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{
    "id": 396124409,
    "image": null,
    "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c/",
    "published": true,
    "uuid": "242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c",
    "name": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
    "name_nl": "Emigratie eind jaren dertig",
    "name_en": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
    "description": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called &#39;<em>Anschluss</em>&#39; resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, M&uuml;nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988;&nbsp;Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum V&ouml;lkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988;&nbsp;Kurt P&auml;tzold &amp; Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988;&nbsp;Rita Thalmann &amp; Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athen&auml;um, 1988;&nbsp;Uta Gerhardt &amp; Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zur&uuml;ck in dieses Land,.</em>&nbsp;Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See:&nbsp;Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "description_nl": "<p>In&nbsp;<strong>maart 1938</strong>&nbsp;werd Oostenrij geannexeerd door Duitsland. Deze zogenaame &#39;<em>Anschluss</em>&#39; had tot gevolg dat zowel Joodse als niet-Joodse Oostenrijkers het land uitvluchtten. De&nbsp;annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije in <strong>oktober 1938</strong>&nbsp;leidde evens tot aan hausse aan vluchtelingen. De <em>Kristallnacht</em>, de beruchte pogrom van <strong>november 1938</strong> tegen de&nbsp;Joodse inwoners van Duitsland en de daarmee gepaard gaande moorden, mishandelingen, plunderingen en brandstichtingen brachten veel Joden ertoe Duitsland halsoverkop te verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Onder hen ook Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, M&uuml;nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988;&nbsp;Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum V&ouml;lkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988;&nbsp;Kurt P&auml;tzold &amp; Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988;&nbsp;Rita Thalmann &amp; Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athen&auml;um, 1988;&nbsp;Uta Gerhardt &amp; Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nooit meer terug naar dat land: verhalen van slachtoffers over de Kristallnacht 1938,</em>&nbsp;Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie:&nbsp;Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "description_en": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called &#39;<em>Anschluss</em>&#39; resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, M&uuml;nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988;&nbsp;Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum V&ouml;lkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988;&nbsp;Kurt P&auml;tzold &amp; Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988;&nbsp;Rita Thalmann &amp; Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athen&auml;um, 1988;&nbsp;Uta Gerhardt &amp; Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zur&uuml;ck in dieses Land,.</em>&nbsp;Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See:&nbsp;Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "summary": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
    "summary_nl": "Gebeurtenissen in 1938 en 1939 brachten wederom een grote stroom vluchtelingen op gang. De 'Anschluss' van Oostenrijk, de annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije door nazi-Duitsland en de beruchte Kristallnacht  hadden een nieuwe exodus tot gevolg.",
    "summary_en": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
    "same_as": null,
    "parent": 396124387,
    "files": []
}