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{
"id": 2526,
"image": {
"id": 1232,
"uuid": "07d8d018-aed8-4495-a7e5-99cd094c337d",
"name": "A_OFrank_III_282 - uitsnede",
"title": "Foto van Otto Frank en Fritzi Frank-Markovits zittend op een bankje, Putney, 1954",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/AFS.00734_-_uitsnede.png",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "http://digitaaldepot/mediabank_nl/detail/33073dec-43b0-4f8c-848a-2a80db4ef185/media/3b1832c8-96fe-9764-a872-74453a23e11d",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Rechthebbende(n) onvindbaar"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/7ea5464e-0a3d-4617-9ad1-cbed5582c6c4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e6090c55-5e26-4b2b-9dc9-8c5d1fe3b98b?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "7ea5464e-0a3d-4617-9ad1-cbed5582c6c4",
"first_name": "Elfriede Edith",
"last_name": "Geiringer - Markovits",
"infix": "",
"title": "Fritzi Markowitz",
"title_nl": "Fritzi Markovits",
"title_en": "Fritzi Markowitz",
"content": "<p>Fritzi Markovits was born in the Austrian capital Vienna and died in London at the age of 93. Her parents were Rudolf Markovits (1874-1951) and Helene Schubert (1879-1963). She had a younger sister Sylvia Renée (1910-1977).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>27 May 1923</strong>, she married Erich Geiringer in Vienna. They had two children: Heinz Felix on <strong>12 July 1926</strong> and Eva Minni on <strong>11 May 1929</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Austria's <em>Anschluss</em> in <strong>1938</strong>, the family left Vienna. Erich settled in Loon op Zand in the Netherlands, and Fritzi went to Brussels with the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvfi9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There she was issued a passport by the German embassy on <strong>18 November 1938</strong>. On <strong>22 March 1939</strong>, her passport was stamped that the name Sara was added 'ex officio'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Erich visited his family regularly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"95ahh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>They later moved to Amsterdam, where the Civil Register registered them on <strong>4 April 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She invested the proceeds of sold properties in jewellery, which she managed to smuggle into the Netherlands. Once there, she and her husband also bought houses and securities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"08l8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The German consulate in Amsterdam renewed Fritzi's passport once more on <strong>21 September 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>September 1942</strong>, Fritzi and her family went into hiding. She and her daughter ended up in a different place from her husband and son: Fritzi and Eva stayed at an address in Amsterdam-Zuid, Erich and Heinz with the Katee-Walda couple in Soestdijk. They did keep in touch; under the name 'Annie' (Akkerman), Fritzi sent postcards to pass on information and announce visits.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ws7gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After problems with Katee-Waldas, the family wanted to move to a different address. When they tried to go into hiding again, they were betrayed. The whole family was put on a transport to Auschwitz <strong>on 19 May 1944</strong>. Fritzi's husband and son both perished in Mauthausen concentration camp,<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj1ij\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> she and her daughter survived. She and Eva made the same repatriation trip as Otto Frank, leaving Odessa on the <em>Monowai</em> on <strong>21 May 1945</strong>. They sailed via Istanbul to Marseille, arriving there on <strong>27 May 1945</strong>. When she returned to Amsterdam, Fritzi was not able to return to her home on Merwedeplein, because it was in someone else's name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8266k\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It would take until <strong>21 September 1945</strong> before she was re-registered at her old address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The aftermath of the persecution involved several proceedings for Fritzi. As the Netherlands considered her an 'enemy subject', the Beheersinstituut administered her assets. After an elaborately argued request, she regained the disposal of her assets with effect from <strong>24 May 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yn4wj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In <strong>May 1949</strong>, she testified before the Special Court about the betrayal of her husband and son. She became so upset that she was led out of the courtroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zbhte\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi met Otto on the journey home from Auschwitz. Later he visited her at Merwedeplein. The name 'Geiringer' appeared repeatedly in Otto's diaries in the following years and an intimate relationship developed. This is evident in correspondence from <strong>autumn 1952</strong>, when he spent some time in the US.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hj3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, she married Otto Frank in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sj8py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Three days earlier, they signed a prenuptial agreement and both also had a will drawn up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zvwz3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Otto was already living in Basel by then, and she joined him. Fritzi became more prominent in the public eye in later years, participating in interviews on a number of occasions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9xxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> She also had a major role in answering the many letters Otto Frank received.