HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"id": 2508,
"image": {
"id": 925,
"uuid": "be8799ca-521d-4950-a5b4-8dd56140e469",
"name": "B_Getuigen_III_069",
"title": "Roos en Sal de Liema, tijdens hun huwelijk, 20 december 1942",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/86191f45-e118-2132-447f-767fc5eec7d0.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Roos en Sal de Liema tijdens hun huwelijk, 20 december 1942. Om de sterren op hun kleding te verbergen hebben ze corsages opgespeld.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/27b00eea-8b7a-4b56-a037-195a08cab01e/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "27b00eea-8b7a-4b56-a037-195a08cab01e",
"first_name": "Sally Bernard",
"last_name": "De Liema",
"infix": "",
"title": "Sal De Liema",
"title_nl": "Sal De Liema",
"title_en": "Sal De Liema",
"content": "<p>Sally (Sal) Bernard De Liema was born on <strong>14 February 1914</strong> in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2bvee\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He had two brothers and one sister. His father Benjamin De Liema had a wholesale business in toiletries, leather goods and household items, where Sal came to be employed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>20 December 1942</strong> he married Roosje (Rose) van Gelder (1921-2014).<sup data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sal and his wife Rose were taken from their home on <strong>10 April 1943</strong> and imprisoned. With the help of friends they managed to get released, after which the couple decided to go into hiding on <strong>23 April 1943</strong>. They first went into hiding at different addresses and stayed at Mem Diependaal's house from <strong>April to 5 August 1944</strong> until they were discovered and arrested there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>11 August 1944</strong>, Sal De Liema and his wife arrived at camp Westerbork camp. There, like the eight people from the Secret Annex, they stayed in penal barrack 67 and were forced to work in the battery scrapyard. On <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, he and his wife were deported, just like the eight from the Secret Annex, to Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Saving the mind</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Once they arrived at Auschwitz, the men were separated from the women and Sal De Liema survived the selection for the gas chamber. Like the men from the Secret Annex, he ended up in camp Auschwitz-I where he had to do forced labor. De Liema stayed in the same block as Otto Frank and quickly became good friends with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpera\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview with documentary maker Jon Blair in <strong>1995</strong>, Sal De Liema talked about his experiences in Auschwitz and his friendship with Otto. He said that during the first week the men could only talk about the horrors of the camp, but soon decided to stop:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>“The close bond with Otto Frank arose when I had already been here for at least a week. Of course, all people talked about were the crematoria and the lack of food and clothes. But talking about it didn't help. It actually made it worse. And then Mr. Frank found me and I found Mr. Frank and we said, 'We have to stop this because we're going crazy if we keep talking about food and clothes. We cannot change what happens to our bodies' – because we knew our bodies were deteriorating every day – 'but let us try to save our minds.'”<sup data-footnote-id=\"svyiw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>To cope with the enormous psychological pressure and constant fear, Otto and Sal talked about art and culture::</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>“Let's say: do you remember the melody of Beethoven's 9th Symphony? And then we started singing it to each other. Just to escape the fear, to think about something else for a while. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt: '[...] Have you ever been to the Rijksmuseum?' [...] And I really think that helped’"<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eqos\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In the interview, Sal De Liema talked extensively about the horrors he and Otto experienced in the camp. For example, he remembered how he and a group of other prisoners, including Otto Frank, were chased naked into a scorching shower room on a freezing day. Two guards with whips chased the prisoners into the room with hot steam. It was so hot and cramped that De Liema fainted and could only just be kept on his feet by his friends:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The water was so hot, unbelievable. In the first 10 to 15 seconds we didn't feel it much because we were all frozen. [...] But after about 10 seconds you wanted to get out because it was so hot. But there were two German soldiers with a whip and it was like a circus. [...] Apparently I fainted then. They told me that afterwards, I didn't realize it myself. It only lasted a few minutes, but they knew I was in grave danger. Because if they found someone on the ground, they just threw him into the fire."