhalf jaar later moest ze echter toch erkennen dat '<em>de bodem van de zwarte kas […] te zien [is].'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Tijdens een huiselijke ruzie sprak Edith de mening uit dat '<em>iedereen maar op z’n eigen centen moest leven</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De bedragen die met een en ander gemoeid waren, kennen we niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ondanks nauwelijks tot geen inkomsten, gingen de uitgaven tijdens de onderduik gewoon door. Eten moest worden gekocht, nog los van het feit dat daarvoor deels ook nog kostbare clandestiene bonnen nodig waren. Anne schrijft dat ze 'land’-bonkaarten kochten in plaats van ‘stad’-bonnen. Deze kostten 33 gulden en waren daarmee goedkoper. Verder konden de broodbonnen hiervan doorverkocht worden, omdat bakker Siemons ‘bonloos’ brood leverde in ruil voor melksuiker. Die broodbonnen leverden twaalf gulden per keer op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Hoeveel van die landbonnen werden ge- en verkocht, en hoe lang die regeling duurde, is onbekend. Over de gehele periode is wel aan te geven wat de voorgeschreven prijzen voor allerlei producten waren, maar dat wil natuurlijk niet zeggen dat de helpers ze daar ook steeds voor konden krijgen. Verder hadden de onderduikers natuurlijk geld nodig voor kleding en brandstof. Bovendien zullen er kosten verbonden zijn geweest aan de aanvoer van bibliotheekboeken en van de tijdschriften die Kugler meebracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Alle officiële vermogensbestanddelen van Joden werden via de Liro-verordeningen en andere maatregelen aan hen ontnomen. Aangezien de onderduikers toch hun onderkomen hebben kunnen inrichten en zich van levensmiddelen hebben kunnen voorzien, moet als zeker worden aangenomen dat allen op een of andere wijze geld hebben weten te reserveren. Dit geld was dan uiteraard ook niet aan de Liro afgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen in <strong>juli ‘42</strong> de deportaties begonnen, was onduidelijk hoelang de bezetting nog zou duren. Vrijwel niemand voorzag echter dat dat zo lang zou zijn. In veel gevallen droogden de financiële middelen in de loop van <strong>1944</strong> op. Als de beweringen van Otto Frank, Silberbauer en Kugler juist zijn, waren er bij de arrestatie desondanks nog geld en kostbaarheden aanwezig.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] inzake het joodsche geldelijke vermogen, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1941, p. 624-628, aldaar p. 624.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] joodsche vermogenswaarden, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1942, p. 289-300, aldaar p. 294.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pim Grifffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940 – 1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen en oorzaken, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2011, p. 629.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 277: Rapport Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam No. 6838. Omgerekend naar 2012 levert dat een koopkracht op van ruim 32.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colelctie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_021: Kwitantie Hilwis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Archief 181b, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 24: Verklaring t.b.v. F. Klein, 16 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, <em>Statistiek der Inkomens en Vermogens in Nederland 1938/1939</em>, Den Haag: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1940, staatjes XVII en XX.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Toelichting door Otto Frank op zijn vordering van 29 augustus 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta): inv. nr. 19: Notulen aandeelhoudersvergadering 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 28 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 13 januari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25vid\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892. Verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Silberbauer, 4 maart 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963, p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omgerekend naar hedendaagse koopkracht ruim 27.000 euro (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann, 29 november 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045, dossier 51150: Handelsonderneming Moderna.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"223a8\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_006: Declaratie huurschade door Hilwis, 21 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouchitz: Transcriptie interview Miep Gies door W. van der Sluis en J. Boonstra, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 2-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1e342\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart en 16 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan het ‘Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelites’ in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939. Omgerekend naar 2012 is de koopkracht ruim 35.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: L. Kahn & Co. aan Pfeffer, 3 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. (nog) niet precies bekend: Registratiekaart Vreemdelingendienst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 13 januari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus, 21 september, 14 en 15 oktober 1942; Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_007: Verslag over het boekjaar 1941 (Opekta).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De ruzie over de aardappels”, 4 augustus 1943.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce, mostly unclear in nature and thus not very useful for serious calculations. Therefore, this is only a global overview. There are, however, sporadic details on the financial position of the Frank and Van Pels families, and of Fritz Pfeffer in the preceding years. In addition, the diary provides information on household money issues. Ordinance VO148/41, which came into force on <strong>8 August 1941</strong>, stipulated that Jews had to deposit their cash and cheques in excess of one thousand guilders with banking firm Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. They also had to deposit securities and balances and deposits at other institutions there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This was followed on <strong>21 May 1942</strong> by ordinance VO58/42, which required the surrender of jewellery and precious metals. A household was then allowed to dispose of 250 guilders per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> These measures are known as the first and second Liro regulations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>More people went into hiding: in addition to Jews, people sent to work in Germany who remained in the Netherlands after leave, and Dutch soldiers who wanted to evade captivity. All these people needed means of subsistence. Recent research suggests that in the first phase of the deportations, i.e. until <strong>May 1943</strong>, the Jewish category relied mainly on their own resources.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Despite the harsh measures with which the German authorities organised the looting of Jewish property, self-employed people had more opportunities to set aside 'black' money for a clandestine existence. Anne's diary entries show this implicitly, although money shortages emerged during <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank earned enough to live on with his family. In the <strong>1938-1939</strong> fiscal year, his income tax assessment was based on an income of 3,650 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The rent for the house on Merwedeplein was 70 guilders a month including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>February 1933</strong>, according to an advertisement in the block, this was the cheapest option. By comparison, in the same year a doctor in Het Apeldoornsche Bosch earned 4,500 guilders plus free housing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> According to data from Netherlands Statistics, the average income of an assessed person in that year was 2,150 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1941</strong> and <strong>1942</strong>, Otto Frank surrendered assets and bank balances worth some thirteen thousand guilders pursuant to the Liro regulations.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Furthermore, he suffered financial losses by having to step down as director of Opekta. He received compensation of 4,800 guilders only after his return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1945</strong>, he informed Erich Elias that he had lent 135 guilders for hiding through Hans Goslar, which he had not yet been paid back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>So, although he was apparently still able to lend money, his economic position on the eve of going into hiding was not completely favourable. Anne writes in her <strong>1944</strong> diary (B version, with the date <strong>13 January 1943</strong>)<em> 'we supposedly eat our money</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nevertheless, <strong>in early 1944</strong> Otto and Edith planned to give Anne and Margot both five hundred guilders to take with them in the event of an evacuation of the western Netherlands. They themselves wanted to take one thousand guilders each.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> This would mean that at that point they still had three thousand guilders at their disposal, while Anne said there were also dollars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A few weeks later, the Franks wanted to sell a chest, but found the offer made for it of four hundred guilders too low.<sup data-footnote-id=\"25vid\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> This indicated that their situation was not yet quite desperate. So either there had to have been a considerable clandestine reserve or the companies were able to furnish this cash.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of the arrest, according to Otto Frank, Silberbauer asked for money and jewellery, which they then handed over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> When asked, Silberbauer expressed himself in similar terms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> This indicates that money and jewellery were still there in <strong>August 1944</strong>, although the value remains unknown.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hermann van Pels entered Otto Frank's service when the three thousand guilders<sup data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> with which he came to the Netherlands were completely exhausted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> He ran a textile business with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt for some time,<sup data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but what they made is unknown. At Pectacon he earned reasonably good money. According to Otto Frank, he and his family were able to live well from it, but were not able to save money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The family paid 75 guilders a month in rent, including heating.<sup data-footnote-id=\"223a8\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> It is not known what financial consequences the liquidation of Pectacon had for Van Pels. When Peter talked to Anne about<em> 'his life at home</em>', he also mentioned black marketeering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, according to Anne's diary, Van Pels already had money problems <strong>by the end of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> He was the one who had the necessary contacts in the butchery world<sup data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> and thus had an important role in food supply. Friction arose between the Van Pels and Frank families over money and the distribution of food. According to Anne's diary, Van Pels lost a wallet containing 100 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1e342\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> According to some notes, Van Pels was a heavy smoker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> That must have been a considerable expense. Van Pels' evident need for money led to the sale of the lady's fur coat. It reportedly fetched 325 guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fritz Pfeffer</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Upon his arrival in the Netherlands, Pfeffer revealed that he had assets of about four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Part of this consisted of depositary receipts on shares in General Motors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> According to notes from the Amsterdam Aliens Department, he was initially supported by the Committee for Jewish Refugees and later by his father.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Nothing is known about Liro payments. In the Secret Annex, he was de facto a kind of room tenant of the Frank family. He - like the Franks - still had regular access to distribution vouchers. Furthermore, he was a medic and a dentist, which of course was also a useful contribution.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what Pfeffer brought to the Secret Annex in terms of money or valuables, and what ended up at the Liro. According to Kugler when asked about valuables during the raid in the Secrat Annex, Pfeffer handed a roll of gold pieces to Silberbauer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Income and expenditure</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto wrote in his talk to Yad Vashem that Kugler sold goods without recording the proceeds, and could thus channel money to the people in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> The people in the Secret Annex also filled packets of gravy for Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> Anne's diary also reveals several times that they kept the books for the companies in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> The companies had to pay the rent for the building anyway. Gies & Co. was the main tenant. Opekta contributed as a subtenant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Who paid for the electricity and fuel for the people in the Secret Annex is not known. It does appear that businesses and people in hiding helped each other in this way.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other than that, therefore, most of their funds were derived by depleting their reserves. When Van Pels was already running low on funds <strong>in late 1942</strong>, Anne writes that her father still had money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> About a year and a half later, however, she still had to acknowledge that<em> "</em>The bottom of our black moneybox is in sight"<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> During a domestic argument, Edith expressed the opinion that<em> '</em>everyone should live on their own money'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> We do not know the amounts involved.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite little to no income, expenses continued during the hiding period. Food had to be bought, not to mention the fact that some of it required expensive clandestine vouchers. Anne writes that they bought 'country' coupon cards instead of 'city' coupons. These cost 33 guilders and were thus cheaper. Furthermore, the bread coupons of these could be resold, as baker Siemons supplied 'boneless' bread in exchange for lactose. Such bread coupons fetched 12 guilders a time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> How many of these country coupons were bought and sold, and how long this arrangement lasted, is unknown. Over the entire period, it is possible to indicate what the set prices for all kinds of products were, but of course that does not mean that the helpers could always get them for those prices. Furthermore, the people in hiding would also clearly have needed money for clothing and fuel. There would also have been costs for the supply of library books and magazines brought by Kugler.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All official assets of Jews were taken away from them through Liro regulations and other measures. Since those in hiding were nevertheless able to furnish their shelters and provide themselves with food, it must be assumed as certain that all of them had managed to set aside money in one way or another. This money, then, had obviously not been remitted to the Liro.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When deportations began in <strong>July 1942</strong>, it was unclear how long the occupation would last. However, almost no one foresaw that it would be as long as it was. In many cases, funds dried up during <strong>1944</strong>. If the claims of Otto Frank, Silberbauer and Kugler are correct, money and valuables were nevertheless still there when they were arrested.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"owwl9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] inzake het joodsche geldelijke vermogen, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1941, p. 624-628, aldaar p. 624.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwctp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verordening […] joodsche vermogenswaarden, <em>Verordeningenblad voor het bezette Nederlandsche gebied</em> 1942, p. 289-300, aldaar p. 294.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbb25\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pim Grifffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940 – 1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen en oorzaken, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2011, p. 629.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dy27f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 277: Rapport Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam No. 6838. Omgerekend naar 2012 levert dat een koopkracht op van ruim 32.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Colelctie (AFC), reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_021: Kwitantie Hilwis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yk7ed\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Archief 181b, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, inv. nr. 24: Verklaring t.b.v. F. Klein, 16 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2l4ma\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, <em>Statistiek der Inkomens en Vermogens in Nederland 1938/1939</em>, Den Haag: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1940, staatjes XVII en XX.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xb9u1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 134994: Toelichting door Otto Frank op zijn vordering van 29 augustus 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o7q6l\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, Archief nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta): inv. nr. 19: Notulen aandeelhoudersvergadering 25 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4g59s\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 28 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9kqn\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8i58n\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"25vid\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qro7z\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892. Verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxk3h\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Silberbauer, 4 maart 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963, p. 22.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08ptg\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omgerekend naar hedendaagse koopkracht ruim 27.000 euro (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0gzw\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann, 29 november 1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kgt2c\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Amsterdam, inv. nr. 1045, dossier 51150: Handelsonderneming Moderna.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"223a8\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Merwedeplein_I_006: Declaratie huurschade door Hilwis, 21 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpebe\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e8zku\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w5yyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouchitz: Transcriptie interview Miep Gies door W. van der Sluis en J. Boonstra, mei 1992, deel 6, p. 2-3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1e342\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvcmx\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March and 16 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ncid\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yc09s\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Fritz Pfeffer aan het ‘Comité de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelites’ in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939. Omgerekend naar 2012 is de koopkracht ruim 35.000 euro (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3o5b\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: L. Kahn & Co. aan Pfeffer, 3 maart 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vkbxl\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. (nog) niet precies bekend: Registratiekaart Vreemdelingendienst.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5arr\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3ome\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oa2qs\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 13 January 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ege6b\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 21 September, 14 and 15 October 1942; Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckc2w\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_007: Verslag over het boekjaar 1941 (Opekta).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"68pnx\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ddo5f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ouv4o\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Battle of the Potatoes”, 4 August 1943, in <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce but it must be assumed that, one way or another, money had been set aside for necessary expenses.",
"summary_nl": "Gegevens over de financiering van de onderduik zijn schaars maar het moet worden aangenomen dat op een of andere wijze geld was gereserveerd voor de noodzakelijke uitgaven.",
"summary_en": "Details on the financing of the period in hiding are scarce but it must be assumed that, one way or another, money had been set aside for necessary expenses.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 97,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7540febc-8b7a-4ba2-887e-aaacf059cd5f",
"name": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"name_nl": "De gezondheid van de onderduikers en de helpers",
"name_en": "The health of the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers",
