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"id": 232,
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"main_image": {
"id": 1038,
"uuid": "94810665-4b12-41f7-b3bc-9457ecb650c3",
"name": "Politiebureau Lombardstraat, Zwolle",
"title": "Politiebureau Lombardstraat, Zwolle",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Afkomstig uit Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant, 29 januari 1954.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Lombardstraat_Zwolle.PNG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"latitude": "52.51118",
"longitude": "6.09272",
"events": [
{
"id": 298,
"main_image": {
"id": 994,
"uuid": "18b64438-8ec9-47f4-8f71-2bf91c3e3ae8",
"name": "Vrijlating Brouwer en Daatzelaar",
"title": "Vrijlating Brouwer en Daatzelaar",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Collectie Overijssel, archief Gemeentepolitie Zwolle",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/CO_0725-25_22_maart_1944.PNG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Mutatie afdeling Bijzondere Wetten en Economische Dienst, Gemeentepolitie Zwolle",
"author": "Kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8b77673f-02d8-4a9e-8d80-2e8bcf32abcc/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/1234ea3f-6212-4be9-b590-e4feeb3dbefc?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2119892a-6b92-4eb4-b242-af3c967a1553?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/a3c189c4-1fd5-4e05-a3d9-9385df22dd01?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f5dd8ccd-3a20-4fc9-ad6f-303abda16a48?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/2054627f-6925-41fd-8b01-e33624375780?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8b77673f-02d8-4a9e-8d80-2e8bcf32abcc",
"name": "Ration stamp suppliers in Zwolle released",
"name_nl": "Bonnenleveranciers in Zwolle vrijgelaten",
"name_en": "Ration stamp suppliers in Zwolle released",
"content": "<p>A difficult problem for people in hiding was food supply. War conditions led to shortages and the government therefore established a distribution system with ration cards and stamp. Those who went into hiding almost always lost immediate access to those means and had to obtain them in a clandestine, and therefore risky, manner. The Secret Annex obtained receipts from two representatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank noted the arrests of Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar, a few days apart, in her diary. She was afraid that shortages would now arise, and she worried about the two.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vx2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Both men were representatives of the Gies & Co. firm and, although they were not aware of the hiding, they were well acquainted with both Frank and Van Pels. After about two weeks, during which Anne wrote about to the case several times, they were released at four o'clock in the afternoon on<strong> 22 March 1944</strong>, two weeks after theu had been arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"36szf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The next day Anne also wrote that down in her diary. So she followed the case closely and the good news quickly reached the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vx2q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10, 14 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, Londen [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"36szf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Overijssel (voorheen Historisch Centrum Overijssel), Gemeentepolitie Zwolle (toegang 0725), inv. nr. 25: dag- en nachtrapporten van de afdeling Bijzondere Wetten en Economische Dienst, 22 maart 1944, mut. 16.00.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Een lastig probleem voor onderduikers was de voedselvoorziening. De oorlogsomstandigheden leidden tot schaarste en de overheid stelde daarom een distributiesysteem met bonnen in. Wie in onderduik verdween verloor vrijwel altijd direct toegang tot die bonnen en moest daar op clandestiene, en dus riskante, wijze aan zien te komen. Het Achterhuis betrok bonnen van twee vertegenwoordigers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank noteerde de arrestaties van Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar, enkele dagen na elkaar, in haar dagboek. Ze was bang dat er nu tekorten zouden ontstaan, en ze maakte zich zorgen om het tweetal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vx2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Beide mannen waren vertegenwoordigers van de firma Gies & Co. en waren, hoewel ze niet van de onderduik op de hoogte waren, met Frank en Van Pels wel goed bekend. Na ongeveer twee weken, waarin Anne enkele keren op de zaak terugkomt, werden zij op <strong>22 maart 1944</strong> om vier uur in de middag vrijgelaten, twee weken na hun arrestatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"36szf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De volgende dag schreef Anne ook dat in haar dagboek op. Zij volgde de zaak dus op de voet en het goede nieuws had het Achterhuis snel bereikt.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vx2q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10, 14 en 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"36szf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Overijssel (voorheen Historisch Centrum Overijssel), Gemeentepolitie Zwolle (toegang 0725), inv. nr. 25: dag- en nachtrapporten van de afdeling Bijzondere Wetten en Economische Dienst, 22 maart 1944, mut. 16.00.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>A difficult problem for people in hiding was food supply. War conditions led to shortages and the government therefore established a distribution system with ration cards and stamp. Those who went into hiding almost always lost immediate access to those means and had to obtain them in a clandestine, and therefore risky, manner. The Secret Annex obtained receipts from two representatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank noted the arrests of Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar, a few days apart, in her diary. She was afraid that shortages would now arise, and she worried about the two.