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"uuid": "c6e2bb53-79b5-42ba-8e0f-560ad5bea0a2",
"name": "De groentezaak van Henk van Hoeve",
"title": "De groentewinkel van Henk van Hoeve, ca. 1940. Zijn vrouw Riek staat in de deuropening.",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Afkomstig uit privécollectie",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/7a3f1080-ee2b-48e3-feb0-ca6ff8c5cb02.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De groentewinkel van Henk van Hoeve op de Leliegracht 58, ca. 1940. Zijn vrouw Riek staat in de deuropening.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.3758985",
"longitude": "4.8849656",
"events": [
{
"id": 317,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c86a4f1d-572c-4d3e-9cd6-5cb7d169e5f8/",
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"uuid": "c86a4f1d-572c-4d3e-9cd6-5cb7d169e5f8",
"name": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve is arrested",
"name_nl": "Groenteboer Henk van Hoeve gearresteerd",
"name_en": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve is arrested",
"content": "<p>On <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, four SD agents, led by Pieter Schaap,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ylrp8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> raided the greengrocer's shop and home of Henk and Riek van Hoeve and found two Jews in hiding: Richard Weisz and his spouse Ruth Weisz-Neumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The SD is said to have been informed by anonymous letter about the people in hiding in Van Hoeve's attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Weiszes and Henk van Hoeve were arrested. Anne Frank wrote about this in her diary the same day:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"There's something fresh every day. This morning v. Hoeven was picked up for having two Jews in his house. It is a great blow to us.not only that those pooor Jews are balancing on the edge of an abyss, it's terrible for v. Hoeven. The world has turned topsy-turvy, the most respectable people are being sent off to concentration camps, prisons, and lonely cells, and the dregs that remain govern young an old, rich and poor. One person walks into the trap through the black market, a second through Jews or other people who've had to go 'underground'; anyone who isn't one of the NSBers doesn't know what may happen to him from one day to another. v. Hoeven is a great loss for us too. (...) We're going to be hungry, but nothing is worse than being discovered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"beixi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrest of coupon suppliers Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar two months earlier, the food supply for the people in hiding had already been endangered; now they were afraid that shortages would arise again. Moreover, the residents of the Secret Annex began to feel increasingly unsafe after Van Hoeve's arrest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the prison at Weteringschans, Van Hoeve was sent to Camp Vught and ultimately survived four concentration camps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Weiszes were less fortunate. They ended up in <em>Strafbarak 67</em>, the penal hut in Westerbork and were deported from there on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, with the same transport as the Frank family, to Auschwitz, where they arrived on <strong>5 September</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Subsequently, they were separated and sent to different camps. Richard Weisz died on <strong>7 January 1945</strong> n the all-male camp of Hailfingen in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany, while his wife most likely died in Flossenbürg concentration camp in Bavaria, 400 kilometers away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeve's wife was not arrested during the raid <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, and continued the greengrocer's trade after her husband's arrest. On <strong>8 July 1944</strong>, Anne wrote that the people in hiding had received 18 pounds of peas from Mrs. van Hoeve.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ylrp8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pieter Schaap was one of the most fanatical hunter for Jews in Amsterdam. See: Ad van Liemp & Jan H. Kompagnie (red.), <em>Jodenjacht: de onthutsende rol van de Nederlandse politiek in de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2011, p. 212-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op joodse onderduikers</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 371. Also see the chapter 'The greengrocer', in: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2022, p. 208-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Hoeve: Verslag van oorlogsbelevenissen door H. van Hoeve, “Groenteman van Anne Frank”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beixi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg: Transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Volker Mall, Johannes Kuhn, Harald Roth, <em>Die Häftlinge des KZ-Außenlagers Hailfingen/Tailfingen: Daten und Porträts aller Häftlinge</em>, 2. erw. und überarb. Aufl., Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2021, p. 507</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>25 mei 1944</strong> vielen vier SD'ers onder leiding van Pieter Schaap<sup data-footnote-id=\"50px0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> de groentewinkel en woning van Henk en Riek van Hoeve binnen en vonden daar twee ondergedoken Joden: Richard Weisz en diens vrouw Ruth Weisz-Neumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De SD zou per anonieme brief zijn ingelicht over de onderduikers op de zolder van Van Hoeve.