Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork
Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.
When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.[1]
First, a list of entry was made (Eingangsliste), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration (Zentralkartei) and they were given a Lagerpass (camp pass).[2] The Zentralkartei was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The Zentralkartei was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.[3]
Camp pass
All prisoners received a Lagerpas and were allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.[4] In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.
Antragstelle
An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the Antragstelle, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a Sperre (postponement) in such cases.[5] With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a Sperre were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the Zentralkartei and the Antragstelle have not been preserved.[6] But they may certainly have tried.
Medical examination
The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.[7] The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.[8] Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.[9] Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.[10]
Footnotes
- ^ Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).
- ^ Raymund Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.
- ^ Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de Zentralkartei zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.
- ^ NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.
- ^ Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p. 20.
- ^ Frank van Riet, De bewakers van Westerbork, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.
- ^ NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).
- ^ Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp, Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945, p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.
- ^ Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, Westerbork, p. 8.
- ^ Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.