"description": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In de dagboeken van Anne Frank komt het thema ‘gezondheid’ regelmatig naar voren. De onderduikers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes. Ook de helpers bleven niet gespaard, en met name Johannes Kleiman kreeg met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen te kampen. Verder schrijft Anne over haar lichamelijke ontwikkeling en (aanstaande) menstruatie.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De onderduikers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Om te beginnen had Anne zelf verschillende gezondheidskwesties. Ze mocht naar eigen zeggen geen zout,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> wat mogelijk perspectief krijgt door Otto Franks latere uitspraken over hartklachten van zijn dochter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarnaast schreef Ernst Schnabel in 1958 op basis van gesprekken met oud-buurmeisje Toos Buiteman-Kupers dat Anne geen handstand kon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In haar dagboek schrijft Anne dat haar armen en benen uit de kom schoten bij lichamelijke oefeningen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze mocht daarom ook nooit met gymnastiek meedoen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Een klasgenoot van de Montessorischool vertelde decennia later dat Anne zelf haar arm uit de kom kon halen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef in de jaren zeventig dat ze wel lessen ritmische gymnastiek volgde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober 1942</strong> schrijft de dertienjarige Anne dat ze verwachtte dat ze binnenkort ongesteld zou worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De gemiddelde leeftijd voor de eerste menstruatie lag toen volgens een Duits onderzoek uit 1954 rond 14,1 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1944</strong> komt ze erop terug, en toen was het '<em>nog maar drie keer gebeurd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>. Ook bestudeerde ze haar vagina, en constateerde dat die steeds wijder werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rond dezelfde tijd constateerde ze dat ze sinds haar komst naar het Achterhuis 8½ kilo was aangekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Met haar gezondheid en ontwikkeling was op dat moment niet veel mis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de andere onderduikers noteerde Anne ook het gewicht, als allen op de weegschaal waren geweest. Toch waren de omstandigheden natuurlijk niet optimaal. <strong>Eind oktober 1942</strong> waren Anne en Margot erg verkouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne lag toen nog twee dagen ziek in bed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een jaar later lag ze met griep nog eens anderhalve week op bed. Ze liet zich met tegenzin door Fritz Pfeffer, die tenslotte medicus was, onderzoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>april 1944</strong> had ze keelpijn, en stak tot overmaat van ramp Margot en haar ouders aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Enkele dagen later was ook mevrouw Van Pels ziek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduiksituatie drukte ook op het geestelijk welzijn van de onderduikers. Anne slikte valeriaantjes tegen angst en depressie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Eén valeriaantje behoorde tot haar Sinterklaascadeaus van 1943.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne klaagde in haar dagboek meerdere keren over hoofdpijnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In de B-versie schrijft ze ook over de verslechtering van haar zicht: '<em>Ik ben erg bijziend geworden en moest allang een bril hebben [...].'</em> Volgens deze notitie speelden haar ouders zelfs met de gedachte mevrouw Kleiman te vragen met haar naar een oogarts te gaan. Dat werd echter te riskant bevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Haar moeder wilde niet dat Anne aan de cursus ‘Schoonschrijven’ meedeed, vanwege de toestand van haar ogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer was zoals bleek de medicus van het gezelschap. Hij studeerde aanvankelijk medicijnen en vervolgens tandheelkunde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Als ervaren tandarts hield hij zich uiteraard ook met de gebitten van zijn lotgenoten bezig. Uit Annes geschriften blijkt dat hij in ieder geval Anne, Peter en mevrouw Van Pels mondzorg bood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen meerdere helpers tegelijk ziek waren, bracht dat direct problemen met zich mee. Eenmaal waren Miep Gies en Jo Kleiman allebei ziek terwijl er voor Victor Kugler spitwerk in Hilversum dreigde. Dan was alleen nog Bep beschikbaar, en werd het magazijn gesloten om de onderduikers enigszins te ontlasten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was in deze periode geruime tijd afwezig; tijdens het huwelijk van Henk van Beusekom in de Westerkerk had ze een zware verkoudheid opgelopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Kleiman schrijft Anne dat hij regelmatig maagbloedingen had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In een brief aan Yad Vashem legde Otto Frank verband tussen Kleimans maagklachten en de spanningen rond de onderduik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Die spanningen zullen hem ook geen goed hebben gedaan. Kleiman tobde echter al jarenlang met deze klachten, en zou in <strong>1951</strong> een zware maagzweeroperatie ondergaan. Daarna ging het goed en had hij geen bloedingen meer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1943</strong> was Bep afwezig omdat een van haar zusjes difterie had. In Amsterdam waren in het hele jaar <strong>1943</strong> ruim 7.500 mensen met die ziekte besmet, waarvan zo’n driekwart thuis werd verpleegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Vanwege besmettingsgevaar waren huisgenoten van deze patiënten uiteraard voorzichtig. Bep kwam dan ook niet naar haar werk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Beps vader Johan werkte in het magazijn en had de boekenkast gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Door ziekte moest hij die functie echter neerleggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> In het dagboek komt de ernstige verslechtering van zijn toestand ter sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bijkomende kwesties</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij het algemene gezondheidsthema hoorde ook de gezondheid van de dieren in het gebouw. Mouschi was door Peter meegebracht als gezelschapsdier. De andere katten waren er met het oog op knaagdiervraat, en dus ten dienste van de bedrijfshygiëne. Hoewel Peter veel van de zorg voor de pakhuiskatten op zich nam, waren zij in feite tot het ‘machinepark’ van Opekta en Gies & Co. - en dus tot de wereld van de helpers - te rekenen. <strong>Begin 1944</strong> was bedrijfskat Moffi ziek, en werd door Miep naar de ‘honden- en kattenkliniek’ gebracht. De dierenarts stelde vast dat Moffi iets aan de ingewanden had en schreef een drankje voor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gedurende de twee jaar in het Achterhuis bestond er natuurlijk kans op overlijden van een van de onderduikers. Er staat niets over in het dagboek, maar Kugler stelde later dat er afspraken waren gemaakt over wat te doen bij een sterfgeval.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Er zijn voorbeelden van zulke problemen. Presser noemt onder meer enkele politiemeldingen die op overleden onderduikers betrekking hadden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Dat er over het risico van een sterfgeval werd gesproken, is heel goed denkbaar, maar buiten Kugler heeft geen van de betrokkenen zich er over uitgelaten. De situatie heeft zich ook niet voorgedaan. Over de vraag hoe een en ander zou zijn opgelost, is uiteraard slechts speculatie mogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet vreemd dat zich onder een achttal mensen in een vochtig en matig geventileerd huis, altijd binnen blijvend en niet optimaal doorvoed, regelmatig verkoudheden en griep voordeden. Uit de dagboeknotities blijkt dat dit dan ook geregeld voorkwam. De onderduikers waren afhankelijk van hun helpers voor geneesmiddelen en dergelijke, en van Pfeffer voor serieuzere medische verzorging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Andere aan het gezondheidsthema verwante kwesties kenden de drie opgroeiende tieners. Bij hen deden zich puberteitskwesties voor, en Anne schrijft over hoe zij haar eigen lichamelijke en seksuele ontwikkeling heeft ervaren. Van Margot en Peter blijft dit onduidelijk. Over de spanningen en problemen die hiermee samenhingen, zowel bij de kinderen als bij de volwassenen, geven Annes teksten evenmin uitsluitsel. Epidemische ziektes als difterie en roodvonk, in de oorlogsjaren in Amsterdam zeker geen onbekende verschijnselen, bleven mede door voorzichtigheid van de helpers buiten de deur.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 17 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: Verzameld werk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 en 25 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 oktober en 2 november 1942, 19 mei en 1 augustus 1944; Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 23 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, 19 maart 1943; Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “De tandarts”, 8 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In Anne Frank's diaries, the theme of health comes up regularly. The people in hiding suffered from various ailments. The helpers were not spared either, and Johannes Kleiman in particular suffered serious health problems. Anne also writes about her physical development and (pending) menstruation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The people in hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>To begin with, Anne herself had several health issues. By her own account, she was not allowed to eat any salt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> which is possibly explained by Otto Frank's later statements about his daughter's heart problems.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In addition, Ernst Schnabel wrote in 1958, based on conversations with former neighbour girl Toos Buiteman-Kupers, that Anne could not do a handstand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"655dy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In her diary, Anne wrote that her arms and legs dislocated during physical exercises.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She was therefore never allowed to go to gymnastics classes either.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> A classmate at the Montessori school related decades later that Anne could dislocate her own arm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"496w8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote in the 1970s that she did take rhythmic gymnastics lessons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October 1942</strong>, 13-year-old Anne wrote that she expected to have her first period soon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The average age for the first menstruation at that time was around 14.1 years, according to a German study from 1954.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She returned to the subject in <strong>January 1944</strong>, and by then it had<em> 'only happened three times'</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3t218\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She also studied her vagina, noting that it was getting wider.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llukz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Around the same time, she noted that she had gained 8½ kilos since coming to the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> There was not much wrong with her health and development at that time.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne also noted the weight of the other people in the Secret Annex, when they had all been on the scales. Still, of course, conditions were not optimal. <strong>In late October 1942</strong>, Anne and Margot had bad colds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Anne was then sick in bed for two more days.<sup data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A year later, she was bedridden with 'flu for another week and a half. She reluctantly allowed herself to be examined by Fritz Pfeffer, who was, after all, a doctor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> In <strong>April 1944</strong>, she had a sore throat, and to make matters worse, Margot and her parents also caught it from her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> A few days later, Mrs Van Pels was also ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The hiding situation also put pressure on the mental well-being of those in hiding. Anne took valerian to combat anxiety and depression.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egodo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> One valerian pill was among her 1943 Saint Nicholas presents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained of headaches several times in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> In the B version, she also writes about the deterioration of her vision:<em> 'I have become very short-sighted and ought to have had glasses for a long time already [...]'.</em> According to this note, her parents even toyed with the idea of asking Ms Kleiman to take her to an ophthalmologist. However, this was deemed too risky.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Her mother did not want Anne to participate in a calligraphy course because of the condition of her eyes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As mentioned, Pfeffer was the doctor of the group. He initially studied medicine and then dentistry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v074h\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> As an experienced dentist, he naturally concerned himself with the teeth of the others. Anne's writings show that he offered oral care to at least Anne, Peter and Mrs Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When several helpers were ill at the same time, this immediately brought problems. Once, Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman were both ill while Victor Kugler was due to be sent to carry out digging work in Hilversum. At that time only Bep was available, and the warehouse was closed to provide some relief for the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Miep was absent for some time during this period; she had caught a bad cold during Henk van Beusekom's wedding in the Westerkerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>About Kleiman, Anne writes that he had regular stomach ulcers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23f79\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> In a letter to Yad Vashem, Otto Frank made a link between Kleiman's stomach complaints and the tensions surrounding going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Those tensions must not have done him any good either. However, Kleiman had been struggling with these complaints for years, and would undergo major ulcer surgery in <strong>1951</strong>. After that, he did well and had no more bleeding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>At the end of '43</strong>, Bep was absent because one of her sisters had diphtheria. In Amsterdam, over 7,500 people were infected with that disease in <strong>1943</strong>, about three-quarters of whom were nursed at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Because of the danger of infection, housemates of these patients were naturally cautious. Consequently, Bep did not come to work.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's father Johan worked in the warehouse and had made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> However, illness forced him to resign that position.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> The diary discusses the serious deterioration of his condition.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Other issues</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The general theme of health also included the health of the animals in the building. Mouschi had been brought in by Peter as a pet. The other cats were there for the purpose of controlling rodents, and thus for the benefit of hygiene in the company. Although Peter took on much of the care of the warehouse cats, they were in fact part of the 'machinery' of Opekta and Gies & Co. - and thus belonged to the world of the helpers. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, company cat Boche was ill, and was taken to the 'dog and cat clinic' by Miep. The vet determined that Boche had an intestinal issue and prescribed a medicinal drink.<sup data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the two years in the Secret Annex, there was of course a risk that one of the people there would die. There is no mention of this in the diary, but Kugler later claimed that arrangements had been made about what to do in the event of a death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0074\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> There are examples of such problems. Among them, Presser mentions some police reports that concerned people who died while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w134f\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> That the risk of a death was discussed is quite conceivable, but apart from Kugler, none of those involved spoke out about it. Nor did the situation arise. As to how things would have been resolved, of course, we can only speculate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>With eight people in a damp and moderately ventilated house, always staying indoors and not optimally fed, it was hardly surprising that colds and flu occurred regularly. Diary entries show that this was a regular occurrence. The people in the Secret Annex depended on their helpers for medicines and the like, and on Pfeffer for more serious medical care.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other health-related issues were experiencced by the three teenagers growing up. They faced puberty issues, and Anne writes about how she experienced her own physical and sexual development. In the case of Margot and Peter, this remains unclear. Anne's texts are also inconclusive about the related tensions and problems, both in the children and in the adults. Epidemic diseases like diphtheria and scarlet fever, certainly not unknown phenomena in Amsterdam during the war years, were kept at bay partly due to the caution of the helpers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p47cm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 17 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4729-6491-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gc5vx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"655dy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrd5p\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmnp4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"496w8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab: Transcriptie interview Ab Rinat, 18 oktober 2006, deel 1, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zz9ot\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldb3b\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Berichten. Buitenland”, <em>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</em>, 3 april 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3t218\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llukz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hc7a\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50x8q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"szbh3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21ziq\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5t9jf\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 and 25 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gjic\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egodo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"exmu9\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cthhf\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 October and 2 November 1942, 19 May and 1 August 1944; Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le2tp\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1smh\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 23 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v074h\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats und Senats, inv. nrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bqkc6\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, 19 March 1943; Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “The Dentist”, 8 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9l30p\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5bfu1\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23f79\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944; Version B, 1 and 27 April, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dnm8c\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n8lpt\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Kleiman: Gesprek Erika Prins met mevrouw Van den Broek-Kleiman, 21 maart 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ldpu\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Jaarverslag GG&GD Afdeeling Volksgezondheid </em>1943, p. 13-14.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v8muw\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9xdb8\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Kleiman aan PRA, 12 januari 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjgs2\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"35bqk\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0074\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen in ringbandje, ongedateerd, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w134f\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J. Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965, deel II, p. 274-276.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en ook de helpers hadden te maken met verschillende kwaaltjes en soms met serieuze gezondheidsproblemen.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers suffered from various ailments and sometimes serious health problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124650,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "facb8e53-713e-4ac3-bc29-12e1e3fcebe6",
"name": "Anne Frank's cats",
"name_nl": "De katten van Anne Frank",
"name_en": "Anne Frank's cats",
"description": "<p>When Anne went into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, Moortje the cat had to stay behind with her neighbours at Merwedeplein. Anne would meet four other cats during the more than two years she spent in hiding, but she still thought back to Moortje regularly. Below is a list of all the cats.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne first reported the existence of Moortje the cat in a letter to her grandmother in Switzerland in <strong>April 1942</strong>. Moortje had then been living with them for six months and Anne fervently hoped for kittens since Moortje was often out and about.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>6 July 1942,</strong> she had to say goodbye to Moortje. Moortje was not allowed to come with her into hiding. Her parents left a note and meat for the neighbours asking them to take care of Moortje. At least that's how Anne wrote it down in her 'novel' about the Secret Annex, the text she wrote with a view to possible publication after the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, in her diary she did not mention saying goodbye to Moortje. And according to Toosje Kupers, a girl who lived next door to Anne, Moortje was already placed with them a few weeks before they left to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Be that as it may, in the shelter Anne still regularly thought of Moortje. "<em>There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even barely a month before the arrest, Anne was still thinking about Moortje. She regarded 'Scharminkeltje' (see below) as '<em>the new Moortje from the warehouse</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> After the war, it would turn out that the neighbours had had to put down a weakened and sick Moortje during the war, presumably <strong>in mid-1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mouschi</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank family went into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. A week later, the Van Pels family joined them. Anne knew by then - perhaps somewhat indignantly - that Peter would be bringing his cat Mouschi with him to the hiding place. According to helper Miep Gies, '<em>a skinny black tomcat</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the first weeks, it took Anne a while to get used to Mouschi: '<em>Mouschi, the cat, is becoming nicer to me as time goes by, but I'm still somewhat afraid of her.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A few weeks later, she wasn't scared any more. '<em>Musschi</em> [sic] <em>is back with mother now, just like a baby kitten, I have her all covered up and she looks cute</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Apart from being a companion, Mouschi also kept the rats and mice at bay. When rats were seen in the attic of the Secret Annex, Mouschi had to sleep there. The rats stayed away temporarily, but it was not an overwhelming success. Peter was severely bitten in the arm by a rat when he went to the attic to get old newspapers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mouschi also brought fleas into the Secret Annex. '<em>The house is crawling with fleas, it's getting worse by the</em> day,' Anne sighed on <strong>3 August 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Fortunately, helper Johannes Kleiman was able to obtain flea powder, but according to Anne, the fleas didn't really care. <em>'It's making us all very jittery; we're forever imagining a bite on our arms and legs or other parts of our bodies</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When they were all arrested a year later, Mouschi presumably fled. The only person who noted anything about his fate is Miep Gies: '<em>During the arrest he must have run away and hid until now. "Come, Mouschi," I said firmly. "Come with me to the kitchen and get some milk. You will stay with me and Elli (Bep) in the office now</em>."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Boche and Tommie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche [Moffie] and Tommie were the company's cats. These were not their original names; during the war their names had been changed. Anne explains this in her diary: '<em>For a while the firm Gies & Co. had two cats: one for the warehouse and one for the attic. Their paths crossed from time to time, which invariably resulted in a fight. The warehouse cat was always the aggressor, while the attic cat was ultimately the victor, just as in politics. So the warehouse cat was named the German or "Boche", and the attic cat the Englishman or "Tommy</em>".'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> What happened to Tommy/Tommie, Anne does not mention. '<em>They got rid of Tommy</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche did spend some time at Prinsengracht. According to Miep, it was '<em>a big fat black and white cat with a somewhat battered head</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> And Anne reports in her diary: '<em>The cat flipped himself over and stood up on his little white feet</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter initially suspected that Boche was a female cat, because she was getting fatter and fatter. He even expected she would have kittens. Anne had a different explanation: she suspected it was from the many stolen bones. Eventually he realised his mistake and showed Anne at the warehouse that Boche was a male cat. "<em>If any other boy had pointed out the 'male sexual organ' to me, I would never have given him a second glance. But Peter went on talking in a normal voice about what is otherwise a very awkward subject. Nor did he have any ulterior motives. By the time he was finished, I felt so much at ease that I started acting normally too."