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ty6u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to all the persecution and the death of her husband and son, Fritzi remained averse to Germany. Otto travelled to the Netherlands via Germany in <strong>1954</strong>, but Fritzi stayed at home because she wanted to avoid that country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7zp9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She was widowed again by his death on <strong>19 August 1980</strong>. She remained in contact with some of the regular letter writers for a long time afterwards, such as Zofia and Adam Kukulski, whom Otto met shortly after the liberation of Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5fsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czhvc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Vienna; Brussels; Merwedeplein 46-I, Amsterdam; Basel (Birsfelden).</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.E. Markovits.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvfi9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje</em>, 3e druk, Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 22-24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit familie Schloss: ‘Reisepass’ nr. 1680 t.n.v. Elfriede Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"95ahh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit familie Schloss: ‘Reisepass’ nr. 1237/N38 t.n.v. Erich Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08l8o\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Nederlandsch Beheersinstituut (NBI), toegang 2.09.16.05, inv. nr. 79002: rapport NBI, 26 juni 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ws7gk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank Fonds (AFF), Bazel, OtF_pdoc_019, tien kaarten aan Katee-Walda, 1943; privécollectie Eva Schloss-Geiringer: kaart aan Katee-Walda, 1943. De schuilnaam Akkerman noemt Katee-Walda in een naoorlogs verhoor. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj1ij\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten: (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten E. Geiringer en H. Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8266k\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schloss, <em>Herinneringen</em>, p. 197-198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yn4wj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, NBI, inv. nr. 79002: beschikking NBI, 24 mei 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zbhte\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Werkte “Miep” voor vriend en vijand?", <em>Het Parool</em>, 14 mei 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hj3e\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sj8py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zvwz3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle drie de stukken zijn opgemaakt door notaris Jacob van Hasselt en hebben in zijn repertorium over dat jaar de nummers 393, 394 (Fritzi) en 395 (Otto). Telefonische mededeling van de waarnemer van opvolgend notaris A.E. Blom, Kees-Jan van Zijden aan Gertjan Broek (AFS), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9xxj\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie b.v. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_2011:Iinterview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 1979. In dit interview komt Fritzi geregeld aan het woord. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ty6u3\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenverhalen: interview met Eva Schloss door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 12 en 13 november 2008, tijdcode 00.27.08 e.v., 00.33.05 e.v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b7zp9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Gies_I_139a: Otto Frank aan Jan en Miep Gies, 26 mei 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5fsm\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje van Otto Frank, 1945. Zofia Kukulska noteert kennelijk zelf en met eigen pen haar naam en adres. Het is althans met inkt en zeker niet het handschrift van Otto Frank. Correspondentie in OFA en notitie in ‘rode boekje’</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czhvc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.E. Markovits; 'Obituary: Fritzi Frank', <em>The Independent</em>, 8 oktober 1998.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Fritzi Markovits werd geboren in de Oostenrijkse hoofdstad Wenen en overleed op 93-jarige leeftijd in Londen. Haar ouders waren Rudolf Markovits <strong>(1874-1951)</strong> en Helene Schubert <strong>(1879-1963)</strong>. Ze had een jongere zus Sylvia Renée <strong>(1910-1977)</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>27 mei 1923</strong> trouwde ze in Wenen met Erich Geiringer. Ze kregen twee kinderen: Heinz Felix op <strong>12 juli 1926</strong> en Eva Minni op <strong>11 mei 1929</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de <em>Anschluß</em> van Oostenrijk in <strong>1938</strong> vertrok het gezin uit Wenen. Erich vestigde zich in Loon op Zand en Fritzi ging met de kinderen naar Brussel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvfi9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar kreeg zij op <strong>18 november 1938</strong> een paspoort van de Duitse ambassade. Op <strong>22 maart 1939</strong> kreeg haar pas een stempel dat ‘ambtshalve’ de naam Sara is toegevoegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Erich bezocht zijn gezin geregeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"95ahh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Later verhuisden ze naar Amsterdam, waar het Bevolkingsregister ze op <strong>4 april 1940</strong> inschreef.