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"count": 458,
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{
"id": 2220,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/b3fe6e6b-b516-4b9b-ac42-c0de65f1eb61/",
"subjects": [],
"published": true,
"uuid": "b3fe6e6b-b516-4b9b-ac42-c0de65f1eb61",
"first_name": "Otto",
"last_name": "Apenburg",
"infix": "von",
"title": "Otto von Apenburg",
"title_nl": "Otto von Apenburg",
"title_en": "Otto von Apenburg",
"content": "<p>Otto von Apenburg was transferred from the Gestapo in Hamburg to Neuengamme concentration camp in <strong>1942 </strong>as a 'Kriminalsekretär' (brigadier). He did not belong to the SS. Until <strong>1945 </strong>he served as head of the Political Department of the Gestapo. He was the only head of the department who dressed in civilian clothes. His duties included keeping Gestapo files on the camp prisoners.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The camp commander of Neuengamme nominated him for the Kriegsverdienstkreuz 2. Klasse on <strong>30 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>16 January 1945 </strong>Von Apenburg reported verbally to the KZ-Standesamt Neuengamme that Fritz Pfeffer had died on<strong> 20 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlhcf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The story goes that Von Apenburg died during the bombing of the SS Cap Arcona. However, a committee of former political prisoners claimed on <strong>16 November 1946</strong> that he was still in contact with his wife. As far as is known, there are no definitive details regarding his death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Alle informatie tot zo ver komt uit het open archief van de KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme in het tentoonstellingsdeel “Dienststelle KZ Neuengamme: Die Lager-SS”: Persoonsmap Otto von Apenburg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlhcf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme: Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme A, akte Nr. IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto von Apenburg kwam in <strong>1942 </strong>van de Gestapo in Hamburg naar concentratiekamp Neuengamme in functie van ‘Kriminalsekretär’ (brigadier). Hij behoorde niet tot de SS. Tot <strong>1945 </strong>deed hij dienst als hoofd van de Politieke Afdeling van de Gestapo. Hij was het enige afdelingshoofd dat in burger gekleed ging. Tot zijn taken behoorde het bijhouden van Gestapo-dossiers van de kampgevangenen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kampcommandant van Neuengamme droeg hem op <strong>30 december 1944 </strong>voor het Kriegsverdienstkreuz 2. Klasse voor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>16 januari 1945 </strong>deed Von Apenburg bij het ‘KZ-Standesamt Neuengamme’ mondeling aangifte van het overlijden van Fritz Pfeffer op <strong>20 december 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlhcf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het verhaal gaat dat Von Apenburg bij het bombarderen van de Cap Arcona omkwam. Een comité van voormalig politieke gevangenen beweerde echter op <strong>16 november 1946 </strong>dat hij toen nog in contact stond met zijn vrouw. Voor zover bekend, is er geen uitsluitsel over zijn overlijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Alle informatie tot zo ver komt uit het open archief van de KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme in het tentoonstellingsdeel “Dienststelle KZ Neuengamme: Die Lager-SS”: Persoonsmap Otto von Apenburg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlhcf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme: Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme A, akte Nr. IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto von Apenburg was transferred from the Gestapo in Hamburg to Neuengamme concentration camp in <strong>1942 </strong>as a 'Kriminalsekretär' (brigadier). He did not belong to the SS. Until <strong>1945 </strong>he served as head of the Political Department of the Gestapo. He was the only head of the department who dressed in civilian clothes. His duties included keeping Gestapo files on the camp prisoners.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The camp commander of Neuengamme nominated him for the Kriegsverdienstkreuz 2. Klasse on <strong>30 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>16 January 1945 </strong>Von Apenburg reported verbally to the KZ-Standesamt Neuengamme that Fritz Pfeffer had died on<strong> 20 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlhcf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The story goes that Von Apenburg died during the bombing of the SS Cap Arcona. However, a committee of former political prisoners claimed on <strong>16 November 1946</strong> that he was still in contact with his wife. As far as is known, there are no definitive details regarding his death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfwbu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Alle informatie tot zo ver komt uit het open archief van de KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme in het tentoonstellingsdeel “Dienststelle KZ Neuengamme: Die Lager-SS”: Persoonsmap Otto von Apenburg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlhcf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme: Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme A, akte Nr. IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1893-08-20",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Mittelhagen/Stettin",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Otto von Apenburg was head of the Gestapo in Hamburg.",
"summary_nl": "Otto von Apenburg was afdelingshoofd van de Gestapo in Hamburg.",