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Boche fell ill in <strong>April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> - '<em>He sat quite still and started drooling</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> - Miep Gies took him to the vet. Something was wrong with his intestines. The medicine Miep brought along helped and Boche was soon back to normal. <em>'Peter gave it to him a few times, but Boche soon made himself scarce. I'll bet he was out courting his sweetheart</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May 1944</strong>, Boche disappeared without a trace, mostly to Peter's chagrin. '<em>Have I told you that our Boche has disappeared? We haven't seen hide nor hair of her since last Thursday. She's probably already in cat heaven, while some animal lover has turned her into a tasty dish. Perhaps some girl who can afford it will be wearing a cap made of Boche's fur. Peter is heartbroken.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During World War II, countless cats disappeared. Because of the food shortage, cat meat - which tastes like rabbit - was seen as an acceptable alternative. And cat fur was also used, as Anne's quote shows. Cat owners were strongly advised to keep their pets indoors.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Scharminkeltje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Scharminkeltje first appeared in Anne's diary in <strong>June 1944</strong>. '<em>The new warehouse</em> <em>cat</em>',<sup data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> evidently the replacement for Boche, was unfortunately not long for Prinsengracht. '<em>She sleeps in the cat box and does her business in the wood shavings. Impossible to keep her</em>,' Anne noted succinctly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’, <em>Het Parool</em>, 16 april 2013, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/\">https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familile Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 198. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. Zie ook Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 63.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Toen Anne op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> ging onderduiken moest poes Moortje achterblijven bij de buren aan het Merwedeplein. Maar in de schuilplaats zou Anne in de ruim twee jaar dat zij daar ondergedoken zat nog vier andere katten tegenkomen. Maar zij denkt nog regelmatig terug aan Moortje. Hieronder alle katten op een rijtje.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moortje Anne meldde het bestaan van poes Moortje voor de eerste keer in een brief in <strong>april 1942</strong> aan haar oma in Zwitserland. Moortje was toen een half jaar bij hen in huis en Anne hoopte vurig op ‘<em>kattenkindertjes</em>’ aangezien Moortje nogal eens de hort op was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> moest zij afscheid nemen van Moortje. Moortje mocht niet mee naar de schuilplaats. Haar ouders lieten een briefje en vlees achter voor de buren met het verzoek om voor Moortje te zorgen. Tenminste zo noteerde Anne het in haar ‘<em>roman’ over het Achterhuis</em>, de tekst die zij schreef met het oog op een mogelijke publicatie na de oorlog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Echter in haar dagboek meldde zij het afscheid van Moortje niet. En volgens Annes toenmalige buurmeisje Toosje Kupers werd Moortje al een paar weken voor het vertrek naar de schuilplaats bij hen ondergebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe het ook zij, in de schuilplaats dacht Anne nog regelmatig aan Moortje. ‘<em>In de tuin, loopt nu altijd zo'n klein zwart poesje, dat doet mij dan weer aan mijn moortje denken, o, die schat</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ook krap een maand voor de arrestatie dacht Anne nog aan Moortje. ‘Scharminkeltje’ (zie verderop) beschouwde zij als ‘<em>de nieuwe Moortje uit het magazijn</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Na de oorlog zou blijken dat de buren een verzwakte en zieke Moortje tijdens de oorlog, vermoedelijk <strong>half 1944</strong>, hadden moeten laten inslapen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mouschi</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin Frank dook op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> onder in het Achterhuis. Een week later voegde het gezin Van Pels zich bij hen. Anne wist toen al – misschien wel enigszins verontwaardigd – dat Peter zijn kat Mouschi mee zou nemen naar de schuilplaats. Volgens helpster Miep Gies ‘<em>een magere zwarte kater</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De eerste weken moest Anne flink wennen aan Mouschi. ‘<em>Musschie</em> [sic] <em>(de kat) wordt hoe langer hoe aardiger en liever tegen mij, maar ik ben nog altijd een beetje bang voor haar</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een paar weken later was van angst geen sprake meer. ‘<em>Musschi</em> [sic] <em>ligt nu weer bij moeder, net als een babypoesje, ik heb haar helemaal toegedekt en ze ziet er snoezig uit</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Behalve als gezelschap, hield Mouschi ook de ratten en muizen op afstand. Toen er ratten op de zolder van het Achterhuis gezien werden, moest Mouschi er slapen. De ratten bleven tijdelijk weg, maar een doorslaand succes was het niet. Peter werd flink in zijn arm gebeten door een rat, toen hij naar de vliering ging om oude kranten te halen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Mouschi kwamen trouwens wel vlooien het Achterhuis in. ‘<em>Het huis zit onder de vlooien, de plaag neemt met de dag toe</em>’, verzuchtte Anne op <strong>3 augustus 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Gelukkig kon helper Johannes Kleiman vlooienpoeder regelen, maar volgens Anne trokken de vlooien zich daar weinig van aan. ‘<em>We worden er allen zenuwachtig van, men denkt aldoor iets op arm, been of andere lichaamsdelen te voelen krabbelen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de onderduikers een jaar later gearresteerd worden, vluchte Mouschi vermoedelijk weg. De enige die wat over zijn lot noteerde is Miep Gies: ‘<em>Tijdens de arrestatie moest hij zijn weggerend en zich totnutoe hebben schuilgehouden. "Kom, Mouschi,"zei ik vastberaden. "Kom mee naar de keuken, dan krijg je wat melk. Jij blijft nu bij mij en Elli (Bep) in het kantoor</em>."’<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moffi en Tommie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Moffie en Tommie waren de katten van het bedrijf. Dat waren niet hun oorspronkelijke namen, gedurende de oorlog waren hun namen veranderd. Anne legt dat uit in haar dagboek: ‘<em>Een tijdje had mij. Gies & Co twee katten, één voor 't magazijn en één voor de zolder. Het gebeurde wel eens dat die twee zich ontmoetten, wat altijd grote gevechten ten gevolg had. De magazijner was altijd diegene die aanviel, terwijl het zolder beest op het eind toch de overwinning behaalde. Net als in de politiek, dus werd de magazijnkat, de Duitser of Moffi en de zolderkat, de Engelsman of Tommi.</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Wat er met Tommi/Tommie gebeurd is, vermeldt Anne niet. ‘<em>Tommi is later afgeschaft</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moffi/Moffie zat wel een tijd in de Prinsengracht. Volgens Miep was het ‘<em>een grote dike zwart-witte kater met een ietwat gehavende kop</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> En Anne meldt in haar dagboek: ‘<em>De kat maakte nogmaals een halve draai en stond weer op z'n witte sokjes</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter vermoedde in eerste instantie dat Moffie een poes was, omdat zij steeds dikker werd. Hij verwachtte zelfs jonge katjes. Anne had een andere verklaring: zij vermoedde dat het van de vele gestolen boutjes kwam. Uiteindelijk besefte hij zijn vergissing en liet hij Anne in het magazijn zien dat Moffie een kater was. ‘<em>Iedere andere jongen die me «het mannelijk geslachtsdeel» zou hebben gewezen, zou ik niet meer aangekeken hebben. Maar Peter sprak doodgewoon verder over het anders zo penibele onderwerp, had helemaal geen nare bijbedoelingen en stelde me op 't laatst in zoverre gerust dat ik ook gewoon werd</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Moffi in <strong>april 1944</strong> ziek werd - ‘<em>zij was erg stil en kwijlde</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> – bracht Miep Gies hem naar de dierenarts. Er was iets mis met zijn ingewanden. Het drankje dat Miep meekreeg hielp en Moffie was al snel weer de oude. ‘<em>Peter gaf haar een paar keer van dat drankje, maar al gauw liet Moffie zich niet meer zien en was dag en nacht op stap; zeker bij zijn meisje</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei 1944</strong> verdween Moffi spoorloos, vooral tot groot verdriet van Peter. ‘<em>Heb ik je al verteld dat onze Moffi weg is? Sinds verleden week Donderdag spoorloos verdwenen. Ze zal zeker allang in de kattenhemel zijn, terwijl de een of andere dierenvriend van haar een lekker boutje maakt. Misschien krijgt een meisje dat geld heeft een muts van haar vel. Peter is over dit feit erg bedroefd</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog verdwenen talloze katten. Door de voedselschaarste werd kattenvlees – smaakte als konijn – als acceptabel alternatief gezien. En ook het kattenvel werd gebruikt, zoals uit Annes citaat blijkt. Kattenhouders werd dringend geadviseerd om hun huisdier binnen te houden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Scharminkeltje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Scharminkeltje dook in Annes dagboek voor het eerst op in <strong>juni 1944</strong>. ‘<em>De nieuwe Moortje uit het magazijn</em>’,<sup data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> klaarblijkelijk de vervanger van Moffi, was helaas geen lang verblijf in de Prinsengracht beschoren. ‘<em>Ze neemt de kattebak als slaapplaats en de verpakkings-houtwol als w.c. Onmogelijk te houden</em>,' noteerde Anne kort en krachtig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk, </em>Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’, <em>Het Parool</em>, 16 april 2013, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/\">https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familile Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 198. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> Zie ook Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 63.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 24 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>When Anne went into hiding on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, Moortje the cat had to stay behind with her neighbours at Merwedeplein. Anne would meet four other cats during the more than two years she spent in hiding, but she still thought back to Moortje regularly. Below is a list of all the cats.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Moortje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne first reported the existence of Moortje the cat in a letter to her grandmother in Switzerland in <strong>April 1942</strong>. Moortje had then been living with them for six months and Anne fervently hoped for kittens since Moortje was often out and about.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>6 July 1942,</strong> she had to say goodbye to Moortje. Moortje was not allowed to come with her into hiding. Her parents left a note and meat for the neighbours asking them to take care of Moortje. At least that's how Anne wrote it down in her 'novel' about the Secret Annex, the text she wrote with a view to possible publication after the war.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, in her diary she did not mention saying goodbye to Moortje. And according to Toosje Kupers, a girl who lived next door to Anne, Moortje was already placed with them a few weeks before they left to go into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Be that as it may, in the shelter Anne still regularly thought of Moortje. "<em>There's always a tiny black cat roaming around the yard and it reminds me of my dear sweet Moortje</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even barely a month before the arrest, Anne was still thinking about Moortje. She regarded 'Scharminkeltje' (see below) as '<em>the new Moortje from the warehouse</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> After the war, it would turn out that the neighbours had had to put down a weakened and sick Moortje during the war, presumably <strong>in mid-1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mouschi</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank family went into hiding in the Secret Annex on <strong>6 July 1942</strong>. A week later, the Van Pels family joined them. Anne knew by then - perhaps somewhat indignantly - that Peter would be bringing his cat Mouschi with him to the hiding place. According to helper Miep Gies, '<em>a skinny black tomcat</em>'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the first weeks, it took Anne a while to get used to Mouschi: '<em>Mouschi, the cat, is becoming nicer to me as time goes by, but I'm still somewhat afraid of her.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A few weeks later, she wasn't scared any more. '<em>Musschi</em> [sic] <em>is back with mother now, just like a baby kitten, I have her all covered up and she looks cute</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Apart from being a companion, Mouschi also kept the rats and mice at bay. When rats were seen in the attic of the Secret Annex, Mouschi had to sleep there. The rats stayed away temporarily, but it was not an overwhelming success. Peter was severely bitten in the arm by a rat when he went to the attic to get old newspapers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mouschi also brought fleas into the Secret Annex. '<em>The house is crawling with fleas, it's getting worse by the</em> day,' Anne sighed on <strong>3 August 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Fortunately, helper Johannes Kleiman was able to obtain flea powder, but according to Anne, the fleas didn't really care. <em>'It's making us all very jittery; we're forever imagining a bite on our arms and legs or other parts of our bodies</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When they were all arrested a year later, Mouschi presumably fled. The only person who noted anything about his fate is Miep Gies: '<em>During the arrest he must have run away and hid until now. "Come, Mouschi," I said firmly. "Come with me to the kitchen and get some milk. You will stay with me and Elli (Bep) in the office now</em>."'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Boche and Tommie</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche [Moffie] and Tommie were the company's cats. These were not their original names; during the war their names had been changed. Anne explains this in her diary: '<em>For a while the firm Gies & Co. had two cats: one for the warehouse and one for the attic. Their paths crossed from time to time, which invariably resulted in a fight. The warehouse cat was always the aggressor, while the attic cat was ultimately the victor, just as in politics. So the warehouse cat was named the German or "Boche", and the attic cat the Englishman or "Tommy</em>".'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> What happened to Tommy/Tommie, Anne does not mention. '<em>They got rid of Tommy</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Boche did spend some time at Prinsengracht. According to Miep, it was '<em>a big fat black and white cat with a somewhat battered head</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> And Anne reports in her diary: '<em>The cat flipped himself over and stood up on his little white feet</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter initially suspected that Boche was a female cat, because she was getting fatter and fatter. He even expected she would have kittens. Anne had a different explanation: she suspected it was from the many stolen bones. Eventually he realised his mistake and showed Anne at the warehouse that Boche was a male cat. "<em>If any other boy had pointed out the 'male sexual organ' to me, I would never have given him a second glance. But Peter went on talking in a normal voice about what is otherwise a very awkward subject. Nor did he have any ulterior motives. By the time he was finished, I felt so much at ease that I started acting normally too."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Boche fell ill in <strong>April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> - '<em>He sat quite still and started drooling</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> - Miep Gies took him to the vet. Something was wrong with his intestines. The medicine Miep brought along helped and Boche was soon back to normal. <em>'Peter gave it to him a few times, but Boche soon made himself scarce. I'll bet he was out courting his sweetheart</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May 1944</strong>, Boche disappeared without a trace, mostly to Peter's chagrin. '<em>Have I told you that our Boche has disappeared? We haven't seen hide nor hair of her since last Thursday. She's probably already in cat heaven, while some animal lover has turned her into a tasty dish. Perhaps some girl who can afford it will be wearing a cap made of Boche's fur. Peter is heartbroken.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During World War II, countless cats disappeared. Because of the food shortage, cat meat - which tastes like rabbit - was seen as an acceptable alternative. And cat fur was also used, as Anne's quote shows. Cat owners were strongly advised to keep their pets indoors.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Scharminkeltje</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Scharminkeltje first appeared in Anne's diary in <strong>June 1944</strong>. '<em>The new warehouse</em> <em>cat</em>',<sup data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> evidently the replacement for Boche, was unfortunately not long for Prinsengracht. '<em>She sleeps in the cat box and does her business in the wood shavings. Impossible to keep her</em>,' Anne noted succinctly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ygvds\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AIF_corr_18: Anne Frank aan (grootmoeder) Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytiay\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cw4zu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’, <em>Het Parool</em>, 16 april 2013, <a href=\"https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/\">https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/ook-met-de-poes-van-anne-frank-liep-het-niet-goed-af~b06d64f5/</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sc45v\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o0wjd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4jne0\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arnoldussen, ‘Ook met de poes van Anne Frank liep het niet goed af’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mpu4u\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familile Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oglbh\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6ojuk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bj0h8\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tw5h\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 198. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhe57\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. Zie ook Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 63.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yf9fs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gies & Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank</em>, p. 51.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"82ka3\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 24 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0c1c\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tcxte\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"de0iu\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4zuyb\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Five cats are mentioned in Anne Frank's diary.",
"summary_nl": "In het dagboek van Anne Frank passeren vijf katten de revue.",
"summary_en": "Five cats are mentioned in Anne Frank's diary.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 98,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2fb11179-54a6-4458-b02a-4f2ceed5147a/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2fb11179-54a6-4458-b02a-4f2ceed5147a",
"name": "Inter-relationships in and around the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De onderlinge verhoudingen in en rond het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Inter-relationships in and around the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The inter-relationships encompass more than just those in the Secret Annex. They also include social relationships outside and even before going into hiding. These relationships can be separated into:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Before going into hiding</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Frank family</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Van Pels family</li>\r\n\t<li>Inside the Secret Annex</li>\r\n\t<li>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers and the outside world</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Obviously, Anne's notes are a very important source. Insights can also be derived from later reactions, following publicity around the diary, the play and the film.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly writes about her friends and classmates, as well as others from before going into hiding. Among other things, she describes classmates and teachers at the Montessori school. An important relationship for Anne was the one with her classmate Hanneli Goslar. She also mentions the entire class 1 L II and all her teachers at the Jewish Lyceum. She makes sweeping statements about some classmates at the Lyceum. Furthermore, she mentions everyone who came to her thirteenth birthday, and what they gave her as a present. She also mentions all kinds of people from the neighbourhood, especially children of a similar age like Peter Schiff, Hello Silberberg and Fredie Weisz. She further expresses her jealousy about the interactions between Jacqueline van Maarsen and Danka Zajde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> both of whom she had met at the Jewish Lyceum. Hello, Jacqueline and Danka later gave their views about their dealings and their friendship with Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several other surviving classmates have also commented on Anne.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her diary, Anne set out her family history, and she did so quite extensively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This included grandparents and second cousins. She regularly wrote about her grandmother Holländer, who died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, whom she missed very much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The short story <em>Lodgers or Tenants</em> is about four of the subtenants who lived with the Frank family at various times. The last of these, Werner Goldschmidt, was also with the family at the beginning of the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Social contacts also existed with Fritz Pfeffer and the Van Pels family. Peter gave her a bar of milk chocolate for her thirteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Pels' subtenant Mr Bernhardt gave Anne an ice cream at <em>Oase</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Pfeffer first met Otto Frank in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong> at the home of his landlady Stephanie Meijer-Schuster, a '<em>Jugendfreundin</em>' of Otto's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After Grandma Holländer's death, even before going into hiding, domestic peace deteriorated, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"198lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne was fond of her father, while her relationship with her mother was problematic. Anne and Margot were also not very familiar with each other. Margot wanted to be, but Anne held back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that the much more mature Margot settled into the hiding situation more easily than Anne. Margot also suffered much less from changing moods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <strong>In early 1944</strong>, things improved between the sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank spoke out several times in later years about relationships within his family. In a general text, with which he intended to answer some frequently asked questions in advance, he wrote that he was on better terms with Anne than with Margot and that he was concerned about the poor contact between Anne and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> It is well enough known that Anne repeatedly expressed very negative views of her mother in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne sometimes describes the family in mild, but more often in sharp terms. Many of these involve quarrels between the Van Pels spouses. In September '42, there was a fuss about a book Peter was not allowed to read. He argued about it with his parents for several days, and his father flew into a rage when Peter shouted something down the stovepipe from the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, there was a disagreement between the Van Pels couple. According to Anne, this was about money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels supported his son Peter when he had a conflict with Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> When Peter spoke to Anne about his parents, he said that they loved each other a lot but that he himself kept his distance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inside the Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said the following about Otto Frank's role during the period in hiding, in response to his dependence on the helpers:<em> 'But, in the secret annex itself with the people in hiding, he was the boss again: what Mr Frank said, that was done. He decided, he had the last word, on what had to be done.' </em>She also said: '<em>he was the boss, wasn't he, of the whole company (...). Otto decided everything (...).