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De opbrengsten van verkochte bezittingen belegde ze in sieraden, die zij Nederland binnen wist te smokkelen. Eenmaal hier kocht ze met haar man ook huizen en effecten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"08l8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het Duitse consulaat in Amsterdam verlengde Fritzi’s paspoort nog eens op <strong>21 september 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september 1942</strong> doken Fritzi en haar gezin onder. Zij en haar dochter kwamen op een andere plek dan haar man en zoon: Fritzi en Eva kwamen op een adres in Amsterdam-Zuid, Erich en Heinz bij het echtpaar Katee-Walda in Soestdijk. Ze hielden wel contact; onder de naam ‘Annie’ (Akkerman) stuurde Fritzi ansichtkaarten om informatie door te geven en bezoeken aan te kondigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ws7gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na problemen met het echtpaar Katee-Walda wilde het gezin met z'n vieren naar een ander adres. Door verraad liep de nieuwe onderduikpoging fout. Het hele gezin gaat <strong>19 mei 1944</strong> op transport naar Auschwitz. Fritzi’s man en zoon komen allebei om in concentratiekamp Mauthausen,<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj1ij\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> zij en haar dochter overleven. Ze maakte met Eva dezelfde repatriëringsreis als Otto Frank en vertrokken met de <em>Monowai</em> van Odessa op <strong>21 mei 1945</strong>. Via Istanboel voeren ze naar Marseille en kwamen daar op <strong>27 mei 1945</strong> aan. Terug in Amsterdam kon Fritzi niet meteen terug naar haar woning aan het Merwedeplein, want die stond op naam van iemand anders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8266k\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Het duurde tot <strong>21 september 1945 </strong>voordat ze weer op haar oude adres werd ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De nasleep van de vervolging ging voor Fritzi met meerdere procedures gepaard. Omdat Nederland haar als ‘vijandelijk onderdaan’ zag, beheerde het Beheersinstituut haar bezittingen. Na een uitgebreid beargumenteerd verzoek kreeg zij de beschikking over haar vermogen met ingang van <strong>24 mei 1947</strong> terug.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yn4wj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In <strong>mei 1949</strong> getuigde ze voor het Bijzonder Gerechtshof over het verraden van haar man en zoon. Daarbij raakt ze zo overstuur dat ze de zittingzaal uitgeleid werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zbhte\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi ontmoette Otto tijdens de thuisreis uit Auschwitz. Later kwam hij bij haar op het Merwedeplein langs. De naam ‘Geiringer’ stond in de volgende jaren herhaaldelijk in Otto’s agenda’s en er ontwikkelde zich een innige relatie. In correspondentie uit <strong>najaar 1952</strong>, als hij enige tijd in de VS verblijft, komt dat duidelijk naar voren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hj3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>10 november 1953</strong> trouwde ze in Amsterdam met Otto Frank. Getuigen waren Miep Gies en Jo Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sj8py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Drie dagen eerder tekenden ze de huwelijkse voorwaarden en ook lieten beide een testament opmaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zvwz3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Otto woonde toen al in Bazel, en zij voegde zich bij hem. Fritzi kreeg in later jaren een prominentere positie in de openbaarheid, en nam meer dan eens deel aan interviews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9xxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Verder had zij een grote rol in het beantwoorden van de vele brieven die Otto Frank ontving.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ty6u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan alle vervolgingen en de dood van man en zoon hield Fritzi een aversie tegen Duitsland over. Otto reisde in <strong>1954</strong> via Duitsland naar Nederland, maar Fritzi bleef thuis omdat ze dat land wilde vermijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7zp9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ze werd door zijn overlijden op <strong>19 augustus 1980</strong> opnieuw weduwe. Met een deel van de vaste brievenschrijvers bleef ze daarna nog lang in contact, zoals Zofia en Adam Kukulski, die Otto kort na de bevrijding van Auschwitz leerde kennen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5fsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czhvc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Wenen; Brussel; Merwedeplein 46-I, Amsterdam; Bazel (Birsfelden).</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.E. Markovits.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvfi9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje</em>, 3e druk, Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 22-24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit familie Schloss: ‘Reisepass’ nr. 1680 t.n.v. Elfriede Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"95ahh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit familie Schloss: ‘Reisepass’ nr. 1237/N38 t.n.v. Erich Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08l8o\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Nederlandsch Beheersinstituut (NBI), toegang 2.09.16.05, inv. nr. 79002: rapport NBI, 26 juni 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ws7gk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank Fonds (AFF), Bazel, OtF_pdoc_019, tien kaarten aan Katee-Walda, 1943; privécollectie Eva Schloss-Geiringer: kaart aan Katee-Walda, 1943. De schuilnaam Akkerman noemt Katee-Walda in een naoorlogs verhoor. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj1ij\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten: (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten E. Geiringer en H. Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8266k\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schloss, <em>Herinneringen</em>, p. 197-198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yn4wj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, NBI, inv. nr. 79002: beschikking NBI, 24 mei 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zbhte\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Werkte “Miep” voor vriend en vijand?", <em>Het Parool</em>, 14 mei 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hj3e\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sj8py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zvwz3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle drie de stukken zijn opgemaakt door notaris Jacob van Hasselt en hebben in zijn repertorium over dat jaar de nummers 393, 394 (Fritzi) en 395 (Otto). Telefonische mededeling van de waarnemer van opvolgend notaris A.E. Blom, Kees-Jan van Zijden aan Gertjan Broek (AFS), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9xxj\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie b.v. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_2011:Iinterview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 1979. In dit interview komt Fritzi geregeld aan het woord. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ty6u3\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenverhalen: interview met Eva Schloss door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 12 en 13 november 2008, tijdcode 00.27.08 e.v., 00.33.05 e.v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b7zp9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Gies_I_139a: Otto Frank aan Jan en Miep Gies, 26 mei 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5fsm\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje van Otto Frank, 1945. Zofia Kukulska noteert kennelijk zelf en met eigen pen haar naam en adres. Het is althans met inkt en zeker niet het handschrift van Otto Frank. Correspondentie in OFA en notitie in ‘rode boekje’</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czhvc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.E. Markovits; 'Obituary: Fritzi Frank', <em>The Independent</em>, 8 oktober 1998.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritzi Markovits was born in the Austrian capital Vienna and died in London at the age of 93. Her parents were Rudolf Markovits (1874-1951) and Helene Schubert (1879-1963). She had a younger sister Sylvia Renée (1910-1977).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>27 May 1923</strong>, she married Erich Geiringer in Vienna. They had two children: Heinz Felix on <strong>12 July 1926</strong> and Eva Minni on <strong>11 May 1929</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After Austria's <em>Anschluss</em> in <strong>1938</strong>, the family left Vienna. Erich settled in Loon op Zand in the Netherlands, and Fritzi went to Brussels with the children.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mvfi9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There she was issued a passport by the German embassy on <strong>18 November 1938</strong>. On <strong>22 March 1939</strong>, her passport was stamped that the name Sara was added 'ex officio'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Erich visited his family regularly.<sup data-footnote-id=\"95ahh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>They later moved to Amsterdam, where the Civil Register registered them on <strong>4 April 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She invested the proceeds of sold properties in jewellery, which she managed to smuggle into the Netherlands. Once there, she and her husband also bought houses and securities.<sup data-footnote-id=\"08l8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The German consulate in Amsterdam renewed Fritzi's passport once more on <strong>21 September 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>September 1942</strong>, Fritzi and her family went into hiding. She and her daughter ended up in a different place from her husband and son: Fritzi and Eva stayed at an address in Amsterdam-Zuid, Erich and Heinz with the Katee-Walda couple in Soestdijk. They did keep in touch; under the name 'Annie' (Akkerman), Fritzi sent postcards to pass on information and announce visits.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ws7gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After problems with Katee-Waldas, the family wanted to move to a different address. When they tried to go into hiding again, they were betrayed. The whole family was put on a transport to Auschwitz <strong>on 19 May 1944</strong>. Fritzi's husband and son both perished in Mauthausen concentration camp,<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj1ij\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> she and her daughter survived. She and Eva made the same repatriation trip as Otto Frank, leaving Odessa on the <em>Monowai</em> on <strong>21 May 1945</strong>. They sailed via Istanbul to Marseille, arriving there on <strong>27 May 1945</strong>. When she returned to Amsterdam, Fritzi was not able to return to her home on Merwedeplein, because it was in someone else's name.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8266k\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> It would take until <strong>21 September 1945</strong> before she was re-registered at her old address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The aftermath of the persecution involved several proceedings for Fritzi. As the Netherlands considered her an 'enemy subject', the Beheersinstituut administered her assets. After an elaborately argued request, she regained the disposal of her assets with effect from <strong>24 May 1947</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yn4wj\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In <strong>May 1949</strong>, she testified before the Special Court about the betrayal of her husband and son. She became so upset that she was led out of the courtroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zbhte\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi met Otto on the journey home from Auschwitz. Later he visited her at Merwedeplein. The name 'Geiringer' appeared repeatedly in Otto's diaries in the following years and an intimate relationship developed. This is evident in correspondence from <strong>autumn 1952</strong>, when he spent some time in the US.