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrvfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Another time, De Liema, Otto and other prisoners were instructed to make frog jumps in their underpants. The prisoners regularly fell, causing the guards to beat them with a whip to get them back on their feet.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1945</strong>, De Liema became seriously ill with <em>Durchfall</em> (diarrhea) and lost sight of Otto Frank. Although De Liema was initially sent on one of the death marches during the evacuation of Auschwitz, he managed to escape and hide in a barracks. Auschwitz was liberated on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>. De Liema contracted mumps soon after the liberation and had to stay in Auschwitz to recover.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After De Liema recovered, he helped out in the hospital for some time before arriving in Pilsen via Bistra. There he heard from Rozette (Ronnie) van Cleef (1921-2008) that his wife Rose was still alive and on her way to the Netherlands. From Pilsen, De Liema eventually flew to Brussels and immediately drove to The Hague where he saw his parents and brother again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqlgp\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> A few weeks later, on <strong>30 June 1945</strong>, De Liema was reunited with his wife Rose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1950</strong>, the couple emigrated to the United States with their two children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Sal De Liema died on <strong>22 June 2004</strong> at the age of 90 in Mission Viejo, Orange County, California, United States.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uymy9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2bvee\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geboorteakte Sally Bernard de Liema, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0335-01.532 Nadere toegang op het geboorteregister van de gemeente 's-Gravenhage, aktenr. 987, toegangsnr. 0335-01 Ambtenaar van de burgerlijke stand van de gemeente 's-Gravenhage, Inventarisnr. 532. <a href=\"https://haagsgemeentearchief.nl/archieven-mais/overzicht?mizig=133&miadt=59&miaet=54&micode=0335-01.532&minr=3577540&miview=ldt\">https://haagsgemeentearchief.nl/archieven-mais/overzicht?mizig=133&miadt=59&miaet=54&micode=0335-01.532&minr=3577540&miview=ldt</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rose De Liema-van Gelder, <em>So you will remember. A mother writes to her children, </em>eigen beheer, 1982, p. 28-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpera\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"svyiw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘[T]he close relationship with Otto Frank happened after at least a week being here, really, and all people are talking about was of course the crematorias, no food, no clothes... But talking about it didn’t help. It actually hurt much. And then Mr. Frank found me, and I found Mr. Frank and we said: We have to stop this, because we are killing our brain here, to talk about, all the time about food and clothes. [...] We cannot do anything [about] what will happen to our body, and we knew our body was going down every day, but let’s try to save our brain.’ AFS, Sal de Liema, Collectie Jon Blair, ‘Anne Frank Remembered’, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.3. Zie voor meer details ook USC Shoah Foundation - The Institute for Visual istoery and Education: Interview Sal de Liema, 25 april 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eqos\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Let’s say: do you remember the melody from… the 9th symphony of Beethoven and then we start singing to each other. Just to get away from this fear, just to get our brain thinking about other things. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt, [...] did you ever go to the Rijksmuseum? [...] And it really helped I think.’ AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 24-25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrvfp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘[T]he water was so hot, it was unbelievable. In the first let’s say 10-15 seconds, it didn’t bother us much because we were all frozen. [...] But after maybe 10 seconds you want to get out because it was so hot. But there were two German soldiers with a whip and they were going like in a circus. [...] [A]pparently what happened to me, I blacked out. Later on they told me, I didn’t know. It was only for a couple of minutes, but they felt it was a danger, a great danger to me, because if they found somebody on the floor they just throw ’em in the fire.’ AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqlgp\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zijn zus Rozine Peekel-de Liema was op 19 november 1943 vermoord in Auschwitz. <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/148955/rozine-peekel-de-liema\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/148955/rozine-peekel-de-liema</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022); AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>De Liema-van Gelder, <em>So you will remember, </em>p. 28 en 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uymy9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8978575/sal-bernard-de_liema\">https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8978575/sal-bernard-de_liema</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Sally (Sal) Bernard De Liema werd op <strong>14 februari 1914</strong> geboren in Den Haag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2bvee\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij had twee broers en één zus. Zijn vader Benjamin De Liema had een groothandel in onder meer toiletartikelen, lederwaren en huishoudartikelen, waar ook hij kwam te werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>20 december 1942 </strong>trouwde hij met Roosje (Rose) van Gelder (1921-2014).