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{
"id": 2493,
"image": {
"id": 1131,
"uuid": "5621f560-49eb-429a-81a3-a30af310e96e",
"name": "Rachel van Amerongen",
"title": "Rachel Frankfoorder, aan het begin van de oorlog",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Afkomstig uit privécollectie",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Rachel_van_Amerongen002.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3684c3f2-ba86-43cb-a9ed-73e6ec6c6189?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c8d25c6e-d1f9-4415-b091-e45ab3f20672?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9",
"first_name": "Rachel",
"last_name": "Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"infix": "van",
"title": "Rachel van Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"title_nl": "Rachel van Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"title_en": "Rachel van Amerongen - Frankfoorder",
"content": "<p>In Westerbork, the eight people from the Secret Annex met a lot of people, some of whom they already knew. After the war, those still alive gave testimony of the meetings with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of those people was thirty-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel and her husband Charles Lu A Si (1911-1942) were quick to join the resistance after the outbreak of war. Her husband was arrested as a communist on 25 June 1941 and, after being sent to various concentration camps, died on 15 November 1942 in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Rachel was arrested on a train in the summer of 1944 in possession of false papers and was sent to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She remembered meeting the Frank family in the punishment barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Westerbork</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder worked in Westerbork providing ‘support services’, which involved scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and, when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was a coveted job, and she remembered that Otto Frank asked her to arrange a place for Anne with the cleaning team:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank brought Anne to me and asked if I could help Anne. Anne was very nice and she also asked me if she could help. She said: ‘I can do anything, I'm very handy.’ She was most charming, a little older than in the photo we all know her from, cheerful and eager. Unfortunately, I had no say in the matter and sent her to the barrack's supervisor. It was the best that I could do."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually got work in the batteriies department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bergen Belsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like the Frank family, Rachel was transported to Auschwitz and from there was eventually selected, just like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, for transport to Bergen-Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder was given the number 7356 in Bergen-Belsen and ended up in the same barrack as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She remembered the moment that she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen, this time without their father and mother:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Their parents weren't there. You don't ask, because you already know… given your own experience with parents, brothers, etc, yes, you make an assumption, that's all. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, they were much balder than we were, I don't know why. And they were cold, like we all were. It was winter and you didn't have clothes. So all the factors for sickness were present. They were in a particularly bad state."<sup data-footnote-id=\"rok53\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder remained in Bergen-Belsen, not far from Anne and Margot, and watched the sisters become sicker and sicker: ‘You could see they were both dying.’ She remembered how the two girls progressively showed the typical symptoms of typhus. They displayed ‘a sort of apathy, mixed with rallies, until they became so sick that there was no more hope’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Shortly after, she noticed that she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and she assumed that they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Raguhn</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945 </strong>Rachel Frankfoorder, just like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp. The women there were forced to do hard labour. On <strong>9 April 1945,</strong> owing to the approaching American troops, the women in Raguhn were once again transported, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder told the Dutch Red Cross <strong>on 28 September 1945</strong>: <em>‘During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, the Germans threw under the train and killed: Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><em> </em>However, no other witnesses were found to corroborate Rachel Frankfoorder's version of events, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster firmly deny that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 April 1945 </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. It was there that they were freed by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After the liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Rachel Frankfoorder married Eddy van Amerongen (1912-1992) on <strong>5 September 1945</strong> and emigrated to Israel in <strong>1950</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php\">https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php</a> geraadpleegd op 26 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Archiefkaart Rachel Frankfoorder, Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archiefkaarten, Archiefnummer 30238 Gemeente Amsterdam, Inventarisnummer 247 Periode 1939-1960.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a> geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em><em> </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rok53\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em><em>,</em><em> </em>270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verklaring Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), februari 1961, dossier nr. 103586, Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em> 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De acht onderduikers ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of Fritz. Eén van hen was de destijds dertig jaar oude Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder werd op <strong>23 januari 1914</strong> geboren in het Nederlands-Israëlitisch Ziekenhuis aan de Nieuwe-Keizersgracht in Amsterdam. In haar jeugd woonde ze samen met haar ouders en twee broers in Amsterdam Noord op de Nachtegaalstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"98yy2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Van <strong>1928 tot 1941</strong> werkte ze in de Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ydiwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>28 oktober 1936</strong> trouwde ze met Charles Désiré Lu-A-Si (1911-1942) waarmee ze op <strong>6 februari 1937</strong> een zoon kreeg genaamd Désiré Charles Lu-A-Si.