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het echtpaar Weisz en Henk van Hoeve werden gearresteerd. Anne Frank schreef daar nog dezelfde dag over in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Iedere dag wat anders, vanochtend is Van Hoeven gepakt, hij had twee Joden in huis. Het is een zware slag voor ons, niet alleen dat die arme Joden weer aan de rand van de afgrond staan, voor v. Hoeven is het vreselijk. De wereld staat hier op z’n kop, de meest fatsoenlijke mensen worden weggestuurd naar concentratiekampen, gevangenissen en eenzame cellen en het uitschot regeert over jong en oud, rijk en arm. De een vliegt er door de zwarte handel, de tweede door Joden of andere schuilers in, niemand, die niet bij de N.S.B.ers is weet wat er morgen gebeurt. Ook voor ons is v. Hoeven een zeer zwaar gemis. (...) Dat zal hongeren worden, maar alles is niet zo erg dan ontdekt worden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"beixi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Met de arrestatie van bonnenleveranciers Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar twee maanden eerder was de voedselvoorziening van de onderduikers al eens in gevaar gekomen; ze waren bang dat er nu weer tekorten zouden ontstaan. Bovendien begonnen de bewoners van het Achterhuis zich na de arrestatie van Van Hoeve steeds onveiliger te voelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeve ging via het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans naar Kamp Vught en overleefde uiteindelijk vier concentratiekampen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het echtpaar Weisz had minder geluk. Zij kwamen in Westerbork in Strafbarak 67 terecht en werden van daaruit op <strong>3 september 1944</strong> in dezelfde trein als de familie Frank naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd, waar zij op <strong>5 september</strong> aankwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Vervolgens werden zij van elkaar gescheiden en naar verschillende kampen gestuurd. Richard Weisz stierf op <strong>7 januari 1945</strong> in Baden-Württemberg, Zuid-Duitsland, in het mannenkamp Hailfingen, terwijl zijn vrouw hoogstwaarschijnlijk in concentratiekamp Flossenbürg in Beieren, 400 kilometer verderop, om het leven kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeves vrouw was bij de inval op <strong>25 mei 1944</strong> niet gearresteerd, en zette na de arrestatie van haar echtgenoot de groentehandel voort. Op <strong>8 juli 1944</strong> schrijft Anne dat de onderduikers 18 pond doperwten van mevrouw van Hoeve hadden gekregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50px0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pieter Schaap was een van de fanatiekste Jodenjagers in Amsterdam. Zie: Ad van Liemp & Jan H. Kompagnie (red.), <em>Jodenjacht: de onthutsende rol van de Nederlandse politiek in de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2011, p. 212-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op joodse onderduikers</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 371. Zie ook het hoofdstuk 'De groenteman', in: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo|Anthos, 2022, p. 238-248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Hoeve: Verslag van oorlogsbelevenissen door H. van Hoeve, “Groenteman van Anne Frank”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beixi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg: Transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Volker Mall, Johannes Kuhn, Harald Roth, <em>Die Häftlinge des KZ-Außenlagers Hailfingen/Tailfingen: Daten und Porträts aller Häftlinge</em>, 2. erw. und überarb. Aufl., Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2021, p. 507</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, four SD agents, led by Pieter Schaap,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ylrp8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> raided the greengrocer's shop and home of Henk and Riek van Hoeve and found two Jews in hiding: Richard Weisz and his spouse Ruth Weisz-Neumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The SD is said to have been informed by anonymous letter about the people in hiding in Van Hoeve's attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Weiszes and Henk van Hoeve were arrested. Anne Frank wrote about this in her diary the same day:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"There's something fresh every day. This morning v. Hoeven was picked up for having two Jews in his house. It is a great blow to us.not only that those pooor Jews are balancing on the edge of an abyss, it's terrible for v. Hoeven. The world has turned topsy-turvy, the most respectable people are being sent