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"uuid": "f2431662-b07f-455f-bae9-786b4014cabe",
"name": "Panorama juni 1942",
"title": "Voorpagina van Panorama, 18 juni 1942",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Panorama-19420618.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "In okotber 1942 nam Victor Kugler 12 Panorama's mee voor de onderduikers in het Achterhuis",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59a5b39e-6a70-4e65-b8d0-e85a56c30e85/",
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"uuid": "59a5b39e-6a70-4e65-b8d0-e85a56c30e85",
"name": "Panorama",
"name_nl": "Panorama",
"name_en": "Panorama",
"description": "<p><em>Panorama</em> magazine first rolled off the copper intaglio presses of Sijthoff publishers in Leiden in <strong>1913</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4bdc3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When <em>Panorama</em> first appeared, it was mainly the photo illustrations that attracted readers. The photo reports about the battle at the front during the First World War even made it possible for the magazine to be published twice a week, temporarily.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, <em>Panorama</em> was a Roman Catholic magazine read by the whole family. The magazine, which was known for its high-quality printing, was taken over in <strong>1929</strong> by Uitgeverij en Drukkerij De Spaarnestad (De Spaarnestad Publishing and Printing Company) in Haarlem, the publisher of <em>Katholieke Illustratie</em> <em>(Catholic Illustration)</em> and - from <strong>1934</strong> - also <em>Libelle</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iycd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>Under auspices of De Spaarnstad <em>Panorama</em> became the neutral equivalent of <em>Katholieke Illustratiie</em> and also targeted families with a wide variety of topics, including current events, art, fashion, sports and photo stories from home and abroad. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the German occupation, <em>Panorama</em> appeared every two weeks instead of weekly. The <strong>1942</strong> issues included fashion and cooking tips, a serial by J.G. Toonder entitled <em>De Zandhoeve</em> <em>(The Sand Farmstead)</em>, (photo) reports on German military successes at the front. The back page of each issue featured the entertainment section 'Ter leringe ende vermaek' ('For your enjoyment and instruction') with crossword puzzles, cartoons, jokes and the comic strip 'Sjors. Voorzitter van de Rebellenclub'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ep2ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary on <strong>26 October 1942 </strong>:<em> "</em>Mr. Kugler again brought 12 Panoramas, now we have something to read again."<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ev3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> From the <em>Panorama </em>of <strong>18 June 1942,</strong> she cut a cartoon by Henk Rotgans and pasted it on one of the walls of her room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78mo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Only some remnants of that cartoon remain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xy1nr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The original picture can be seen below.<em> </em><strong><em> </em></strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After te war, <em>Panorama</em> developed over the years from a family weekly into a men's magazine, with much attention to crime, sex and sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i40b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4bdc3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joan Hemels & Renée Vegt, <em>Het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland: bron van kennis en vermaak, lust voor het oog. Bibliografie. Deel I: 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Otto Cramwinckel, 1993, p. 347-351; Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 160; Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 58-59; KB - Topstukken: <a href=\"https://www.kb.nl/ontdekken-bewonderen/topstukken/tijdschrift-panorama\">Tijdschrift Panorama</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iycd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de geschiedenis van het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland en de rol van uitgeverij De Spaarnestad, zie: Tom van der Linden, <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/2105/15074\" target=\"_blank\">Spaarnestad-fotografen: broodfotografen of unieke beeldkunstenaars? Een onderzoek naar de fotografie van uitgeverij De Spaarnestad tussen 1910 en 2000</a> (Master thesis Media & Journalistiek, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 2013).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ep2ki\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Sjors</em> was een stripreeks over een een kwajongen die spannende avonturen meemaakt. Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjors_%26_Sjimmie\" target=\"_blank\">Sjors & Sjimmie</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ev3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dtuch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78mo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010330149:mpeg21:p016\" target=\"_blank\">Panorama</a>, 18 juni 1942, p. 16. Diverse jaargangen van <em>Panorama</em> zijn integraal te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xy1nr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/8a39036f-87dc-4f8b-bb9e-3d95ad258610\" target=\"_blank\">Resten van een cartoon</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i40b4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(Nederlands_tijdschrift)\" target=\"_blank\">Panorama (Nederlands tijdschrift)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p><em>Panorama</em> rolde in <strong>1913</strong> voor het eerst van de koperdiepdrukpersen van uitgeverij Sijthoff in Leiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9kwoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Toen <em>Panorama</em> voor het eerst verscheen, waren het vooral de foto-illustraties die lezers trokken. De fotoreportages over de strijd aan het front tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog maakte het zelfs mogelijk dat het blad, tijdelijk, tweemaal per week uitkwam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In eerste instantie was <em>Panorama</em> een rooms-katholiek tijdschrift dat door het hele gezin werd gelezen. Het blad, dat bekend stond om zijn hoogwaardige drukwerk, werd in <strong>1929</strong> overgenomen door Uitgeverij en Drukkerij De Spaarnestad in Haarlem, de uitgever van <em>Katholieke Illustratie</em> en - vanaf <strong>1934</strong> - <em>Libelle</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2p2b9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Onder auspiciën van De Spaarnestad werd <em>Panorama</em> het neutrale equivalent van de <em>Katholieke Illustratie</em> en richtte zich eveneens op gezinnen met een grote verscheidenheid aan onderwerpen, waaronder actuele evenementen, kunst, mode, sport en fotoverhalen uit binnen- en buitenland. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de Duitse bezetting verscheen <em>Panorama </em>om de twee weken in plaats van wekelijks. De afleveringen uit <strong>1942</strong> bevatten onder meer mode- en kooktips, een feuilleton van J.G. Toonder, getiteld <em>De Zandhoeve</em>, (foto)verslagen van de Duitse militaire successen aan het front. Op de achterpagina van elk nummer stond de ontspanningsrubriek ‘Ter leringe ende vermaek’ met kruiswoordpuzzels, cartoons, moppen en de strip ‘Sjors. Voorzitter van de rebellenclub’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mnw7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft op <strong>26 oktober 1942 </strong>in haar dagboek: 'Mijnh. Kugler heeft weer 12 Panorama's meegebracht, nu hebben we weer wat te lezen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ev3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Uit de <em>Panorama </em>van <strong>18 juni 1942</strong> knipte zij een cartoon van van Henk Rotgans en plakte die op een van de muren van haar kamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ar34\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Daarvan zijn alleen nog wat resten over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5viqh\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Een afbeeling van oorspronkelijke cartoon is hieronder te zien.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog ontwikkelde <em>Panorama</em> zich in de loop der jaren van een familieweekblad tot een mannenblad, met veel aandacht voor misdaad, seks en sport.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2bavh\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":20,"y":203,"w":1060,"h":139,"abs_x":241,"abs_y":609}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":35,"y":220,"w":1030,"h":23,"abs_x":256,"abs_y":626}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9kwoy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joan Hemels & Renée Vegt, <em>Het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland: bron van kennis en vermaak, lust voor het oog. Bibliografie. Deel I: 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Otto Cramwinckel, 1993, p. 347-351; Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 160; Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 58-59; KB - Topstukken: <a href=\"https://www.kb.nl/ontdekken-bewonderen/topstukken/tijdschrift-panorama\" target=\"_blank\">Tijdschrift Panorama</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2p2b9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de geschiedenis van het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland en de rol van uitgeverij De Spaarnestad, zie: Tom van der Linden, <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/2105/15074\" target=\"_blank\">Spaarnestad-fotografen: broodfotografen of unieke beeldkunstenaars? Een onderzoek naar de fotografie van uitgeverij De Spaarnestad tussen 1910 en 2000</a> (Master thesis Media & Journalistiek, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 2013).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mnw7c\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Sjors</em> was een stripreeks over een een kwajongen die spannende avonturen meemaakt. Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjors_en_Sjimmie\">Sjors en Sjimmie</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ev3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ar34\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010330149:mpeg21:p016\" target=\"_blank\">Panorama</a>, 18 juni 1942, p. 16. Diverse jaargangen van <em>Panorama</em> zijn integraal te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/results?facets%5BtitleString%5D%5B%5D=Panorama+%3A+ge%C3%AFllustreerd+weekblad+in+koperdiepdruk&page=1&sortfield=date&coll=dddtitel\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5viqh\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/8a39036f-87dc-4f8b-bb9e-3d95ad258610\" target=\"_blank\">Resten van een cartoon</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2bavh\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(Nederlands_tijdschrift)\" target=\"_blank\">Panorama (Nederlands tijdschrift)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"description_en": "<p><em>Panorama</em> magazine first rolled off the copper intaglio presses of Sijthoff publishers in Leiden in <strong>1913</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4bdc3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> When <em>Panorama</em> first appeared, it was mainly the photo illustrations that attracted readers. The photo reports about the battle at the front during the First World War even made it possible for the magazine to be published twice a week, temporarily.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, <em>Panorama</em> was a Roman Catholic magazine read by the whole family. The magazine, which was known for its high-quality printing, was taken over in <strong>1929</strong> by Uitgeverij en Drukkerij De Spaarnestad (De Spaarnestad Publishing and Printing Company) in Haarlem, the publisher of <em>Katholieke Illustratie</em> <em>(Catholic Illustration)</em> and - from <strong>1934</strong> - also <em>Libelle</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iycd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>Under auspices of De Spaarnstad <em>Panorama</em> became the neutral equivalent of <em>Katholieke Illustratiie</em> and also targeted families with a wide variety of topics, including current events, art, fashion, sports and photo stories from home and abroad. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the German occupation, <em>Panorama</em> appeared every two weeks instead of weekly. The <strong>1942</strong> issues included fashion and cooking tips, a serial by J.G. Toonder entitled <em>De Zandhoeve</em> <em>(The Sand Farmstead)</em>, (photo) reports on German military successes at the front. The back page of each issue featured the entertainment section 'Ter leringe ende vermaek' ('For your enjoyment and instruction') with crossword puzzles, cartoons, jokes and the comic strip 'Sjors. Voorzitter van de Rebellenclub'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ep2ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary on <strong>26 October 1942 </strong>:<em> "</em>Mr. Kugler again brought 12 Panoramas, now we have something to read again."<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ev3\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> From the <em>Panorama </em>of <strong>18 June 1942,</strong> she cut a cartoon by Henk Rotgans and pasted it on one of the walls of her room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n78mo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Only some remnants of that cartoon remain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xy1nr\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The original picture can be seen below.<em> </em><strong><em> </em></strong></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After te war, <em>Panorama</em> developed over the years from a family weekly into a men's magazine, with much attention to crime, sex and sports.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i40b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4bdc3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joan Hemels & Renée Vegt, <em>Het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland: bron van kennis en vermaak, lust voor het oog. Bibliografie. Deel I: 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Otto Cramwinckel, 1993, p. 347-351; Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 160; Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 58-59; KB - Topstukken: <a href=\"https://www.kb.nl/ontdekken-bewonderen/topstukken/tijdschrift-panorama\">Tijdschrift Panorama</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iycd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor de geschiedenis van het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland en de rol van uitgeverij De Spaarnestad, zie: Tom van der Linden, <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/2105/15074\" target=\"_blank\">Spaarnestad-fotografen: broodfotografen of unieke beeldkunstenaars? Een onderzoek naar de fotografie van uitgeverij De Spaarnestad tussen 1910 en 2000</a> (Master thesis Media & Journalistiek, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 2013).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ep2ki\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Sjors</em> was een stripreeks over een een kwajongen die spannende avonturen meemaakt. Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjors_%26_Sjimmie\" target=\"_blank\">Sjors & Sjimmie</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ev3\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dtuch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n78mo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010330149:mpeg21:p016\" target=\"_blank\">Panorama</a>, 18 juni 1942, p. 16. Diverse jaargangen van <em>Panorama</em> zijn integraal te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xy1nr\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/8a39036f-87dc-4f8b-bb9e-3d95ad258610\" target=\"_blank\">Resten van een cartoon</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i40b4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(Nederlands_tijdschrift)\" target=\"_blank\">Panorama (Nederlands tijdschrift)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Panorama was an illustrated weekly magazine read in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Panorama was een geïllustreerd weekblad dat in het Achterhuis gelezen werd.",