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank himself believed that his attitude during the period in hiding was mainly an optimistic one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> He told Arthur Unger in <strong>1977</strong> that a positive element of life in hiding was that - unlike the time he worked in his business - he could spend all day with his children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9x344\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The only people who later said anything about the tension and relaxation within the Secret Annex from their own observations were Otto Frank and the helpers. In the 1970s, Otto wrote about living with the Van Pels family:<em> 'we did not foresee how many problems would arise because of the differences in character and views</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Nor was he positive about how the Van Pels perceived their duties as parents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db3am\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early days, there were adjustment problems between the two families. Pfeffer was not there then. Anne writes repeatedly that the atmosphere was good and convivial, and that they laughed a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> At the same time, there were quarrels about parenting, washing dishes and being modest or not, among other things. Anne describes Mrs Van Pels as an "idiotic person".<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Over a year later, she was still describing her as "scrawny, selfish and stupid", with the nuance that it was possible to talk to her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> When asked by Ernst Schnabel in 1957, Victor Kugler wrote that friction repeatedly occurred between Anne and Mrs Van Pels during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"146xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 19</strong><strong>43</strong>, Anne writes of an occasion when the whole house was "thundering with strife".<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> The cause of much disagreement was food supplies. Thus, resentment arose when there was sugar for Edith Frank's birthday, but not for Auguste van Pels'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Whether or not to give rice to the convalescent Johannes Kleiman also led to conflicts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Pfeffer joined them in <strong>November '42</strong>, everyone had to scale back again. The arrival of a third party occasionally led to different alliances. Like Pfeffer with Auguste van Pels, when both agreed - according to Anne - that Anne had been raised wrong.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Anne's opinion of Pfeffer is evident when she provides the main characters with aliases in her rewrite. She called Pfeffer 'Albert Dussel',<sup data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> while 'Dussel' means something like 'silly' in German. Pfeffer occasionally stood up to the rest, for instance when he acted dangerously in their eyes by continuing correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <strong>At the end of '43</strong>, according to Anne, Pfeffer had a conflict with the Van Pels family, which allegedly had its origin in Pfeffer not giving Mrs Van Pels a present on the first anniversary of his arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Edith, according to Anne, sighed some weeks later that she would gladly not see Hermann van Pels for a fortnight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>An important element in the Secret Annex history is the romance between Anne and Peter. This began to emerge in late <strong>March 1944</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> and faded away after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, there was initially little contact between them, but a strong bond developed over time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne denies being in love with Peter under the date <strong>6 January</strong> <strong>1944</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> but again, given the later rewriting, this is retrospective.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels and Otto were angry with Kugler for jeopardising the business relationship with W.F. Westermann and C.W. Heijbroek. Kugler in turn was angry when the people in hiding were lax with security, such as the time the bolt was not released in time and he had to climb in via Keg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"792u9\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1943</strong>, Pfeffer was angry because Kugler had gone to hand in the radio on the prescribed day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, there was a discussion about the possibility of an evacuation of the western part of the country. According to the people in hiding, Jan Gies was far too optimistic, but according to Jan, they were looking at things far too negatively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late May '44</strong>, there was a serious conversation with Miep. Apparently there was resentment among the people in hiding about indifference, perceived or otherwise, on her part. Anne:<em> </em><em>'Miep came up one afternoon all flushed and asked Father straight out if we thought they too were infected with the current anti-Semitism. Father was stunned and quickly talked her out of the idea, but some of Miep's suspicion has lingered on.' </em>According to Anne, Miep thought the people in hiding feared that she felt the same way. Otto Frank then allegedly talked Miep out of this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Otto Frank got into an argument with Miep once when he said she stayed too long with Pfeffer, and Anne did not like that.<sup data-footnote-id=\"up5be\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>If the diary is accurate on this point, relations with Kleiman remained positive throughout. Edith Frank, according to Anne, said,<em> "When Mr Kleiman comes in, the sun rises!</em> ''<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Kleiman later described Anne's attitude towards him during his daily visits to the Secret Annex as modest. She was always delighted with the children's books he brought, though.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a strong bond with Bep Voskuijl. She was the eldest child in a large family, and her sisters were several years younger than Anne. On the other hand, she was the youngest of the helpers, and was counted by Anne as one of the Secret Annex youngsters. Kleiman thought that the ups and downs of Bep's love life also played a role in Anne's preference.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said of Margot:<em> 'I had absolutely no contact with Margot. She was there, present, and not much else.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a hierarchical distinction between the helpers. Kugler and Kleiman were directors of the companies, Miep and Bep the office girls. When there was merriment in the office over a phone call, Anne writes:<em> 'the directors together with the office girls make the greatest fun!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> Kleiman sent Bep with his wallet to drugstore Kollen on Leliegracht, and she indeed managed to get away unhindered.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that Kleiman and Kugler managed to convince people that Miep and Bep had not known anythng about the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers and the outside world</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several times in Anne's diary there is mention of the Amende family. This is the family who owned the boarding house where Jan Gies lived from <strong>1936</strong> and with whom he and Miep were friends. There were items belonging to the Franks in storage at this address,<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> and Miep said in an interview that this family knew nothing about her helping people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Miep and Jan Gies obviously knew about each other. They kept quiet about the help they gave the Stoppelman family and others.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman's wife was fully aware of her husband's activities<sup data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> and also visited the Secret Annex several times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7banb\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne even counted her as a member of the '<em>female side of the Secret Annex</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup> However, for reasons unknown, Kugler never spoke to his wife about the help he was providing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> So for her, her husband's arrest came as a complete surprise. Bep only spoke to her father about the Secret Annex. He was informed in <strong>mid-July 1942</strong>, and at Kugler's initiative he made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Opekta representative Johan Broks was curious and repeatedly asked about Otto Frank, a diversionary tactic was devised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\"><a href=\"#footnote-55\" id=\"footnote-marker-55-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[55]</a></sup> Opekta/Gies & Co. sent a note to a client in Aardenburg, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. It included an addressed return envelope written by Otto Frank. Receipt of it at the office was intended to give the impression that he had sent this letter. The envelope with a postmark from a border town was intended to serve as proof of departure for Switzerland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-56\" id=\"footnote-marker-56-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[56]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Resonance'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>With Anne as virtually the only source, a distorted picture of the other people in hiding emerges. Pfeffer and the Van Pels couple in particular do not come off very well in her account. Because the scriptwriters of the stage adaptation adopted Anne's negative qualifications, conflicts arose from this years later. When the American play made the diary more widely known, criticism followed. Greta Goldschmidt, a sister of Auguste van Pels, wrote to Otto Frank in 1958 that more justice should have been done to Peter. Anne got 'all the limelight', but since Peter had certainly made her time in hiding less harsh, he was still due '<em>ein kleines Lob</em>' too.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\"><a href=\"#footnote-57\" id=\"footnote-marker-57-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[57]</a></sup> Having seen the film nine months later, she wrote again to express her indignation at the way the Van Pels family was portrayed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s146r\"><a href=\"#footnote-58\" id=\"footnote-marker-58-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[58]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A former acquaintance of Pfeffer from Berlin was outraged by the way the play ridiculed Pfeffer. In a letter to Otto Frank, she asked him if he realised why Pfeffer, unlike the others, had become '<em>ein Nörgler</em>' when in hiding. She reproached Frank for allowing the scriptwriters to portray Pfeffer as a joke figure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\"><a href=\"#footnote-59\" id=\"footnote-marker-59-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[59]</a></sup> By the late 1950s, there was also a distancing between Charlotte Kaletta on the one hand and Otto Frank and the helpers on the other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"judpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-60\" id=\"footnote-marker-60-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[60]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup> Kaletta and Frank even entered into a formal agreement in which the former pledged to renounce any claim regarding the diary, play and film.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Complicating matters is that Anne's diary is virtually the only source for the period in hiding, and direct notes are virtually non-existent for the year <strong>1943</strong>. Moreover, later observations by Otto Frank or helpers were usually in response to diary passages. It is therefore of great importance to take into account a strong 'bias' in Anne's notes. Also given the situation she found herself in, a certain injustice towards the others in her diary entries is inevitable. Of the classmates at the Jewish Lyceum, about half survived the war years, and a few of them later gave their opinions on things. The same applies to a number of teachers. These statements naturally give nuance to Anne's picture of her school days. Of course, these classmates and teachers knew nothing about the situation in the Secret Annex from their own observations. For Pfeffer and the Van Pelses in particular, it is necessary to arrive at a more balanced picture than the one Anne painted of them.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14-16 and 30 June, 8 July and 6 October 1942, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.m. interviews met deze drie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Van Maarsen, Silberberg en Zajde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June and an unknown date in June, 28 September 1942, 29 December 1943, 6 January, 3 and 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 22 August, 21 and 25 September, and 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: “Erklärung”, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"198lp\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, no date (June 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3-5..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942; Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Goodrich & Hackett, 6 oktober 1955, AFF, Doos 51: Hacketts Korrespondenz 1954-1960, Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin), Play, Bazel, [kopie in documenten naar taxonomie, Otto Frank, toneelstuk].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9x344\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 108-109).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db3am\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 94).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 25 and 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"146xv\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv (DLA), Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Pseudoniemenlijstje', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 70.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 and 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"792u9\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942 and 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21z25\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"up5be\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 4, kant a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Herinneringen van Johannes Kleiman aan Anne Frank, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>DLA, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Johannes Kleiman aan Ernst Schnabel, 23 oktober 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 4, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan Rijksrecherche, 13 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies: Interview Jan en Miep Gies door Janrense Boonstra en Wouter van der Sluis, 1992, deel 3, 7,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr, 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman aan Rijksrecherche, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7banb\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_080: Otto Frank aan Stichting 1940-1945, 1 juli 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\" id=\"footnote-55\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-55-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\" id=\"footnote-56\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-56-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Victor Kugler, "Zo onstond: 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank'", in: De Nederlandse Courant voor Canada, ±1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\" id=\"footnote-57\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-57-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 10 augustus 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s146r\" id=\"footnote-58\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-58-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 16 mei 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\" id=\"footnote-59\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-59-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Else Messmer aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"judpf\" id=\"footnote-60\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-60-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x808\" id=\"footnote-61\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077; ‘Vereinbarung’ Frank en Kaletta, 17 maart 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De onderlinge verhoudingen omvatten meer dan de relaties in het Achterhuis. Ook sociale verbanden daarbuiten en nog voor het onderduiken horen daarbij. Dit geheel is te onderscheiden naar:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Voor de onderduik</li>\r\n\t<li>Binnen de familie Frank</li>\r\n\t<li>Binnen de familie Van Pels</li>\r\n\t<li>Binnen het Achterhuis</li>\r\n\t<li>Tussen onderduikers en helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Tussen helpers onderling</li>\r\n\t<li>Tussen helpers en de buitenwereld</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanzelfsprekend zijn Annes notities een zeer belangrijke bron. Verder zijn er inzichten te ontlenen aan latere reacties, naar aanleiding van publiciteit rond het dagboek, het toneelstuk en de film.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Voor de onderduik</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft geregeld over haar vriendinnen en klasgenoten, en ook over anderen uit de tijd voor het onderduiken. Ze beschrijft onder meer klasgenoten en onderwijzers van de Montessorischool. Belangrijk voor Anne was haar klasgenootje Hanneli Goslar. Daarnaast noemt ze de hele klas 1 L II en al haar leerkrachten van het Joods Lyceum. Over enkele klasgenoten van het Lyceum doet ze vergaande uitspraken. Verder noemt ze iedereen die op haar dertiende verjaardag kwam, en wat ze haar cadeau gaven. Ook noemt ze allerlei mensen uit de buurt, met name leeftijdgenootjes als Peter Schiff, Hello Silberberg en Fredie Weisz. Ze uit verder haar jaloezie over de omgang tussen Jacqueline van Maarsen en Danka Zajde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> die ze beide op het Joods Lyceum had leren kennen. Over hun omgang en vriendschap met Anne hebben later Hello, Jacqueline en Danka hun visie gegeven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>Verschillende andere overlevende klasgenoten hebben zich ook over Anne uitgelaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In haar dagboek zette Anne haar familiegeschiedenis uiteen, en ze deed dat vrij uitgebreid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hierbij kwamen grootouders en achterneven aan de orde. Regelmatig schrijft ze over haar op <strong>29 januari 1942</strong> overleden oma Holländer, die ze erg miste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het verhaaltje <em>Pension- of huurgasten</em> gaat over vier van de onderhuurders die in de loop der tijd bij de familie Frank inwoonden. Met de laatste daarvan, Werner Goldschmidt, had de familie aan het begin van de onderduikperiode ook nog te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Fritz Pfeffer en de familie Van Pels bestonden ook sociale contacten. Van Peter kreeg ze voor haar dertiende verjaardag een plak melkchocolade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Van Pels’ onderhuurder mijnheer Bernhardt gaf Anne in <em>Oase</em> een ijsje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Pfeffer ontmoette Otto Frank voor het eerst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1940</strong> ten huize van zijn hospita Stephanie Meijer-Schuster, een ‘Jugendfreundin’ van Otto.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Binnen de familie Frank</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de dood van oma Holländer, nog voor het onderduiken, ging de huiselijke vrede volgens Anne achteruit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"198lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne was gek op haar vader, terwijl haar verstandhouding met haar moeder problematisch was. Anne en Margot waren ook niet echt vertrouwd met elkaar. Margot wilde dit wel, maar Anne hield de boot af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank meende dat de veel rijpere Margot zich makkelijker in de onderduiksituatie schikte dan Anne. Margot leed ook veel minder onder wisselende stemmingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lzxr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <strong>Begin 1944</strong> ging het tussen de zusjes beter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank heeft zich in later jaren enkele keren uitgelaten over de relaties binnen zijn gezin. In een algemene tekst, waarmee hij beoogde een aantal veel gestelde vragen op voorhand te beantwoorden, schreef hij dat hij met Anne op betere voet stond dan met Margot en dat hij zich zorgen maakte over het slechte contact tussen Anne en haar moeder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup>Het is genoegzaam bekend dat Anne zich in haar dagboek herhaaldelijk erg negatief over haar moeder uitlaat. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Binnen de familie Van Pels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne omschrijft de familie soms in milde, maar vaker in scherpe bewoordingen. Veelal gaat het daarbij om ruzies tussen de echtelieden Van Pels. In september ’42 is er rumoer rond een boek dat Peter niet mag lezen. Hij maakt er enkele dagen ruzie over met zijn ouders, en zijn vader ontsteekt in woede als Peter vanaf de zolder iets door de kachelpijp naar beneden roept.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>herfst van 1943</strong> was er onenigheid tussen het echtpaar Van Pels. Volgens Anne ging dit over geld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels viel zijn zoon Peter bij toen deze een conflict had met Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Als Peter met Anne sprak over zijn ouders, zei hij dat ze veel van elkaar hielden maar dat hij zelf op afstand bleef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Binnen het Achterhuis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep zei het volgende over de rol van Otto Frank tijdens de onderduik, naar aanleiding van zijn afhankelijkheid van de helpers: '<em>Maar, in het achterhuis zelf met de onderduikers was hij toch weer de baas: wat meneer Frank zei, dat werd gedaan. Hij besliste, hij had het laatste woord, wat er gebeuren moest.' </em>Ook zei ze: ' <em>dat was de boss, hè, in het hele gezelschap (…). Otto besliste over alles (…).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"o82vc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zelf meende Otto Frank dat zijn instelling tijdens de onderduik vooral een optimistische was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mjpyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Hij vertelde in <strong>1977</strong> tegen Arthur Unger dat een positief element van het onderduikleven was dat hij – in tegenstelling tot de tijd dat hij in zijn zaak werkzaam was – de hele dag met zijn kinderen kon doorbrengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3rap6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De enigen die later uit eigen waarneming iets over de spanning en ontspanning binnen het Achterhuis hebben gezegd waren Otto Frank en de helpers. In de jaren zeventig schreef Otto over het samenleven met de familie Van Pels: '<em>we hadden niet voorzien hoeveel problemen er zouden ontstaan door de verschillen in karakter en opvattingen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ook was hij niet positief over de wijze waarop de Van Pelsen hun taak als ouders opvatten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db3am\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beginperiode waren er aanpassingsproblemen tussen de twee families. Pfeffer was er dan nog niet bij. Herhaaldelijk schrijft Anne dat de sfeer goed en gezellig was, en dat ze erg moesten lachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Tegelijkertijd waren er ruzies over onder meer opvoeding, afwassen en al dan niet bescheiden zijn. Anne beschrijft mevrouw Van Pels als een 'idioot mens'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Ruim een jaar later omschrijft ze haar nog als ' schraperig, egoïstisch en dom', met de nuance dat er wel met haar te praten viel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Desgevraagd door Ernst Schnabel schreef Victor Kugler in 1957 dat er zich tijdens de onderduik tussen Anne en mevrouw Van Pels herhaaldelijk wrijving voordeed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"146xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1943</strong> schrijft Anne over een gelegenheid dat het hele huis 'dendert van de ruzie'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Aanleiding tot veel onenigheid was de voedselvoorziening. Zo ontstond er wrevel toen er suiker was voor de verjaardag van Edith Frank, maar niet voor die van Auguste van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Ook het al of niet afstaan van rijst aan de herstellende Johannes Kleiman leidde tot conflicten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Pfeffer zich in <strong>november '42</strong> bij het gezelschap voegde, moest iedereen opnieuw inschikken. De komst van een derde partij leidde nu en dan tot andere allianties. Zoals Pfeffer met Auguste van Pels, als beiden het er - volgens Anne - over eens waren dat Anne verkeerd was opgevoed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Annes mening over Pfeffer blijkt als ze bij haar herschrijving de hoofdpersonen van aliassen voorziet. Pfeffer noemde ze ‘Albert Dussel’,<sup data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> terwijl ‘Dussel’ in het Duits zoveel wil zeggen als sufferd. Pfeffer stond nu en dan ook tegenover de rest, bijvoorbeeld als hij in hun ogen gevaarlijk handelde door correspondentie met Charlotte Kaletta te blijven voeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <strong>Eind ’43</strong> had Pfeffer volgens Anne een conflict met de familie Van Pels, wat zijn oorsprong zou hebben gevonden in het feit dat Pfeffer mevrouw Van Pels geen cadeau gaf bij de eerste verjaardag van zijn komst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Edith verzuchtte volgens Anne enige weken later dat ze Hermann van Pels graag eens veertien dagen niet zou zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een belangrijk element in de Achterhuisgeschiedenis is de romance tussen Anne en Peter. Deze begon zich eind <strong>maart ’44</strong> af te tekenen<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> en verflauwde na een week of zes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Volgens Otto Frank was er aanvankelijk weinig contact tussen hen, maar ontwikkelde zich na verloop van tijd een sterke band.