<sup data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sal en zijn vrouw Rose werden op<strong> 10 april 1943 </strong>van huis gehaald en gevangengezet. Met behulp van vrienden wisten ze weer vrij te komen.waarna het echtpaar besloot om op <strong>23 april 1943 </strong>onder te duiken. Ze doken onder op verschillende adressen en verbleven vanaf <strong>april tot 5 augustus 1944 </strong>bij Mem Diependaal in huis totdat ze daar werden ontdekt en gearresteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>11 augustus 1944</strong> kwamen Sal De Liema en zijn vrouw aan in kamp Westerbork. Daar verbleven ze net als de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in strafbarak 67 en kwamen ze te werken bij de batterijensloop. Op <strong>3 september 1944</strong> werd hij met zijn vrouw, net als de acht onderduikers, gedeporteerd naar concentratie- en vernietigingskamp Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Het redden van de geest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Eenmaal in Auschwitz aangekomen werden de mannen van de vrouwen gescheiden en overleefde Sal De Liema de selectie voor de gaskamer. Hij kwam net als de mannen uit het Achterhuis in kamp Auschwitz-I terecht waar hij dwangarbeid moest verrichten. De Liema verbleef in hetzelfde blok als Otto Frank en raakte al snel goed bevriend met hem.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpera\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een interview met documentairemaker Jon Blair in 1995 vertelde Sal De Liema over zijn ervaringen in Auschwitz en zijn vriendschap met Otto. Hij vertelde dat de mannen in de eerste week alleen konden praten over de verschrikkingen van het kamp, maar al snel besloten hiermee op te houden:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>“De hechte band met Otto Frank ontstond toen ik zeker al een week hier was. Alles waar mensen natuurlijk over praatten waren de crematoria en het gebrek aan eten en kleren. Maar daarover praten hielp niet. Het maakte het juist erger. En toen vond meneer Frank mij en ik vond meneer Frank en we zeiden: ‘Hier moeten we mee ophouden, want we worden gek als we steeds over eten en kleren praten. Aan wat er met onze lichamen gebeurt kunnen we niets veranderen’ –want we wisten dat onze lichamen iedere dag aftakelden – ‘maar laten we proberen onze geest te redden.’”<sup data-footnote-id=\"svyiw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Om de enorme psychische druk en constant aanwezige angst het hoofd te bieden voerden Otto en Sal gesprekken over kunst en cultuur:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>“Laten we zeggen: herinner jij je de melodie van de 9de symfonie van Beethoven? En dan begonnen we die voor elkaar te zingen. Alleen maar om te ontsnappen aan de angst, om even ergens anders aan te denken. We praatten over Van Gogh, Rembrandt: ‘[...] Was jij weleens in het Rijksmuseum?’ [...] En ik denk echt dat dat geholpen heeft.’"<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eqos\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Sal De Liema vertelde in het interview uitgebreid over de verschrikkingen die hij en Otto in het kamp meemaakten. Zo herinnerde hij zich bijvoorbeeld hoe hij met een groep andere gevangenen, onder wie Otto Frank, op een ijskoude dag naakt in een gloeiendhete doucheruimte werd gejaagd. Twee bewakers met zwepen joegen de gevangenen de ruimte met hete stoom in. Het was zo heet en benauwd dat De Liema flauwviel en maar net op de been kon worden gehouden door zijn vrienden:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Het water was zo heet, niet te geloven. In de eerste 10 tot 15 seconden voelden we het niet zo, want we waren allemaal bevroren. [...] Maar na ongeveer 10 seconden wilde je eruit omdat het zo heet was. Maar er stonden twee Duitse soldaten met een zweep en dat ging eraan toe als in een circus. [...] Kennelijk ben ik toen flauwgevallen. Dat vertelden ze me achteraf, ik had het zelf niet door. Het duurde maar een paar minuten, maar ze wisten dat ik in groot gevaar was. Want als ze iemand op de grond vonden, gooiden ze hem gewoon in het vuur."