"summary_en": "Panorama was an illustrated weekly magazine read in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 87,
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"id": 1025,
"uuid": "acd980ce-6303-49d7-b527-eab280d24c8c",
"name": "Tijdschiften",
"title": "Diverse tijdschriften",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frankl Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Tijdschriften.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Victor Kugler nam elke week tijdschriften en kranten mee voor de onderduikers, zoals De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen, het Rijk der Vrouw, Libelle, de Haagsche Post en soms Das Reich.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/09a476f0-df35-4c82-ad92-fae32517dd65/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "09a476f0-df35-4c82-ad92-fae32517dd65",
"name": "Haagsche Post",
"name_nl": "Haagsche Post",
"name_en": "Haagsche Post",
"description": "<p>The weekly <em>Haagsche Post</em> was founded in <strong>1914</strong> by Salomon Frederik van Oss (1886-1949) and was aimed at an audience that was too busy to read a newspaper every day, but wanted to be informed. It was printed on pink paper, so it stood out. This formula proved successful: in the years before World War II, the magazine reached a circulation of 60,000 copies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruxep\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1933</strong>, the <em>Haagsche Post</em> had already been banned in Germany because of its anti-national socialist affiliation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alj9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> During the war, Van Oss, who was Jewish, was forced to step down: the magazine could continue to appear, but was placed under German control.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler brought the <em>Haagsche Post </em>'every week' for the people in hiding in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>29 January 1944</strong>, the <em>Haagsche </em>Post published an article entitled 'Will the invasion also come to the Netherlands?'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"znbxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This article was accompanied by a map depicting the effects inundation would have on the Netherlands. Anne Frank writes in her diary about this map and the uproar it caused, but without mentioning the magazine by name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gi96j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Van Oss returned as editor-in-chief, but failed to regain readership, and after his death in <strong>1949</strong>, the magazine was sold. Only after the magazine was sold again in <strong>1952</strong>, to G.B.J. Hiltermann, things slowly improved. As of <strong>1967</strong>, the <em>Haagse Post</em> was henceforth referred to as <em>HP</em>. In the <strong>sixties and seventies</strong> numerous celebrities worked for <em>HP</em>: Simon Vinkenoog, Cherry Duyns, Jan Cremer, Ischa Meijer, Armando and many others. During the <strong>1980s</strong>, however, <em>HP</em>'s circulation quickly went downhill. A merger with the weekly <em>De Tijd</em> saved <em>HP</em> from bankruptcy in <strong>1990</strong>: both magazines continued under the name <em>HP/De Tijd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"61uie\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruxep\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 296; Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 60-61.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alj9c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hans Mulder, <em>Een grote laars, een plompe voet. Nederland en de Nazi’s in spotprenten en karikatuur 1933 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam/Brussel: Thomas Rap, 1985, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gzw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"znbxu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110529384:mpeg21:p003\">Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?</a>', <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944 (via Delpher). De jaargangen 1940-1945 van <em>Haagsche Post</em> zijn integraal te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/results?facets%5BtitleString%5D%5B%5D=Haagsche+post+%3A+een+Hollands+weekblad+%2F+onder+leiding+van+S.F.+van+Oss&page=1&sortfield=date&coll=dddtitel\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gi96j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"61uie\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagse_Post\" target=\"_blank\">Haagse Post</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het weekblad <em>Haagsche Post</em> werd in <strong>1914</strong> opgericht door Salomon Frederik van Oss (1886-1949) en richtte zich op een publiek dat het te druk had om iedere dag een krant te lezen, maar wel geïnformeerd wilde worden. Het werd gedrukt op roze papier, zodat het er heel herkenbaar uitzag. Die formule bleek succesvol: in de jaren voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog haalde het blad een oplage van 60.000 exemplaren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xe8kw\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1933 </strong>was de <em>Haagsche Post </em>in Duitsland al tot een verboden blad verklaard vanwege de anti-nationaalsocialistische gezindheid van het blad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alj9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tijdens de oorlog moest Van Oss, die Joods was, het veld ruimen: het blad kon blijven verschijnen, maar werd onder Duits toezicht geplaatst.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler bracht in het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> de <em>Haagsche Post </em>‘elke week’ voor de onderduikers mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>29 januari 1944 </strong>bracht de <em>Haagsche Post </em>een artikel getiteld 'Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xogen\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bij dit artikel stond een kaartje dat weergaf welke gevolgen inundatie voor Nederland zou hebben. Anne Frank schrijft in haar dagboek over dit kaartje en de ophef die het veroorzaakte, overigens zonder het blad met name te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gi96j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog keerde Van Oss terug als hoofdredacteur, maar het lukte niet om het lezerspubliek terug te winnen en na zijn dood in <strong>1949</strong> werd het blad verkocht. Pas nadat het blad in <strong>1952</strong> opnieuw werd verkocht, aan G.B.J. Hiltermann, ging het langzaam weer beter. Vanaf <strong>1967</strong> werd de <em>Haagse Post</em> voortaan als <em>HP</em> aangeduid. In de <strong>jaren zestig en zeventig</strong> werkten talloze beroemdheden voor <em>HP</em>: Simon Vinkenoog, Cherry Duyns, Jan Cremer, Ischa Meijer, Armando en vele anderen. In de loop van de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> ging het met de oplage van <em>HP</em> echter snel bergafwaarts. Een fusie met weekblad <em>De Tijd</em> redde <em>HP</em> in <strong>1990</strong> van een faillisement: beide bladen gingen verder onder de naam <em>HP/De Tijd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f6d80\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xe8kw\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 296; Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 60-61.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alj9c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hans Mulder, <em>Een grote laars, een plompe voet. Nederland en de Nazi’s in spotprenten en karikatuur 1933 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: Thomas Rap, 1985, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gzw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xogen\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110529384:mpeg21:p003\" target=\"_blank\">Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?</a>', <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944 (via Delpher). De jaargangen 1940-1945 van <em>Haagsche Post</em> zijn integraal te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/results?facets%5BtitleString%5D%5B%5D=Haagsche+post+%3A+een+Hollands+weekblad+%2F+onder+leiding+van+S.F.+van+Oss&page=1&sortfield=date&coll=dddtitel\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gi96j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f6d80\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagse_Post\" target=\"_blank\">Haagse Post</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The weekly <em>Haagsche Post</em> was founded in <strong>1914</strong> by Salomon Frederik van Oss (1886-1949) and was aimed at an audience that was too busy to read a newspaper every day, but wanted to be informed. It was printed on pink paper, so it stood out. This formula proved successful: in the years before World War II, the magazine reached a circulation of 60,000 copies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ruxep\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1933</strong>, the <em>Haagsche Post</em> had already been banned in Germany because of its anti-national socialist affiliation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alj9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> During the war, Van Oss, who was Jewish, was forced to step down: the magazine could continue to appear, but was placed under German control.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler brought the <em>Haagsche Post </em>'every week' for the people in hiding in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6gzw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>29 January 1944</strong>, the <em>Haagsche </em>Post published an article entitled 'Will the invasion also come to the Netherlands?'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"znbxu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This article was accompanied by a map depicting the effects inundation would have on the Netherlands. Anne Frank writes in her diary about this map and the uproar it caused, but without mentioning the magazine by name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gi96j\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Van Oss returned as editor-in-chief, but failed to regain readership, and after his death in <strong>1949</strong>, the magazine was sold. Only after the magazine was sold again in <strong>1952</strong>, to G.B.J. Hiltermann, things slowly improved. As of <strong>1967</strong>, the <em>Haagse Post</em> was henceforth referred to as <em>HP</em>. In the <strong>sixties and seventies</strong> numerous celebrities worked for <em>HP</em>: Simon Vinkenoog, Cherry Duyns, Jan Cremer, Ischa Meijer, Armando and many others. During the <strong>1980s</strong>, however, <em>HP</em>'s circulation quickly went downhill. A merger with the weekly <em>De Tijd</em> saved <em>HP</em> from bankruptcy in <strong>1990</strong>: both magazines continued under the name <em>HP/De Tijd</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"61uie\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ruxep\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 296; Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 60-61.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alj9c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hans Mulder, <em>Een grote laars, een plompe voet. Nederland en de Nazi’s in spotprenten en karikatuur 1933 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam/Brussel: Thomas Rap, 1985, p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6gzw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"znbxu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'<a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110529384:mpeg21:p003\">Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?</a>', <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944 (via Delpher). De jaargangen 1940-1945 van <em>Haagsche Post</em> zijn integraal te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/results?facets%5BtitleString%5D%5B%5D=Haagsche+post+%3A+een+Hollands+weekblad+%2F+onder+leiding+van+S.F.+van+Oss&page=1&sortfield=date&coll=dddtitel\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gi96j\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"61uie\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagse_Post\" target=\"_blank\">Haagse Post</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Weekly opinion magazine, which was read in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Opinieweekblad, dat in het Achterhuis gelezen werd.",
"summary_en": "Weekly opinion magazine, which was read in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 87,
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "subject",
"instance": {
"id": 197,
"image": {
"id": 961,
"uuid": "db44a63d-4943-421a-a9a7-025e7c66544a",
"name": "Annes tafeltje",
"title": "Annes tafeltjes",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Annes-tafeltje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Anne zat graag aan het tafeltje in haar kamer te schrijven, te lezen en te leren. Foto van het heringerichte Achterhuis.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "58b5fe11-0b39-46e0-809e-1e1a5eccb1e7",
"name": "The writer Anne Frank",
"name_nl": "De schrijfster Anne Frank",
"name_en": "The writer Anne Frank",