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In de B-versie ontkent Anne onder de datum <strong>6 januari 1944</strong> dat ze verliefd op Peter is,<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> maar dat is gezien de latere herschrijving ook weer in retrospectief.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tussen onderduikers en helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels en Otto waren boos op Kugler omdat hij de zakelijke relatie met W.F. Westermann en C.W. Heijbroek op het spel zette. Kugler op zijn beurt was boos toen de onderduikers laks met de veiligheid waren, zoals de keer dat de grendel niet op tijd van de deur was en hij via Keg naar binnen moet klimmen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"792u9\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’43</strong> was Pfeffer kwaad omdat Kugler op de voorgeschreven dag de radio was gaan inleveren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> was er een discussie over de mogelijkheid van een evacuatie van het westen van het land. Volgens de onderduikers was Jan Gies veel te optimistisch, maar volgens Jan zagen zij het veel te zwart in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind mei '44</strong> was er een ernstig gesprek met Miep. Blijkbaar was er bij de onderduikers wrevel over al dan niet vermeende onverschilligheid van haar kant. Anne: '<em>Miep kwam op een middag met een vuurrood hoofd naar vader toe en vroeg hem op de man af of wij dachten dat zij ook met het anti-semitisme besmet waren. Vader schrok geweldig en praatte haar dat grondig uit haar hoofd, maar iets van Miep vermoeden is er blijven hangen.' </em>Volgens Anne dacht Miep dat de onderduikers vreesden dat zij er ook zo over dacht. Otto Frank zou Miep dit vervolgens uit het hoofd hebben gepraat. <sup data-footnote-id=\"rlxn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Otto Frank kreeg een keer ruzie met Miep toen hij zei dat ze te lang bij Pfeffer bleef, en Anne dat niet prettig vond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r1hpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Als het dagboek op dit punt accuraat is, bleef de verstandhouding met Kleiman gedurende de hele periode onveranderd goed. Edith Frank zei volgens Anne: '<em>Als mijnheer Kleiman binnen komt, gaat de zon op!'</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Kleiman omschreef later Annes houding tegenover hem tijdens zijn dagelijkse bezoeken aan het Achterhuis als bescheiden. Ze was wel altijd dolblij met de jeugdboeken die hij meebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne trok sterk naar Bep Voskuijl. Zij was het oudste kind in een groot gezin, en haar zusjes waren enkele jaren jonger dan Anne. Daarentegen was ze de jongste van de helpers, en werd door Anne tot de Achterhuisjeugd gerekend. Kleiman dacht dat Beps liefdesperikelen ook een rol in Annes voorkeur hebben gespeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep zei over Margot: '<em>Margot daar heb ik absoluut geen contact mee gehad. Die was er, aanwezig, en voor de rest niet.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"cmro4\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tussen helpers onderling</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen de helpers onderling was er een hiërarchisch onderscheid. Kugler en Kleiman waren directeuren van de bedrijven, Miep en Bep de kantoormeisjes. Als er op kantoor vrolijkheid was over een telefoontje schrijft Anne: '<em>de directeurs maken samen met de kantoormeisjes de grootste pret!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> Tijdens de inval op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> stuurde Kleiman Bep met zijn portefeuille naar drogist Kollen op de Leliegracht, en ze wist inderdaad ongehinderd weg te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank verklaarde later dat het Kleiman en Kugler lukte om voor te wenden dat Miep en Bep niet van de onderduikers op de hoogte waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tussen helpers en de buitenwereld</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboek is enkele keren sprake van de familie Amende. Dit is de familie die het pension had waar Jan Gies vanaf <strong>1936</strong> woonde en waarmee hij en Miep bevriend waren. Er waren op dit adres spullen van de Franks in bewaring,<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> en Miep vertelde in een interview dat deze familie niets wist van haar onderduikershulp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Miep en Jan Gies wisten van elkaar uiteraard wat ze deden. Aan de hulp die ze de familie Stoppelman en anderen verleenden, gaven ze weinig tot geen ruchtbaarheid.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleimans vrouw was geheel op de hoogte van de activiteiten van haar man<sup data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> en kwam ook enkele keren in het Achterhuis op bezoek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7banb\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne rekende haar zelfs tot lid van de ‘<em>vrouwelijke kant van het Achterhuis</em>’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup> Kugler sprak echter om onbekende redenen nooit met zijn echtgenote over de onderduikershulp die hij verleende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> Voor haar kwam de arrestatie van haar man dus als een complete verrassing. Bep sprak alleen met haar vader over het Achterhuis. Hij was medio <strong>juli ’42</strong> ingelicht, en maakte op Kuglers initiatief de boekenkast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat de Opekta-vertegenwoordiger Johan Broks nieuwsgierig was en herhaaldelijk naar Otto Frank vroeg, werd een afleidingsmaneuvre bedacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xotg\"><a href=\"#footnote-55\" id=\"footnote-marker-55-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[55]</a></sup> Opekta/Gies & Co. stuurde een briefje aan een klant in Aardenburg, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Er werd een geadresseerde retourenvelop meegezonden die Otto Frank geschreven had. Ontvangst op kantoor moest de indruk wekken dat hij deze brief had verstuurd. De envelop met poststempel uit een grensplaats moest als bewijs dienen voor vertrek richting Zwitserland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zx42t\"><a href=\"#footnote-56\" id=\"footnote-marker-56-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[56]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>‘Weerklank’</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Met Anne als vrijwel enige bron ontstaat een vertekend beeld van de andere onderduikers. Vooral Pfeffer en het echtpaar Van Pels komen er bij haar niet zo best vanaf. Doordat de scriptschrijvers van de toneelbewerking Annes negatieve kwalificaties overnamen, ontstonden daar jaren later nog conflicten uit. Toen het dagboek door het Amerikaanse toneelstuk grotere bekendheid kreeg, volgde er kritiek. Greta Goldschmidt, een zuster van Auguste van Pels, schreef in 1958 aan Otto Frank dat Peter meer recht gedaan had moeten worden. Anne kreeg 'all the limelight', maar omdat Peter haar het onderduiken zeker lichter had gemaakt, kwam hem toch ook 'ein kleines Lob' toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\"><a href=\"#footnote-57\" id=\"footnote-marker-57-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[57]</a></sup> Toen ze negen maanden later de film had gezien, schreef ze opnieuw om haar verontwaardiging uit te drukken over de wijze waarop de familie Van Pels werd neergezet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s146r\"><a href=\"#footnote-58\" id=\"footnote-marker-58-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[58]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een vroegere kennis van Pfeffer uit Berlijn was verbolgen over de wijze waarop het toneelstuk Pfeffer belachelijk maakte. In een brief aan Otto Frank vroeg ze hem of hij besefte waarom Pfeffer in de onderduiktijd, in tegenstelling tot de anderen alleen, 'ein Nörgler' is geworden. Ze verweet Frank dat hij had toegelaten dat de scriptschrijvers Pfeffer als een schertsfiguur portretteerden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\"><a href=\"#footnote-59\" id=\"footnote-marker-59-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[59]</a></sup> Tegen het einde van de jaren vijftig was er ook een verwijdering tussen Charlotte Kaletta enerzijds en Otto Frank en de helpers anderzijds.<sup data-footnote-id=\"judpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-60\" id=\"footnote-marker-60-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[60]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup> Kaletta en Frank sloten zelfs een formele overeenkomst waarin de eerste toezegde van enige aanspraak betreffende dagboek, toneelstuk en film af te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Complicerend is dat Annes dagboek voor de onderduikperiode vrijwel de enige bron is, en dat voor het jaar <strong>1943</strong> directe notities zo goed als ontbreken. Latere observaties van Otto Frank of helpers waren bovendien doorgaans naar aanleiding van dagboekpassages. Het is daarom van groot belang rekening te houden met een sterke ‘bias’ in Annes notities. Mede gezien de situatie waarin zij zich bevond, is een zekere onrechtvaardigheid ten aanzien van de anderen in haar dagboeknotities onvermijdelijk. Van de klasgenoten van het Joods Lyceum heeft ongeveer de helft de oorlogsjaren overleefd, en enkelen van hen hebben later hun mening over een en ander gegeven. Dat geldt ook voor een aantal leraren. Deze verklaringen nuanceren uiteraard het beeld dat Anne van haar schooltijd gaf. Over de situatie in het Achterhuis wisten deze klasgenoten en leerkrachten uiteraard niets uit eigen waarneming. Voor met name Pfeffer en de Van Pelsen is het nodig om tot een evenwichtiger beeld te komen dan dat wat Anne van hen schetste.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14-16 en 30 juni, 8 juli en 6 oktober 1942, 8 en 18 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.m. interviews met deze drie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Van Maarsen, Silberberg en Zajde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni en onbekende dag in juni, en 28 september 1942, 29 december 1943, 6 januari, 3 en 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 22 augustus, 21 en 25 september, en 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: “Erklärung”, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"198lp\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, ongedateerd (juni 1942), in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lzxr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942; Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 15 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 19 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o82vc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mjpyg\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Goodrich & Hackett, 6 oktober 1955, AFF, Doos 51: Hacketts Korrespondenz 1954-1960, Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin), Play, Bazel, [kopie in documenten naar taxonomie, Otto Frank, toneelstuk].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3rap6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 108-109).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db3am\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 94).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus, 25 en 30 setpember en 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"146xv\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv (DLA), Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 29 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Pseudoniemenlijstje', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 70.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 en 17 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 15 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 en 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"792u9\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942 en 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21z25\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rlxn7\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r1hpb\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 4, kant a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Herinneringen van Johannes Kleiman aan Anne Frank, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>DLA, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Johannes Kleiman aan Ernst Schnabel, 23 oktober 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cmro4\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 4, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan Rijksrecherche, 13 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies: Interview Jan en Miep Gies door Janrense Boonstra en Wouter van der Sluis, 1992, deel 3, 7,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr, 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman aan Rijksrecherche, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7banb\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_080: Otto Frank aan Stichting 1940-1945, 1 juli 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xotg\" id=\"footnote-55\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-55-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zx42t\" id=\"footnote-56\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-56-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Victor Kugler, "Zo onstond: 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank'", in: De Nederlandse Courant voor Canada, ±1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\" id=\"footnote-57\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-57-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 10 augustus 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s146r\" id=\"footnote-58\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-58-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 16 mei 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\" id=\"footnote-59\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-59-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Else Messmer aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"judpf\" id=\"footnote-60\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-60-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x808\" id=\"footnote-61\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077; ‘Vereinbarung’ Frank en Kaletta, 17 maart 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The inter-relationships encompass more than just those in the Secret Annex. They also include social relationships outside and even before going into hiding. These relationships can be separated into:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Before going into hiding</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Frank family</li>\r\n\t<li>Within the Van Pels family</li>\r\n\t<li>Inside the Secret Annex</li>\r\n\t<li>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers</li>\r\n\t<li>Between helpers and the outside world</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Obviously, Anne's notes are a very important source. Insights can also be derived from later reactions, following publicity around the diary, the play and the film.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne regularly writes about her friends and classmates, as well as others from before going into hiding. Among other things, she describes classmates and teachers at the Montessori school. An important relationship for Anne was the one with her classmate Hanneli Goslar. She also mentions the entire class 1 L II and all her teachers at the Jewish Lyceum. She makes sweeping statements about some classmates at the Lyceum. Furthermore, she mentions everyone who came to her thirteenth birthday, and what they gave her as a present. She also mentions all kinds of people from the neighbourhood, especially children of a similar age like Peter Schiff, Hello Silberberg and Fredie Weisz. She further expresses her jealousy about the interactions between Jacqueline van Maarsen and Danka Zajde,<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> both of whom she had met at the Jewish Lyceum. Hello, Jacqueline and Danka later gave their views about their dealings and their friendship with Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several other surviving classmates have also commented on Anne.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In her diary, Anne set out her family history, and she did so quite extensively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This included grandparents and second cousins. She regularly wrote about her grandmother Holländer, who died on <strong>29 January 1942</strong>, whom she missed very much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The short story <em>Lodgers or Tenants</em> is about four of the subtenants who lived with the Frank family at various times. The last of these, Werner Goldschmidt, was also with the family at the beginning of the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Social contacts also existed with Fritz Pfeffer and the Van Pels family. Peter gave her a bar of milk chocolate for her thirteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Pels' subtenant Mr Bernhardt gave Anne an ice cream at <em>Oase</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Pfeffer first met Otto Frank in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong> at the home of his landlady Stephanie Meijer-Schuster, a '<em>Jugendfreundin</em>' of Otto's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Frank family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After Grandma Holländer's death, even before going into hiding, domestic peace deteriorated, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"198lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne was fond of her father, while her relationship with her mother was problematic. Anne and Margot were also not very familiar with each other. Margot wanted to be, but Anne held back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank believed that the much more mature Margot settled into the hiding situation more easily than Anne. Margot also suffered much less from changing moods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> <strong>In early 1944</strong>, things improved between the sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank spoke out several times in later years about relationships within his family. In a general text, with which he intended to answer some frequently asked questions in advance, he wrote that he was on better terms with Anne than with Margot and that he was concerned about the poor contact between Anne and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> It is well enough known that Anne repeatedly expressed very negative views of her mother in her diary.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Within the Van Pels family</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne sometimes describes the family in mild, but more often in sharp terms. Many of these involve quarrels between the Van Pels spouses. In September '42, there was a fuss about a book Peter was not allowed to read. He argued about it with his parents for several days, and his father flew into a rage when Peter shouted something down the stovepipe from the attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>autumn of 1943</strong>, there was a disagreement between the Van Pels couple. According to Anne, this was about money.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels supported his son Peter when he had a conflict with Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> When Peter spoke to Anne about his parents, he said that they loved each other a lot but that he himself kept his distance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inside the Secret Annex</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said the following about Otto Frank's role during the period in hiding, in response to his dependence on the helpers:<em> 'But, in the secret annex itself with the people in hiding, he was the boss again: what Mr Frank said, that was done. He decided, he had the last word, on what had to be done.' </em>She also said: '<em>he was the boss, wasn't he, of the whole company (...). Otto decided everything (...).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank himself believed that his attitude during the period in hiding was mainly an optimistic one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> He told Arthur Unger in <strong>1977</strong> that a positive element of life in hiding was that - unlike the time he worked in his business - he could spend all day with his children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9x344\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The only people who later said anything about the tension and relaxation within the Secret Annex from their own observations were Otto Frank and the helpers. In the 1970s, Otto wrote about living with the Van Pels family:<em> 'we did not foresee how many problems would arise because of the differences in character and views</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Nor was he positive about how the Van Pels perceived their duties as parents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"db3am\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the early days, there were adjustment problems between the two families. Pfeffer was not there then. Anne writes repeatedly that the atmosphere was good and convivial, and that they laughed a lot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> At the same time, there were quarrels about parenting, washing dishes and being modest or not, among other things. Anne describes Mrs Van Pels as an "idiotic person".<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Over a year later, she was still describing her as "scrawny, selfish and stupid", with the nuance that it was possible to talk to her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> When asked by Ernst Schnabel in 1957, Victor Kugler wrote that friction repeatedly occurred between Anne and Mrs Van Pels during the period in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"146xv\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 19</strong><strong>43</strong>, Anne writes of an occasion when the whole house was "thundering with strife".<sup data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> The cause of much disagreement was food supplies. Thus, resentment arose when there was sugar for Edith Frank's birthday, but not for Auguste van Pels'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Whether or not to give rice to the convalescent Johannes Kleiman also led to conflicts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Pfeffer joined them in <strong>November '42</strong>, everyone had to scale back again. The arrival of a third party occasionally led to different alliances. Like Pfeffer with Auguste van Pels, when both agreed - according to Anne - that Anne had been raised wrong.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> Anne's opinion of Pfeffer is evident when she provides the main characters with aliases in her rewrite. She called Pfeffer 'Albert Dussel',<sup data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> while 'Dussel' means something like 'silly' in German. Pfeffer occasionally stood up to the rest, for instance when he acted dangerously in their eyes by continuing correspondence with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> <strong>At the end of '43</strong>, according to Anne, Pfeffer had a conflict with the Van Pels family, which allegedly had its origin in Pfeffer not giving Mrs Van Pels a present on the first anniversary of his arrival.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Edith, according to Anne, sighed some weeks later that she would gladly not see Hermann van Pels for a fortnight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>An important element in the Secret Annex history is the romance between Anne and Peter. This began to emerge in late <strong>March 1944</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> and faded away after about six weeks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, there was initially little contact between them, but a strong bond developed over time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> In the B version, Anne denies being in love with Peter under the date <strong>6 January</strong> <strong>1944</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> but again, given the later rewriting, this is retrospective.