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0vx2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Both men were representatives of the Gies & Co. firm and, although they were not aware of the hiding, they were well acquainted with both Frank and Van Pels. After about two weeks, during which Anne wrote about to the case several times, they were released at four o'clock in the afternoon on<strong> 22 March 1944</strong>, two weeks after theu had been arrested.<sup data-footnote-id=\"36szf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The next day Anne also wrote that down in her diary. So she followed the case closely and the good news quickly reached the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0vx2q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10, 14 and 23 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. by Susan Massotty, Londen [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"36szf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Overijssel (voorheen Historisch Centrum Overijssel), Gemeentepolitie Zwolle (toegang 0725), inv. nr. 25: dag- en nachtrapporten van de afdeling Bijzondere Wetten en Economische Dienst, 22 maart 1944, mut. 16.00.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-03-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In March 1944 there the peole in the Secret Annex worried because their ration stamp suppliers had been imprisoned in Zwolle.",
"summary_nl": "In maart 1944 was er ongerustheid in het Achterhuis omdat hun bonnenleveranciers in Zwolle gevangen zaten. Na twee weken kwamen ze vrij.",
"summary_en": "In March 1944 there the peole in the Secret Annex worried because their ration stamp suppliers had been imprisoned in Zwolle.",
"same_as": null,
"files": [
1075
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}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 192,
"image": {
"id": 960,
"uuid": "2329e575-c78d-4159-a479-53bc76b76293",
"name": "Bonnenboekje",
"title": "Bonnenboekje",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bonnenboekje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting waren allerlei goederen 'op de bon', zodat iedereen een deel van de schaarse producten kon kopen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c",
"name": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De voedselvoorziening van het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het voedselthema is nauw verwant aan de onderwerpen Distributie en Bevoorrading in het algemeen. Wat er gegeten werd, en hoeveel, hing daar tenslotte mede van af. Gebrek werd er in eerste instantie in het Achterhuis niet geleden. Via reguliere en clandestiene distributiekanalen was er voldoende voedsel voorhanden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>8 augustus 1943</strong> kwam er in een groot aantal plaatsen, waaronder Amsterdam, een ‘klantenbinding’ voor groente en fruit tot stand. Dit wil zeggen dat ieder huishouden zich per periode van vier weken aan een vaste groentehandelaar diende te verbinden. Deze verstrekte een ‘gezinskaart’ op naam en moest zorgen voor inname van bonnen en een redelijke verdeling van zijn aanbod, afhankelijk van het aantal gezinsleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hoe de helpers deze complicatie in de praktijk oplosten is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Groente en aardappelen komen van groenteboer Van Hoeve op de Leliegracht; voor brood was een regeling getroffen met bakker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vlees kwam van een bij Hermann van Pels bekende slager in de omgeving, waarschijnlijk - op grond van het hieronder genoemd menukaartje met “Roastbeaf SCHOLTE” - het filiaal van Piet Scholte op de Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Met het verstrijken van de tijd ontstonden moeilijkheden, die verschillende oorzaken hadden. Victor Kugler schreef jaren later in zijn herinneringen dat gaandeweg de problemen groeiden; vooral levensmiddelen werden schaars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Versobering van de maaltijden en rantsoenen gaven herhaaldelijk aanleiding tot ruzies. Aan de hand van Annes notities en verschillende externe bronnen zijn diverse aspecten van het vraagstuk goed te beschrijven en ook te verklaren.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het eetpatroon en de verschuivingen daarin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij aanvang van de onderduikperiode was er een flinke voorraad levensmiddelen aangelegd, waaronder honderdvijftig conservenblikken met groente. Door de zakelijke contacten waren melkpoeder, tarwezetmeel en suiker steeds in ruime hoeveelheden voorhanden, waarmee volgens Kugler voedzame pudding kon worden gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>nazomer en de herfst van 1942</strong> schrijft Anne dat zijzelf en Hermann van Pels flink aten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Tegelijkertijd daalde het vetrantsoen in de <strong>tweede helft van 1942</strong> gestaag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 oktober</strong> van dat jaar is te lezen welke spanningen het wel of niet op brood smeren van boter in het Achterhuis tot gevolg had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In die periode kwam het officiële boter/vetrantsoen neer op 62½ gram per persoon per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne meldt in november de levering van 135 kilo peulvruchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1943</strong> schrijft ze dat haar moeder bewerkstelligde dat de kinderen extra boter kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Het was echter de distributie die bepaalde dat de jeugd tussen 4 en 21 jaar een hoger vetrantsoen kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op dezelfde dag schrijft ze dat ze genoeg kreeg van de witte en bruine bonen, en dat de 'avond-broodverstrekking' was ingetrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De overvloed aan bonen is te verklaren uit de eerder genoemde 135 kilo. Waarom de broodconsumptie, gezien de soepele regeling met Siemons, werd verminderd is onduidelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het werd vooral in de <strong>eerste maanden van 1944</strong> zichtbaar dat externe factoren veel bepaalden. De arrestatie van bonnenleveranciers Brouwer en Daatzelaar in maart bracht de aanvoer van onder meer aardappelen en boter in gevaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gebakken aardappelen als ontbijt werden dan ook vervangen door pap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Het bleek mogelijk extra volle melk te kopen, wat op aandringen van mevrouw Van Pels ook gebeurde. Volle melk was officieel voorbehouden aan kinderen onder de veertien, dus die aanschaf was clandestien. De zwarte melkprijzen bedroegen <strong>begin 1944</strong> zo’n 40 à 50 cent per liter in Amsterdam-Noord en tot 1,30 à 1,50 gulden per liter in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> De onderduikers konden dus voor extra melk betrekkelijk hoge kosten maken. Dit duidt erop dat tekorten in het Achterhuis meer waren te wijten aan schaarste en verdelingsproblemen dan aan geldgebrek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beklaagt zich op <strong>8 mei 1944 </strong>over het feit dat ze steeds '<em>sla, stoofsla, spinazie, spinazie en nog eens spinazie</em>' aten. In deze periode leidde gebrek aan meststoffen tot teeltbeperkingen. Vooral de zogenaamde 'massaproducten' waren toen ruim verkrijgbaar, een categorie waartoe ook de gewraakte bladgroenten behoorden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De problemen groeiden wel na de arrestatie van groenteboer Van Hoeve <strong>eind mei 1944</strong>. Het toenemende tekort aan aardappelen en groente leidde tot het geleidelijk afschaffen van het ontbijt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensatie door het vervroegen van de lunch kon niet verhullen dat de schaarste toenam.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extra’s</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was ruimte om af en toe iets extra’s te doen. In de eerste dagen kregen de Franks, toen nog alleen in het Achterhuis, van de helpers rabarber, aardbeien en kersen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de huwelijksdag van Jan en Miep was er op <strong>18 juli 1942</strong>, vlak na de aankomst van de familie Van Pels, een diner in het Achterhuis. Hiervan is een getypt menukaartje bewaard gebleven, en op tafel kwamen bouillon, roast beef, diverse salades en per persoon één ‘pomme de terre’. Verder jus, ‘zeer miniem te gebruiken’ vanwege het boterrantsoen, riz à la Trautmannsdorf (‘surrogaat’) en koffie met suiker en room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon- en juspoeders behoorden tot het kernassortiment van Gies & Co. Gezien de heersende schaarste en daardoor erg hoge prijzen zal de koffie ook wel ‘surrogaat’ zijn geweest. Toen Jan en Miep in oktober kwamen logeren, stonden er volgens Anne soep, gehaktballetjes, aardappels, worteltjes en koffie met kruidkoek en Maria’s op tafel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door het verhaaltje <em>Worstdag</em> en uit de B-versie is de door Anne in <strong>december ‘42</strong> gesitueerde episode bekend waarin Van Pels een grote hoeveelheid vlees had kunnen bemachtigen en daar worst van maakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Via de voedseldistributie profiteerden de onderduikers soms van incidentele meevallers, zoals bij de verstrekking van extra snoep, olie en stroop met Kerstmis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Daar staat tegenover dat ze het ook merkten toen er, als sanctie voor de stakingen van <strong>1943</strong> een boterbon werd ingehouden. Uit dezelfde notitie komt de opsomming van levensmiddelen die Pfeffer bij zijn verjaardag in <strong>1943</strong> kennelijk van Charlotte Kaletta toegestuurd kreeg: eieren, boter, koekjes, limonade, brood, cognac, sinaasappelen, kruidkoek en chocolade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’43</strong> wisten de helpers aan ‘vooroorlogse’ boterkoekjes voor de onderduikers te komen, en bij Ediths verjaardag enkele weken later aan een dito mokkataart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Bij Otto Franks 55e verjaardag was er bier en via Siemons waren er zelfs vijftig ‘vooroorlogse’ petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In het geval van de koek en taart betekende dit dat de betreffende bakkers via de helpers vooraf van benodigde ingrediënten als boter, suiker en eieren moeten zijn voorzien. Omdat bakkers hiermee karig werden bevoorraad, was dit destijds een gebruikelijke methode om aan behoorlijk - ‘vooroorlogs’ - gebak te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juli ’44</strong> leverde mevrouw Van Hoeve – haar man zat toen gevangen vanwege het verbergen van het Joodse echtpaar Weisz – negen kilo doperwten. Hiervan werden ook de peulen gegeten. Op dezelfde dag noteert Anne de aanvoer van een grote partij aardbeien, door Broks rechtstreeks van de Beverwijkse veiling gehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Gezien de hoeveelheden moet ook hier sprake zijn geweest van niet-reguliere transacties. Op clandestiene handel in aardbeien werd ook in Amsterdam rond deze tijd scherp toegezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ten slotte was er nog Peters kat Mouschi. Na veel overleg en onduidelijkheid besloot de overheid dat alleen voor economisch nuttige katten, zoals pakhuiskatten, voedsel beschikbaar kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Dat betekende dat Mouschi’s voer, in tegenstelling tot dat van pakhuiskat Moffie, langs andere kanalen moest komen, of dat hij at wat de onderduikers aten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit dit overzicht blijkt dat externe factoren een grotere rol spelen bij de verschraling van de voedselpositie in het Achterhuis dan interne. De afname van variatie en hoeveelheden hield gelijke tred met het wegvallen van leveranciers van bonnen en levensmiddelen. Financiële zorgen hebben zich ongetwijfeld doen gelden, maar herhaaldelijk blijkt toch dat incidentele mogelijkheden om extra’s aan te schaffen lang zijn blijven bestaan. Geldgebrek lijkt daarom geen doorslaggevende factor te zijn geweest in de achteruitgang van de voedselpositie.