"summary_en": "Otto von Apenburg was head of the Gestapo in Hamburg.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2221,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/49d4fdfb-7bd9-4142-96e7-602185aacce6/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "49d4fdfb-7bd9-4142-96e7-602185aacce6",
"first_name": "Henry Harley",
"last_name": "Arnold",
"infix": "",
"title": "Henry Harley Arnold",
"title_nl": "Henry Harley Arnold",
"title_en": "Henry Harley Arnold",
"content": "<p>Henry Harley (Hap) Arnold (1886-1950) joined the military at the age of 17. During the Second World War, he was Commander-in-Chief of the US Air Force.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3uowf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3uowf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold\" target=\"_blank\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold</a> (consulted in May 2012). Anne mentions him in her diary. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Henry Harley (Hap) Arnold (1886-1950) was militair sinds zijn zeventiende jaar. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog was hij bevelhebber van de Amerikaanse luchtmacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3uowf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3uowf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Arnold\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Arnold</a> (geraadpleegd mei 2012). Anne noemt hem in haar dagboek. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 13 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Henry Harley (Hap) Arnold (1886-1950) joined the military at the age of 17. During the Second World War, he was Commander-in-Chief of the US Air Force.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3uowf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3uowf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold\" target=\"_blank\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold</a> (consulted in May 2012). Anne mentions him in her diary. Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 13 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1886-06-25",
"death_date": "1950-01-15",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Gladwyn (Pennsylvania)",
"birth_country": "USA",
"death_place": "Sonoma (Californië)",
"death_country": "USA",
"summary": "Hap Arnold was Commander-in-Chief of the US Air Force.",
"summary_nl": "Hap Arnold was bevelhebber van de Amerikaanse luchtmacht.",
"summary_en": "Hap Arnold was Commander-in-Chief of the US Air Force.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2068,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/c9a4f680-6749-47c0-b45b-71c1704e59e7/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/23e0a4d9-ced8-4d0b-859a-8fde6a540d8b?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "c9a4f680-6749-47c0-b45b-71c1704e59e7",
"first_name": "Malli",
"last_name": "Aschenbrand",
"infix": "",
"title": "Malli Aschenbrand",
"title_nl": "Malli Aschenbrand",
"title_en": "Malli Aschenbrand",
"content": "<p>Malli Aschenbrand came to Amsterdam in <strong>June 1934 </strong>as a servant from Frankfurt and from <strong>10 October 1934</strong> was registered with the Frank family at Merwedeplein 37-II. On <strong>1 November 1935</strong> she moved to the Bienes family, also from Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The Bienes family had a daughter Marion, who later joined Margot at the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fy8rb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>4 July 1940</strong>, the Aliens Department of the Amsterdam police noted her arrival in the Netherlands: "for economic reasons; had no other prospects for a livelihood." She had a German passport which the consulate in Amsterdam renewed several times. The last time was on <strong>27 July 1941</strong>. She lost her German nationality as part of the 'Elfte Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz' on <strong>25 november 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gmolw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Malli Aschenbrand remained unmarried, had no role in the Jewish Council or any other protective employment, and was murdered in Auschwitz together with her sister Selma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0b8kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Rechneigrabenstrasse 5, Frankfurt am Main; Wouwermanstraat 16hs, Amsterdam, Merwedeplein 37-II; Schubertstraat 34 (1 November 1935).<sup data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart Aschenbrand.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fy8rb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gerrit van der Veen Scholengemeenschap en rechtsvoorgangers (toegang 623, inv. nr. 307: Rapportregister klas 1B, 1938 – ’39, volgnr. 975 )</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gmolw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3867: Vreemdelingenkaart M. Aschenbrand.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0b8kl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7357: Register van overlijdensakten (A-registers), deel 46, 41v, akten 236 en 237.