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between the people in hiding and the helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels and Otto were angry with Kugler for jeopardising the business relationship with W.F. Westermann and C.W. Heijbroek. Kugler in turn was angry when the people in hiding were lax with security, such as the time the bolt was not released in time and he had to climb in via Keg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"792u9\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1943</strong>, Pfeffer was angry because Kugler had gone to hand in the radio on the prescribed day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, there was a discussion about the possibility of an evacuation of the western part of the country. According to the people in hiding, Jan Gies was far too optimistic, but according to Jan, they were looking at things far too negatively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late May '44</strong>, there was a serious conversation with Miep. Apparently there was resentment among the people in hiding about indifference, perceived or otherwise, on her part. Anne:<em> </em><em>'Miep came up one afternoon all flushed and asked Father straight out if we thought they too were infected with the current anti-Semitism. Father was stunned and quickly talked her out of the idea, but some of Miep's suspicion has lingered on.' </em>According to Anne, Miep thought the people in hiding feared that she felt the same way. Otto Frank then allegedly talked Miep out of this.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Otto Frank got into an argument with Miep once when he said she stayed too long with Pfeffer, and Anne did not like that.<sup data-footnote-id=\"up5be\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>If the diary is accurate on this point, relations with Kleiman remained positive throughout. Edith Frank, according to Anne, said,<em> "When Mr Kleiman comes in, the sun rises!</em> ''<sup data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Kleiman later described Anne's attitude towards him during his daily visits to the Secret Annex as modest. She was always delighted with the children's books he brought, though.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\"><a href=\"#footnote-43\" id=\"footnote-marker-43-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[43]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had a strong bond with Bep Voskuijl. She was the eldest child in a large family, and her sisters were several years younger than Anne. On the other hand, she was the youngest of the helpers, and was counted by Anne as one of the Secret Annex youngsters. Kleiman thought that the ups and downs of Bep's love life also played a role in Anne's preference.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-44\" id=\"footnote-marker-44-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[44]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep said of Margot:<em> 'I had absolutely no contact with Margot. She was there, present, and not much else.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\"><a href=\"#footnote-45\" id=\"footnote-marker-45-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[45]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a hierarchical distinction between the helpers. Kugler and Kleiman were directors of the companies, Miep and Bep the office girls. When there was merriment in the office over a phone call, Anne writes:<em> 'the directors together with the office girls make the greatest fun!'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\"><a href=\"#footnote-46\" id=\"footnote-marker-46-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[46]</a></sup> During the raid on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> Kleiman sent Bep with his wallet to drugstore Kollen on Leliegracht, and she indeed managed to get away unhindered.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\"><a href=\"#footnote-47\" id=\"footnote-marker-47-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[47]</a></sup> Otto Frank later stated that Kleiman and Kugler managed to convince people that Miep and Bep had not known anythng about the people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\"><a href=\"#footnote-48\" id=\"footnote-marker-48-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[48]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Between helpers and the outside world</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several times in Anne's diary there is mention of the Amende family. This is the family who owned the boarding house where Jan Gies lived from <strong>1936</strong> and with whom he and Miep were friends. There were items belonging to the Franks in storage at this address,<sup data-footnote-id=\"21z25\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> and Miep said in an interview that this family knew nothing about her helping people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-49\" id=\"footnote-marker-49-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[49]</a></sup> Miep and Jan Gies obviously knew about each other. They kept quiet about the help they gave the Stoppelman family and others.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleiman's wife was fully aware of her husband's activities<sup data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-50\" id=\"footnote-marker-50-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[50]</a></sup> and also visited the Secret Annex several times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7banb\"><a href=\"#footnote-51\" id=\"footnote-marker-51-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[51]</a></sup> Anne even counted her as a member of the '<em>female side of the Secret Annex</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\"><a href=\"#footnote-52\" id=\"footnote-marker-52-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[52]</a></sup> However, for reasons unknown, Kugler never spoke to his wife about the help he was providing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\"><a href=\"#footnote-53\" id=\"footnote-marker-53-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[53]</a></sup> So for her, her husband's arrest came as a complete surprise. Bep only spoke to her father about the Secret Annex. He was informed in <strong>mid-July 1942</strong>, and at Kugler's initiative he made the bookcase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\"><a href=\"#footnote-54\" id=\"footnote-marker-54-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[54]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Opekta representative Johan Broks was curious and repeatedly asked about Otto Frank, a diversionary tactic was devised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\"><a href=\"#footnote-55\" id=\"footnote-marker-55-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[55]</a></sup> Opekta/Gies & Co. sent a note to a client in Aardenburg, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. It included an addressed return envelope written by Otto Frank. Receipt of it at the office was intended to give the impression that he had sent this letter. The envelope with a postmark from a border town was intended to serve as proof of departure for Switzerland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-56\" id=\"footnote-marker-56-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[56]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Resonance'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>With Anne as virtually the only source, a distorted picture of the other people in hiding emerges. Pfeffer and the Van Pels couple in particular do not come off very well in her account. Because the scriptwriters of the stage adaptation adopted Anne's negative qualifications, conflicts arose from this years later. When the American play made the diary more widely known, criticism followed. Greta Goldschmidt, a sister of Auguste van Pels, wrote to Otto Frank in 1958 that more justice should have been done to Peter. Anne got 'all the limelight', but since Peter had certainly made her time in hiding less harsh, he was still due '<em>ein kleines Lob</em>' too.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\"><a href=\"#footnote-57\" id=\"footnote-marker-57-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[57]</a></sup> Having seen the film nine months later, she wrote again to express her indignation at the way the Van Pels family was portrayed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s146r\"><a href=\"#footnote-58\" id=\"footnote-marker-58-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[58]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A former acquaintance of Pfeffer from Berlin was outraged by the way the play ridiculed Pfeffer. In a letter to Otto Frank, she asked him if he realised why Pfeffer, unlike the others, had become '<em>ein Nörgler</em>' when in hiding. She reproached Frank for allowing the scriptwriters to portray Pfeffer as a joke figure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\"><a href=\"#footnote-59\" id=\"footnote-marker-59-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[59]</a></sup> By the late 1950s, there was also a distancing between Charlotte Kaletta on the one hand and Otto Frank and the helpers on the other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"judpf\"><a href=\"#footnote-60\" id=\"footnote-marker-60-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[60]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup> Kaletta and Frank even entered into a formal agreement in which the former pledged to renounce any claim regarding the diary, play and film.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3x808\"><a href=\"#footnote-61\" id=\"footnote-marker-61-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[61]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Complicating matters is that Anne's diary is virtually the only source for the period in hiding, and direct notes are virtually non-existent for the year <strong>1943</strong>. Moreover, later observations by Otto Frank or helpers were usually in response to diary passages. It is therefore of great importance to take into account a strong 'bias' in Anne's notes. Also given the situation she found herself in, a certain injustice towards the others in her diary entries is inevitable. Of the classmates at the Jewish Lyceum, about half survived the war years, and a few of them later gave their opinions on things. The same applies to a number of teachers. These statements naturally give nuance to Anne's picture of her school days. Of course, these classmates and teachers knew nothing about the situation in the Secret Annex from their own observations. For Pfeffer and the Van Pelses in particular, it is necessary to arrive at a more balanced picture than the one Anne painted of them.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xvit\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14-16 and 30 June, 8 July and 6 October 1942, 8 and 18 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l16yh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.m. interviews met deze drie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Van Maarsen, Silberberg en Zajde.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ti4cr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0qpp5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June and an unknown date in June, 28 September 1942, 29 December 1943, 6 January, 3 and 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9qk1q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 22 August, 21 and 25 September, and 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vb3ob\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n74kb\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz1ud\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_OFrank_I_015: “Erklärung”, 4 september 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"198lp\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, no date (June 1942), in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8sne\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"81zwj\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 3-5..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk5ea\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2r8eh\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u5f9t\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942; Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuhlp\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u72v9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nrjou\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqzr1\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hc6y7\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Goodrich & Hackett, 6 oktober 1955, AFF, Doos 51: Hacketts Korrespondenz 1954-1960, Meyer Levin Div. (S. Mermin), Play, Bazel, [kopie in documenten naar taxonomie, Otto Frank, toneelstuk].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9x344\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 108-109).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"db3am\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 94).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"opp4t\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August, 25 and 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldqcz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0xveq\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"146xv\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv (DLA), Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j4qht\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gat2\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dr3lp\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mwkai\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 29 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qnpv5\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Pseudoniemenlijstje', in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD) (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 70.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ojavh\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ag2aq\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 and 17 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ejr2b\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 15 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83hh\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3yacq\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ma66\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"792u9\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942 and 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dndzd\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"21z25\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xzdte\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"up5be\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies, Miep: Transcriptie interview met Miep en Jan Gies, afgenomen door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, mei 1992, transcriptie band 4, kant a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fnoam\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0ntk\" id=\"footnote-43\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-43-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Herinneringen van Johannes Kleiman aan Anne Frank, zonder datum.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pyrvn\" id=\"footnote-44\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-44-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>DLA, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Johannes Kleiman aan Ernst Schnabel, 23 oktober 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzf7s\" id=\"footnote-45\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-45-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview met Miep Gies, 1992, deel 4, p. 17.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y9xi1\" id=\"footnote-46\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-46-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ug74e\" id=\"footnote-47\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-47-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan Rijksrecherche, 13 december 1963, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh06l\" id=\"footnote-48\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-48-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank aan Yad Vashem, 10 juni 1971 (<a href=\"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/pdf/otto_frank_letter.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c3pqp\" id=\"footnote-49\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-49-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Gies: Interview Jan en Miep Gies door Janrense Boonstra en Wouter van der Sluis, 1992, deel 3, 7,</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cn6pz\" id=\"footnote-50\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-50-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr, 23892: Verklaring J.C. Kleiman-Reuman aan Rijksrecherche, 16 januari 1964, p.v.b. 86/1963.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7banb\" id=\"footnote-51\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-51-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ad9q7\" id=\"footnote-52\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-52-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wy0po\" id=\"footnote-53\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-53-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_080: Otto Frank aan Stichting 1940-1945, 1 juli 1977.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkyo6\" id=\"footnote-54\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-54-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gh1i\" id=\"footnote-55\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-55-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8bj5r\" id=\"footnote-56\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-56-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Victor Kugler, "Zo onstond: 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank'", in: De Nederlandse Courant voor Canada, ±1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hdok\" id=\"footnote-57\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-57-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 10 augustus 1958.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s146r\" id=\"footnote-58\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-58-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_076: Greta Goldschmidt aan Otto Frank, 16 mei 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kjot4\" id=\"footnote-59\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-59-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077: Else Messmer aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"judpf\" id=\"footnote-60\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-60-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_079: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 5 februari 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3x808\" id=\"footnote-61\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-61-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_077; ‘Vereinbarung’ Frank en Kaletta, 17 maart 1957.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diary gives a rather distorted picture of the other people in hiding. Hermann and Auguste van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer are particularly affected by this.",
"summary_nl": "Het dagboek van Anne Frank geeft een nogal vertekend beeld van de andere onderduikers. Met name Hermann en Auguste van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer zijn hiervan het slachtoffer.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diary gives a rather distorted picture of the other people in hiding. Hermann and Auguste van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer are particularly affected by this.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
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"uuid": "08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a",
"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 238,
"image": {
"id": 974,
"uuid": "686881e1-431a-4ef1-9257-9a14931f935e",
"name": "Plaatjeswand in Annes kamer",
"title": "Wand met behang en een deel van de plaatjesverzameling van Anne Frank, niet gedateerd",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/58932435-6f71-079d-e45b-00622ce9012d.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "In de jaren voor het uitbreken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog legt Anne Frank een verzameling aan van enkele honderden ansichtkaarten en plaatjes van filmsterren en koningshuizen die ze uitknipt uit tijdschriften. Tijdens de periode van de onderduik breidt ze haar verzameling uit met plaatjes uit de tijdschriften die de helpers meenemen. Deze plakt ze op de wanden van haar slaapkamer in het Achterhuis Tijdens de oorlogsjaren ontwikkelt Anne Frank een interesse voor geschiedenis en mythologie, en ze verzamelt ook plaatjes over deze onderwerpen. Toen het pand werd verkocht snijdt Otto Frank in de jaren '50 alle plaatjes met behang en al uit. De originele plaatjes en behangdelen worden voor de opening van het Anne Frank Huis in 1960 teruggeplaatst. De wand is geconserveerd en behouden in de staat zoals Anne Frank hem heeft achtergelaten in augustus 1944. Uit onderzoek naar de wanden zijn 77 beschrijvingen van plaatjes naar voren gekomen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/0e92b6a4-13ca-4bbb-8453-7945b1b42977/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "0e92b6a4-13ca-4bbb-8453-7945b1b42977",
"name": "The walls decorated with pictures in Anne's room",
"name_nl": "De plaatjeswanden in Annes kamer",
"name_en": "The walls decorated with pictures in Anne's room",
"description": "<p>Even before going into hiding, Anne began collecting film star pictures and postcards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To her American pen pal, Juanita Wagner, Anne wrote on <strong>29 April</strong><strong> 1939</strong> that her collection of '<em>picture-cards'</em> numbered around eight hundred.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This collection went with her from Merwedeplein to the Secret Annex. In her diary, Anne writes about it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Our bedroom, with its blank walls, was very bare. Thanks to Father — who brought my entire postcard and movie-star collection here beforehand — and to a brush and a pot of glue, I was able to plaster the walls with pictures. It looks much more cheerful. (...).<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne spent a lot of time on her collection. She expanded it with new pictures taken from magazines, which she got from helpers. Such as <em>Libelle</em>, <em>Panorama</em> and <em>Cinema & Theatre</em>. She removed pictures from the wall, or hung them on top of each other with '<em>brush and a pot of glue</em><em>'</em> or with 'photo corners' to make them easier to change.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"5847t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also gave away a few movie star pictures to Peter, which he hung in his own room. Anne would have liked to have given him more, but he kindly declined this offer:<em> 'I'd rather keep the one I've got. I look at it every day, and the people in it have become my friends.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"arem8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Research on the walls in the Secret Annex yielded a total of seventy-seven picture descriptions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Forty pictures came from various magazines, of which twenty-nine were from <em>Libelle</em>. Many film stars came from <em>Libelle </em>in the years <strong>1939-1940</strong>. From <em>Libelle</em> in <strong>1941</strong> she cut out mainly children's pictures, drawings and two art history images. American film stars were in fewer and fewer of these pictures as the occupation progressed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All the different pictures show Anne's interests. While in hiding, she became more interested in history and mythology. With Margot, she studied hard <em>'to keep from being ignorant</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The story <em>Film Star Illusion,</em> in which Anne describes a meeting with the Lane Sisters that ends with the words that she is '<em>cured of all celebrity illusions for good</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The picture research shows that Anne put her money where her mouth is. A picture of the Lane Sisters was hidden behind the picture of Michelangelo's sculpture, and a map of the French-German borderland was mounted with drawing pins on top of the photo of American actress Sally Eilers<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A number of children's pictures and drawings were also replaced with more adult images. For example, Anne pinned Hermes on top of a picture of a girl with a skipping rope, Paracelsus on a girl with a parasol and a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci on a girl doing laundry with her dolls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne did not entirely put aside her interest in film stars. In <strong>January 1944</strong>, she wrote that she still spent many Sundays sorting out and sorting through her large film star collection, '<em>which has grown to a very respectable size'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did, however, have less and less time for it. In <strong>May</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, for instance, she wrote: <em>'my movie stars are in a terrible disarray and are dying to be straightened out'</em>, but as she is <em>'up to her ears in work, they'll have to put up with the chaos a while longer</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides magazine pictures and postcards of film stars and children, she also pinned cartoons, landscapes, animals and members of royal families to her wall. About the postcard of the royal family, which she first stuck in her photo album and later pinned to her wall with a drawing pin, she writes that Bep Voskuijl had had it printed especially for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Growth lines and map of Normandy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the living room bedroom of the Frank family, pencil marks on the wallpaper had been used to keep track of Anne and Margot's growth. From this it can be deduced that in two years Anne had grown over thirteen centimetres and Margot one centimetre. On <strong>13 June 1943</strong>, Anne copied part of the birthday poem Otto had written for her. In it he poems:<em> 'Yes if one grows 10 centimetres, nothing fits any more, everyone understands that</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A map of the Normandy coast hung next to the growth lines. On <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the Allies landed at Normandy in France. Otto Frank cut a map from the front page of <em>De Telegraaf</em> of <strong>8 June 1944</strong>,<em> </em>and mounted it on the wall. He kept track of the Allies' progress using map pins.