<sup data-footnote-id=\"34t51\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Verzet</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Al snel na het uitbreken van de oorlog ging Rachel net als haar man in het verzet en bracht ze bonkaarten rond naar onderduikers. Haar man werd als communist in <strong>25 juni 1941</strong> opgepakt en kwam na verschillende concentratiekampen op <strong>15 november 1942</strong> om het leven in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqbcu\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Rachel zelf werd in de <strong>zomer van 1944</strong> in de trein opgepakt met een vals persoonsbewijs en kwam in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich dat ze in de strafbarak van het kamp ook de familie Frank ontmoette.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Westerbork</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork werkte Rachel Frankfoorder bij de ‘binnendienst’ waarbij ze moest schrobben, de wc’s moest schoonmaken en wanneer er een transport aankwam deelde ze klompen en overalls uit aan nieuwaangekomen gevangenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het was een gewild baantje en ze herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank haar vroeg om voor Anne een plekje bij de schoonmaak te regelen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Otto Frank kwam met Anne naar mij toe en vroeg of Anne mij mocht helpen. Anne was heel aardig en vroeg mij ook of ze mocht helpen. Ze zei: ‘Ik kan van alles, ik ben toch zó handig.’ Ze was werkelijk allerliefst, een beetje ouder dan op de foto die wij van haar kennen, vrolijk en opgewekt. Ik had daar helaas geen zeggenschap in en stuurde haar naar de barakleiding. Meer aandacht kon ik daar natuurlijk niet aan besteden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bleef uiteindelijk in de batterijenafdeling werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bergen Belsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel ging net als de familie Frank op transport naar Auschwitz. Daar kreeg ze het nummer 88410.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mnvur\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Uiteindelijk werd Rachel net als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen-Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder kreeg in Bergen Belsen nummer 7356 en kwam in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich het moment dat ze Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen weer terugzag, ditmaal zonder hun vader en moeder:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Hun ouders waren er niet. Daar vroeg je niet naar, omdat je eigenlijk wist… gezien je eigen ervaring met ouders, broers enzovoorts, ja, je hebt een vermoeden, meer niet. De meisjes Frank waren bijna onherkenbaar doordat hun haar was afgeknipt, ze waren veel kaler dan wij, hoe dat kan weet ik niet. En ze hadden het koud, net als wij allemaal. Het was winter en je had geen kleding. Dus alle factoren voor ziekte waren aanwezig. Zij speciaal waren er erg aan toe.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"rok53\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder bleef in Bergen Belsen in de buurt van Anne en Margot en zag hoe de zusjes steeds zieker werden: ‘<em>Je zag ze werkelijk doodgaan, beiden</em>.’ Ze herinnerde zich hoe ze de typische verschijnselen van tyfus steeds duidelijker bij de twee meisjes zag vorderen. Zij vertoonden ‘<em>een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Korte tijd later merkte ze dat ze Anne en Margot niet meer zag en ze nam aan dat ze waren omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Raguhn</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945 </strong>werd Rachel Frankfoorder net als Auguste van Pels op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn. Daar moesten de vrouwen dwangarbeid verrichten. Vanwege de naderende Amerikaanse troepen moesten de vrouwen uit Raguhn op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> opnieuw op transport, dit keer richting Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder verklaarde voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis op<strong> 28 september 1945</strong>: <em>‘Tijdens de reis van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup><em> </em>Er zijn echter geen andere getuigen die de lezing van Rachel Frankfoorder bevestigen, en Annelore Daniel en Bertha Kaas-Hekster spreken expliciet tegen dat Auguste van Pels door Duitse soldaten onder een rijdende trein zou zijn gegooid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>16 april 1945 </strong>kwamen de overlevenden van het transport in Theresienstadt aan. Daar werden zij op <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> door het Sovjetleger bevrijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Na de bevrijding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog trouwde Rachel Frankfoorder op <strong>5 september 1945</strong> met Eddy van Amerongen (1912-1992), waarna ze in <strong>1948</strong> samen een dochter kregen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zowel haar ouders als haar broers en hun vrouwen waren omgekomen in de kampen. Haar zoon had de oorlog overleefd doordat hij zat ondergedoken bij een vrouw in Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpwl5\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In <strong>1950 </strong>emigreerde het gezin naar Israël.<sup data-footnote-id=\"34t51\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php\">https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php</a> (geraadpleegd 26 juli 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"98yy2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 103-104.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ydiwq\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"34t51\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Rachel Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqbcu\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/charles-desire-lu-a-si-1911-1942-srananman-als-verzetsstrijder-en-medeorganisator-februaristaking-1941/\" target=\"_blank\">https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/charles-desire-lu-a-si-1911-1942-srananman-als-verzetsstrijder-en-medeorganisator-februaristaking-1941/</a> (geraadpleegd 8 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a> (geraadpleegd 25 juli 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, </em>p. 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnvur\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 109.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rok53\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em><em>,</em><em> </em>p. 270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Dossier nr. 103586, Auguste van Pels Röttgen, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, februari 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em> p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpwl5\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Interview Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, 12 oktober 2006.