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september en 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Worstdag”, 10 december 1942; Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 december 1943 en 19 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 en 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"summary_nl": "De dagboeken van Anne Frank geven veel informatie over wat er in het Achterhuis zoal op tafel kwam. Wat er op tafel stond was sterk afhankelijk van het aanbod en de mogelijkheden om distributiebeperkingen en andere problemen te omzeilen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124663,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 190,
"image": {
"id": 1001,
"uuid": "4446e5f9-8302-47ee-ad19-a0b4ce05ce93",
"name": "Bonnen",
"title": "Distributiebonnen",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Allard Bovenberg. Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bonnen.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting waren allerlei goederen 'op de bon', zodat iedereen een deel van de schaarse producten kon kopen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/1234ea3f-6212-4be9-b590-e4feeb3dbefc/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "1234ea3f-6212-4be9-b590-e4feeb3dbefc",
"name": "Distribution: food rationing",
"name_nl": "Distributie: levensmiddelen op de bon",
"name_en": "Distribution: food rationing",
"description": "<p>During World War I, food shortages also developed in the neutral Netherlands. When the threat of war increased during the <strong>1930s</strong>, the government wanted to guarantee a good food supply through rationing. Rationing was differentiated by age group, with the importance of growing children being especially prioritised. Implementation was done by the municipalities. Allocation took place via the rationing master card (DSK) issued to residents by the municipality. Those in possession of this card were given the opportunity to buy certain goods by means of ration stamps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 October 1939</strong>, sugar went on sale on a trial basis; peas followed on <strong>5 November</strong>. There was no shortage at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The number of products rationed and the size of the quota changed regularly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a large population of people in hiding during the occupation. Apart from Jews, these were mainly forced labourers who did not return after leave and soldiers who wanted to avoid becoming prisoners of war. In most cases, others were able to collect stamps in their locality without any problems. However, if they were deregistered from the Population Register, their rationing card was put on a 'block list', and the official had to confiscate the master card.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was deleted from the Population Register <strong>at the end of 1942</strong>, so their cards were put on the block list. In the case of the Frank and Fritz Pfeffer family, for unknown reasons, this did not happen until <strong>late 19</strong><strong>44</strong>. Presumably, therefore, unlike the Van Pelses, they kept their rationing documents. Anne writes in her diary on <strong>14 March 1944</strong> that the people in hiding had five rationing cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 December 1943</strong>, Anne writes that they all received extra oil, sweets and a jar of syrup "from rationing".<sup data-footnote-id=\"66bws\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Indeed, at <strong>Christmas 1943</strong>, a pound of syrup, some sugar and a quantity of extra oil became available to everyone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This meant that the people in the Secret Annex, or at least some of them, were still using the regular rationing system.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast, Anne writes on <strong>5 November 1942</strong> about the switch from 'city' cards to 'countryside' cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This organisational separation had been in place since <strong>5 September 1942</strong>. The 'countryside' cards had the disadvantage that they were not valid for butter, potatoes and milk in urban areas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> According to Anne, however, they were a lot cheaper. Moreover, they could sell the bread stamps, as baker Siemons provided 'stamp-free' bread in exchange for lactose. The fact that these stamps were bought shows that the people in hiding and the helpers were also involved in unofficial distribution. Ration stamps were also available through the representatives of Gies & Co. Martinus Brouwer and Hendrikus Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"837ci\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> So they got their food partly through regular and partly through clandestinely obtained rationing coupons. The oranges that Charlotte Kaletta sent to Pfeffer were obtained outside the rationing regulations, since these fruits were always reserved for the age group up to 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944,</strong> Rauter tried to exclude the tens of thousands of people in hiding from food supplies through a new administrative system. The Second Rationing Master Card (TD) had to be issued according to carefully designed regulations. Every adult had to collect the card in person, bring and sign the summons card, and hand in the old card. A corner of this old card was cut off and stuck on the new one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam, the civil service, working together, managed to virtually nullify the intended effect. It managed to arrange