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{
"id": 190,
"image": {
"id": 1001,
"uuid": "4446e5f9-8302-47ee-ad19-a0b4ce05ce93",
"name": "Bonnen",
"title": "Distributiebonnen",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bonnen.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting waren allerlei goederen 'op de bon', zodat iedereen een deel van de schaarse producten kon kopen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/1234ea3f-6212-4be9-b590-e4feeb3dbefc/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "1234ea3f-6212-4be9-b590-e4feeb3dbefc",
"name": "Distribution: food rationing",
"name_nl": "Distributie: levensmiddelen op de bon",
"name_en": "Distribution: food rationing",
"description": "<p>During World War I, food shortages also developed in the neutral Netherlands. When the threat of war increased during the <strong>1930s</strong>, the government wanted to guarantee a good food supply through rationing. Rationing was differentiated by age group, with the importance of growing children being especially prioritised. Implementation was done by the municipalities. Allocation took place via the rationing master card (DSK) issued to residents by the municipality. Those in possession of this card were given the opportunity to buy certain goods by means of ration stamps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 October 1939</strong>, sugar went on sale on a trial basis; peas followed on <strong>5 November</strong>. There was no shortage at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The number of products rationed and the size of the quota changed regularly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a large population of people in hiding during the occupation. Apart from Jews, these were mainly forced labourers who did not return after leave and soldiers who wanted to avoid becoming prisoners of war. In most cases, others were able to collect stamps in their locality without any problems. However, if they were deregistered from the Population Register, their rationing card was put on a 'block list', and the official had to confiscate the master card.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was deleted from the Population Register <strong>at the end of 1942</strong>, so their cards were put on the block list. In the case of the Frank and Fritz Pfeffer family, for unknown reasons, this did not happen until <strong>late 19</strong><strong>44</strong>. Presumably, therefore, unlike the Van Pelses, they kept their rationing documents. Anne writes in her diary on <strong>14 March 1944</strong> that the people in hiding had five rationing cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 December 1943</strong>, Anne writes that they all received extra oil, sweets and a jar of syrup "from rationing".<sup data-footnote-id=\"66bws\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Indeed, at <strong>Christmas 1943</strong>, a pound of syrup, some sugar and a quantity of extra oil became available to everyone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This meant that the people in the Secret Annex, or at least some of them, were still using the regular rationing system.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast, Anne writes on <strong>5 November 1942</strong> about the switch from 'city' cards to 'countryside' cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This organisational separation had been in place since <strong>5 September 1942</strong>. The 'countryside' cards had the disadvantage that they were not valid for butter, potatoes and milk in urban areas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> According to Anne, however, they were a lot cheaper. Moreover, they could sell the bread stamps, as baker Siemons provided 'stamp-free' bread in exchange for lactose. The fact that these stamps were bought shows that the people in hiding and the helpers were also involved in unofficial distribution. Ration stamps were also available through the representatives of Gies & Co. Martinus Brouwer and Hendrikus Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"837ci\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> So they got their food partly through regular and partly through clandestinely obtained rationing coupons. The oranges that Charlotte Kaletta sent to Pfeffer were obtained outside the rationing regulations, since these fruits were always reserved for the age group up to 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944,</strong> Rauter tried to exclude the tens of thousands of people in hiding from food supplies through a new administrative system. The Second Rationing Master Card (TD) had to be issued according to carefully designed regulations. Every adult had to collect the card in person, bring and sign the summons card, and hand in the old card. A corner of this old card was cut off and stuck on the new one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam, the civil service, working together, managed to virtually nullify the intended effect. It managed to arrange that in the <em>Beurs</em> (the Stock Exchange) - where the paper work was issued - a hall manager and several under managers were put in place who were 'good'. Officials of the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages issued thousands of registration cards for Jews who had already been deported but were still registered as residents. These were passed on to people in hiding via the <em>Beurs</em>. The corners to be cut off came from the cards of deceased people or were simply forged. An estimated 20,000 cards thus became available for the benefit of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A study published in 1995 showed that the official sabotage had been completely successful:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In retrospect, it has become clear that Rauter's plan to bring the people in hiding to the surface by introducing the Second Rationing Master Card did indeed fail. Incidentally, the master card could not be put into use until 11 June 1944. By then, Rauter himself knew from the numbers of cards and control stamps issued that the people in hiding had been provided for. His investigation into its causes was not completed due to wartime developments.