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Preservation of the walls decorated with pictures</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, when it looked like it would not be possible to save the Secret Annex from demolition, Otto Frank decided to save the growth marks, the map of Normandy and the pictures on the left wall of Anne's room. He cut them from the wall with wallpaper and all. In the end, the Secret Annex was preserved after all. The cut-out pieces of wallpaper were put back in place, but the rest of the walls were in very poor condition. Over the years, souvenir hunters had taken pieces of wallpaper and pictures. The pictures that had fallen off the wall had been put back in place with adhesive tape, and a leak further damaged the walls. Photographs taken in <strong>1954</strong> by Maria Austria and those from the <strong>1980s</strong> show some of the missing pictures. Like the three pictures in Peter's room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on historical and material-technical research, all the walls with pictures were restored and conserved in <strong>early 2000</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was then decided to make the pictures look not only as Anne had hung them, but also as they had become over time, including cracks, missing pieces, discolouration and moisture spots, which had developed in the post-war years.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Teresien da Silva, 'The secrets of Anne's room', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 4-13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>I include a post-card from Amsterdam and shall continue to do that collecting picture-cards I have already about 800.'</em> Geciteerd in: Sudan Goldmann Rubin, <em>Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa</em>, New York, NY<em>: </em>Abrams, p. 10-11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIart Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5847t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"arem8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek naar de plaatjes in het Achterhuis viel onder het <em>project Conservering Kamer Anne Frank</em> (2002-2009).Het historisch onderzoek werd in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting uitgevoerd door Rian Verhoeven en het technisch onderzoek door Nico Lingbeek, papierrestaurator. Het historisch onderzoek is nadien voortgezet door Karolien Stocking Korzen, Gertjan Broek en Liselot van Heesch. Ook waren er mensen, die zichzelf herkenden op foto’s aan de muur tijdens hun bezoek aan het Achterhuis, zoals Marijke Otten, Marianne van der Heyden, Gräfin von Nayhauss-Cormons en Marianne Moussault.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Delusions of Stardom", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit landkaartje is inmiddels verdwenen. Op door Maria Austria gemaakte foto’s is te zien dat het over het plaatje van Sally Eilers zat vastgeprikt met punaises. Wanneer het plaatje verdwenen is, is onbekend, maar in ieder geval na april 1968<em>. </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De afbeeldingen van Hermes, Paracelsus en Leonardo da Vinci komen alle drie uit hetzelfde tijdschrift: <em>De Prins der geïllustreerde bladen</em>, 11 maart 1944, no 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It can be deduced from a caption in the photo album compiled by Anne that the postcard of the royal family was in her album before she put it up on the wall.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, Sunday 13 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_nl": "<p>Al voor de onderduikperiode begon Anne met het verzamelen van filmsterrenplaatjes en ansichtkaarten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8nkxn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Aan haar Amerikaanse penvriendin, Juanita Wagner, schreef Anne op <strong>29 april</strong><strong> 1939</strong> dat haar collectie ‘<em>picture-cards’</em> rond de achthonderd stuks telde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2snut\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Deze verzameling ging van het Merwedeplein mee naar het Achterhuis. In haar dagboek schrijft Anne hierover:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Ons kamertje was met die strakke muren tot nu toe erg kaal; dank zij vader die m'n hele prentbriefkaarten en filmsterverzameling van tevoren al meegenomen had, heb ik met een lijmpot en kwast de hele muur bestreken en van de kamer één plaatje gemaakt. Daardoor ziet het er veel vrolijker uit (…)'<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne besteedde veel tijd aan haar verzameling. Ze breidde hem uit met nieuwe plaatjes afkomstig uit tijdschriften, die ze van de helpers kreeg. Zoals <em>Libelle</em>, <em>Panorama</em> en <em>Cinema & Theater</em>. Ze haalde plaatjes van de muur af, of hing ze over elkaar heen met ‘<em>lijmpot</em> <em>en kwast’</em> of met ‘fotohoekjes’, om ze zo makkelijker te kunnen verwisselen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"5847t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ook gaf ze een paar filmsterrenplaatjes weg aan Peter, die hij in zijn eigen kamer ophing. Anne had hem er graag meer geven, maar hij slaat dit aanbod vriendelijk af: '<em>Ik laat het liever zo, deze hier, daar kijk ik elke dag tegen aan en dat zijn mijn vrienden geworden.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"arem8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Onderzoek naar de wanden in het Achterhuis heeft in totaal zevenenzeventig plaatjesbeschrijvingen opgeleverd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Veertig plaatjes knipte Anne uit verschillende tijdschriften, waarvan negentwintig uit de <em>Libelle</em>. Veel filmsterren haalde zij uit jaargang <strong>1939-1940</strong> van de <em>Libelle</em>. Amerikaanse filmsterren stonden er, naarmate de bezetting vorderde, steeds minder in. Uit jaargang <strong>1941</strong> haalde ze voornamelijk kinderfoto’s, tekeningen en twee kunstgeschiedenis afbeeldingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit alle verschillende plaatjes valt Annes interesse af te leiden. Tijdens de onderduik raakte ze meer geïnteresseerd in geschiedenis en mythologie. Met Margot studeerde ze hard <em>‘om niet dom te blijven’</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het verhaaltje <em>Filmster-Illusie</em> waar Anne een ontmoeting met de Lane Sisters beschrijft, eindigt met de woorden dat ze ‘<em>voor goed van alle beroemdheidsillusies genezen</em>’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Uit het plaatjesonderzoek blijkt dat Anne de daad bij het woord voegde. Achter het plaatje van het beeldhouwwerk van Michelangelo zit een plaatje van de Lane Sisters verborgen en op de Amerikaanse actrice Sally Eilers heeft met punaises een landkaartje van Frans-Duits grensgebied vastgeprikt gezeten<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook een aantal kinderfoto’s en tekeningen heeft plaats moeten maken voor volwassenere afbeeldingen. Zo plakte Anne Hermes op een meisje met een springtouw, Paracelsus op een meisje met een parasol en een zelfportret van Leonardo da Vinci op een meisje dat samen met haar poppen de was doet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne zette haar interesse voor filmsterren niet helemaal aan de kant. In <strong>januari 1944</strong> schrijft ze dat ze nog veel zondagen aan het uitzoeken en sorteren van haar grote filmsterrenverzameling besteedde, ‘<em>die een zeer respectabele omvang aangenomen heeft’</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Wel had ze er steeds minder tijd voor. Zo schrijft ze in <strong>mei 1944</strong>: ‘<em>Al m’n filmsterren liggen in vreselijke wanorde door elkaar en snakken naar een opruiming.</em>’ Maar omdat ze ‘<em>in het werk stikt, wordt de chaos toch nog maar chaos gelaten.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast tijdschriftplaatjes en ansichtkaarten van filmsterren en kinderen hing ze ook cartoons, landschappen, dieren en leden van vorstenhuizen aan haar muur. Over de ansichtkaart van de Koninklijke familie, die ze eerst in haar fotoalbum plakte en later met een punaise aan haar muur prikte, schrijft ze dat Bep Voskuijl die speciaal voor haar had laten afdrukken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Groeistreepjes en kaartje van Normandië</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de woon- slaapkamer van de familie Frank werd met potloodstreepjes op het behang de groei van Anne en Margot bijgehouden. Hieruit valt af te leiden dat Anne in twee jaar ruim dertien centimeter was gegroeid en Margot één. Anne schrijft op <strong>13 juni 1943</strong> een deel van het verjaardagsgedicht over dat Otto voor haar had geschreven. Hierin dichtte hij: '<em>Ja als men groeit 10 centimeter, Past niets meer, dat begrijpt eenieder</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast de groeistreepjes hangt een landkaartje van de Normandische kust. Op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte uit de voorpagina van <em>De Telegraaf</em> van <strong>8 juni 1944</strong> een landkaartje uit<em> </em>en hing het aan de muur. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Behoud van de plaatjeswanden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Halverwege de <strong>jaren vijftig</strong>, toen het ernaar uitzag dat het Achterhuis niet van de sloop gered kon worden, besloot Otto Frank om de groeistreepjes, het kaartje van Normandië en de plaatjes op de linkerwand van Annes kamer te redden. Hij sneed ze met behang en al uit de muur. Uiteindelijk bleef het Achterhuis toch behouden. De uitgesneden stukken behang werden weer teruggeplaatst, maar de wanden waren in erg slechte staat. In de loop der jaren hebben souvenirjagers stukjes behang en plaatjes meegenomen. De van de muur afgevallen plaatjes werden met plakband weer teruggeplaatst en door een lekkage zijn de wanden nog eens extra beschadigd. Op foto’s uit <strong>1954</strong> gemaakt door Maria Austria en op foto’s uit de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> zijn sommige verdwenen plaatjes nog te zien. Zoals de drie plaatjes in Peters kamer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan de hand van historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek werden <strong>begin 2000</strong> alle plaatjeswanden gerestaureerd en geconserveerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Besloten is toen om de plaatjes te behouden zoals ze in de loop der tijd geworden zijn, inclusief scheuren, ontbrekende stukjes, verkleuring en vochtplekken, die in de naoorlogse jaren zijn ontstaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8nkxn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Teresien da Silva, 'De geheimen van Annes kamer', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 4-13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2snut\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>I include a post-card from Amsterdam and shall continue to do that collecting picture-cards I have already about 800.'</em> Geciteerd in: Sudan Goldmann Rubin, <em>Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa</em>, New York, NY<em>: </em>Abrams, p. 10-11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5847t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 oktober 1942, 2e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"arem8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek naar de plaatjes in het Achterhuis viel onder het <em>project Conservering Kamer Anne Frank</em> (2002-2009).Het historisch onderzoek werd in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting uitgevoerd door Rian Verhoeven en het technisch onderzoek door Nico Lingbeek, papierrestaurator. Het historisch onderzoek is nadien voortgezet door Karolien Stocking Korzen, Gertjan Broek en Liselot van Heesch. Ook waren er mensen, die zichzelf herkenden op foto’s aan de muur tijdens hun bezoek aan het Achterhuis, zoals Marijke Otten, Marianne van der Heyden, Gräfin von Nayhauss-Cormons en Marianne Moussault.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Overige verhaaltjes, "Filmster-illusie", in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit landkaartje is inmiddels verdwenen. Op door Maria Austria gemaakte foto’s is te zien dat het over het plaatje van Sally Eilers zat vastgeprikt met punaises. Wanneer het plaatje verdwenen is, is onbekend, maar in ieder geval na april 1968<em>. </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De afbeeldingen van Hermes, Paracelsus en Leonardo da Vinci komen alle drie uit hetzelfde tijdschrift: <em>De Prins der geïllustreerde bladen</em>, 11 maart 1944, no. 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 28 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Aan een bijschrift in het fotoboek dat Anne heeft samengesteld, valt af te leiden dat de ansichtkaart van de Koninklijke familie daar in geplakt heeft gezeten voordat ze hem aan de muur hing.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, zondag 13 juni 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"description_en": "<p>Even before going into hiding, Anne began collecting film star pictures and postcards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To her American pen pal, Juanita Wagner, Anne wrote on <strong>29 April</strong><strong> 1939</strong> that her collection of '<em>picture-cards'</em> numbered around eight hundred.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This collection went with her from Merwedeplein to the Secret Annex. In her diary, Anne writes about it:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Our bedroom, with its blank walls, was very bare. Thanks to Father — who brought my entire postcard and movie-star collection here beforehand — and to a brush and a pot of glue, I was able to plaster the walls with pictures. It looks much more cheerful. (...).<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne spent a lot of time on her collection. She expanded it with new pictures taken from magazines, which she got from helpers. Such as <em>Libelle</em>, <em>Panorama</em> and <em>Cinema & Theatre</em>. She removed pictures from the wall, or hung them on top of each other with '<em>brush and a pot of glue</em><em>'</em> or with 'photo corners' to make them easier to change.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"5847t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also gave away a few movie star pictures to Peter, which he hung in his own room. Anne would have liked to have given him more, but he kindly declined this offer:<em> 'I'd rather keep the one I've got. I look at it every day, and the people in it have become my friends.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"arem8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Research on the walls in the Secret Annex yielded a total of seventy-seven picture descriptions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Forty pictures came from various magazines, of which twenty-nine were from <em>Libelle</em>. Many film stars came from <em>Libelle </em>in the years <strong>1939-1940</strong>. From <em>Libelle</em> in <strong>1941</strong> she cut out mainly children's pictures, drawings and two art history images. American film stars were in fewer and fewer of these pictures as the occupation progressed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>All the different pictures show Anne's interests. While in hiding, she became more interested in history and mythology. With Margot, she studied hard <em>'to keep from being ignorant</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The story <em>Film Star Illusion,</em> in which Anne describes a meeting with the Lane Sisters that ends with the words that she is '<em>cured of all celebrity illusions for good</em> '.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The picture research shows that Anne put her money where her mouth is. A picture of the Lane Sisters was hidden behind the picture of Michelangelo's sculpture, and a map of the French-German borderland was mounted with drawing pins on top of the photo of American actress Sally Eilers<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A number of children's pictures and drawings were also replaced with more adult images. For example, Anne pinned Hermes on top of a picture of a girl with a skipping rope, Paracelsus on a girl with a parasol and a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci on a girl doing laundry with her dolls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne did not entirely put aside her interest in film stars. In <strong>January 1944</strong>, she wrote that she still spent many Sundays sorting out and sorting through her large film star collection, '<em>which has grown to a very respectable size'.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> She did, however, have less and less time for it. In <strong>May</strong> <strong>1944</strong>, for instance, she wrote: <em>'my movie stars are in a terrible disarray and are dying to be straightened out'</em>, but as she is <em>'up to her ears in work, they'll have to put up with the chaos a while longer</em>'<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Besides magazine pictures and postcards of film stars and children, she also pinned cartoons, landscapes, animals and members of royal families to her wall. About the postcard of the royal family, which she first stuck in her photo album and later pinned to her wall with a drawing pin, she writes that Bep Voskuijl had had it printed especially for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Growth lines and map of Normandy</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the living room bedroom of the Frank family, pencil marks on the wallpaper had been used to keep track of Anne and Margot's growth. From this it can be deduced that in two years Anne had grown over thirteen centimetres and Margot one centimetre. On <strong>13 June 1943</strong>, Anne copied part of the birthday poem Otto had written for her. In it he poems:<em> 'Yes if one grows 10 centimetres, nothing fits any more, everyone understands that</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A map of the Normandy coast hung next to the growth lines. On <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the Allies landed at Normandy in France. Otto Frank cut a map from the front page of <em>De Telegraaf</em> of <strong>8 June 1944</strong>,<em> </em>and mounted it on the wall. He kept track of the Allies' progress using map pins.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Preservation of the walls decorated with pictures</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, when it looked like it would not be possible to save the Secret Annex from demolition, Otto Frank decided to save the growth marks, the map of Normandy and the pictures on the left wall of Anne's room. He cut them from the wall with wallpaper and all. In the end, the Secret Annex was preserved after all. The cut-out pieces of wallpaper were put back in place, but the rest of the walls were in very poor condition. Over the years, souvenir hunters had taken pieces of wallpaper and pictures. The pictures that had fallen off the wall had been put back in place with adhesive tape, and a leak further damaged the walls. Photographs taken in <strong>1954</strong> by Maria Austria and those from the <strong>1980s</strong> show some of the missing pictures. Like the three pictures in Peter's room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Based on historical and material-technical research, all the walls with pictures were restored and conserved in <strong>early 2000</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was then decided to make the pictures look not only as Anne had hung them, but also as they had become over time, including cracks, missing pieces, discolouration and moisture spots, which had developed in the post-war years.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fmu4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Teresien da Silva, 'The secrets of Anne's room', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2001, p. 4-13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcdgr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>I include a post-card from Amsterdam and shall continue to do that collecting picture-cards I have already about 800.'</em> Geciteerd in: Sudan Goldmann Rubin, <em>Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa</em>, New York, NY<em>: </em>Abrams, p. 10-11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmsrn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIart Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5847t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 October 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"arem8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk1ae\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het historisch en materieel-technisch onderzoek naar de plaatjes in het Achterhuis viel onder het <em>project Conservering Kamer Anne Frank</em> (2002-2009).Het historisch onderzoek werd in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting uitgevoerd door Rian Verhoeven en het technisch onderzoek door Nico Lingbeek, papierrestaurator. Het historisch onderzoek is nadien voortgezet door Karolien Stocking Korzen, Gertjan Broek en Liselot van Heesch. Ook waren er mensen, die zichzelf herkenden op foto’s aan de muur tijdens hun bezoek aan het Achterhuis, zoals Marijke Otten, Marianne van der Heyden, Gräfin von Nayhauss-Cormons en Marianne Moussault.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7vqiz\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boyg4\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "Delusions of Stardom", in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bzfw1\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit landkaartje is inmiddels verdwenen. Op door Maria Austria gemaakte foto’s is te zien dat het over het plaatje van Sally Eilers zat vastgeprikt met punaises. Wanneer het plaatje verdwenen is, is onbekend, maar in ieder geval na april 1968<em>. </em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8hqjg\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De afbeeldingen van Hermes, Paracelsus en Leonardo da Vinci komen alle drie uit hetzelfde tijdschrift: <em>De Prins der geïllustreerde bladen</em>, 11 maart 1944, no 6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vzwuu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tvkow\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kqelp\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It can be deduced from a caption in the photo album compiled by Anne that the postcard of the royal family was in her album before she put it up on the wall.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dycqd\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, Sunday 13 June 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"summary": "Like many other girls, Anne Frank brightened up her room with pictures. Immediately after the Frank family moved into the Secret Annex, Anne pasted all kinds of pictures and postcards on the walls of her room.",
"summary_nl": "Zoals vele andere meisjes vrolijkte ook Anne Frank haar kamer op met plaatjes. Direct nadat de familie Frank haar intrek nam in het Achterhuis, plakte Anne allerlei plaatjes en prentbriefkaarten op de muren van haar kamer.",
"summary_en": "Like many other girls, Anne Frank brightened up her room with pictures. Immediately after the Frank family moved into the Secret Annex, Anne pasted all kinds of pictures and postcards on the walls of her room.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 197,
"image": {
"id": 961,
"uuid": "db44a63d-4943-421a-a9a7-025e7c66544a",
"name": "Annes tafeltje",
"title": "Annes tafeltjes",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Annes-tafeltje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Anne zat graag aan het tafeltje in haar kamer te schrijven, te lezen en te leren. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7",
"name": "The writer Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "De schrijfster Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The writer Anne Frank",