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Malli Aschenbrand kwam in <strong>juni 1934 </strong>als dienstbode van Frankfurt naar Amsterdam en stond vanaf <strong>10 oktober 1934 </strong>bij de familie Frank ingeschreven op het adres Merwedeplein 37-II. Met ingang van <strong>1 november 1935 </strong>vertrok ze naar de eveneens uit Frankfurt afkomstige familie Bienes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het gezin Bienes had een dochter Marion die later bij Margot op het Meisjeslyceum zat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fy8rb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>4 juli 1940 </strong>noteerde de Vreemdelingendienst van de Amsterdamse politie over haar komst naar Nederland: “<em>om econ. redenen; had geen bestaansmogelijkheden meer</em>.” Ze had een Duits paspoort dat het consulaat in Amsterdam nog enkele keren verlengde. Dat gebeurde voor het laatst op <strong>27 juli 1941</strong>. De Duitse nationaliteit verloor ze in het kader van de “<em>Elfte Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz</em>” op <strong>25 november 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gmolw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Malli Aschenbrand bleef ongehuwd, had geen functie bij de Joodse Raad of andere beschermende werkkring, en werd tegelijk met haar zus Selma in Auschwitz omgebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0b8kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen: </em>Rechneigrabenstraße 5, Frankfurt am Main; Wouwermanstraat 16hs, Amsterdam, Merwedeplein 37-II; Schubertstraat 34 (1 november 1935).<sup data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart Aschenbrand.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fy8rb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gerrit van der Veen Scholengemeenschap en rechtsvoorgangers (toegang 623, inv. nr. 307: Rapportregister klas 1B, 1938 – ’39, volgnr. 975 )</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gmolw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3867: Vreemdelingenkaart M. Aschenbrand.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0b8kl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7357: Register van overlijdensakten (A-registers), deel 46, 41v, akten 236 en 237.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Malli Aschenbrand came to Amsterdam in <strong>June 1934 </strong>as a servant from Frankfurt and from <strong>10 October 1934</strong> was registered with the Frank family at Merwedeplein 37-II. On <strong>1 November 1935</strong> she moved to the Bienes family, also from Frankfurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The Bienes family had a daughter Marion, who later joined Margot at the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fy8rb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>4 July 1940</strong>, the Aliens Department of the Amsterdam police noted her arrival in the Netherlands: "for economic reasons; had no other prospects for a livelihood." She had a German passport which the consulate in Amsterdam renewed several times. The last time was on <strong>27 July 1941</strong>. She lost her German nationality as part of the 'Elfte Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz' on <strong>25 november 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gmolw\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Malli Aschenbrand remained unmarried, had no role in the Jewish Council or any other protective employment, and was murdered in Auschwitz together with her sister Selma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0b8kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Rechneigrabenstrasse 5, Frankfurt am Main; Wouwermanstraat 16hs, Amsterdam, Merwedeplein 37-II; Schubertstraat 34 (1 November 1935).<sup data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6u19u\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA) Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart Aschenbrand.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fy8rb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gerrit van der Veen Scholengemeenschap en rechtsvoorgangers (toegang 623, inv. nr. 307: Rapportregister klas 1B, 1938 – ’39, volgnr. 975 )</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gmolw\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3867: Vreemdelingenkaart M. Aschenbrand.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0b8kl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7357: Register van overlijdensakten (A-registers), deel 46, 41v, akten 236 en 237.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1911-10-30",
"death_date": "1942-09-30",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Frankfurt am Main",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Auschwitz",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Malli Aschenbrand was a servant from Frankfurt am Main, who lived with the Frank family at Merwedeplein for about a year.",
"summary_nl": "Malli Aschenbrand was een dienstbode uit Frankfurt am Main, en woonde ongeveer een jaar bij de familie Frank aan het Merwedeplein.",
"summary_en": "Malli Aschenbrand was a servant from Frankfurt am Main, who lived with the Frank family at Merwedeplein for about a year.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2061,
"image": {
"id": 897,
"uuid": "e2973c2f-6bf0-4039-ae0c-d8872e29c06a",
"name": "Bram Asscher en Trees Lek",
"title": "Bram Asscher en Trees Lek, kort na de oorlog",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Privécollectie",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bram_Asscher_en_Trees_Lek.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Bram Asscher en Trees Lek, kort na de oorlog",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/bb182c8a-7120-4081-ba8f-7fa005d5ceac/",
"subjects": [],
"published": true,
"uuid": "bb182c8a-7120-4081-ba8f-7fa005d5ceac",
"first_name": "Abraham",
"last_name": "Asscher",
"infix": "",
"title": "Bram Asscher",
"title_nl": "Bram Asscher",
"title_en": "Bram Asscher",