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4hj3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, she married Otto Frank in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Miep Gies and Jo Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sj8py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Three days earlier, they signed a prenuptial agreement and both also had a will drawn up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zvwz3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Otto was already living in Basel by then, and she joined him. Fritzi became more prominent in the public eye in later years, participating in interviews on a number of occasions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c9xxj\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> She also had a major role in answering the many letters Otto Frank received.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ty6u3\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to all the persecution and the death of her husband and son, Fritzi remained averse to Germany. Otto travelled to the Netherlands via Germany in <strong>1954</strong>, but Fritzi stayed at home because she wanted to avoid that country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b7zp9\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>She was widowed again by his death on <strong>19 August 1980</strong>. She remained in contact with some of the regular letter writers for a long time afterwards, such as Zofia and Adam Kukulski, whom Otto met shortly after the liberation of Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5fsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czhvc\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Vienna; Brussels; Merwedeplein 46-I, Amsterdam; Basel (Birsfelden).</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rdzj2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.E. Markovits.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mvfi9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje</em>, 3e druk, Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 22-24.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ger6h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit familie Schloss: ‘Reisepass’ nr. 1680 t.n.v. Elfriede Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"95ahh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit familie Schloss: ‘Reisepass’ nr. 1237/N38 t.n.v. Erich Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"08l8o\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief (NL-HaNA), Den Haag, Nederlandsch Beheersinstituut (NBI), toegang 2.09.16.05, inv. nr. 79002: rapport NBI, 26 juni 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ws7gk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank Fonds (AFF), Bazel, OtF_pdoc_019, tien kaarten aan Katee-Walda, 1943; privécollectie Eva Schloss-Geiringer: kaart aan Katee-Walda, 1943. De schuilnaam Akkerman noemt Katee-Walda in een naoorlogs verhoor. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj1ij\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten: (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten E. Geiringer en H. Geiringer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8266k\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schloss, <em>Herinneringen</em>, p. 197-198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yn4wj\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, NBI, inv. nr. 79002: beschikking NBI, 24 mei 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zbhte\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>'Werkte “Miep” voor vriend en vijand?", <em>Het Parool</em>, 14 mei 1949.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4hj3e\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sj8py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zvwz3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Alle drie de stukken zijn opgemaakt door notaris Jacob van Hasselt en hebben in zijn repertorium over dat jaar de nummers 393, 394 (Fritzi) en 395 (Otto). Telefonische mededeling van de waarnemer van opvolgend notaris A.E. Blom, Kees-Jan van Zijden aan Gertjan Broek (AFS), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c9xxj\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie b.v. AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_2011:Iinterview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 1979. In dit interview komt Fritzi geregeld aan het woord. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ty6u3\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenverhalen: interview met Eva Schloss door David de Jongh en Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 12 en 13 november 2008, tijdcode 00.27.08 e.v., 00.33.05 e.v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b7zp9\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, A_Gies_I_139a: Otto Frank aan Jan en Miep Gies, 26 mei 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5fsm\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje van Otto Frank, 1945. Zofia Kukulska noteert kennelijk zelf en met eigen pen haar naam en adres. Het is althans met inkt en zeker niet het handschrift van Otto Frank. Correspondentie in OFA en notitie in ‘rode boekje’</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czhvc\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.E. Markovits; 'Obituary: Fritzi Frank', <em>The Independent</em>, 8 oktober 1998.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1905-02-13",
"death_date": "1998-10-02",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Wenen",
"birth_country": "Oostenrijk",
"death_place": "Londen",
"death_country": "Groot-Brittannië",
"summary": "Fritzi Markovits lost her husband and son in Mauthausen. She married Otto Frank in 1953.",
"summary_nl": "Fritzi Markovits verloor haar man en zoon in Mauthausen. Zij trouwde in 1953 met Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Fritzi Markovits lost her husband and son in Mauthausen. She married Otto Frank in 1953.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