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank's personal card was number TD174/873029z, which indicated the Second Rationing Master Card. He also used this legally after returning from Auschwitz. Anne had the number TD174/163173 and Margot only TD174. Edith had no rationing papers registered at all, but her card was a post-war '2nd copy.' The original card was lost, possibly due to acts of resistance. Pfeffer had TD174-500778ing. The Van Pels family only had the old DSKs, with the addition 'under investigation.' This meant that officials took advantage of the fact that these five (including probably Edith) were still on the Population Register. Whether those cards actually ended up with them is not certain, but given Jan Gies' illegal contacts it's very possible.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From a public health point of view, the food situation remained adequate until <strong>October 1944</strong>. For the people in the Secret Annex, however, it was regularly problematic, as they had eight mouths to feed with five cards. Due to the effects of the railway strike, the situation deteriorated rapidly, especially in the cities in the west. The eight people in hiding had been arrested by then.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even after liberation, trade in various foodstuffs remained restricted for some time. Coffee was the last product freely available again from <strong>14 January 1952</strong>, bringing an end to food rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Distributiekantoor, 1939-1950, nummer toegang 2.06.037: <em>Inventaris van het archief van het Centraal Distributiekantoor</em>, (1937) 1939-1950 (1955), p. 10 (<a href=\"http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger. De voedselvoorziening 1940-1945, </em>Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985, p. 41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de brochure <em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zoals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, Amsterdam: “Stadhuis (Amsterdam). Bureau voor Pers, Propaganda en Vreemdelingenverkeer”, ca. 1945 , p. 3-4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66bws\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 2-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 4 september 1942, ochteneditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"837ci\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 and 14 March 1944, 15 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em96c\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zooals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, p.. 5-6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gerard Trienekens, <em>Voedsel en honger in oorlogstijd 1940-1945. Misleiding, mythe en werkelijkheid, </em>Utrecht: Kosmos-Z&K, 1995, p. 142.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Koffie van de bon", <em>Laarder Courant de Bel</em>, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog ontstond ook in het neutrale Nederland voedselschaarste. Toen in de loop van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> de oorlogsdreiging toenam, wilde de overheid door middel van distributie een goede voedselvoorziening garanderen. Bij de distributie gold een onderscheid naar leeftijdscategorie, waarbij vooral het belang van opgroeiende kinderen zwaar woog. De uitvoering van de maatregelen gebeurde door de gemeenten. Toewijzing verliep via de van gemeentewege aan de ingezetenen uitgereikte Distributie Stamkaart (DSK). Wie over deze stamkaart beschikte, kreeg door middel van bonnen de gelegenheid bepaalde artikelen te kopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>12 oktober 1939</strong> ging bij wijze van proef de suiker op de bon; op <strong>5 november</strong> volgden de erwten. Van een tekort was toen nog geen sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het aantal producten in distributie en de omvang van de quota veranderde regelmatig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de bezetting ontstond een grote populatie van onderduikers. Dit waren naast Joden vooral tewerkgestelden die na verlof niet terugkeerden en militairen die krijgsgevangenschap wilden ontlopen. In de meeste gevallen konden anderen zonder problemen in hun plaats de bonnen ophalen. Als zij echter uit het Bevolkingsregister waren uitgeschreven, kwam hun distributiekaart op een ‘blokkadelijst’, en moest de ambtenaar de stamkaart innemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De familie Van Pels werd <strong>eind ’42</strong> uit het Bevolkingsregister geschrapt, waardoor hun kaarten op de blokkadelijst kwamen. Bij de familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer gebeurde dat om onbekende redenen pas <strong>eind ’44</strong>. Vermoedelijk hielden zij dan ook, in tegenstelling tot de Van Pelsen, hun distributiebescheiden. Anne schrijft op <strong>14 maart 1944</strong> in haar dagboek dat de onderduikers over vijf distributiekaarten beschiktken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 december 1943 </strong>schrijft Anne dat ze allemaal ‘van de distributie’ extra olie, snoep en een pot stroop kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"66bws\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Inderdaad kwam met <strong>Kerstmis 1943</strong> voor iedereen een pond stroop, wat suiker en een hoeveelheid olie extra beschikbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Dit betekende dat de onderduikers, of althans enkelen van hen, nog steeds van de reguliere distributie gebruik maakten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daar staat tegenover dat Anne op <strong>5 november 1942</strong> schrijft over de overstap van ‘stad’-kaarten op ‘land’-kaarten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze organisatorische scheiding was sinds <strong>5 september 1942</strong> van kracht. De ‘land’-kaarten hadden als nadeel dat ze voor boter, aardappelen en melk in de stedelijke gebieden niet geldig waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Volgens Anne waren ze echter een stuk goedkoper. Bovendien konden ze de broodbonnen verkopen, aangezien bakker Siemons in ruil voor melksuiker 'bonloos' brood verstrekte. Uit het feit dat deze bonnen gekocht werden, blijkt dat de onderduikers en helpers ook met onofficiële distributie in de weer waren. Ook via de vertegenwoordigers van Gies & Co. Martinus Brouwer en Hendrikus Daatzelaar waren er bonnen beschikbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"837ci\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ze kregen hun voedsel dus deels door reguliere en deels door clandestien verkregen distributiebonnen. De sinaasappels die Charlotte Kaletta naar Pfeffer stuurde, waren, aangezien deze vruchten steeds voorbehouden waren aan de leeftijdsgroep tot 13 jaar, buiten de distributiebepalingen om verkregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ‘44</strong> probeerde Rauter door een nieuw administratief systeem de tienduizenden onderduikers van voedselvoorziening uit te sluiten. De Tweede Distributiestamkaart (TD) moest aan de hand van zorgvuldig ontworpen voorschriften worden uitgereikt. Iedere volwassene diende de kaart persoonlijk af te halen, de oproepkaart mee te brengen en te ondertekenen, en de oude kaart in te leveren. Een hoekje van deze oude kaart werd afgeknipt en op de nieuwe geplakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam slaagde de samenwerkende ambtenarij er in het beoogde effect vrijwel geheel te niet te doen. Men wist te regelen dat in de Beurs - waar de uitreiking plaatshad - een zaalchef en enkele souschefs werden neergezet die ‘goed’ waren. Ambtenaren van het Bevolkingsregister schreven duizenden stamkaarten uit voor reeds gedeporteerde Joden die echter nog als ingezetene te boek stonden. Deze werden via de Beurs doorgesluisd naar onderduikers. De af te knippen hoekjes kwamen van de kaarten van overledenen of werden simpelweg vervalst. Naar schatting 20.000 kaarten kwamen zo ten behoeve van onderduikers beschikbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Een in 1995 gepubliceerd onderzoek toont aan dat de ambtelijke sabotage volledig was geslaagd:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Achteraf is gebleken dat de opzet van Rauter om door invoering van de Tweede Distributie Stamkaart de onderduikers boven water te krijgen, inderdaad is mislukt. De stamkaart kon overigens pas op 11 juni 1944 in gebruik worden genomen. Rauter wist toen zelf al uit de aantallen uitgereikte kaarten en controlezegels dat de onderduikers voorzien waren. Zijn onderzoek naar de oorzaken ervan is door de oorlogsontwikkelingen niet afgerond.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Franks persoonskaart heeft de aantekening TD174/873029z, hetgeen duidde op de Tweede Distributiestamkaart. Hij maakte hier na terugkeer uit Auschwitz ook legaal gebruik van. Bij Anne staat het nummer TD174/163173 en bij Margot alleen TD174. Bij Edith zijn helemaal geen distributiepapieren aangetekend, maar haar kaart is een naoorlogs '2e exemplaar.' De originele kaart is verloren gegaan, mogelijk door verzetshandelingen. Pfeffer heeft TD174-500778ing. Bij de familie Van Pels staan alleen de oude DSK’s, met de toevoeging 'in onderzoek.' Dit betekende dat de ambtenaren gebruik maakten van het feit dat deze vijf (inclusief waarschijnlijk Edith) nog in het Bevolkingsregister opgenomen waren. Of die kaarten ook daadwerkelijk bij hen terechtkwamen is niet zeker, maar gezien de illegale contacten van Jan Gies zeer wel mogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit oogpunt van volksgezondheid bleef de voedseltoestand tot <strong>oktober ’44</strong> voldoende. Voor de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was het wel regelmatig problematisch, daar zij met vijf kaarten acht monden hadden te voeden. Door de effecten van de spoorwegstaking ging de toestand vooral in de steden in het westen hard achteruit. De acht onderduikers waren toen al gearresteerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook na de bevrijding bleef de handel in diverse levensmiddelen geruime tijd beperkt. Koffie is vanaf <strong>14 januari 1952</strong> als laatste product