"description": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs6wr\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs6wr\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De dagboeken van Anne Frank liggen ten grondslag aan alles wat bekend is geworden over Anne Frank en de onderduikgeschiedenis. Het zijn immers vrijwel alleen Annes geschriften die het verloop van de 25 maanden onderduik documenteren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het handgeschreven manuscript van de dagboeken van Anne Frank op basis waarvan Otto Frank de eerste editie van Het Achterhuis (<strong>1947</strong>) samenstelde, bestaat uit een rood geruit boekje, twee gekartonneerde schriften en ruim 200 vellen gekleurd doorslagpapier. Otto Frank heeft de handschriften van zijn dochter Anne uit de periode van de onderduik nagelaten aan de Staat der Nederlanden. Sinds juni 2009 bevinden deze zich bij de Anne Frank Stichting. Sinds de wetenschappelijke editie van de dagboeken (<strong>1986</strong>) is het gebruikelijk deze handschriften achtereenvolgens dagboek 1, 2 en 3 (of A-versie) en <em>de losse vellen </em>(of B-versie) te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dagboek 1, 2 en 3 bevatten de oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen van Anne Frank. Op de losse vellen begint ze in het <strong>voorjaar van 1944</strong> haar oorspronkelijke dagboekaantekeningen te herschrijven en bewerken met de bedoeling een roman getiteld <em>Het Achterhuis</em> te schrijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Samen met het Verhaaltjesboek, het Mooie-zinnenboek en het Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (fotoalbum) vormen deze handschriften de nalatenschap van Anne Frank uit de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Voor de onderduik</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Van voor de onderduikperiode zijn een aantal brieven van Anne bewaard gebleven die zij schreef aan haar vader en aan haar familie in Zwitserland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het handschrift van Anne is een aantal versjes bekend in de poëziealbums van vriendinnetjes.Er zijn versjes bekend van Anne in de albums van Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Verder is overgeleverd uit deze periode het z.g. <em>Egypteboek</em>, een gekartonneerd schrift waarin Anne commentaar heeft (over)geschreven bij plaatjes geknipt uit een werkblad van <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> over de geschiedenis van Egypte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verondersteld wordt dat dit een werkstuk is gemaakt in de eerste klas van de middelbare school. Eenzelfde soort werkstuk werd gemaakt door een voormalig klasgenootje van Anne Frank op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, Klaartje Musikant in de eerste klas van de HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Klasgenoten op de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool zeggen dat Anne toen al verhaaltjes schreef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Als dit al zo is, dan is hier niets van overgeleverd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ernst Schnabel citeerde in zijn boek meneer Van Gelder, Annes leraar in de eerste tot en met de vierde klas van de 6<sup>e</sup> Montessorischool, dat Anne goede opstellen schreef en schrijfster wilde worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne kreeg het bekende rood-geruite dagboekje voor haar dertiende verjaardag op <strong>12 juni 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Haar eerste echte dagboeknotitie op <strong>14 juni</strong> richt ze aan haar dagboek zelf: '<em>ik zal maar beginnen vanaf het ogenblik dat ik je gekregen heb, dus dat ik je heb zien liggen op mijn verjaardagstafel, (want het kopen, waar ik ook bij ben geweest telt niet mee).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup>Toen ze enkele weken later met haar ouders en zus Margot ging onderduiken, is het dagboek het eerste wat ze inpakte, schrijft ze later.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tijdsverloop</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>woensdag 8 juli 1942</strong> schrijft Anne voor het eerst in onderduik in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze beschrijft de dag van de oproep van Margot en het gaan onderduiken. De tweede notitie is een reflectie op haar verjaardag precies een maand daarvoor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Dit eerste dagboekje loopt tot <strong>5 december 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> '<em>Ik mag Bep misschien vragen of zij bij Perrij eens kan gaan kijken of die nog dagboeken verkopen, want anders moet ik gauw een schrift nemen, want mijn dagboek raakt vol, jammer! Ik kan het gelukkig nog wat strekken met de bladeren die ik er tussen heb geplakt'</em>, schrijft Anne op <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat Anne haar vroeg om een dagboek dat met een sleuteltje te sluiten was, maar dat het haar destijds niet lukte om zoiets te vinden<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Op <strong>2 mei 1943</strong> en op <strong>22 januari 1944</strong> voegde Anne in retrospectief aantekeningen toe<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Ze schreef toen ook dat ze het inmiddels zonde van de opengelaten bladzijden vond<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoe dan ook, het volgende dagboek of dagboeken ontbreken. Het tweede overgeleverde dagboek begint met de notitie van <strong>22 december 1943</strong> en loopt tot <strong>17 april 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Het derde dagboek sluit hierop aan en loopt van <strong>18 april 1943</strong> tot en met <strong>1 augustus 1944</strong> (drie dagen voor de arrestatie van de onderduikers en twee van hun helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Een heel jaar ‘dagboek’ ontbreekt dus.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf de eerste pagina richt Anne zich persoonlijk tot haar dagboek en maakt haar dagboek tot een vriendin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De dagboeknotitie van <strong>21 september 1942</strong> eindigt ze met: '<em>ik heb zo’n zin om met iemand te corresponderen, en dat zal ik dus in het vervolg maar met mijn dagboek doen. Ik schrijf dus nu in briefvorm wat feitelijk op hetzelfde neerkomt. Lieve Jettje (zal ik maar zeggen,) mijn lieve vriendin, ik zal je in het vervolg en ook nu nog veel te vertellen hebben</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Die avond schrijft Anne ook nog een paar regeltjes aan Emmy en vraagt haar of ze Joop ter Heul heeft gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf dat moment richt Anne haar dagboeknotities om beurten overwegend aan verschillende denkbeeldige vriendinnen: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje die ze gedeeltelijk ontleende aan de karakters uit de Joop ter Heul reeks van Cissy van Marxveldt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Ze schrijft: '<em>deze manier om in mijn dagboek te schrijven vind ik veel fijner</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks schreef Joop brieven aan haar vriendin Netty, maar omdat ze van haar vader vanwege haar schoolprestaties maar een keer per maand (op zondag) mocht schrijven, ging ze (stiekem) in oude schriften van haar zus een dagboek bijhouden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had met zeven vriendinnen (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty en Conny) een club waarvan de naam gevormd werd door de beginletters van hun namen: de <em>Jopopinoloukicoclub</em>. Anne Frank had met Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse en Hanneli ook een club: <em>de Kleine Beer minus-2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was dol op de boeken van Cissy van Marxveldt en had zeker al voor de onderduik een deel uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks gelezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Volgens Jacqueline van Maarsen lazen Anne en zij het tweede deel. Dat zou betekenen dat zij hier het eerste deel uit had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> van Cissy van Marxveldt las ze maar liefst vier keer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Tijdens de onderduik nam Johannes Kleiman de boeken van zijn dochter voor haar mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>21 september 1942</strong>, de dag dat ze in haar dagboek begint met de briefvorm, heeft ze net of bijna Joop ter Heul uit en moet ze wachten tot meneer Kleiman de komende zaterdag de laatste twee delen voor haar meeneemt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Twee dagen daarna, op <strong>26 september</strong> heeft ze die allebei (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> en <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>) uit. Ze vindt het laatste deel het leukst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde periode schrijft Anne in haar dagboek een brief aan Jacqueline van Maarsen en beantwoordt een denkbeeldige brief van Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne schrijft haar dagboekbrieven aan Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien en Loutje. Ze schrijft hen over zichzelf en over de gebeurtenissen in het Achterhuis. Tegelijkertijd reageert ze op gebeurtenissen en personen die voorkomen in de boeken van Joop ter Heul. Zo vraagt Anne Noortje te logeren en regelt dat met de moeder van Noortje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had het over de afstand die er tussen haar en haar moeder altijd geweest is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Zowel Anne als Joop hadden een moeder waar ze geen dingen mee kunnen bespreken. De laatste dagboeknotitie uit het eerste rood-geruite dagboekje is gericht aan Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Al vanaf het begin heeft Anne duidelijk gemaakt dat ze het liefst aan Kitty schrijft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> De echte Kitty uit de <em>Joop ter Heul</em>-reeks heet Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In dagboek A2 en A3 richt Anne zich alleen nog tot lieve Kitty. Omdat in de A-versie <strong>1943</strong> bijna geheel ontbreekt, weten we niet wanneer Anne hiertoe is overgegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de eerste dagboekbrief van de B-versie legt Anne uit dat het dagboekidee is ontstaan omdat ze geen vriendin heeft, dat het dagboek zelf de vriendin zal zijn en dat die vriendin Kitty heet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Alle dagboekbrieven van de B-versie beginnen met lieve Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospectief</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar aanleiding van de oproep van minister van onderwijs Bolkestein op radio Oranje op <strong>28 maart 1944</strong> begint Anne <strong>eind mei 1944</strong> haar originele dagboek te herschrijven op losse (lichtgele, lichtblauwe, roze en grauwe) velletjes doorslagpapier, meestal de <em>losse vellen</em> genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl heeft verklaard dat zij Anne had voorzien van dit doorslagpapier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Lieve Kitty, Gisterenavond sprak minister Bolkesteyn aan de Oranjezender erover dat er na de oorlog een inzameling van dagboeken en brieven van deze oorlog zou worden gehouden. Natuurlijk stormden ze allemaal direct op mijn dagboek af. Stel je eens voor hoe interessant het zou zijn, als ik een roman van het Achterhuis uit zou geven, aan de titel alleen zouden de mensen denken dat het een detective-roman was.'</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>En op zaterdag <strong>20 mei 1944</strong> schrijft Anne Frank: '<em><em>Eindelijk na heel veel overpeinzingen ben ik dan met m’n Achterhuis begonnen, in m’n hoofd is het al zover af als het kan, maar in werkelijkheid zal het wel heel wat minder gauw gaan, als het wel ooit afkomt.'</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De <em>losse vellen</em> beslaan de periode van <strong>20 juni 1942</strong> tot en met <strong>29 maart 1944</strong>. Anne heeft dus in ruim twee maanden haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken bewerkt tot versie-B. Het is belangrijk om hierbij te beseffen dat, hoewel Anne haar oorspronkelijke dagboeken als basis gebruikte, de B-versie in retrospectief geschreven is. Ze beschrijft gebeurtenissen uit <strong>1942</strong> en <strong>1943</strong> in het <strong>voorjaar en de zomer van 1944</strong>. Zo schrijft ze in A-versie over haar dagboek: '<em>Ik ben o zo blij dat ik je meegenomen heb</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In de B-versie benadrukt ze het belang van haar dagboek door te schrijven dat ze het als eerste inpakte op de avond voordat ze gingen onderduiken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De vulpen waarmee Anne schreef, een cadeau van oma Höllander voor haar negende verjaardag, verdween per ongeluk samen met de aardappelschillen in de kachel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne noemt herhaaldelijk hoe belangrijk schrijven voor haar is. Zo dankt ze God dat hij haar daarmee de mogelijkheid heeft gegeven om zich uit te drukken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Ze schrijft dat ze journaliste wil worden en: ‘<em>niemand die niet schrijft weet hoe fijn schrijven is; vroeger betreurde ik het altijd dat ik in ’t geheel niet tekenen kon, maar nu ben ik overgelukkig dat ik tenminste schrijven kan</em>.’</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> begon Anne met het schrijven van verhaaltjes. De verhaaltjes zijn opgetekend in het dagboek, op de losse vellen en in een gekartonneerd schrift.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Ze wilde proberen onder pseudoniem een van haar sprookjes in het blad <em>de Prins</em> geplaatst te krijgen, maar dacht dat dat niet zou lukken omdat haar sprookjes te lang zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde hierover na de oorlog dat Anne aan Kleiman vroeg om onder de naam van zijn dochter het verhaaltje <em>Blurry</em> op te sturen. Kleiman vond dit te gevaarlijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"risvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> In het verhaaltje <em>Het beste tafeltje</em> lezen we dat Anne dagelijks van half drie tot vier uur kon beschikken over het tafeltje in de kamer die ze met Fritz Pfeffer deelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> Met veel moeite bevocht ze twee keer in de week een extra anderhalf uur.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omstreeks dezelfde tijd dat Anne met haar verhaaltjes begon kreeg ze voor haar veertiende verjaardag het boekje <em>Literatuur- en Stijlstudie</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> Het was een bloemlezing uit literair proza en verzen waarbij stijlfiguren en karakteristieken van de verschillende schrijvers werden toegelicht.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Versjes in poëziealbums, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Het Egypteboek, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em> </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, 1e, 2e en 3e; 22 januari 1944, 1e, 2e en 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 januari 1944, 3e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Lieve Kitty, Vader heeft toch weer een nieuw dagboek voor me opgespoord en dat het een respectabele dikte heeft, daar kan, je je ten zijnen tijde zelf van overtuigen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Weer is er een schat geweest die een scheikundeschrift voor mij uit elkaar gehaald heeft om me een nieuw dagboek te bezorgen, dit keer is het Margot.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Ik hoop aan jou alles te kunnen toevertrouwen.' Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 1e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, 2e, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 1e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 september 1942, 1e en 2e, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 20 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; 20 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode aan mijn vulpen, Dagboek B, 11 november 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis beschreven door Anne Frank. Ingewijd donderdag 2 september 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"risvt\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, "Het beste tafeltje", 13 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Anne Frank's diaries underpin everything that has become known about Anne Frank and the history of the time in hiding. After all, it is almost exclusively Anne's writings that document the course of the 25 months in hiding.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The handwritten manuscript of Anne Frank's diaries, on the basis of which Otto Frank compiled the first edition of The Secret Annex<strong> (1947</strong>), consists of a red checked booklet, two cardboard notebooks and over 200 sheets of coloured copy paper<em>. </em>Otto Frank bequeathed his daughter Anne's manuscripts from the period of hiding to the State of the Netherlands. Since June 2009, they have been with the Anne Frank House. Since the scholarly edition of the diaries<strong> (1986</strong>), it has been customary to refer to these manuscripts successively as diaries 1, 2 and 3 (or A-version) and <em>the loose sheets</em> (or B-version).