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrvfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Een andere keer kregen De Liema, Otto en andere gevangenen de opdracht om in hun onderbroek kikkersprongen te maken. De gevangenen vielen hierbij regelmatig, waarop de bewakers ze met een zweep sloegen om hen weer op de been te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3lfag\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Bevrijding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari 1945</strong> werd De Liema ernstig ziek met <em>Durchfall </em>(buikloop) en verloor hij Otto Frank uit het oog. Hoewel De Liema in eerste instantie bij de evacuatie van Auschwitz werd meegestuurd op een van de dodenmarsen, wist hij te ontkomen en in een barak zich schuil te houden. Op <strong>27 januari 1945</strong> werd Auschwitz bevrijd. De Liema kreeg al snel na de bevrijding de bof en moest in Auschwitz blijven om te herstellen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat De Liema hersteld was, hielp hij nog enige tijd mee in het ziekenhuis, voordat hij via Bistra in Pilsen aankwam. Daar hoorde hij van Rozette (Ronnie) van Cleef (1921-2008) dat zijn vrouw Rose nog in leefde en onderweg was naar Nederland. Van Pilsen vloog De Liema uiteindelijk naar Brussel en reed hij meteen door naar Den Haag waar hij zijn ouders en broer terugzag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqlgp\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Enkele weken later, op <strong>30 juni 1945</strong><strong>,</strong> werd De Liema herenigd met zijn vrouw Rose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>2 september 1950</strong> emigreerde het echtpaar met hun twee kinderen naar de Verenigde Staten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Sal De Liema overleed op <strong>22 juni 2004</strong> op 90-jarige leeftijd in Mission Viejo, Orange County, California, Verenigde Staten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uymy9\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2bvee\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geboorteakte Sally Bernard de Liema, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0335-01.532 Nadere toegang op het geboorteregister van de gemeente 's-Gravenhage, aktenr. 987, toegangsnr. 0335-01 Ambtenaar van de burgerlijke stand van de gemeente 's-Gravenhage, Inventarisnr. 532. <a href=\"https://haagsgemeentearchief.nl/archieven-mais/overzicht?mizig=133&miadt=59&miaet=54&micode=0335-01.532&minr=3577540&miview=ldt\">https://haagsgemeentearchief.nl/archieven-mais/overzicht?mizig=133&miadt=59&miaet=54&micode=0335-01.532&minr=3577540&miview=ldt</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rose De Liema-van Gelder, <em>So you will remember. A mother writes to her children, </em>eigen beheer, 1982, p. 28-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpera\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"svyiw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘[T]he close relationship with Otto Frank happened after at least a week being here, really, and all people are talking about was of course the crematorias, no food, no clothes... But talking about it didn’t help. It actually hurt much. And then Mr. Frank found me, and I found Mr. Frank and we said: We have to stop this, because we are killing our brain here, to talk about, all the time about food and clothes. [...] We cannot do anything [about] what will happen to our body, and we knew our body was going down every day, but let’s try to save our brain.’ AFS, Sal de Liema, Collectie Jon Blair, ‘Anne Frank Remembered’, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.3. Zie voor meer details ook USC Shoah Foundation - The Institute for Visual istoery and Education: Interview Sal de Liema, 25 april 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eqos\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Let’s say: do you remember the melody from… the 9th symphony of Beethoven and then we start singing to each other. Just to get away from this fear, just to get our brain thinking about other things. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt, [...] did you ever go to the Rijksmuseum? [...] And it really helped I think.’ AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 24-25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrvfp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘[T]he water was so hot, it was unbelievable. In the first let’s say 10-15 seconds, it didn’t bother us much because we were all frozen. [...] But after maybe 10 seconds you want to get out because it was so hot. But there were two German soldiers with a whip and they were going like in a circus. [...] [A]pparently what happened to me, I blacked out. Later on they told me, I didn’t know. It was only for a couple of minutes, but they felt it was a danger, a great danger to me, because if they found somebody on the floor they just throw ’em in the fire.’ AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3lfag\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 11.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqlgp\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zijn zus Rozine Peekel-de Liema was op 19 november 1943 vermoord in Auschwitz. <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/148955/rozine-peekel-de-liema\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/148955/rozine-peekel-de-liema</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022); AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>De Liema-van Gelder, <em>So you will remember, </em>p. 28 en 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uymy9\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8978575/sal-bernard-de_liema\">https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8978575/sal-bernard-de_liema</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Sally (Sal) Bernard De Liema was born on <strong>14 February 1914</strong> in The Hague.