off to concentration camps, prisons, and lonely cells, and the dregs that remain govern young an old, rich and poor. One person walks into the trap through the black market, a second through Jews or other people who've had to go 'underground'; anyone who isn't one of the NSBers doesn't know what may happen to him from one day to another. v. Hoeven is a great loss for us too. (...) We're going to be hungry, but nothing is worse than being discovered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"beixi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrest of coupon suppliers Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar two months earlier, the food supply for the people in hiding had already been endangered; now they were afraid that shortages would arise again. Moreover, the residents of the Secret Annex began to feel increasingly unsafe after Van Hoeve's arrest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the prison at Weteringschans, Van Hoeve was sent to Camp Vught and ultimately survived four concentration camps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Weiszes were less fortunate. They ended up in <em>Strafbarak 67</em>, the penal hut in Westerbork and were deported from there on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, with the same transport as the Frank family, to Auschwitz, where they arrived on <strong>5 September</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Subsequently, they were separated and sent to different camps. Richard Weisz died on <strong>7 January 1945</strong> n the all-male camp of Hailfingen in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany, while his wife most likely died in Flossenbürg concentration camp in Bavaria, 400 kilometers away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeve's wife was not arrested during the raid <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, and continued the greengrocer's trade after her husband's arrest. On <strong>8 July 1944</strong>, Anne wrote that the people in hiding had received 18 pounds of peas from Mrs. van Hoeve.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ylrp8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Pieter Schaap was one of the most fanatical hunter for Jews in Amsterdam. See: Ad van Liemp & Jan H. Kompagnie (red.), <em>Jodenjacht: de onthutsende rol van de Nederlandse politiek in de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2011, p. 212-214.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op joodse onderduikers</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 371. Also see the chapter 'The greengrocer', in: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2022, p. 208-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Hoeve: Verslag van oorlogsbelevenissen door H. van Hoeve, “Groenteman van Anne Frank”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beixi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg: Transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Volker Mall, Johannes Kuhn, Harald Roth, <em>Die Häftlinge des KZ-Außenlagers Hailfingen/Tailfingen: Daten und Porträts aller Häftlinge</em>, 2. erw. und überarb. Aufl., Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2021, p. 507</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-05-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Van Hoeve was arrested by the SD because he was hiding Jewish people in hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Van Hoeve werd door de SD gearresteerd omdat hij Joodse onderduikers verborg.",
"summary_en": "Van Hoeve was arrested by the SD because he was hiding Jewish people in hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 192,
"image": {
"id": 960,
"uuid": "2329e575-c78d-4159-a479-53bc76b76293",
"name": "Bonnenboekje",
"title": "Bonnenboekje",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bonnenboekje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting waren allerlei goederen 'op de bon', zodat iedereen een deel van de schaarse producten kon kopen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c",
"name": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De voedselvoorziening van het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het voedselthema is nauw verwant aan de onderwerpen Distributie en Bevoorrading in het algemeen. Wat er gegeten werd, en hoeveel, hing daar tenslotte mede van af. Gebrek werd er in eerste instantie in het Achterhuis niet geleden. Via reguliere en clandestiene distributiekanalen was er voldoende voedsel voorhanden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>8 augustus 1943</strong> kwam er in een groot aantal plaatsen, waaronder Amsterdam, een ‘klantenbinding’ voor groente en fruit tot stand. Dit wil zeggen dat ieder huishouden zich per periode van vier weken aan een vaste groentehandelaar diende te verbinden. Deze verstrekte een ‘gezinskaart’ op naam en moest zorgen voor inname van bonnen en een redelijke verdeling van zijn aanbod, afhankelijk van het aantal gezinsleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hoe de helpers deze complicatie in de praktijk oplosten is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Groente en aardappelen komen van groenteboer Van Hoeve op de Leliegracht; voor brood was een regeling getroffen met