that in the <em>Beurs</em> (the Stock Exchange) - where the paper work was issued - a hall manager and several under managers were put in place who were 'good'. Officials of the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages issued thousands of registration cards for Jews who had already been deported but were still registered as residents. These were passed on to people in hiding via the <em>Beurs</em>. The corners to be cut off came from the cards of deceased people or were simply forged. An estimated 20,000 cards thus became available for the benefit of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A study published in 1995 showed that the official sabotage had been completely successful:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In retrospect, it has become clear that Rauter's plan to bring the people in hiding to the surface by introducing the Second Rationing Master Card did indeed fail. Incidentally, the master card could not be put into use until 11 June 1944. By then, Rauter himself knew from the numbers of cards and control stamps issued that the people in hiding had been provided for. His investigation into its causes was not completed due to wartime developments.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank's personal card was number TD174/873029z, which indicated the Second Rationing Master Card. He also used this legally after returning from Auschwitz. Anne had the number TD174/163173 and Margot only TD174. Edith had no rationing papers registered at all, but her card was a post-war '2nd copy.' The original card was lost, possibly due to acts of resistance. Pfeffer had TD174-500778ing. The Van Pels family only had the old DSKs, with the addition 'under investigation.' This meant that officials took advantage of the fact that these five (including probably Edith) were still on the Population Register. Whether those cards actually ended up with them is not certain, but given Jan Gies' illegal contacts it's very possible.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From a public health point of view, the food situation remained adequate until <strong>October 1944</strong>. For the people in the Secret Annex, however, it was regularly problematic, as they had eight mouths to feed with five cards. Due to the effects of the railway strike, the situation deteriorated rapidly, especially in the cities in the west. The eight people in hiding had been arrested by then.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even after liberation, trade in various foodstuffs remained restricted for some time. Coffee was the last product freely available again from <strong>14 January 1952</strong>, bringing an end to food rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Distributiekantoor, 1939-1950, nummer toegang 2.06.037: <em>Inventaris van het archief van het Centraal Distributiekantoor</em>, (1937) 1939-1950 (1955), p. 10 (<a href=\"http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger. De voedselvoorziening 1940-1945, </em>Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985, p. 41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de brochure <em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zoals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, Amsterdam: “Stadhuis (Amsterdam). Bureau voor Pers, Propaganda en Vreemdelingenverkeer”, ca. 1945 , p. 3-4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66bws\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 2-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 4 september 1942, ochteneditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"837ci\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 and 14 March 1944, 15 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em96c\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zooals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, p.. 5-6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gerard Trienekens, <em>Voedsel en honger in oorlogstijd 1940-1945. Misleiding, mythe en werkelijkheid, </em>Utrecht: Kosmos-Z&K, 1995, p. 142.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Koffie van de bon", <em>Laarder Courant de Bel</em>, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog ontstond ook in het neutrale Nederland voedselschaarste. Toen in de loop van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> de oorlogsdreiging toenam, wilde de overheid door middel van distributie een goede voedselvoorziening garanderen. Bij de distributie gold een onderscheid naar leeftijdscategorie, waarbij vooral het belang van opgroeiende kinderen zwaar woog. De uitvoering van de maatregelen gebeurde door de gemeenten. Toewijzing verliep via de van gemeentewege aan de ingezetenen uitgereikte Distributie Stamkaart (DSK). Wie over deze stamkaart beschikte, kreeg door middel van bonnen de gelegenheid bepaalde artikelen te kopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>12 oktober 1939</strong> ging bij wijze van proef de suiker op de bon; op <strong>5 november</strong> volgden de erwten. Van een tekort was toen nog geen sprake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het aantal producten in distributie en de omvang van de quota veranderde regelmatig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de bezetting ontstond een grote populatie van onderduikers. Dit waren naast Joden vooral tewerkgestelden die na verlof niet terugkeerden en militairen die krijgsgevangenschap wilden ontlopen. In de meeste gevallen konden anderen zonder problemen in hun plaats de bonnen ophalen. Als zij echter uit het Bevolkingsregister waren uitgeschreven, kwam hun distributiekaart op een ‘blokkadelijst’, en moest de ambtenaar de stamkaart innemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De familie Van Pels werd <strong>eind ’42</strong> uit het Bevolkingsregister geschrapt, waardoor hun kaarten op de blokkadelijst kwamen. Bij de familie Frank en Fritz Pfeffer gebeurde dat om onbekende redenen pas <strong>eind ’44</strong>. Vermoedelijk hielden zij dan ook, in tegenstelling tot de Van Pelsen, hun distributiebescheiden. Anne schrijft