<sup data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Diaries 1, 2 and 3 contain Anne Frank's original diary entries. On the loose sheets, she began rewriting and editing her original diary entries in the <strong>spring of 1944</strong> with the intention of writing a novel entitled <em>The Secret Annex</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Together with the Storybook, the Favourite Quotes Notebook and the Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek (photo album), these manuscripts form Anne Frank's legacy from the hiding period in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Before going into hiding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From before the period in hiding, a number of letters written by Anne to her father and to her family in Switzerland have been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Anne's handwriting, a number of rhymes are known in the poetry albums of her friends. Rhymes by Anne are known to exist in the albums of Juultje Ketellapper, Henny Scheerder, Mary Bos, Kitty Egyedi, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Hanneli Goslar, Ytje Swilens, Bep Groot Batavé, Dinie van Amelsbeek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Also surviving from this period is the '<em>Egypt Book'</em>, a cardboard notebook in which Anne (re)wrote comments on pictures cut from a <em>Kunst in Beeld</em> worksheet on the history of Egypt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is assumed that this was an assignment made in the first year of secondary school. A similar piece of work was made by a former classmate of Anne Frank at the 6th Montessori school, Klaartje Musikant in the first year of HBS.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Classmates at the 6th Montessori school say Anne was writing stories back then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> None of these survived, however.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In his book, Ernst Schnabel quoted Mr van Gelder, Anne's teacher in the first to fourth grades of the 6th Montessori school, as saying that Anne wrote good essays and wanted to be a writer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne received the famous red checked diary for her thirteenth birthday on <strong>12 June 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She addresses her first real diary entry on <strong>14 June</strong> to her diary self:<em> 'I'll begin from the moment I got you, the moment I saw you lying on the table among my other birthday presents. (I went along when you were bought, but that doesn't count).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> When she went into hiding a few weeks later with her parents and sister Margot, the diary is the first thing she packed, she later writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Passage of time</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>Wednesday 8 July 1942,</strong> Anne wrote in her diary for the first time while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> She describes the day of Margot's call-up for labour and going into hiding. The second note is a reflection on her birthday exactly a month before.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> This first diary runs until <strong>5 December 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup><em> "I may perhaps ask Bep if she could go to Perrij and see if they still sell diaries, otherwise I'll have to get a notebook soon, because my diary is getting full, too bad! I can fortunately stretch it a bit with the leaves I have stuck between them," </em>Anne wrote on <strong>20 October 1942</strong><em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl explained that Anne asked her for a diary that could be locked with a key, but that she did not manage to find such a thing at the time<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> On <strong>2 May 1943</strong> and on <strong>22 January 1944</strong>, Anne retrospectively added notes<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> She also wrote then that by now she considered it a waste of the pages left empty<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whatever the case, the following diary or diaries are missing. The second surviving diary begins with the entry of <strong>22 December 1943</strong> and runs until <strong>17 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> The third diary follows this and runs from <strong>18 April 1943</strong> to <strong>1 August</strong> <strong>1944</strong> (three days before the arrest of the people in hiding and two of their helpers).<sup data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> A whole year's worth of diary is therefore missing.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Joop ter Heul</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From the very first page, Anne addresses her diary personally, making her diary a friend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> She ends the diary entry of <strong>21 September 1942</strong> with:<em> <strong>'</strong>I would just love to correspond with somebody, so that is what I intend to do in future with my diary. I shall write it from now on in letter form, which actually comes to the same thing. Dear Jettje, (I shall simply say), My dear friend, both in the future as well as now I shall have a lot to tell you</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> That evening, Anne also writes a few lines to Emmy and asks her if she has read Joop ter Heul.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From then on, Anne takes turns addressing her diary entries predominantly to different imaginary girlfriends: Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje whom she partly borrowed from the characters in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul series.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> She writes:<em> 'I like this way of writing in my diary much better</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series, Joop wrote letters to her friend Netty, but because her father only allowed her to write once a month (on Sundays) because of her school performance, she started keeping a diary (secretly) in her sister's old notebooks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul had a club with seven girlfriends (Pop, Pien, Noortje, Loutje, Kitty and Conny) whose name was formed by the initial letters of their names: the <em>Jopopinoloukico club</em>. Anne Frank also had a club with Sanne, Jacqueline, Ilse and Hanneli: <em>the Little Bear minus 2</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne loved Cissy van Marxveldt's books and had certainly read one volume of the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series before going into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> According to Jacqueline van Maarsen, Anne and she read the second volume. That would mean she would have finished the first volume at that point.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> She read <em>Een Zomerzotheid</em> by Cissy van Marxveldt no less than four times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> While in hiding, Johannes Kleiman took his daughter's books for her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62808\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>21 September 1942</strong>, the day she started the letter form in her diary, she had just finished or almost finished Joop ter Heul and had to wait for Mr Kleiman to bring the last two volumes for her the next Saturday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Two days after that, on <strong>26 September</strong>, she had finished both of them (J<em>oop van Dil-ter Heul</em> and <em>Joop en haar jongen</em>). She liked the last volume best.<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same period, Anne wrote a letter in her diary to Jacqueline van Maarsen and answered an imaginary letter from Jacqueline.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup> Anne wrote her diary letters to Jettje, Emmy, Pop, Marianne, Kitty, Conny, Pien and Loutje. She wrote to them about herself and the events in the Secret Annex. At the same time, she reacted to events and people who appeared in the Joop ter Heul books. For example, Anne asked Noortje to stay and arranged it with Noortje's mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Joop ter Heul talked about the distance that always existed between her and her mother.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> Both Anne and Joop had a mother they could not discuss things with. The last diary entry from the first red checkered diary is addressed to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> From the very beginning, Anne made it clear that she preferred to write to Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> The real Kitty from the <em>Joop ter Heul </em>series is called Kitty Franken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In diaries A2 and A3, Anne addresses entires only to Dear Kitty. Since <strong>1943</strong> is almost entirely missing from the A version, we do not know when Anne switched to this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the first diary letter of the B version, Anne explained that the diary idea came about because she does not have a girlfriend, that the diary itself will be the girlfriend and that that girlfriend is called Kitty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> All the diary letters of the B version begin with Dear Kitty.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Retrospective</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In response to Minister of Education Bolkestein's appeal on Radio Orange on <strong>28 March 1944</strong>, Anne began rewriting her original diary on loose (light yellow, light blue, pink and grey) sheets of copy paper, commonly called the <em>loose sheets</em>, <strong>in late May 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl stated that she had provided Anne with this carbon copy paper.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Mr. Bolkestein, the Cabinet Minister, speaking on the Dutch broadcast from London, said that after the war, a collection would be made of diaries and letters dealing with the war. Of course everyone pounced on my diary. Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a novel about the Secret Annex. The title alone would make people think it was a detective story."</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>And on Saturday <strong>20 May 1944</strong>, Anne Frank writes: "<em>At long last after a great deal of reflection I have started my 'Achterhuis', in my head it is as good as finished, although it won't go as quickly as that really, if it ever comes off at all<em>."</em></em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>loose sheets</em> cover the period from <strong>20 June 1942</strong> to <strong>29 March</strong> <strong>1944</strong>. Anne thus edited her original diaries into the B-version in just over two months. It is important to realise here that although Anne used her original diaries as a basis, the B version was written retrospectively. She describes events from <strong>1942</strong> and <strong>1943</strong> in the <strong>spring and summer of 1944</strong>. For example, in the A-version, she writes of her diary:<em> "I am oh so glad I took you with me</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup> In the B-version, she emphasises the importance of her diary by writing that she packed it first on the night before they went into hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The fountain pen Anne wrote with, a present from Grandma Höllander for her ninth birthday, accidentally disappeared into the stove along with the potato peels<strong>.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"2facw\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne repeatedly mentions how important writing is to her. For instance, she thanks God for giving her the opportunity to express herself through it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> She writes that she wants to become a journalist and: "<em>no one who does not write knows how fine writing is; I used to regret that I could not draw at all, but now I am overjoyed that at least I can write</em>."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, Anne started writing stories. The stories were recorded in the diary, on loose sheets and in a cardboard notebook.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> She wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales placed in the magazine <em>De Prins</em> under a nom de plume, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nb944\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs6wr\"><a href=\"#footnote-40\" id=\"footnote-marker-40-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[40]</a></sup> In the story <em>The Best Little Table</em>, we read that Anne had daily access to the little table in the room she shared with Fritz Pfeffer from 2.30 to 4 pm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\"><a href=\"#footnote-41\" id=\"footnote-marker-41-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[41]</a></sup> With great difficulty, she fought for an extra hour and a half twice a week.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Around the same time when Anne started writing her stories, she received the booklet <em>Literature and Style Study</em> for her fourteenth birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\"><a href=\"#footnote-42\" id=\"footnote-marker-42-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[42]</a></sup> It was an anthology of literary prose and verse explaining stylistic figures and characteristics of different writers.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4ffai\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1dc0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pmxn2\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel: Brieven van Anne Frank aan Otto Frank en overige familie in Zwitserland.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pu8at\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, Verses in Friendship Books, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z8c1l\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Fank, The Egypt Book, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n0ywz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Rinat, Ab.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lecx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1958, p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs43h\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjia3\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jgez0\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eurr5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ajkpt\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c4jc6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s0xga\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_104: Verklaring Bep Voskuijl aan de onderzoeksrechter Lubeck, Rheine 29 september 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3kqv\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 22 January 1944, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z5m8v\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 January 1944, 3rd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"huhu0\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Dear Kitty, Daddy has tracked down another new diary for me and this one is of a respectable thickness, as you will see for yourself in good time.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tl0wp\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Someone's been a real darling again and has torn up a chemistry exercise book for me to make a new diary, this time the someone was Margot.' Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9ahq\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely'. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1qx14\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3brxy\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a7g67\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt (pseud. van Setske Beek-de Haan), <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1919; <em>Joop ter Heuls problemen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1921; <em>Joop van Dil-ter Heul, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1923; <em>Joop en haar jongen, </em>Amersfoort: Valkhoff, 1925. Otto Frank had telefoonnummer van Cissy van Marxveldt in zijn agenda van 1946. AFS, AFC, OFA, reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oqezs\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 1st, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4kobj\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pv2c7\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18jiv\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Email van en gesprek met Jacqueline Sanders-van Maarsen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62808\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xubqg\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"88o0i\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nea8h\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 September 1942, 1st and 2nd, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxfia\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqzgd\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Cissy van Marxveldt, <em>De H.B.S.-tijd van Joop ter Heul</em>, p. 277.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hp46\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig04v\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 20 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7twt\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; 20 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2facw\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Ode to My Fountain Pen, Diary Version B, 11 November 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k5mb4\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7mrs8\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Tales and events from the Secret Annex as described by Anne Frank. Inaugurated Thursday 2 September 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nb944\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs6wr\" id=\"footnote-40\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-40-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jvdhz\" id=\"footnote-41\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-41-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, "The Best Little Table", 13 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ret2p\" id=\"footnote-42\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-42-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>W. Kramer, <em>Literatuur- en stijlstudie. Een oefenboek voor de hoogste klassen van scholen voor middelbaar en voorbereidend hoger onderwijs, </em>Groningen [etc.]: Wolters, 1930.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
"summary_nl": "Behalve de dagboeken behoren ook het Verhaaltjesboek en het Mooie-zinnenboek tot de nalatenschap van Anne Frank.",
"summary_en": "Apart from the diaries, Anne Frank's legacy also includes the Book of Tales and the Favourite Quotes Notebook.",
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"parent": 396124643,
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"id": 396124691,
"image": {
"id": 1234,
"uuid": "7cd8a7da-e933-4912-a3fa-50356cf05bc1",
"name": "Edith Frank-Holländer, Aken, 1916",
"title": "Klassenfoto met Edith Frank-Holländer (midden, achterste rij) bij het verlaten van de Viktoriaschule, in Aken, 1916",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/192dfe70-e788-b724-f396-3b6fca7d7b1b.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/034b6221-ce28-45c4-965f-f9748a79253f/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "034b6221-ce28-45c4-965f-f9748a79253f",
"name": "Edith Frank-Holländer's education",
"name_nl": "Opleidingen van Edith Frank-Holländer",
"name_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer's education",
"description": "<h1>Viktoriaschule</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like her older brothers Julius and Walter and elder sister Betti, Edith Holländer first attended the <em>Jüdische Volksschule </em>(Jewish People's School) in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She then, like her sister Bettina, attended ten classes at the Lyceum of the <em>Evangelische Viktoriaschule</em> (Evangelical Victoria School), also in Aachen. At this girls' school, a liberal spirit prevailed at the time; the pupils included many girls of Catholic and Jewish persuasion. Some of Edith's female cousins also went to this school. Edith was taught Jewish religion by Dr Heinrich Jaulus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1bz5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He attended Edith and Otto's wedding in <strong>1925</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwrr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith was taught Religion, German, French, English, History and Art History, Geography, Arithmetic and Mathematics, Physics, Drawing, Needlework, Singing (optional) and Gymnastics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dh5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Edith left the <em>Viktoriaschule</em> by the <strong>end of April 1916</strong>, but it is unknown whether she finished school with a final examination.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xetin\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Possibly she started working in her father's business in Aachen right after leaving school.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dutch lessons</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith mastered the Dutch language when living in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y72k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcqhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around August 1934, she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cefhm\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> And in 1935 she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ie4fv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ghbim\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>English lessons</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At Viktoriaschule English was part of the regular curriculum. In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hz211\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an 'English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmjyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgwwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Holger A. Dux, 'Zur Geschichte der Vorfahren der Anne Frank in Aachen', in: Winfried Casteel & Yvonne Hugot-Zgodda (Red.), <em>Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus in Aachen</em>, Aachen: Volkshochschule Aachen, 2012, p. 3.6/7. Voor de Joodse school, zie: <em>Wege gegen das Vergessen Aachen 1933-1945</em>, <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/wege/bergdriesch__39\" target=\"_blank\">"Jüdische Schule"</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bz5s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Adressbuch Aachen 1914 und Umgebung. Unter benutzung amtlicher Quellen I, </em>Aachen: J. Stercken, 1914, p. 749.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwrr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener-Frankfurter Tageblatt</em>, Famliearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF- pdoc 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dh5t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deze lessentabel is gebaseerd op het rooster van Edith's voorlaatste lyceumjaar in 1914. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xetin\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins, 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y72k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcqhr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cefhm\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ie4fv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ghbim\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hz211\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmjyl\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgwwc\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Viktoriaschule</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Evenals haar oudere broers Julius en Walter en oudere zus Betti bezocht Edith Holländer eerst de <em>Jüdische Volksschule</em> in Aken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> En net zoals Betti, doorliep zij tien klassen van het Lyceum van de <em>Evangelische Viktoriaschule</em>, eveneens in Aken. Op deze meisjesschool heerste in die tijd een liberale geest, er waren onder de leerlingen ook veel meisjes van katholieke en Joodse huize. Ook enkele nichtjes van Edith gingen naar deze school. Edith kreeg onderwijs in Joodse religie van Dr. Heinrich Jaulus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1bz5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hij was in <strong>1925</strong> aanwezig bij het huwelijk van Edith en Otto.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwrr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de <em>Viktoriaschule</em> kreeg Edith les in de vakken religie, Duits, Frans, Engels, geschiedenis en kunstgeschiedenis, aardrijkskunde, rekenen en wiskunde, natuurkunde, tekenen, naaldkunst en zingen (facultatief) en turnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dh5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <strong>Eind april 1916</strong> verliet zij de school, maar het is onbekend of ze eindexamen heeft gedaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xetin\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Mogelijk ging zij direct na school werken in het bedrijf van haar vader Aken.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Nederlandse lessen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over de manier waarop en de mate waarin Edith zich de Nederlandse taal eigen maakte toen zij eenmaal in Amsterdam woonde, is niets bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y72k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Boeken van haar die bewaard zijn gebleven zijn in het Duits en Frans. In de brieven aan Gertrud Naumann schreef Edith wel over de vorderingen in de Nederlandse taal van Margot en Anne, maar niet over die van haarzelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z26ej\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith schreef af en toe wel in het Nederlands, zoals blijkt uit enkele documenten. Omstreeks <strong>augustus 1934</strong> schreef zij een referentie voor Renate Wolf: ‘Hiermede bevestigen wij dat mejuffrouw Renate Wolf bij ons werkzaam is. Salaris fl. 5.- p. week voor ½ dage. Mevr. Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cefhm\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> En in 1935 schreef zij een uitgebreide Nederlandse gelukwens ter gelegenheid van de geboorte van een zoon van de bevriende familie Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ie4fv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne sprak haar moeder erg slecht Nederlands. In haar dagboek schrijft ze:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>'Houd er alsje't blieft rekening mee, Kitty, dat de twee dames hier, schandelijk Nederlands spreken (van de heren durf ik niets te zeggen, die zouden erg beledigd zijn.), als je dat gehaspel eens zou horen zou je schateren; wij letten er niet eens meer op, verbeteren helpt toch niet. ik zal als ik over moeder of mevr.v.P. schrijf maar niet het originele taaltje weergeven doch behoorlijk Nederlands’.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"swswe\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Engelse lessen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de <em>Viktoriaschule</em> behoorde Engels tot het reguliere lesprogramma. In Nederland kreeg Edith Engelse les van Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hz211\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank beschreef Rosey Pool aan Nathan Straus als een 'English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmjyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Volgens Anne leerde Edith tijdens de onderduik ook Engels uit schriftelijke cursussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"trxm2\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Holger A. Dux, 'Zur Geschichte der Vorfahren der Anne Frank in Aachen', in: Winfried Casteel & Yvonne Hugot-Zgodda (Red.), <em>Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus in Aachen</em>, Aachen: Volkshochschule Aachen, 2012, p. 3.6/7. Voor de Joodse school, zie: <em>Wege gegen das Vergessen Aachen 1933-1945</em>, <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/wege/bergdriesch__39\" target=\"_blank\">"Jüdische Schule"</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bz5s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Adressbuch Aachen 1914 und Umgebung. Unter benutzung amtlicher Quellen I, </em>Aachen: J. Stercken, 1914, p. 749.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwrr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener-Frankfurter Tageblatt</em>, Famliearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF- pdoc 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dh5t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deze lessentabel is gebaseerd op het rooster van Edith's voorlaatste lyceumjaar in 1914. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xetin\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins, 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y72k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z26ej\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cefhm\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ie4fv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"swswe\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hz211\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmjyl\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"trxm2\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Viktoriaschule</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like her older brothers Julius and Walter and elder sister Betti, Edith Holländer first attended the <em>Jüdische Volksschule </em>(Jewish People's School) in Aachen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5umxe\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She then, like her sister Bettina, attended ten classes at the Lyceum of the <em>Evangelische Viktoriaschule</em> (Evangelical Victoria School), also in Aachen. At this girls' school, a liberal spirit prevailed at the time; the pupils included many girls of Catholic and Jewish persuasion. Some of Edith's female cousins also went to this school. Edith was taught Jewish religion by Dr Heinrich Jaulus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1bz5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> He attended Edith and Otto's wedding in <strong>1925</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qwrr7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith was taught Religion, German, French, English, History and Art History, Geography, Arithmetic and Mathematics, Physics, Drawing, Needlework, Singing (optional) and Gymnastics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dh5t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Edith left the <em>Viktoriaschule</em> by the <strong>end of April 1916</strong>, but it is unknown whether she finished school with a final examination.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xetin\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Possibly she started working in her father's business in Aachen right after leaving school.