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2bvee\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He had two brothers and one sister. His father Benjamin De Liema had a wholesale business in toiletries, leather goods and household items, where Sal came to be employed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>20 December 1942</strong> he married Roosje (Rose) van Gelder (1921-2014).<sup data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sal and his wife Rose were taken from their home on <strong>10 April 1943</strong> and imprisoned. With the help of friends they managed to get released, after which the couple decided to go into hiding on <strong>23 April 1943</strong>. They first went into hiding at different addresses and stayed at Mem Diependaal's house from <strong>April to 5 August 1944</strong> until they were discovered and arrested there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>11 August 1944</strong>, Sal De Liema and his wife arrived at camp Westerbork camp. There, like the eight people from the Secret Annex, they stayed in penal barrack 67 and were forced to work in the battery scrapyard. On <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, he and his wife were deported, just like the eight from the Secret Annex, to Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Saving the mind</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Once they arrived at Auschwitz, the men were separated from the women and Sal De Liema survived the selection for the gas chamber. Like the men from the Secret Annex, he ended up in camp Auschwitz-I where he had to do forced labor. De Liema stayed in the same block as Otto Frank and quickly became good friends with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpera\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview with documentary maker Jon Blair in <strong>1995</strong>, Sal De Liema talked about his experiences in Auschwitz and his friendship with Otto. He said that during the first week the men could only talk about the horrors of the camp, but soon decided to stop:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>“The close bond with Otto Frank arose when I had already been here for at least a week. Of course, all people talked about were the crematoria and the lack of food and clothes. But talking about it didn't help. It actually made it worse. And then Mr. Frank found me and I found Mr. Frank and we said, 'We have to stop this because we're going crazy if we keep talking about food and clothes. We cannot change what happens to our bodies' – because we knew our bodies were deteriorating every day – 'but let us try to save our minds.'”<sup data-footnote-id=\"svyiw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>To cope with the enormous psychological pressure and constant fear, Otto and Sal talked about art and culture::</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>“Let's say: do you remember the melody of Beethoven's 9th Symphony? And then we started singing it to each other. Just to escape the fear, to think about something else for a while. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt: '[...] Have you ever been to the Rijksmuseum?' [...] And I really think that helped’"<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eqos\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>In the interview, Sal De Liema talked extensively about the horrors he and Otto experienced in the camp. For example, he remembered how he and a group of other prisoners, including Otto Frank, were chased naked into a scorching shower room on a freezing day. Two guards with whips chased the prisoners into the room with hot steam. It was so hot and cramped that De Liema fainted and could only just be kept on his feet by his friends:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The water was so hot, unbelievable. In the first 10 to 15 seconds we didn't feel it much because we were all frozen. [...] But after about 10 seconds you wanted to get out because it was so hot. But there were two German soldiers with a whip and it was like a circus. [...] Apparently I fainted then. They told me that afterwards, I didn't realize it myself. It only lasted a few minutes, but they knew I was in grave danger. Because if they found someone on the ground, they just threw him into the fire."<sup data-footnote-id=\"hrvfp\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Another time, De Liema, Otto and other prisoners were instructed to make frog jumps in their underpants. The prisoners regularly fell, causing the guards to beat them with a whip to get them back on their feet.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Liberation</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>January 1945</strong>, De Liema became seriously ill with <em>Durchfall</em> (diarrhea) and lost sight of Otto Frank. Although De Liema was initially sent on one of the death marches during the evacuation of Auschwitz, he managed to escape and hide in a barracks. Auschwitz was liberated on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>. De Liema contracted mumps soon after the liberation and had to stay in Auschwitz to recover.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After De Liema recovered, he helped out in the hospital for some time before arriving in Pilsen via Bistra. There he heard from Rozette (Ronnie) van Cleef (1921-2008) that his wife Rose was still alive and on her way to the Netherlands. From Pilsen, De Liema eventually flew to Brussels and immediately drove to The Hague where he saw his parents and brother again.