"content": "<p>In 1941-1942, Abraham (Bram) Asscher was a classmate of Margot Frank in class 4b2 at the Jewish Lyceum, Amsterdam. Together with his brother Jeannot, he was in camp Westerbork from 29 September 1943 to 13 September 1944.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycrle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Although he was not in the punishment barracks, during this period he saw Margot and her family in the camp and wrote about it to his mother.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram Asscher was a nephew (the son of a brother) of Abraham Asscher of the Jewish Council. His mother, Stephanie Fischer, remarried a non-Jew after the death of her first husband (Bram's father). As a result, she had a Sperre — an exemption from deportation — as a mixed marriage. Her sons, however, as children of two Jewish parents, did not have this protection. Together with his brother Jeannot, Bram was transported to the Westerbork transit camp on 29 September 1943. On 13 September 1944 he was deported as part of the 'diamond group' to the Sternlager of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Both brothers survived the camps and were liberated in Hillesleben in May 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycrle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Letter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram was in Westerbork in the 'free' camp section. He was allowed to write a letter or two every fourteen days and to receive parcels. On 25 August 1944, Bram wrote to his mother from Westerbork that Margot, Anne and their parents had been locked up in the punishment barracks in camp Westerbork:<em> 'Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You remember her, don't you? She's in the S with her parents and sister. Very sad!'</em> Bram also thanked his mother in the letter for the beautiful toothbrush and other items.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgjgy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This letter is one of the few personal sources which refer to the presence of the Frank family in Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Ina Polak, he married Trees Lek..<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1zbd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known when.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"pjpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Beethovenstraat 122 II, Amsterdam (’36); Stadionkade 41 hs (’41).<sup data-footnote-id=\"unqap\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycrle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Joodse Raad kaart Abraham Asscher, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130252763\" target=\"_blank\">Document ID: 130252763</a>, Arolsen Archives.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgjgy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944. Zie ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 363.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1zbd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> E-mail van Dienke Hondius, 26 februari 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjpsl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as <em>Bram.</em> Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944, in: Anne Frank, <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty. - London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"unqap\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Stephanie Fischer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher was in het jaar <strong>1941-1942 </strong>een klasgenoot van Margot Frank in klas 4b2 van het Joods Lyceum in Amsterdam. Samen met zijn broer Jaennot zat hij van <strong>29 september 1943</strong> tot <strong>13 september 1944</strong> in kamp Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ty6d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hoewel hij niet in de strafbarak zat, zag hij in deze periode Margot en haar familie in het kamp en schreef daarover aan zijn moeder. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram Asscher was een neef (de zoon van een broer) van Abraham Asscher van de Joodsche Raad. Zijn moeder, Stephanie Fischer, hertrouwde na het overlijden van haar eerste echtgenoot (de vader van Bram) met een niet-Joodse man. Zij had daardoor als gemengd gehuwde een Sperre - een vrijstelling voor deportatie. Haar zoons hadden als kinderen van twee Joodse ouders deze bescherming echter niet. Samen met zijn broer Jeannot werd Bram op <strong>29 september 1943</strong> overgebracht naar doorgangskamp Westerbork. Op<strong> 13</strong> <strong>september 1944</strong> werd hij als onderdeel van de ‘diamantgroep’ gedeporteerd naar het Sternlager van concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen. Beide broers overleefden de kampen en werden in <strong>mei 1945</strong> in Hillesleben bevrijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5ty6d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brief</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram zat in Westerbork in het ‘vrije’ kampdeel. Hij mocht eens in de veertien dagen een brief of twee kaarten schrijven en pakjes ontvangen. Op <strong>25 augustus 1944</strong> schreef Bram vanuit Westerbork aan zijn moeder dat Margot, Anne en hun ouders in de strafbarak van kamp Westerbork waren opgesloten: ‘<em>Mama, weet U dat Margot hier is? Dat vriendinnetje van Trees. U kent haar zeker nog wel he? Zij is met haar ouders en zusje in de S. Erg jammer!</em>’ Bram bedankte zijn moeder in de brief verder voor de mooie tandenborstel en andere spulletjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgjgy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Deze brief is een van de weinige persoonlijke bronnen, waarin wordt verwezen naar de aanwezigheid van de familie Frank in Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens.<em><sup data-footnote-id=\"pjpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></em> Adressen:</em><strong> </strong>Beethovenstraat 122 II, Amsterdam (’36); Stadionkade 41 hs (’41).