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dutch lessons</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith mastered the Dutch language when living in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y72k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcqhr\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around August 1934, she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"cefhm\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> And in 1935 she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ie4fv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><em>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ghbim\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>English lessons</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At Viktoriaschule English was part of the regular curriculum. In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hz211\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an 'English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qmjyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgwwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5umxe\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Holger A. Dux, 'Zur Geschichte der Vorfahren der Anne Frank in Aachen', in: Winfried Casteel & Yvonne Hugot-Zgodda (Red.), <em>Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus in Aachen</em>, Aachen: Volkshochschule Aachen, 2012, p. 3.6/7. Voor de Joodse school, zie: <em>Wege gegen das Vergessen Aachen 1933-1945</em>, <a href=\"http://www.wgdv.de/wege/bergdriesch__39\" target=\"_blank\">"Jüdische Schule"</a></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1bz5s\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Adressbuch Aachen 1914 und Umgebung. Unter benutzung amtlicher Quellen I, </em>Aachen: J. Stercken, 1914, p. 749.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qwrr7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Aachener-Frankfurter Tageblatt</em>, Famliearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF-AlF- pdoc 9.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dh5t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deze lessentabel is gebaseerd op het rooster van Edith's voorlaatste lyceumjaar in 1914. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xetin\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins, 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y72k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcqhr\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cefhm\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ie4fv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ghbim\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hz211\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qmjyl\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgwwc\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "After primary school attended the Lyceum of the Evangelical Viktoriaschule.",
"summary_nl": "Na de lagere school ging Edith Holländer naar het Lyceum van de Evangelische Viktoriaschule in Aken.",
"summary_en": "After primary school attended the Lyceum of the Evangelical Viktoriaschule.",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "9387d3f9-946e-454c-a5ca-114d9d072653",
"name": "Education",
"name_nl": "Opleidingen",
"name_en": "Education",
"description": "",
"description_nl": "",
"description_en": "",
"summary": "Educational courses and institutions.",
"summary_nl": "Opleidingen zijn zowel instellingen waaraan men kan worden opgeleid als het onderricht dat of de opleiding die men volgt.",
"summary_en": "Educational courses and institutions.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f852495-ac4d-4673-82cd-ed3b53b75403/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f852495-ac4d-4673-82cd-ed3b53b75403",
"name": "Veda, Akademisch-wissenschaftlichen Verbindung",
"name_nl": "Veda, Akademisch-wissenschaftliche Verbindung",
"name_en": "Veda, Akademisch-wissenschaftlichen Verbindung",
"description": "<p>Founded on <strong>10 May 1896</strong>, Veda was one of the student fraternities born out of liberal-nationalist ideals in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3sb26\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The only one of its kind, Veda from Wurzbürg was open to everyone, including Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d6vwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>1918</strong>, the fraternity was entirely Jewish. By <strong>1920</strong>, Veda had some 230 members and had its own building. On <strong>30 June 1933</strong>, this building was abolished by order of the <em>Kultusministerium</em> and occupied by the SA.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The distinctive colours of the sash were white-red-light green and the fraternity's motto was 'Veritati'. The organisation propagated the 'scientific principle' and was further characterised by intensive sports practice.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer, during his student years in Würzburg, was a member of Veda. A photograph has survived showing Pfeffer in the corresponding uniform with cap, boots, sash and sword.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jdft\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3sb26\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rolf-Joachim Baum, Ulrich Becker en Walter M. Brod et al (red.), <em>Studentenschaft und Korporationswesen an der Universität Würzburg, 1582 – 1982</em>, Würburg: Kommissionsverlag Ulrich Becker, 1982, p. 211.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d6vwg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis\">https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis</a>, geraadpleegd 27 mei 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jdft\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_III_043: foto Frtiz Pfeffer ten voeten uit. De stempel op de foto vermeldt dat de foto gemaakt is door fotograaf Siebenlist in Würzburg.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het op <strong>10 mei 1896 </strong>opgerichte Veda was een van de studentenbroederschappen die in Duitsland uit liberaal-nationalistische idealen waren ontstaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3sb26\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Als enige in zijn soort stond Veda uit Wurzbürg voor iedereen open, dus ook voor Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d6vwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vanaf <strong>1918 </strong>was de broederschap geheel Joods. In <strong>1920 </strong>telde Veda zo’n 230 leden en had een eigen gebouw. Op <strong>30 juni 1933 </strong>werd dit gebouw op last van het <em>Kultusministerium</em> opgeheven en bezet door de SA.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kenmerkende kleuren van de sjerp waren wit-rood-lichtgroen en het motto van de broederschap was ‘Veritati’. De organisatie droeg het ‘wetenschappelijk principe’ uit en kenmerkte zich verder door intensieve sportbeoefening.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer was, tijdens zijn studiejaren in Würzburg, lid van Veda. Er is een foto bewaard gebleven waar Pfeffer op staat in het bijbehorende uniform met muts, laarzen, sjerp en degen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jdft\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3sb26\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rolf-Joachim Baum, Ulrich Becker en Walter M. Brod et al (red.), <em>Studentenschaft und Korporationswesen an der Universität Würzburg, 1582 – 1982</em>, Würburg: Kommissionsverlag Ulrich Becker, 1982, p. 211.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d6vwg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis\">https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis</a>, geraadpleegd 27 mei 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jdft\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_III_043: foto Frtiz Pfeffer ten voeten uit. De stempel op de foto vermeldt dat de foto gemaakt is door fotograaf Siebenlist in Würzburg.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Founded on <strong>10 May 1896</strong>, Veda was one of the student fraternities born out of liberal-nationalist ideals in Germany.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3sb26\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The only one of its kind, Veda from Wurzbürg was open to everyone, including Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d6vwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> From <strong>1918</strong>, the fraternity was entirely Jewish. By <strong>1920</strong>, Veda had some 230 members and had its own building. On <strong>30 June 1933</strong>, this building was abolished by order of the <em>Kultusministerium</em> and occupied by the SA.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The distinctive colours of the sash were white-red-light green and the fraternity's motto was 'Veritati'. The organisation propagated the 'scientific principle' and was further characterised by intensive sports practice.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer, during his student years in Würzburg, was a member of Veda. A photograph has survived showing Pfeffer in the corresponding uniform with cap, boots, sash and sword.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jdft\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3sb26\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rolf-Joachim Baum, Ulrich Becker en Walter M. Brod et al (red.), <em>Studentenschaft und Korporationswesen an der Universität Würzburg, 1582 – 1982</em>, Würburg: Kommissionsverlag Ulrich Becker, 1982, p. 211.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d6vwg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis\">https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis</a>, geraadpleegd 27 mei 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jdft\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Pfeffer_III_043: foto Frtiz Pfeffer ten voeten uit. De stempel op de foto vermeldt dat de foto gemaakt is door fotograaf Siebenlist in Würzburg.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Veda was a student fraternity of which Fritz Pfeffer was a member.",
"summary_nl": "Veda was een studentenbroederschap waar Fritz Pfeffer lid van was.",
"summary_en": "Veda was a student fraternity of which Fritz Pfeffer was a member.",
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"uuid": "e31fdf74-e1ea-41b9-9f48-bf42e459fd7d",
"name": "De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen",
"title": "Aflevering van De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/dcdfd5f4-de21-2f63-fc6f-524bb6e5dd82.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Victor Kugler nam elke week tijdschriften en kranten mee voor de onderduikers, zoals De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen. Anne had zelfs plannen om een van haar sprookjes naar De Prins op te sturen voor publicatie.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c6828743-aa90-4f78-a3e4-6f779d11a1f1/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c6828743-aa90-4f78-a3e4-6f779d11a1f1",
"name": "Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen, De",
"name_nl": "Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen, de",
"name_en": "Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen, De",
"description": "<p><em>De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen</em> (<em>The Prince of Illustrated Magazines</em>) was a periodical published since <strong>1908</strong> and known as <em>De Prins</em>. It contained many photographs as well as celebrity obituaries and follow-up stories.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4diqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the German occupation, the magazine quickly took a pro-German course and contributors did not hide their reverence for Hitler and the Third Reich.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4szb7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Each week, Victor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines for the people in hiding, including <em>De Prins</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onx35\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne Frank thought about sending one of her stories to <em>De Prins</em> under a pseudonym.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ahk27\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne pasted three pictures from <em>De Prins</em> on the wall of her room in the Secret Annex: an image of a detail from the sculpture Hermes and the child Dionysus,<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7zm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmzuv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and an image of a statue of Paracelsus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p3s81\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Anne had started writing stories in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, she wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales published in <em>De Prins</em> under pseudonym, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2lmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763v\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4diqx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joan Hemels & Renée Vegt, <em>Het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland: bron van kennis en vermaak, lust voor het oog. Bibliografie. Deel I: 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Otto Cramwinckel, 1993, p. 355-358; Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 335; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Prins_der_Geïllustreerde_Bladen\" target=\"_blank\">De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4szb7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Diverse jaargangen van <em>De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen </em>zijn te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/results?facets%5BtitleString%5D%5B%5D=De+prins+der+ge%C3%AFllustreerde+bladen&coll=dddtitel\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onx35\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ahk27\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7zm4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/c2cf2e97-5bd1-4b55-b135-3dc51f23365f\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van een detail uit het beeldhouwwerk Hermes en het kind Dionysus</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmzuv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/fcb5a844-9a86-4358-bca4-e5bfec5e856b\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van Leonardo da Vinci</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p3s81\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/886c7441-933b-4fc6-b25d-49a54998f1c5\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van een standbeeld van Paracelsus</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2lmj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0763v\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p><em>De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen</em> was een tijdschrift dat sinds <strong>1908</strong> verscheen en bekend stond als <em>De Prins</em>. Het bevatte naast veel foto’s ook necrologieën van beroemdheden en vervolgverhalen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4diqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de Duitse bezetting ging het blad al snel een pro-Duitse koers varen en staken de medewerkers hun verering voor Hitler en het Derde Rijk niet onder stoelen of banken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x2scx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Victor Kugler nam wekelijks kranten en tijdschriften mee voor de onderduikers, waaronder <em>De Prins</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onx35\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne Frank dacht erover om een van haar verhaaltjes onder een pseudoniem op te sturen naar <em>De Prins</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ahk27\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne heeft drie plaatjes uit <em>De Prins</em> op de muur van haar kamer in het Achterhuis geplakt: een afbeelding van een van een detail uit het beeldhouwwerk Hermes en het kind Dionysus,<sup data-footnote-id=\"2eetm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> een zelfportret van Leonardo da Vinci<sup