bakker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vlees kwam van een bij Hermann van Pels bekende slager in de omgeving, waarschijnlijk - op grond van het hieronder genoemd menukaartje met “Roastbeaf SCHOLTE” - het filiaal van Piet Scholte op de Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Met het verstrijken van de tijd ontstonden moeilijkheden, die verschillende oorzaken hadden. Victor Kugler schreef jaren later in zijn herinneringen dat gaandeweg de problemen groeiden; vooral levensmiddelen werden schaars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Versobering van de maaltijden en rantsoenen gaven herhaaldelijk aanleiding tot ruzies. Aan de hand van Annes notities en verschillende externe bronnen zijn diverse aspecten van het vraagstuk goed te beschrijven en ook te verklaren.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het eetpatroon en de verschuivingen daarin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij aanvang van de onderduikperiode was er een flinke voorraad levensmiddelen aangelegd, waaronder honderdvijftig conservenblikken met groente. Door de zakelijke contacten waren melkpoeder, tarwezetmeel en suiker steeds in ruime hoeveelheden voorhanden, waarmee volgens Kugler voedzame pudding kon worden gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>nazomer en de herfst van 1942</strong> schrijft Anne dat zijzelf en Hermann van Pels flink aten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Tegelijkertijd daalde het vetrantsoen in de <strong>tweede helft van 1942</strong> gestaag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 oktober</strong> van dat jaar is te lezen welke spanningen het wel of niet op brood smeren van boter in het Achterhuis tot gevolg had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In die periode kwam het officiële boter/vetrantsoen neer op 62½ gram per persoon per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne meldt in november de levering van 135 kilo peulvruchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1943</strong> schrijft ze dat haar moeder bewerkstelligde dat de kinderen extra boter kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Het was echter de distributie die bepaalde dat de jeugd tussen 4 en 21 jaar een hoger vetrantsoen kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op dezelfde dag schrijft ze dat ze genoeg kreeg van de witte en bruine bonen, en dat de 'avond-broodverstrekking' was ingetrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De overvloed aan bonen is te verklaren uit de eerder genoemde 135 kilo. Waarom de broodconsumptie, gezien de soepele regeling met Siemons, werd verminderd is onduidelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het werd vooral in de <strong>eerste maanden van 1944</strong> zichtbaar dat externe factoren veel bepaalden. De arrestatie van bonnenleveranciers Brouwer en Daatzelaar in maart bracht de aanvoer van onder meer aardappelen en boter in gevaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gebakken aardappelen als ontbijt werden dan ook vervangen door pap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Het bleek mogelijk extra volle melk te kopen, wat op aandringen van mevrouw Van Pels ook gebeurde. Volle melk was officieel voorbehouden aan kinderen onder de veertien, dus die aanschaf was clandestien. De zwarte melkprijzen bedroegen <strong>begin 1944</strong> zo’n 40 à 50 cent per liter in Amsterdam-Noord en tot 1,30 à 1,50 gulden per liter in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> De onderduikers konden dus voor extra melk betrekkelijk hoge kosten maken. Dit duidt erop dat tekorten in het Achterhuis meer waren te wijten aan schaarste en verdelingsproblemen dan aan geldgebrek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beklaagt zich op <strong>8 mei 1944 </strong>over het feit dat ze steeds '<em>sla, stoofsla, spinazie, spinazie en nog eens spinazie</em>' aten. In deze periode leidde gebrek aan meststoffen tot teeltbeperkingen. Vooral de zogenaamde 'massaproducten' waren toen ruim verkrijgbaar, een categorie waartoe ook de gewraakte bladgroenten behoorden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De problemen groeiden wel na de arrestatie van groenteboer Van Hoeve <strong>eind mei 1944</strong>. Het toenemende tekort aan aardappelen en groente leidde tot het geleidelijk afschaffen van het ontbijt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensatie door het vervroegen van de lunch kon niet verhullen dat de schaarste toenam.