Fritz Pfeffer's nationality

In 1871, the German Empire was established, but the population retained their separate Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon, etc. nationalities. Since Giessen was part of Prussia at the time, it is likely that Pfeffer initially had Prussian nationality. Written sources that could confirm this are not yet available. After 1933, the various states, including Prussia, were brought into line with the Third Reich. The transition from Prussian to German was a consequence of the Gleichschaltungsgesetze (Consolidation Laws) of 31 March and 7 April 1933.^[1] rom February 1934 onwards, all citizens were assigned Deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit (German nationality).^[2]

When he arrived in the Netherlands on 9 December 1939, Pfeffer was a German citizen.^[3] He had a German passport, issued by the Polizei-Präsident in Berlin on 16 January 1934 and valid until 16 January 1939. He then attempted to have his passport renewed at the German consulate, but was unsuccessful.^[4] On 15 December 1939, he received a German passport, issued in Amsterdam and valid until 15 December 1946. On 14 April 1942, this passport was confiscated by the Jewish Council.^[3] The number of his identity card, issued on 29 August 1941, was 11728.^[5]

Pfeffer became stateless as a result of the Pfeffer werd stateloos ingevolge de Elfte Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz (Eleventh Decree of the Reich Citizenship Law) of 25 November 1941.^[3] This regulation decreed that all Jews with German nationality living abroad would lose their citizenship.^[6] He also died stateless.
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