weer vrijelijk te koop, en daarmee komt een eind aan de levensmiddelendistributie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n73fp\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Distributiekantoor, 1939-1950, nummer toegang 2.06.037: <em>Inventaris van het archief van het Centraal Distributiekantoor</em>, (1937) 1939-1950 (1955), p. 10 (<a href=\"http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger. De voedselvoorziening 1940-1945, </em>Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985, p. 41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de brochure <em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zoals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, Amsterdam: “Stadhuis (Amsterdam). Bureau voor Pers, Propaganda en Vreemdelingenverkeer”, ca. 1945 , p. 3-4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66bws\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 2-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 novermber 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 4 september 1942, ochteneditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"837ci\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 en 14 maart 1944, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em96c\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zooals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, p.. 5-6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gerard Trienekens, <em>Voedsel en honger in oorlogstijd 1940-1945. Misleiding, mythe en werkelijkheid, </em>Utrecht: Kosmos-Z&K, 1995, p. 142.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n73fp\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Koffie van de bon", <em>Laarder Courant de Bel</em>, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>During World War I, food shortages also developed in the neutral Netherlands. When the threat of war increased during the <strong>1930s</strong>, the government wanted to guarantee a good food supply through rationing. Rationing was differentiated by age group, with the importance of growing children being especially prioritised. Implementation was done by the municipalities. Allocation took place via the rationing master card (DSK) issued to residents by the municipality. Those in possession of this card were given the opportunity to buy certain goods by means of ration stamps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 October 1939</strong>, sugar went on sale on a trial basis; peas followed on <strong>5 November</strong>. There was no shortage at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The number of products rationed and the size of the quota changed regularly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a large population of people in hiding during the occupation. Apart from Jews, these were mainly forced labourers who did not return after leave and soldiers who wanted to avoid becoming prisoners of war. In most cases, others were able to collect stamps in their locality without any problems. However, if they were deregistered from the Population Register, their rationing card was put on a 'block list', and the official had to confiscate the master card.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was deleted from the Population Register <strong>at the end of 1942</strong>, so their cards were put on the block list. In the case of the Frank and Fritz Pfeffer family, for unknown reasons, this did not happen until <strong>late 19</strong><strong>44</strong>. Presumably, therefore, unlike the Van Pelses, they kept their rationing documents. Anne writes in her diary on <strong>14 March 1944</strong> that the people in hiding had five rationing cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 December 1943</strong>, Anne writes that they all received extra oil, sweets and a jar of syrup "from rationing".<sup data-footnote-id=\"66bws\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Indeed, at <strong>Christmas 1943</strong>, a pound of syrup, some sugar and a quantity of extra oil became available to everyone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This meant that the people in the Secret Annex, or at least some of them, were still using the regular rationing system.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast, Anne writes on <strong>5 November 1942</strong> about the switch from 'city' cards to 'countryside' cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This organisational separation had been in place since <strong>5 September 1942</strong>. The 'countryside' cards had the disadvantage that they were not valid for butter, potatoes and milk in urban areas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> According to Anne, however, they were a lot cheaper. Moreover, they could sell the bread stamps, as baker Siemons provided 'stamp-free' bread in exchange for lactose. The fact that these stamps were bought shows that the people in hiding and the helpers were also involved in unofficial distribution. Ration stamps were also available through the representatives of Gies & Co. Martinus Brouwer and Hendrikus Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"837ci\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> So they got their food partly through regular and partly through clandestinely obtained rationing coupons. The oranges that Charlotte Kaletta sent to Pfeffer were obtained outside the rationing regulations, since these fruits were always reserved for the age group up to 