op <strong>14 maart 1944</strong> in haar dagboek dat de onderduikers over vijf distributiekaarten beschiktken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 december 1943 </strong>schrijft Anne dat ze allemaal ‘van de distributie’ extra olie, snoep en een pot stroop kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"66bws\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Inderdaad kwam met <strong>Kerstmis 1943</strong> voor iedereen een pond stroop, wat suiker en een hoeveelheid olie extra beschikbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Dit betekende dat de onderduikers, of althans enkelen van hen, nog steeds van de reguliere distributie gebruik maakten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Daar staat tegenover dat Anne op <strong>5 november 1942</strong> schrijft over de overstap van ‘stad’-kaarten op ‘land’-kaarten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze organisatorische scheiding was sinds <strong>5 september 1942</strong> van kracht. De ‘land’-kaarten hadden als nadeel dat ze voor boter, aardappelen en melk in de stedelijke gebieden niet geldig waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Volgens Anne waren ze echter een stuk goedkoper. Bovendien konden ze de broodbonnen verkopen, aangezien bakker Siemons in ruil voor melksuiker 'bonloos' brood verstrekte. Uit het feit dat deze bonnen gekocht werden, blijkt dat de onderduikers en helpers ook met onofficiële distributie in de weer waren. Ook via de vertegenwoordigers van Gies & Co. Martinus Brouwer en Hendrikus Daatzelaar waren er bonnen beschikbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"837ci\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ze kregen hun voedsel dus deels door reguliere en deels door clandestien verkregen distributiebonnen. De sinaasappels die Charlotte Kaletta naar Pfeffer stuurde, waren, aangezien deze vruchten steeds voorbehouden waren aan de leeftijdsgroep tot 13 jaar, buiten de distributiebepalingen om verkregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ‘44</strong> probeerde Rauter door een nieuw administratief systeem de tienduizenden onderduikers van voedselvoorziening uit te sluiten. De Tweede Distributiestamkaart (TD) moest aan de hand van zorgvuldig ontworpen voorschriften worden uitgereikt. Iedere volwassene diende de kaart persoonlijk af te halen, de oproepkaart mee te brengen en te ondertekenen, en de oude kaart in te leveren. Een hoekje van deze oude kaart werd afgeknipt en op de nieuwe geplakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam slaagde de samenwerkende ambtenarij er in het beoogde effect vrijwel geheel te niet te doen. Men wist te regelen dat in de Beurs - waar de uitreiking plaatshad - een zaalchef en enkele souschefs werden neergezet die ‘goed’ waren. Ambtenaren van het Bevolkingsregister schreven duizenden stamkaarten uit voor reeds gedeporteerde Joden die echter nog als ingezetene te boek stonden. Deze werden via de Beurs doorgesluisd naar onderduikers. De af te knippen hoekjes kwamen van de kaarten van overledenen of werden simpelweg vervalst. Naar schatting 20.000 kaarten kwamen zo ten behoeve van onderduikers beschikbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Een in 1995 gepubliceerd onderzoek toont aan dat de ambtelijke sabotage volledig was geslaagd:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Achteraf is gebleken dat de opzet van Rauter om door invoering van de Tweede Distributie Stamkaart de onderduikers boven water te krijgen, inderdaad is mislukt. De stamkaart kon overigens pas op 11 juni 1944 in gebruik worden genomen. Rauter wist toen zelf al uit de aantallen uitgereikte kaarten en controlezegels dat de onderduikers voorzien waren. Zijn onderzoek naar de oorzaken ervan is door de oorlogsontwikkelingen niet afgerond.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Franks persoonskaart heeft de aantekening TD174/873029z, hetgeen duidde op de Tweede Distributiestamkaart. Hij maakte hier na terugkeer uit Auschwitz ook legaal gebruik van. Bij Anne staat het nummer TD174/163173 en bij Margot alleen TD174. Bij Edith zijn helemaal geen distributiepapieren aangetekend, maar haar kaart is een naoorlogs '2e exemplaar.' De originele kaart is verloren gegaan, mogelijk door verzetshandelingen. Pfeffer heeft TD174-500778ing. Bij de familie Van Pels staan alleen de oude DSK’s, met de toevoeging 'in onderzoek.' Dit betekende dat de ambtenaren gebruik maakten van het feit dat deze vijf (inclusief waarschijnlijk Edith) nog in het Bevolkingsregister opgenomen waren. Of die kaarten ook daadwerkelijk bij hen terechtkwamen is niet zeker, maar gezien de illegale contacten van Jan Gies zeer wel mogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit oogpunt van volksgezondheid bleef de voedseltoestand tot <strong>oktober ’44</strong> voldoende. Voor de onderduikers in het Achterhuis was het wel regelmatig problematisch, daar zij met vijf kaarten acht monden hadden te voeden. Door de effecten van de spoorwegstaking ging de toestand vooral in de steden in het westen hard achteruit. De acht onderduikers waren toen al gearresteerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook na de bevrijding bleef de handel in diverse levensmiddelen geruime tijd beperkt. Koffie is vanaf <strong>14 januari 1952</strong> als laatste product weer vrijelijk te koop, en daarmee komt een eind aan de levensmiddelendistributie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n73fp\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Distributiekantoor, 1939-1950, nummer toegang 2.06.037: <em>Inventaris van het archief van het Centraal Distributiekantoor</em>, (1937) 1939-1950 (1955), p. 10 (<a href=\"http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger. De voedselvoorziening 1940-1945, </em>Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985, p. 41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de brochure <em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zoals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, Amsterdam: “Stadhuis (Amsterdam). Bureau voor Pers, Propaganda en Vreemdelingenverkeer”, ca. 1945 , p. 3-4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66bws\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 2-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 novermber 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 4 september 1942, ochteneditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"837ci\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 en 14 maart 1944, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em96c\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zooals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, p.. 5-6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gerard Trienekens, <em>Voedsel en honger in oorlogstijd 1940-1945. Misleiding, mythe en werkelijkheid, </em>Utrecht: Kosmos-Z&K, 1995, p. 142.