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqlgp\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> A few weeks later, on <strong>30 June 1945</strong>, De Liema was reunited with his wife Rose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>2 September 1950</strong>, the couple emigrated to the United States with their two children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Sal De Liema died on <strong>22 June 2004</strong> at the age of 90 in Mission Viejo, Orange County, California, United States.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uymy9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2bvee\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Geboorteakte Sally Bernard de Liema, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0335-01.532 Nadere toegang op het geboorteregister van de gemeente 's-Gravenhage, aktenr. 987, toegangsnr. 0335-01 Ambtenaar van de burgerlijke stand van de gemeente 's-Gravenhage, Inventarisnr. 532. <a href=\"https://haagsgemeentearchief.nl/archieven-mais/overzicht?mizig=133&miadt=59&miaet=54&micode=0335-01.532&minr=3577540&miview=ldt\">https://haagsgemeentearchief.nl/archieven-mais/overzicht?mizig=133&miadt=59&miaet=54&micode=0335-01.532&minr=3577540&miview=ldt</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0bqiz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iie1f\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rose De Liema-van Gelder, <em>So you will remember. A mother writes to her children, </em>eigen beheer, 1982, p. 28-29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpera\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 173.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"svyiw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘[T]he close relationship with Otto Frank happened after at least a week being here, really, and all people are talking about was of course the crematorias, no food, no clothes... But talking about it didn’t help. It actually hurt much. And then Mr. Frank found me, and I found Mr. Frank and we said: We have to stop this, because we are killing our brain here, to talk about, all the time about food and clothes. [...] We cannot do anything [about] what will happen to our body, and we knew our body was going down every day, but let’s try to save our brain.’ AFS, Sal de Liema, Collectie Jon Blair, ‘Anne Frank Remembered’, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.3. Zie voor meer details ook USC Shoah Foundation - The Institute for Visual istoery and Education: Interview Sal de Liema, 25 april 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eqos\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘Let’s say: do you remember the melody from… the 9th symphony of Beethoven and then we start singing to each other. Just to get away from this fear, just to get our brain thinking about other things. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt, [...] did you ever go to the Rijksmuseum? [...] And it really helped I think.’ AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 24-25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hrvfp\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel citaat: ‘[T]he water was so hot, it was unbelievable. In the first let’s say 10-15 seconds, it didn’t bother us much because we were all frozen. [...] But after maybe 10 seconds you want to get out because it was so hot. But there were two German soldiers with a whip and they were going like in a circus. [...] [A]pparently what happened to me, I blacked out. Later on they told me, I didn’t know. It was only for a couple of minutes, but they felt it was a danger, a great danger to me, because if they found somebody on the floor they just throw ’em in the fire.’ AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, <em>Anne Frank Remembered</em>, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqlgp\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zijn zus Rozine Peekel-de Liema was op 19 november 1943 vermoord in Auschwitz. <a href=\"https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/148955/rozine-peekel-de-liema\">https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/148955/rozine-peekel-de-liema</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022); AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lf2qf\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>De Liema-van Gelder, <em>So you will remember, </em>p. 28 en 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uymy9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8978575/sal-bernard-de_liema\">https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8978575/sal-bernard-de_liema</a> (geraadpleegd 22 december 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1914-02-14",
"death_date": "2004-06-22",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Den Haag",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Mission Viejo, Orange County, California",
"death_country": "USA",
"summary": "Sal De Liema befriended Otto Frank in Auschwitz-I.",
"summary_nl": "Sal De Liema raakte met Otto Frank bevriend in Auschwitz-I.",
"summary_en": "Sal De Liema befriended Otto Frank in Auschwitz-I.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