<strong> </strong></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In Westerbork, the eight people from the Secret Annex met a lot of people, some of whom they already knew. After the war, those still alive gave testimony of the meetings with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of those people was thirty-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).<sup data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel and her husband Charles Lu A Si (1911-1942) were quick to join the resistance after the outbreak of war. Her husband was arrested as a communist on 25 June 1941 and, after being sent to various concentration camps, died on 15 November 1942 in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Rachel was arrested on a train in the summer of 1944 in possession of false papers and was sent to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> She remembered meeting the Frank family in the punishment barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Westerbork</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder worked in Westerbork providing ‘support services’, which involved scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and, when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It was a coveted job, and she remembered that Otto Frank asked her to arrange a place for Anne with the cleaning team:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank brought Anne to me and asked if I could help Anne. Anne was very nice and she also asked me if she could help. She said: ‘I can do anything, I'm very handy.’ She was most charming, a little older than in the photo we all know her from, cheerful and eager. Unfortunately, I had no say in the matter and sent her to the barrack's supervisor. It was the best that I could do."<sup data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually got work in the batteriies department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bergen Belsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like the Frank family, Rachel was transported to Auschwitz and from there was eventually selected, just like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, for transport to Bergen-Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder was given the number 7356 in Bergen-Belsen and ended up in the same barrack as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She remembered the moment that she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen, this time without their father and mother:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Their parents weren't there. You don't ask, because you already know… given your own experience with parents, brothers, etc, yes, you make an assumption, that's all. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, they were much balder than we were, I don't know why. And they were cold, like we all were. It was winter and you didn't have clothes. So all the factors for sickness were present. They were in a particularly bad state."<sup data-footnote-id=\"rok53\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder remained in Bergen-Belsen, not far from Anne and Margot, and watched the sisters become sicker and sicker: ‘You could see they were both dying.’ She remembered how the two girls progressively showed the typical symptoms of typhus. They displayed ‘a sort of apathy, mixed with rallies, until they became so sick that there was no more hope’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Shortly after, she noticed that she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and she assumed that they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Raguhn</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945 </strong>Rachel Frankfoorder, just like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp. The women there were forced to do hard labour. On <strong>9 April 1945,</strong> owing to the approaching American troops, the women in Raguhn were once again transported, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder told the Dutch Red Cross <strong>on 28 September 1945</strong>: <em>‘During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, the Germans threw under the train and killed: Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup><em> </em>However, no other witnesses were found to corroborate Rachel Frankfoorder's version of events, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster firmly deny that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>16 April 1945 </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. It was there that they were freed by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>After the liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Rachel Frankfoorder married Eddy van Amerongen (1912-1992) on <strong>5 September 1945</strong> and emigrated to Israel in <strong>1950</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9c6vl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php\">https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-familie-van-der-hoek/I131089.php</a> geraadpleegd op 26 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9saw8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Archiefkaart Rachel Frankfoorder, Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archiefkaarten, Archiefnummer 30238 Gemeente Amsterdam, Inventarisnummer 247 Periode 1939-1960.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapzi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a> geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wa4bh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em><em> </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v6fy6\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amrtb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rok53\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0zb\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, 118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dmtg8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em><em>,</em><em> </em>270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o5kun\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verklaring Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), februari 1961, dossier nr. 103586, Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh80n\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lxw5f\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em> 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1914-01-23",
"death_date": "2012-04-20",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "Israël",
"summary": "Rachel Frankfoorder met the eight people from the Secret Annex in Camp Westerbork. For months, Frankfoorder stayed not far from Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels in the various concentration camps. After the war she recounted her meetings with them.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers Rachel Frankfoorder. Zij verbleef in de verschillende concentratiekampen maanden lang in de buurt van Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.",
"summary_en": "Rachel Frankfoorder met the eight people from the Secret Annex in Camp Westerbork. For months, Frankfoorder stayed not far from Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels in the various concentration camps. After the war she recounted her meetings with them.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Rachel-van-Amerongen-Frankfoorder"
],
"files": []
}