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n73fp\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Koffie van de bon", <em>Laarder Courant de Bel</em>, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>During World War I, food shortages also developed in the neutral Netherlands. When the threat of war increased during the <strong>1930s</strong>, the government wanted to guarantee a good food supply through rationing. Rationing was differentiated by age group, with the importance of growing children being especially prioritised. Implementation was done by the municipalities. Allocation took place via the rationing master card (DSK) issued to residents by the municipality. Those in possession of this card were given the opportunity to buy certain goods by means of ration stamps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 October 1939</strong>, sugar went on sale on a trial basis; peas followed on <strong>5 November</strong>. There was no shortage at that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The number of products rationed and the size of the quota changed regularly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There was a large population of people in hiding during the occupation. Apart from Jews, these were mainly forced labourers who did not return after leave and soldiers who wanted to avoid becoming prisoners of war. In most cases, others were able to collect stamps in their locality without any problems. However, if they were deregistered from the Population Register, their rationing card was put on a 'block list', and the official had to confiscate the master card.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was deleted from the Population Register <strong>at the end of 1942</strong>, so their cards were put on the block list. In the case of the Frank and Fritz Pfeffer family, for unknown reasons, this did not happen until <strong>late 19</strong><strong>44</strong>. Presumably, therefore, unlike the Van Pelses, they kept their rationing documents. Anne writes in her diary on <strong>14 March 1944</strong> that the people in hiding had five rationing cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 December 1943</strong>, Anne writes that they all received extra oil, sweets and a jar of syrup "from rationing".<sup data-footnote-id=\"66bws\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Indeed, at <strong>Christmas 1943</strong>, a pound of syrup, some sugar and a quantity of extra oil became available to everyone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> This meant that the people in the Secret Annex, or at least some of them, were still using the regular rationing system.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast, Anne writes on <strong>5 November 1942</strong> about the switch from 'city' cards to 'countryside' cards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This organisational separation had been in place since <strong>5 September 1942</strong>. The 'countryside' cards had the disadvantage that they were not valid for butter, potatoes and milk in urban areas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> According to Anne, however, they were a lot cheaper. Moreover, they could sell the bread stamps, as baker Siemons provided 'stamp-free' bread in exchange for lactose. The fact that these stamps were bought shows that the people in hiding and the helpers were also involved in unofficial distribution. Ration stamps were also available through the representatives of Gies & Co. Martinus Brouwer and Hendrikus Daatzelaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"837ci\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> So they got their food partly through regular and partly through clandestinely obtained rationing coupons. The oranges that Charlotte Kaletta sent to Pfeffer were obtained outside the rationing regulations, since these fruits were always reserved for the age group up to 13.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944,</strong> Rauter tried to exclude the tens of thousands of people in hiding from food supplies through a new administrative system. The Second Rationing Master Card (TD) had to be issued according to carefully designed regulations. Every adult had to collect the card in person, bring and sign the summons card, and hand in the old card. A corner of this old card was cut off and stuck on the new one.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Amsterdam, the civil service, working together, managed to virtually nullify the intended effect. It managed to arrange that in the <em>Beurs</em> (the Stock Exchange) - where the paper work was issued - a hall manager and several under managers were put in place who were 'good'. Officials of the Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages issued thousands of registration cards for Jews who had already been deported but were still registered as residents. These were passed on to people in hiding via the <em>Beurs</em>. The corners to be cut off came from the cards of deceased people or were simply forged. An estimated 20,000 cards thus became available for the benefit of people in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"em96c\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> A study published in 1995 showed that the official sabotage had been completely successful:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'In retrospect, it has become clear that Rauter's plan to bring the people in hiding to the surface by introducing the Second Rationing Master Card did indeed fail. Incidentally, the master card could not be put into use until 11 June 1944. By then, Rauter himself knew from the numbers of cards and control stamps issued that the people in hiding had been provided for. His investigation into its causes was not completed due to wartime developments.