data-footnote-id=\"hc9kd\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en een afbeelding van een standbeeld van Paracelsus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cra7n\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat Anne in de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> was begonnen met het schrijven van verhaaltjes, wilde zij proberen onder pseudoniem een van haar sprookjes in <em>De Prins</em> geplaatst te krijgen, maar dacht dat dat niet zou lukken omdat haar sprookjes te lang zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g95s6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde hierover na de oorlog dat Anne aan Kleiman vroeg om onder de naam van zijn dochter het verhaaltje <em>Blurry</em> op te sturen. Kleiman vond dit te gevaarlijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fe27c\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4diqx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joan Hemels & Renée Vegt, <em>Het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland: bron van kennis en vermaak, lust voor het oog. Bibliografie. Deel I: 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Otto Cramwinckel, 1993, p. 355-358; Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 335; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Prins_der_Geïllustreerde_Bladen\" target=\"_blank\">De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x2scx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Diverse jaargangen van <em>De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen </em>zijn te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/results?facets%5BtitleString%5D%5B%5D=De+prins+der+ge%C3%AFllustreerde+bladen&coll=dddtitel\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onx35\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 18 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ahk27\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2eetm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/c2cf2e97-5bd1-4b55-b135-3dc51f23365f\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van een detail uit het beeldhouwwerk Hermes en het kind Dionysus</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hc9kd\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/fcb5a844-9a86-4358-bca4-e5bfec5e856b\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van Leonardo da Vinci</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cra7n\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/886c7441-933b-4fc6-b25d-49a54998f1c5\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van een standbeeld van Paracelsus</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g95s6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fe27c\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p><em>De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen</em> (<em>The Prince of Illustrated Magazines</em>) was a periodical published since <strong>1908</strong> and known as <em>De Prins</em>. It contained many photographs as well as celebrity obituaries and follow-up stories.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4diqx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the German occupation, the magazine quickly took a pro-German course and contributors did not hide their reverence for Hitler and the Third Reich.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4szb7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Each week, Victor Kugler brought newspapers and magazines for the people in hiding, including <em>De Prins</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"onx35\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne Frank thought about sending one of her stories to <em>De Prins</em> under a pseudonym.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ahk27\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne pasted three pictures from <em>De Prins</em> on the wall of her room in the Secret Annex: an image of a detail from the sculpture Hermes and the child Dionysus,<sup data-footnote-id=\"n7zm4\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmzuv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and an image of a statue of Paracelsus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p3s81\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Anne had started writing stories in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, she wanted to try to get one of her fairy tales published in <em>De Prins</em> under pseudonym, but thought it would not succeed because her fairy tales were too long.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2lmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank said about this after the war that Anne asked Kleiman to send the story <em>Blurry the Explorer</em> under his daughter's name. Kleiman thought this was too dangerous.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0763v\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4diqx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Joan Hemels & Renée Vegt, <em>Het geïllustreerde tijdschrift in Nederland: bron van kennis en vermaak, lust voor het oog. Bibliografie. Deel I: 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Otto Cramwinckel, 1993, p. 355-358; Elsbeth Kwant, Marieke van Delft, Reinder Storm (samenst. & red.), <em>Het Tijdschriftenboek</em>, Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 335; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Prins_der_Geïllustreerde_Bladen\" target=\"_blank\">De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4szb7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Diverse jaargangen van <em>De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen </em>zijn te raadplegen op <a href=\"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/results?facets%5BtitleString%5D%5B%5D=De+prins+der+ge%C3%AFllustreerde+bladen&coll=dddtitel\" target=\"_blank\">Delpher</a>, de website van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek, met gedigitaliseerde historische Nederlandse kranten, boeken, tijdschriften en radiobulletins uit bibliotheken, musea en andere erfgoedinstellingen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"onx35\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 18 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ahk27\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n7zm4\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/c2cf2e97-5bd1-4b55-b135-3dc51f23365f\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van een detail uit het beeldhouwwerk Hermes en het kind Dionysus</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmzuv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/fcb5a844-9a86-4358-bca4-e5bfec5e856b\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van Leonardo da Vinci</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p3s81\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting - Collectie online: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/886c7441-933b-4fc6-b25d-49a54998f1c5\" target=\"_blank\">Afbeelding van een standbeeld van Paracelsus</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2lmj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0763v\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_101: Otto Frank aan Uitgeverij Contact / Gilles de Neve, 3 oktober 1959.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen, a magazine that was read by the people in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen, tijdschrift dat door de onderduikers gelezen werd.",
"summary_en": "De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen, a magazine that was read by the people in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 87,
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "subject",
"instance": {
"id": 396124651,
"image": {
"id": 1104,
"uuid": "0ff714c6-a336-4bf0-99bc-5f13325041f9",
"name": "ARS 4190.jpg",
"title": "Inschrijving 1908-'09 universiteit Würzburg.",
"alt": "Archiv des Rektoras und Senats, Universitätsarchiv Würzburg.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/ARS_4190.JPG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/62cd298e-9616-4eed-8dd9-c82721863443/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "62cd298e-9616-4eed-8dd9-c82721863443",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer studied medicine and dentistry",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer studeert medicijnen en tandheelkunde",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer studied medicine and dentistry",
"description": "<p>Few sources are available about Fritz Pfeffer's studies. What is known is that he studied medicine and dentistry in Würzburg and Berlin. In the winter semester <strong>1908-1909</strong> to summer semester <strong>1909</strong>, and then summer semester <strong>1910</strong> to summer semester <strong>1911</strong>, he studied 'Medizin' at the University of Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3tjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In later semesters, his younger brother Ernst Pfeffer also studied 'Medizin' in Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> During the two periods he attended Würzburg University, Pfeffer lived at the following addresses:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Pleichertorstraße 12</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerberstraße 19</li>\r\n\t<li>Sterngaße 7.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer wass a member of the <em>Akademisch-wissenschaftlichen Verbindung Veda</em> during his studies in Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c7z8x\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This was the only one of the many Würzburg societies<em> (Burschenschaften</em>) open to all religions, including Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9f77k\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>He graduated in <strong>1911 </strong>and then worked as an assistant for some time. Clear dating of the study period in Berlin is not possible based on the available sources. In Berlin, he practised from <strong>October 1912</strong>. In <strong>March 1920</strong>, he was promoted to 'Dr med. dent.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2kjz7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3tjl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>E-mail dr. Marcus Holtz (universiteitsarchief Würzburg), 5 oktober 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c7z8x\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), A_Pfeffer_III_043: foto van Pfeffer in uniform, met sjerp en degen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9f77k\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ulrike Neuwirth (2016), <a href=\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis\" target=\"_blank\">Alfred Reis (1893-1917)</a>, Jüdisches Museum Berlin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2kjz7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jürgen Dauernheim, "Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen - Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel" (Eine Ergänzung)" in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtvereins Giessen</em>, vol. 97, 2012, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Over de studie van Fritz Pfeffer zijn weinig bronnen voorhanden. Bekend is dat hij medicijnen en tandheelkunde studeerde in Würzburg en Berlijn. In het wintersemester <strong>1908-’09</strong> tot zomersemester <strong>1909</strong>, en daarna zomersemester <strong>1910</strong> tot zomersemester <strong>1911</strong> studeerde hij ‘Medizin’ aan de universiteit van Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3tjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In latere semesters studeerde ook zijn jongere broer Ernst Pfeffer in Würzburg ‘Medizin’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In de twee perioden dat hij de universiteit van Würzburg bezocht, woonde Pfeffer op de volgende adressen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Pleichertorstraße 12 </li>\r\n\t<li>Gerberstraße 19</li>\r\n\t<li>Sterngaße 7.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer wass tijdens zijn studietijd in Würzburg lid van de <em>Akademisch-wissenschaftlichen Verbindung Veda</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c7z8x\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Dit was het enige van de vele Würzburger genootschappen (<em>Burschenschaften</em>) dat voor alle religies, en dus ook voor Joden, openstond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9f77k\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij studeerde af in <strong>1911 </strong>en werkte daarna enige tijd als assistent. Duidelijke datering van de studieperiode in Berlijn is op basis van de beschikbare bronnen niet mogelijk. In Berlijn praktiseerde hij vanaf <strong>oktober 1912</strong>. In <strong>maart 1920 </strong>promoveerde hij tot "Dr. med. dent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2kjz7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3tjl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>E-mail dr. Marcus Holtz (universiteitsarchief Würzburg), 5 oktober 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c7z8x\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), A_Pfeffer_III_043: foto van Pfeffer in uniform, met sjerp en degen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9f77k\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ulrike Neuwirth (2016),<a href=\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis\" target=\"_blank\">Alfred Reis (1893-1917)</a>, Jüdisches Museum Berlin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2kjz7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jürgen Dauernheim, "Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen - Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel" (Eine Ergänzung)" in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtvereins Giessen</em>, vol. 97, 2012, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Few sources are available about Fritz Pfeffer's studies. What is known is that he studied medicine and dentistry in Würzburg and Berlin. In the winter semester <strong>1908-1909</strong> to summer semester <strong>1909</strong>, and then summer semester <strong>1910</strong> to summer semester <strong>1911</strong>, he studied 'Medizin' at the University of Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x3tjl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In later semesters, his younger brother Ernst Pfeffer also studied 'Medizin' in Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> During the two periods he attended Würzburg University, Pfeffer lived at the following addresses:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Pleichertorstraße 12</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerberstraße 19</li>\r\n\t<li>Sterngaße 7.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer wass a member of the <em>Akademisch-wissenschaftlichen Verbindung Veda</em> during his studies in Würzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c7z8x\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This was the only one of the many Würzburg societies<em> (Burschenschaften</em>) open to all religions, including Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9f77k\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>He graduated in <strong>1911 </strong>and then worked as an assistant for some time. Clear dating of the study period in Berlin is not possible based on the available sources. In Berlin, he practised from <strong>October 1912</strong>. In <strong>March 1920</strong>, he was promoted to 'Dr med. dent.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"2kjz7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x3tjl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universitätsarchiv, Universität Würzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xkp0r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>E-mail dr. Marcus Holtz (universiteitsarchief Würzburg), 5 oktober 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c7z8x\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), A_Pfeffer_III_043: foto van Pfeffer in uniform, met sjerp en degen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9f77k\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ulrike Neuwirth (2016), <a href=\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/12-of-12000-alfred-reis\" target=\"_blank\">Alfred Reis (1893-1917)</a>, Jüdisches Museum Berlin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2kjz7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jürgen Dauernheim, "Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gießen - Anne Franks "Dr. Dussel" (Eine Ergänzung)" in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtvereins Giessen</em>, vol. 97, 2012, p. 221-227, aldaar 223.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "After grammar school, Fritz Pfeffer studied medicine and dentistry in Würzburg and Berlin.",