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extra’s</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was ruimte om af en toe iets extra’s te doen. In de eerste dagen kregen de Franks, toen nog alleen in het Achterhuis, van de helpers rabarber, aardbeien en kersen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de huwelijksdag van Jan en Miep was er op <strong>18 juli 1942</strong>, vlak na de aankomst van de familie Van Pels, een diner in het Achterhuis. Hiervan is een getypt menukaartje bewaard gebleven, en op tafel kwamen bouillon, roast beef, diverse salades en per persoon één ‘pomme de terre’. Verder jus, ‘zeer miniem te gebruiken’ vanwege het boterrantsoen, riz à la Trautmannsdorf (‘surrogaat’) en koffie met suiker en room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon- en juspoeders behoorden tot het kernassortiment van Gies & Co. Gezien de heersende schaarste en daardoor erg hoge prijzen zal de koffie ook wel ‘surrogaat’ zijn geweest. Toen Jan en Miep in oktober kwamen logeren, stonden er volgens Anne soep, gehaktballetjes, aardappels, worteltjes en koffie met kruidkoek en Maria’s op tafel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door het verhaaltje <em>Worstdag</em> en uit de B-versie is de door Anne in <strong>december ‘42</strong> gesitueerde episode bekend waarin Van Pels een grote hoeveelheid vlees had kunnen bemachtigen en daar worst van maakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Via de voedseldistributie profiteerden de onderduikers soms van incidentele meevallers, zoals bij de verstrekking van extra snoep, olie en stroop met Kerstmis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Daar staat tegenover dat ze het ook merkten toen er, als sanctie voor de stakingen van <strong>1943</strong> een boterbon werd ingehouden. Uit dezelfde notitie komt de opsomming van levensmiddelen die Pfeffer bij zijn verjaardag in <strong>1943</strong> kennelijk van Charlotte Kaletta toegestuurd kreeg: eieren, boter, koekjes, limonade, brood, cognac, sinaasappelen, kruidkoek en chocolade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’43</strong> wisten de helpers aan ‘vooroorlogse’ boterkoekjes voor de onderduikers te komen, en bij Ediths verjaardag enkele weken later aan een dito mokkataart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Bij Otto Franks 55e verjaardag was er bier en via Siemons waren er zelfs vijftig ‘vooroorlogse’ petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In het geval van de koek en taart betekende dit dat de betreffende bakkers via de helpers vooraf van benodigde ingrediënten als boter, suiker en eieren moeten zijn voorzien. Omdat bakkers hiermee karig werden bevoorraad, was dit destijds een gebruikelijke methode om aan behoorlijk - ‘vooroorlogs’ - gebak te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juli ’44</strong> leverde mevrouw Van Hoeve – haar man zat toen gevangen vanwege het verbergen van het Joodse echtpaar Weisz – negen kilo doperwten. Hiervan werden ook de peulen gegeten. Op dezelfde dag noteert Anne de aanvoer van een grote partij aardbeien, door Broks rechtstreeks van de Beverwijkse veiling gehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Gezien de hoeveelheden moet ook hier sprake zijn geweest van niet-reguliere transacties. Op clandestiene handel in aardbeien werd ook in Amsterdam rond deze tijd scherp toegezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ten slotte was er nog Peters kat Mouschi. Na veel overleg en onduidelijkheid besloot de overheid dat alleen voor economisch nuttige katten, zoals pakhuiskatten, voedsel beschikbaar kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Dat betekende dat Mouschi’s voer, in tegenstelling tot dat van pakhuiskat Moffie, langs andere kanalen moest komen, of dat hij at wat de onderduikers aten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit dit overzicht blijkt dat externe factoren een grotere rol spelen bij de verschraling van de voedselpositie in het Achterhuis dan interne. De afname van variatie en hoeveelheden hield gelijke tred met het wegvallen van leveranciers van bonnen en levensmiddelen. Financiële zorgen hebben zich ongetwijfeld doen gelden, maar herhaaldelijk blijkt toch dat incidentele mogelijkheden om extra’s aan te schaffen lang zijn blijven bestaan. Geldgebrek lijkt daarom geen doorslaggevende factor te zijn geweest in de achteruitgang van de voedselpositie.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september en 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Worstdag”, 10 december 1942; Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 december 1943 en 19 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 en 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"summary_nl": "De dagboeken van Anne Frank geven veel informatie over wat er in het Achterhuis zoal op tafel kwam. Wat er op tafel stond was sterk afhankelijk van het aanbod en de mogelijkheden om distributiebeperkingen en andere problemen te omzeilen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2054627f-6925-41fd-8b01-e33624375780?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/55395f0b-7bff-4dea-be7f-cc84d4d98b5f/",
"published": true,
"name": "Greengrocer's Henk van Hoeve",
"name_nl": "Groentewinkel van Henk van Hoeve",
"name_en": "Greengrocer's Henk van Hoeve",
"uuid": "55395f0b-7bff-4dea-be7f-cc84d4d98b5f",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.8849656 52.3758985)",
"summary": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve helped Miep Gies to supply potatoes to the people in hiding in the Secret Annex during the German occupation.",
"summary_nl": "Henk van Hoeve was de groenteboer die Miep Gies tijdens de Duitse bezetting hielp om de onderduikers in het Achterhuis van aardappelen te voorzien.",
"summary_en": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve helped Miep Gies to supply potatoes to the people in hiding in the Secret Annex during the German occupation.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Leliegracht 58",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
317
]
}