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank's personal card was number TD174/873029z, which indicated the Second Rationing Master Card. He also used this legally after returning from Auschwitz. Anne had the number TD174/163173 and Margot only TD174. Edith had no rationing papers registered at all, but her card was a post-war '2nd copy.' The original card was lost, possibly due to acts of resistance. Pfeffer had TD174-500778ing. The Van Pels family only had the old DSKs, with the addition 'under investigation.' This meant that officials took advantage of the fact that these five (including probably Edith) were still on the Population Register. Whether those cards actually ended up with them is not certain, but given Jan Gies' illegal contacts it's very possible.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From a public health point of view, the food situation remained adequate until <strong>October 1944</strong>. For the people in the Secret Annex, however, it was regularly problematic, as they had eight mouths to feed with five cards. Due to the effects of the railway strike, the situation deteriorated rapidly, especially in the cities in the west. The eight people in hiding had been arrested by then.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Even after liberation, trade in various foodstuffs remained restricted for some time. Coffee was the last product freely available again from <strong>14 January 1952</strong>, bringing an end to food rationing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a2irs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Distributiekantoor, 1939-1950, nummer toegang 2.06.037: <em>Inventaris van het archief van het Centraal Distributiekantoor</em>, (1937) 1939-1950 (1955), p. 10 (<a href=\"http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.06.037.ead.pdf</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqun5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger. De voedselvoorziening 1940-1945, </em>Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985, p. 41.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"49xxx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de brochure <em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945].</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhxcs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zoals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, Amsterdam: “Stadhuis (Amsterdam). Bureau voor Pers, Propaganda en Vreemdelingenverkeer”, ca. 1945 , p. 3-4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gvygh\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66bws\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bb12z\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 2-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9utd\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jmua8\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 4 september 1942, ochteneditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"837ci\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 and 14 March 1944, 15 april 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzpi8\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"em96c\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em>Amsterdams Distributiedienst zooals de Duitschers hem niet kenden!</em>, p.. 5-6.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uq78\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gerard Trienekens, <em>Voedsel en honger in oorlogstijd 1940-1945. Misleiding, mythe en werkelijkheid, </em>Utrecht: Kosmos-Z&K, 1995, p. 142.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yal7y\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Koffie van de bon", <em>Laarder Courant de Bel</em>, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The government wanted to ensure a good food supply through rationing. But the German occupier was keen to exclude anyone who went into hiding from food supplies.",
"summary_nl": "De overheid wilde door middel van distributie een goede voedselvoorziening garanderen. Maar de Duitse bezetter was er alles aan gelegen onderduikers van voedselvoorziening uit te sluiten.",
"summary_en": "The government wanted to ensure a good food supply through rationing. But the German occupier was keen to exclude anyone who went into hiding from food supplies.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2076"
],
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a699d98a-eab0-4e27-a4a1-f2c76df56892?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/55395f0b-7bff-4dea-be7f-cc84d4d98b5f?format=api"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/2054627f-6925-41fd-8b01-e33624375780/",
"published": true,
"name": "Zwolle police station",
"name_nl": "Politiebureau Zwolle",
"name_en": "Zwolle police station",
"uuid": "2054627f-6925-41fd-8b01-e33624375780",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (6.09272 52.51118)",
"summary": "In March 1944, 'coupon men' Brouwer and Daatzelaar were detained at the Zwolle police station for approximately two weeks.",
"summary_nl": "In het politiebureau van Zwolle zaten 'bonnenmannen' Brouwer en Daatzelaar in maart 1944 zo'n twee weken gevangen.",
"summary_en": "In March 1944, 'coupon men' Brouwer and Daatzelaar were detained at the Zwolle police station for approximately two weeks.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Lombardstraat 4",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Zwolle",
"state": "Overijssel",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
298
]
}