"description": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De dagboeken van Anne Frank liggen ten grondslag aan alles wat bekend is geworden over Anne Frank en de onderduikgeschiedenis. Het zijn immers vrijwel alleen Annes geschriften die het verloop van de 25 maanden onderduik documenteren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het handgeschreven manuscript van de dagboeken van Anne Frank op basis waarvan Otto Frank de eerste editie van Het Achterhuis (<strong>1947</strong>) samenstelde, bestaat uit een rood geruit boekje, twee gekartonneerde schriften en ruim 200 vellen gekleurd doorslagpapier. Otto Frank heeft de handschriften van zijn dochter Anne uit de periode van de onderduik nagelaten aan de Staat der Nederlanden. Sinds juni 2009 bevinden deze zich bij de Anne Frank Stichting. Sinds de wetenschappelijke editie van de dagboeken (<strong>1986</strong>) is het gebruikelijk deze handschriften achtereenvolgens dagboek 1, 2 en 3 (of A-versie) en <em>de losse vellen </em>(of B-versie) te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagboek 1, 2 en 3 bevatten de oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen van Anne Frank. Op de losse vellen begint ze in het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> haar oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen te herschrijven en bewerken met de bedoeling een roman getiteld <em>Het Achterhuis</em> te schrijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Samen met het Verhaaltjesboek, het Mooie-zinnenboek en het Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (fotoalbum) vormen deze handschriften de nalatenschap van Anne Frank uit de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Voor de onderduik</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van voor de onderduikperiode zijn een aantal brieven van Anne bewaard gebleven die zij schreef aan haar vader en aan haar familie in Zwitserland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het handschrift van Anne is een aantal versjes bekend in de poëziealbums van vriendinnetjes.Er zijn versjes bekend van Anne in de albums van Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verder is overgeleverd uit deze periode het z.g. <em>Egypteboek</em>, een gekartonneerd schrift waarin Anne commentaar heeft (over)geschreven bij plaatjes geknipt uit een werkblad van <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> over de geschiedenis van Egypte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verondersteld wordt dat dit een werkstuk is gemaakt in de eerste klas van de middelbare school. Eenzelfde soort werkstuk werd gemaakt door een voormalig klasgenootje van Anne Frank op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, Klaartje Musikant in de eerste klas van de HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Klasgenoten op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool zeggen dat Anne toen al verhaaltjes schreef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als dit al zo is, dan is hier niets van overgeleverd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ernst Schnabel citeerde in zijn boek meneer Van Gelder, Annes leraar in de eerste tot en met de vierde klas van de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, dat Anne goede opstellen schreef en schrijfster wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg het bekende rood-geruite dagboekje voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Haar eerste echte dagboeknotitie op <strong>14 juni</strong> richt ze aan haar dagboek zelf: '<em>ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>Toen ze enkele weken later met haar ouders en zus Margot ging onderduiken, is het dagboek het eerste wat ze inpakte, schrijft ze later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdsverloop</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>woensdag 8 juli 1942</strong> schrijft Anne voor het eerst in onderduik in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze beschrijft de dag van de oproep van Margot en het gaan onderduiken. De tweede notitie is een reflectie op haar verjaardag precies een maand daarvoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Dit eerste dagboekje loopt tot <strong>5 december 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> '<em>Ik mag Bep misschien vragen of zij bij Perrij eens kan gaan kijken of die nog dagboeken verkopen, want anders moet ik gauw een schrift nemen, want mijn dagboek raakt vol, jammer! Ik kan het gelukkig nog wat strekken met de bladeren die ik er tussen heb geplakt'</em>, schrijft Anne op <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat Anne haar vroeg om een dagboek dat met een sleuteltje te sluiten was, maar dat het haar destijds niet lukte om zoiets te vinden<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 mei 1943</strong> en op <strong>22 januari 1944</strong> voegde Anne in retrospectief aantekeningen toe<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Ze schreef toen ook dat ze het inmiddels zonde van de opengelaten bladzijden vond<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe dan ook, het volgende dagboek of dagboeken ontbreken. Het tweede overgeleverde dagboek begint met de notitie van <strong>22 december 1943</strong> en loopt tot <strong>17 april 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Het derde dagboek sluit hierop aan en loopt van <strong>18 april 1943</strong> tot en met <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong> (drie dagen voor de arrestatie van de onderduikers en twee van hun helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Een heel jaar ‘dagboek’ ontbreekt dus.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf de eerste pagina richt Anne zich persoonlijk tot haar dagboek en maakt haar dagboek tot een vriendin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De dagboeknotitie van <strong>21 september 1942</strong> eindigt ze met: '<em>ik heb zo’n zin om met iemand te corresponderen, en dat zal ik dus in het vervolg maar met mijn dagboek doen. Ik schrijf dus nu in briefvorm wat feitelijk op hetzelfde neerkomt. Lieve Jettje (zal ik maar zeggen,) mijn lieve vriendin, ik zal je in het vervolg en ook nu nog veel te vertellen hebben</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Die avond schrijft Anne ook nog een paar regeltjes aan Emmy en vraagt haar of ze Joop ter Heul heeft gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf dat moment richt Anne haar dagboeknotities om beurten overwegend aan verschillende denkbeeldige vriendinnen: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje die ze gedeeltelijk ontleende aan de karakters uit de Joop ter Heul reeks van Cissy van Marxveldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Ze schrijft: '<em>deze manier om in mijn dagboek te schrijven vind ik veel fijner</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks schreef Joop brieven aan haar vriendin Netty, maar omdat ze van haar vader vanwege haar schoolprestaties maar een keer per maand (op zondag) mocht schrijven, ging ze (stiekem) in oude schriften van haar zus een dagboek bijhouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had met zeven vriendinnen (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty en Conny) een club waarvan de naam gevormd werd door de beginletters van hun namen: de <em>Jopopinoloukicoclub</em>. Anne Frank had met Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse en Hanneli ook een club: <em>de Kleine Beer minus-2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was dol op de boeken van Cissy van Marxveldt en had zeker al voor de onderduik een deel uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Volgens Jacqueline van Maarsen lazen Anne en zij het tweede deel. Dat zou betekenen dat zij hier het eerste deel uit had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> van Cissy van Marxveldt las ze maar liefst vier keer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Tijdens de onderduik nam Johannes Kleiman de boeken van zijn dochter voor haar mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>21 september 1942</strong>, de dag dat ze in haar dagboek begint met de briefvorm, heeft ze net of bijna Joop ter Heul uit en moet ze wachten tot meneer Kleiman de komende zaterdag de laatste twee delen voor haar meeneemt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Twee dagen daarna, op <strong>26 september</strong> heeft ze die allebei (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> en <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>) uit. Ze vindt het laatste deel het leukst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde periode schrijft Anne in haar dagboek een brief aan Jacqueline van Maarsen en beantwoordt een denkbeeldige brief van Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne schrijft haar dagboekbrieven aan Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje. Ze schrijft hen over zichzelf en over de gebeurtenissen in het Achterhuis. Tegelijkertijd reageert ze op gebeurtenissen en personen die voorkomen in de boeken van Joop ter Heul. Zo vraagt Anne Noortje te logeren en regelt dat met de moeder van Noortje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had het over de afstand die er tussen haar en haar moeder altijd geweest is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Zowel Anne als Joop hadden een moeder waar ze geen dingen mee kunnen bespreken. De laatste dagboeknotitie uit het eerste rood-geruite dagboekje is gericht aan Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Al vanaf het begin heeft Anne duidelijk gemaakt dat ze het liefst aan Kitty schrijft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> De echte Kitty uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks heet Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In dagboek A2 en A3 richt Anne zich alleen nog tot lieve Kitty. Omdat in de A-versie <strong>1943</strong> bijna geheel ontbreekt, weten we niet wanneer Anne hiertoe is overgegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de eerste dagboekbrief van de B-versie legt Anne uit dat het dagboekidee is ontstaan omdat ze geen vriendin heeft, dat het dagboek zelf de vriendin zal zijn en dat die vriendin Kitty heet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Alle dagboekbrieven van de B-versie beginnen met lieve Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospectief</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar aanleiding van de oproep van minister van onderwijs Bolkestein op radio Oranje op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong> begint Anne <strong>eind mei 1944</strong> haar originele dagboek te herschrijven op losse (lichtgele, lichtblauwe, roze en grauwe) velletjes doorslagpapier, meestal de <em>losse vellen</em> genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat zij Anne had voorzien van dit doorslagpapier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Lieve Kitty, Gisterenavond sprak minister Bolkesteyn aan de Oranjezender erover dat er na de oorlog een inzameling van dagboeken en brieven van deze oorlog zou worden gehouden. Natuurlijk stormden ze allemaal direct op mijn dagboek af. Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken dat het een detective-roman was.'</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>En op zaterdag <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft Anne Frank: '<em><em>Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n Achterhuis begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zover af als het kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het wel ooit afkomt.'</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>losse vellen</em> beslaan de periode van <strong>20 juni 1942</strong> tot en met <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>. Anne heeft dus in ruim twee maanden haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken bewerkt tot versie-B. Het is belangrijk om hierbij te beseffen dat, hoewel Anne haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken als basis gebruikte, de B-versie in retrospectief geschreven is. Ze beschrijft gebeurtenissen uit <strong>1942</strong> en <strong>1943</strong> in het <strong>voorjaar en de zomer van 1944</strong>. Zo schrijft ze in A-versie over haar dagboek: '<em>Ik ben o zo blij dat ik je meegenomen heb</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In de B-versie benadrukt ze het belang van haar dagboek door te schrijven dat ze het als eerste inpakte op de avond voordat ze gingen onderduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vulpen waarmee Anne schreef, een cadeau van oma Höllander voor haar negende verjaardag, verdween per ongeluk samen met de aardappelschillen in de kachel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt herhaaldelijk hoe belangrijk schrijven voor haar is. Zo dankt ze God dat hij haar daarmee de mogelijkheid heeft gegeven om zich uit te drukken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Ze schrijft dat ze journaliste wil worden en: ‘<em>niemand die niet schrijft weet hoe fijn schrijven is; vroeger betreurde ik het altijd dat ik in ’t geheel niet tekenen kon, maar nu ben ik overgelukkig dat ik tenminste schrijven kan</em>.’</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> begon Anne met het schrijven van verhaaltjes. De verhaaltjes zijn opgetekend in het dagboek, op de losse vellen en in een gekartonneerd schrift.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Ze wilde proberen onder pseudoniem een van haar sprookjes in het blad <em>de Prins</em> geplaatst te krijgen, maar dacht dat dat niet zou lukken omdat haar sprookjes te lang zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde hierover na de oorlog dat Anne aan Kleiman vroeg om onder de naam van zijn dochter het verhaaltje <em>Blurry</em> op te sturen. Kleiman vond dit te gevaarlijk. In het verhaaltje <em>Het beste tafeltje</em> lezen we dat Anne dagelijks van half drie tot vier uur kon beschikken over het tafeltje in de kamer die ze met Fritz Pfeffer deelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> Met veel moeite bevocht ze twee keer in de week een extra anderhalf uur.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde tijd dat Anne met haar verhaaltjes begon kreeg ze voor haar veertiende verjaardag het boekje <em>Literatuur- en Stijlstudie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Het was een bloemlezing uit literair proza en verzen waarbij stijlfiguren en karakteristieken van de verschillende schrijvers werden toegelicht.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Versjes in poëziealbums, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Het Egypteboek, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, 1e, 2e en 3e; 22 januari 1944, 1e, 2e en 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944, 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Ik hoop aan jou alles te kunnen toevertrouwen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 1e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 2e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 1e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, 1e en 2e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode aan mijn vulpen, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis beschreven door Anne Frank. Ingewijd donderdag 2 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Het beste tafeltje", 13 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous. In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
"summary_nl": "Behalve de dagboeken behoren ook het Verhaaltjesboek en het Mooie-zinnenboek tot de nalatenschap van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124643,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 192,
"image": {
"id": 960,
"uuid": "2329e575-c78d-4159-a479-53bc76b76293",
"name": "Bonnenboekje",
"title": "Bonnenboekje",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bonnenboekje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting waren allerlei goederen 'op de bon', zodat iedereen een deel van de schaarse producten kon kopen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c",
"name": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De voedselvoorziening van het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het voedselthema is nauw verwant aan de onderwerpen Distributie en Bevoorrading in het algemeen. Wat er gegeten werd, en hoeveel, hing daar tenslotte mede van af. Gebrek werd er in eerste instantie in het Achterhuis niet geleden. Via reguliere en clandestiene distributiekanalen was er voldoende voedsel voorhanden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>8 augustus 1943</strong> kwam er in een groot aantal plaatsen, waaronder Amsterdam, een ‘klantenbinding’ voor groente en fruit tot stand. Dit wil zeggen dat ieder huishouden zich per periode van vier weken aan een vaste groentehandelaar diende te verbinden. Deze verstrekte een ‘gezinskaart’ op naam en moest zorgen voor inname van bonnen en een redelijke verdeling van zijn aanbod, afhankelijk van het aantal gezinsleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hoe de helpers deze complicatie in de praktijk oplosten is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Groente en aardappelen komen van groenteboer Van Hoeve op de Leliegracht; voor brood was een regeling getroffen met bakker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vlees kwam van een bij Hermann van Pels bekende slager in de omgeving, waarschijnlijk - op grond van het hieronder genoemd menukaartje met “Roastbeaf SCHOLTE” - het filiaal van Piet Scholte op de Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Met het verstrijken van de tijd ontstonden moeilijkheden, die verschillende oorzaken hadden. Victor Kugler schreef jaren later in zijn herinneringen dat gaandeweg de problemen groeiden; vooral levensmiddelen werden schaars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Versobering van de maaltijden en rantsoenen gaven herhaaldelijk aanleiding tot ruzies. Aan de hand van Annes notities en verschillende externe bronnen zijn diverse aspecten van het vraagstuk goed te beschrijven en ook te verklaren.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het eetpatroon en de verschuivingen daarin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij aanvang van de onderduikperiode was er een flinke voorraad levensmiddelen aangelegd, waaronder honderdvijftig conservenblikken met groente. Door de zakelijke contacten waren melkpoeder, tarwezetmeel en suiker steeds in ruime hoeveelheden voorhanden, waarmee volgens Kugler voedzame pudding kon worden gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>nazomer en de herfst van 1942</strong> schrijft Anne dat zijzelf en Hermann van Pels flink aten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Tegelijkertijd daalde het vetrantsoen in de <strong>tweede helft van 1942</strong> gestaag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 oktober</strong> van dat jaar is te lezen welke spanningen het wel of niet op brood smeren van boter in het Achterhuis tot gevolg had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In die periode kwam het officiële boter/vetrantsoen neer op 62½ gram per persoon per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne meldt in november de levering van 135 kilo peulvruchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1943</strong> schrijft ze dat haar moeder bewerkstelligde dat de kinderen extra boter kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Het was echter de distributie die bepaalde dat de jeugd tussen 4 en 21 jaar een hoger vetrantsoen kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op dezelfde dag schrijft ze dat ze genoeg kreeg van de witte en bruine bonen, en dat de 'avond-broodverstrekking' was ingetrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De overvloed aan bonen is te verklaren uit de eerder genoemde 135 kilo. Waarom de broodconsumptie, gezien de soepele regeling met Siemons, werd verminderd is onduidelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het werd vooral in de <strong>eerste maanden van 1944</strong> zichtbaar dat externe factoren veel bepaalden. De arrestatie van bonnenleveranciers Brouwer en Daatzelaar in maart bracht de aanvoer van onder meer aardappelen en boter in gevaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gebakken aardappelen als ontbijt werden dan ook vervangen door pap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Het bleek mogelijk extra volle melk te kopen, wat op aandringen van mevrouw Van Pels ook gebeurde. Volle melk was officieel voorbehouden aan kinderen onder de veertien, dus die aanschaf was clandestien. De zwarte melkprijzen bedroegen <strong>begin 1944</strong> zo’n 40 à 50 cent per liter in Amsterdam-Noord en tot 1,30 à 1,50 gulden per liter in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> De onderduikers konden dus voor extra melk betrekkelijk hoge kosten maken. Dit duidt erop dat tekorten in het Achterhuis meer waren te wijten aan schaarste en verdelingsproblemen dan aan geldgebrek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beklaagt zich op <strong>8 mei 1944 </strong>over het feit dat ze steeds '<em>sla, stoofsla, spinazie, spinazie en nog eens spinazie</em>' aten. In deze periode leidde gebrek aan meststoffen tot teeltbeperkingen. Vooral de zogenaamde 'massaproducten' waren toen ruim verkrijgbaar, een categorie waartoe ook de gewraakte bladgroenten behoorden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De problemen groeiden wel na de arrestatie van groenteboer Van Hoeve <strong>eind mei 1944</strong>. Het toenemende tekort aan aardappelen en groente leidde tot het geleidelijk afschaffen van het ontbijt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensatie door het vervroegen van de lunch kon niet verhullen dat de schaarste toenam.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extra’s</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was ruimte om af en toe iets extra’s te doen. In de eerste dagen kregen de Franks, toen nog alleen in het Achterhuis, van de helpers rabarber, aardbeien en kersen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de huwelijksdag van Jan en Miep was er op <strong>18 juli 1942</strong>, vlak na de aankomst van de familie Van Pels, een diner in het Achterhuis. Hiervan is een getypt menukaartje bewaard gebleven, en op tafel kwamen bouillon, roast beef, diverse salades en per persoon één ‘pomme de terre’. Verder jus, ‘zeer miniem te gebruiken’ vanwege het boterrantsoen, riz à la Trautmannsdorf (‘surrogaat’) en koffie met suiker en room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon- en juspoeders behoorden tot het kernassortiment van Gies & Co. Gezien de heersende schaarste en daardoor erg hoge prijzen zal de koffie ook wel ‘surrogaat’ zijn geweest. Toen Jan en Miep in oktober kwamen logeren, stonden er volgens Anne soep, gehaktballetjes, aardappels, worteltjes en koffie met kruidkoek en Maria’s op tafel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door het verhaaltje <em>Worstdag</em> en uit de B-versie is de door Anne in <strong>december ‘42</strong> gesitueerde episode bekend waarin Van Pels een grote hoeveelheid vlees had kunnen bemachtigen en daar worst van maakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Via de voedseldistributie profiteerden de onderduikers soms van incidentele meevallers, zoals bij de verstrekking van extra snoep, olie en stroop met Kerstmis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Daar staat tegenover dat ze het ook merkten toen er, als sanctie voor de stakingen van <strong>1943</strong> een boterbon werd ingehouden. Uit dezelfde notitie komt de opsomming van levensmiddelen die Pfeffer bij zijn verjaardag in <strong>1943</strong> kennelijk van Charlotte Kaletta toegestuurd kreeg: eieren, boter, koekjes, limonade, brood, cognac, sinaasappelen, kruidkoek en chocolade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’43</strong> wisten de helpers aan ‘vooroorlogse’ boterkoekjes voor de onderduikers te komen, en bij Ediths verjaardag enkele weken later aan een dito mokkataart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Bij Otto Franks 55e verjaardag was er bier en via Siemons waren er zelfs vijftig ‘vooroorlogse’ petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In het geval van de koek en taart betekende dit dat de betreffende bakkers via de helpers vooraf van benodigde ingrediënten als boter, suiker en eieren moeten zijn voorzien. Omdat bakkers hiermee karig werden bevoorraad, was dit destijds een gebruikelijke methode om aan behoorlijk - ‘vooroorlogs’ - gebak te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juli ’44</strong> leverde mevrouw Van Hoeve – haar man zat toen gevangen vanwege het verbergen van het Joodse echtpaar Weisz – negen kilo doperwten. Hiervan werden ook de peulen gegeten. Op dezelfde dag noteert Anne de aanvoer van een grote partij aardbeien, door Broks rechtstreeks van de Beverwijkse veiling gehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Gezien de hoeveelheden moet ook hier sprake zijn geweest van niet-reguliere transacties. Op clandestiene handel in aardbeien werd ook in Amsterdam rond deze tijd scherp toegezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ten slotte was er nog Peters kat Mouschi. Na veel overleg en onduidelijkheid besloot de overheid dat alleen voor economisch nuttige katten, zoals pakhuiskatten, voedsel beschikbaar kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Dat betekende dat Mouschi’s voer, in tegenstelling tot dat van pakhuiskat Moffie, langs andere kanalen moest komen, of dat hij at wat de onderduikers aten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit dit overzicht blijkt dat externe factoren een grotere rol spelen bij de verschraling van de voedselpositie in het Achterhuis dan interne. De afname van variatie en hoeveelheden hield gelijke tred met het wegvallen van leveranciers van bonnen en levensmiddelen. Financiële zorgen hebben zich ongetwijfeld doen gelden, maar herhaaldelijk blijkt toch dat incidentele mogelijkheden om extra’s aan te schaffen lang zijn blijven bestaan. Geldgebrek lijkt daarom geen doorslaggevende factor te zijn geweest in de achteruitgang van de voedselpositie.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september en 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Worstdag”, 10 december 1942; Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 december 1943 en 19 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 en 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"summary_nl": "De dagboeken van Anne Frank geven veel informatie over wat er in het Achterhuis zoal op tafel kwam. Wat er op tafel stond was sterk afhankelijk van het aanbod en de mogelijkheden om distributiebeperkingen en andere problemen te omzeilen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
}
]
}