"summary_nl": "Na het gymnasium studeerde Fritz Pfeffer medicijnen en tandheelkunde in Würzburg en Berlijn.",
"summary_en": "After grammar school, Fritz Pfeffer studied medicine and dentistry in Würzburg and Berlin.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124547,
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "subject",
"instance": {
"id": 396124576,
"image": {
"id": 1285,
"uuid": "335c496c-0cc0-402e-9b12-9c9d248659d9",
"name": "Jüdische Pfadfinder Deutschlands",
"title": "Peter van Pels tussen jongens van een jeugdgroep van de Jüdische Pfadfinder Deutschlands, Osnabrück, ca. 1936.",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/0ac4385e-88f0-ff28-d747-7a60a9f9abe3.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Groepsfoto in zwartwit van zeven jongens van een jeugdgroep van - vermoedelijk - de Jüdische Pfadfinder Deutschlands, Osnabrück, rond 1935/36. V.l.n.r. Rudolph Jacobson, Simin Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Peter van Pels, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Osnabrück, 1936",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Rechthebbende(n) onvindbaar"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/483c6a65-8444-4374-8969-77b720556935/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "483c6a65-8444-4374-8969-77b720556935",
"name": "Leisure activities, Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Vrijetijdsbesteding Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "Leisure activities, Peter van Pels",
"description": "<h1>Soccer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A classmate at the <em>Israelischen Elementarschule</em> in Osnabrück said that Peter van Pels was one of the better players on the field behind the school next to the synagogue where they always played soccer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"orprm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scouting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Germany, Peter was a member of the <em>Jüdische Pfadfinder Deutschlands</em> (Jewish Boy Scouts of Germany, I.P.D.), a Zionist-oriented Jewish scouting organization. During the meetings of the I.P.D., founded in the late 1920s, Hebrew songs were sung and the political situation in Palestine was discussed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1le8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In hiding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in hiding, Peter van Pels brought his neutered tomcat Mouschi with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"87jzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Peter occupied himself with English, French, Dutch, English and German shorthand, English trade correspondence, woodworking, government economics and a little arithmetic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f3jq0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne also writes that Peter became a keen crossword puzzler.<sup data-footnote-id=\"taorm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"orprm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph: Interview met Rudolf Jacobson, 14 maart 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1le8f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Martina Sellmeyer, <a href=\"https://os-rundschau.de/rundschau-magazin/martina-sellmeyer/geht-nach-palaestina/\" target=\"_blank\">"Geht nach Palästina!“: Osnabrücks Anteil an der Gründung des Staates Israel im Mai 1948</a>, in: <em>Osnabrücker Rundschau</em>, 16 mei 2024.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"87jzs\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.}: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f3jq0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"taorm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 March 1944, Diary Version B, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Voetbal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een klasgenoot op de <em>Israelischen Elementarschule</em> in Osnabrück vertelde dat Peter van Pels een van de betere voetballers was op het veldje achter de school naast de synagoge waar ze altijd voetbalden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"orprm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scouting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter was in Duitsland lid van de <em>Jüdische Pfadfinder Deutschlands </em>(I.P.D.) een zionistisch georiënteerde, Joodse scoutingorganisatie<em>.</em> Tijdens de bijeenkomsten van de I.P.D., opgericht <strong>eind jaren twintig</strong>, werden Hebreeuwse liederen gezongen en werd de politieke situatie in Palestina besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"45dik\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In de onderduik</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de onderduik bracht Peter van Pels zijn gecastreerde kater Mouschi mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"87jzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne hield Peter zich bezig met Engels, Frans, Nederlandse-, Engelse- en Duitse steno, Engelse handelscorrespondentie, houtbewerking, staatshuishoudkunde en een beetje rekenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f3jq0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne schrijft ook dat Peter een manie voor kruiswoordpuzzels kreeg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"taorm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"orprm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph: Interview met Rudolf Jacobson, 14 maart 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"45dik\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Martina Sellmeyer, <a href=\"https://os-rundschau.de/rundschau-magazin/martina-sellmeyer/geht-nach-palaestina/\" target=\"_blank\">"Geht nach Palästina!“: Osnabrücks Anteil an der Gründung des Staates Israel im Mai 1948</a>, in: <em>Osnabrücker Rundschau</em>, 16 mei 2024.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"87jzs\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f3jq0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"taorm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 19 maart 1944, Dagboek B, 6 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Soccer</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A classmate at the <em>Israelischen Elementarschule</em> in Osnabrück said that Peter van Pels was one of the better players on the field behind the school next to the synagogue where they always played soccer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"orprm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scouting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Germany, Peter was a member of the <em>Jüdische Pfadfinder Deutschlands</em> (Jewish Boy Scouts of Germany, I.P.D.), a Zionist-oriented Jewish scouting organization. During the meetings of the I.P.D., founded in the late 1920s, Hebrew songs were sung and the political situation in Palestine was discussed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1le8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>In hiding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>During the period in hiding, Peter van Pels brought his neutered tomcat Mouschi with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"87jzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Peter occupied himself with English, French, Dutch, English and German shorthand, English trade correspondence, woodworking, government economics and a little arithmetic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f3jq0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne also writes that Peter became a keen crossword puzzler.<sup data-footnote-id=\"taorm\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"orprm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph: Interview met Rudolf Jacobson, 14 maart 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1le8f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Martina Sellmeyer, <a href=\"https://os-rundschau.de/rundschau-magazin/martina-sellmeyer/geht-nach-palaestina/\" target=\"_blank\">"Geht nach Palästina!“: Osnabrücks Anteil an der Gründung des Staates Israel im Mai 1948</a>, in: <em>Osnabrücker Rundschau</em>, 16 mei 2024.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"87jzs\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.}: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f3jq0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"taorm\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 19 March 1944, Diary Version B, 6 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Peter van Pels did woodworking and was a keen crossword puzzler.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels deed aan houtbewerking en had een manie voor kruiswoordpuzzels.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels did woodworking and was a keen crossword puzzler.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "subject",
"instance": {
"id": 396124461,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3bccefa0-54c3-4cce-88b5-0164063aa957/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3bccefa0-54c3-4cce-88b5-0164063aa957",
"name": "Vrij Nederland",
"name_nl": "Vrij Nederland",
"name_en": "Vrij Nederland",
"description": "<p>The first issue of the underground magazine <em>Vrij Nederland </em>appeared on <strong>31 August 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b1ql4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The first issue had a circulation of one hundred; by early <strong>1941</strong> this had risen to ten thousand. In <strong>March and April '41</strong>, almost everyone involved was arrested. Several times a whole group of contributors were arrested, but the magazine continued to appear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71rzp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> <strong>In late 1942</strong>, anti-revolutionary editors split off. They founded a new magazine, from which <em>Trouw </em>emerged.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jyjf0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1945</strong>, <em>Vrij Nederland </em>moved into the address Keizersgracht 604 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4whel\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b1ql4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as: <em>Vrij-Nederland</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71rzp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften,</em> Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 98-99; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrij_Nederland\" target=\"_blank\">Vrij Nederland</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jyjf0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kurt Baschwitz, <em>De krant door alle tijden, </em>Amsterdam: Keesing, [1949], p. 270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4whel\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 176: Woningkaart Keizersgracht 604.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het eerste nummer van het illegale tijdschrift <em>Vrij Nederland </em>verscheen op <strong>31 augustus 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b1ql4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het eerste nummer had een oplage van honderd; begin <strong>1941</strong> was dat gestegen tot tienduizend. In <strong>maart en april 1941</strong> werden vrijwel alle betrokkenen gearresteerd. Verschillende keren werd een hele groep medewerkers gearresteerd, maar het blad bleef verschijnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50i5w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> <strong>Eind 1942</strong> scheidden antirevolutionaire redacteuren zich af. Zij richtten een nieuw blad op, waaruit <em>Trouw </em>voortkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jyjf0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van <strong>1945</strong> betrok <em>Vrij Nederland </em>het adres Keizersgracht 604 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4whel\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b1ql4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>Vrij-Nederland</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50i5w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften,</em> Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 98-99; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrij_Nederland\" target=\"_blank\">Vrij Nederland</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jyjf0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kurt Baschwitz, <em>De krant door alle tijden, </em>Amsterdam: Keesing, [1949], p. 270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4whel\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 176: Woningkaart Keizersgracht 604.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The first issue of the underground magazine <em>Vrij Nederland </em>appeared on <strong>31 August 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b1ql4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The first issue had a circulation of one hundred; by early <strong>1941</strong> this had risen to ten thousand. In <strong>March and April '41</strong>, almost everyone involved was arrested. Several times a whole group of contributors were arrested, but the magazine continued to appear.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71rzp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> <strong>In late 1942</strong>, anti-revolutionary editors split off. They founded a new magazine, from which <em>Trouw </em>emerged.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jyjf0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1945</strong>, <em>Vrij Nederland </em>moved into the address Keizersgracht 604 in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4whel\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b1ql4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as: <em>Vrij-Nederland</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71rzp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Marieke van Delft, Nel van Dijk, Reinder Storm (red.), <em>Magazine! 150 jaar Nederlandse publiekstijdschriften,</em> Zwolle: Waanders, 2006, p. 98-99; Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrij_Nederland\" target=\"_blank\">Vrij Nederland</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jyjf0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kurt Baschwitz, <em>De krant door alle tijden, </em>Amsterdam: Keesing, [1949], p. 270.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4whel\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 176: Woningkaart Keizersgracht 604.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The weekly magazine Vrij Nederland was part of the underground press during the war.",
"summary_nl": "Het weekblad Vrij Nederland behoorde tijdens de oorlog tot de illegale pers.",
"summary_en": "The weekly magazine Vrij Nederland was part of the underground press during the war.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/corporaties/4829"
],
"parent": 87,
"files": []
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"score": 0.0
}
]
}