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944,</strong> Rauter tried to exclude the tens of thousands of people in hiding from food supplies through a new administrative system. The Second Rationing Master Card (TD) had to be issued according to carefully designed regulations. Every adult had to collect the card in person, bring and sign the summons card, and hand in the old card. A corner of this old card was cut off and stuck on the new one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam, the civil service, working together, managed to virtually nullify the intended effect. It managed to arrange that in the <em>Beurs</em> (the Stock Exchange) - where the paper work was issued - a hall manager and several under managers were put in place who were 'good'. Officials of the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages issued thousands of registration cards for Jews who had already been deported but were still registered as residents. These were passed on to people in hiding via the <em>Beurs</em>. The corners to be cut off came from the cards of deceased people or were simply forged. An estimated 20,000 cards thus became available for the benefit of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A study published in 1995 showed that the official sabotage had been completely successful:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In retrospect, it has become clear that Rauter's plan to bring the people in hiding to the surface by introducing the Second Rationing Master Card did indeed fail. Incidentally, the master card could not be put into use until 11 June 1944. By then, Rauter himself knew from the numbers of cards and control stamps issued that the people in hiding had been provided for. His investigation into its causes was not completed due to wartime developments.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank's personal card was number TD174/873029z, which indicated the Second Rationing Master Card. He also used this legally after returning from Auschwitz. Anne had the number TD174/163173 and Margot only TD174. Edith had no rationing papers registered at all, but her card was a post-war '2nd copy.' The original card was lost, possibly due to acts of resistance. Pfeffer had TD174-500778ing. The Van Pels family only had the old DSKs, with the addition 'under investigation.' This meant that officials took advantage of the fact that these five (including probably Edith) were still on the Population Register. Whether those cards actually ended up with them is not certain, but given Jan Gies' illegal contacts it's very possible.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From a public health point of view, the food situation remained adequate until <strong>October 1944</strong>. For the people in the Secret Annex, however, it was regularly problematic, as they had eight mouths to feed with five cards. Due to the effects of the railway strike, the situation deteriorated rapidly, especially in the cities in the west. The eight people in hiding had been arrested by then.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even after liberation, trade in various foodstuffs remained restricted for some time. Coffee was the last product freely available again from <strong>14 January 1952</strong>, bringing an end to food rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Distributiekantoor, 1939-1950, nummer toegang 2.06.037: <em>Inventaris van het archief van het Centraal Distributiekantoor</em>, (1937) 1939-1950 (1955), p. 10 (<a href=\"http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger. De voedselvoorziening 1940-1945, </em>Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985, p. 41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de brochure <em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zoals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, Amsterdam: “Stadhuis (Amsterdam). Bureau voor Pers, Propaganda en Vreemdelingenverkeer”, ca. 1945 , p. 3-4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66bws\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 2-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 4 september 1942, ochteneditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"837ci\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 and 14 March 1944, 15 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em96c\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zooals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, p.. 5-6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gerard Trienekens, <em>Voedsel en honger in oorlogstijd 1940-1945. Misleiding, mythe en werkelijkheid, </em>Utrecht: Kosmos-Z&K, 1995, p. 142.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Koffie van de bon", <em>Laarder Courant de Bel</em>, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The government wanted to ensure a good food supply through rationing. But the German occupier was keen to exclude anyone who went into hiding from food supplies.",
"summary_nl": "De overheid wilde door middel van distributie een goede voedselvoorziening garanderen. Maar de Duitse bezetter was er alles aan gelegen onderduikers van voedselvoorziening uit te sluiten.",
"summary_en": "The government wanted to ensure a good food supply through rationing. But the German occupier was keen to exclude anyone who went into hiding from food supplies.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2076"
],
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