<sup data-footnote-id=\"unqap\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5ty6d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Joodse Raad kaart Abraham Asscher, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130252763\" target=\"_blank\">Document ID: 130252763</a>, Arolsen Archives.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgjgy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944. Zie ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 363.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjpsl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>Bram</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"unqap\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Stephanie Fischer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In 1941-1942, Abraham (Bram) Asscher was a classmate of Margot Frank in class 4b2 at the Jewish Lyceum, Amsterdam. Together with his brother Jeannot, he was in camp Westerbork from 29 September 1943 to 13 September 1944.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycrle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Although he was not in the punishment barracks, during this period he saw Margot and her family in the camp and wrote about it to his mother.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram Asscher was a nephew (the son of a brother) of Abraham Asscher of the Jewish Council. His mother, Stephanie Fischer, remarried a non-Jew after the death of her first husband (Bram's father). As a result, she had a Sperre — an exemption from deportation — as a mixed marriage. Her sons, however, as children of two Jewish parents, did not have this protection. Together with his brother Jeannot, Bram was transported to the Westerbork transit camp on 29 September 1943. On 13 September 1944 he was deported as part of the 'diamond group' to the Sternlager of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Both brothers survived the camps and were liberated in Hillesleben in May 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ycrle\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Letter</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram was in Westerbork in the 'free' camp section. He was allowed to write a letter or two every fourteen days and to receive parcels. On 25 August 1944, Bram wrote to his mother from Westerbork that Margot, Anne and their parents had been locked up in the punishment barracks in camp Westerbork:<em> 'Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You remember her, don't you? She's in the S with her parents and sister. Very sad!'</em> Bram also thanked his mother in the letter for the beautiful toothbrush and other items.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgjgy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>This letter is one of the few personal sources which refer to the presence of the Frank family in Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Ina Polak, he married Trees Lek..<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1zbd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known when.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"pjpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Beethovenstraat 122 II, Amsterdam (’36); Stadionkade 41 hs (’41).<sup data-footnote-id=\"unqap\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ycrle\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Joodse Raad kaart Abraham Asscher, <a href=\"https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/document/130252763\" target=\"_blank\">Document ID: 130252763</a>, Arolsen Archives.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgjgy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944. Zie ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 363.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1zbd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> E-mail van Dienke Hondius, 26 februari 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjpsl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Referred to by Anne as <em>Bram.</em> Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944, in: Anne Frank, <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty. - London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"unqap\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Stephanie Fischer.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1924-08-28",
"death_date": null,
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Amsterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Bram Asscher was a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, Amsterdam. He wrote a letter from camp Westerbork to his mother in which he mentions seeing Margot and her family.",
"summary_nl": "Bram Asscher was een klasgenoot van Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum in Amsterdam. Hij schreef in kamp Westerbork een brief aan zijn moeder over Margot en haar familie.",
"summary_en": "Bram Asscher was a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, Amsterdam. He wrote a letter from camp Westerbork to his mother in which he mentions seeing Margot and her family.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2222,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/81dca708-2341-42d9-b5e5-de3f351ca10f/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/287e2f8b-9a45-4ce4-b3b7-59cc1f6cdfb4?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "81dca708-2341-42d9-b5e5-de3f351ca10f",
"first_name": "Maria",
"last_name": "Austria",
"infix": "",
"title": "Maria Austria",
"title_nl": "Maria Austria",
"title_en": null,
"content": "<p>Maria Austria ( Marie Karoline Oestreicher) moved after studying photography in Vienna to Amsterdam in <strong>1937</strong>. She moved in with her sister,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ol14t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alzbeta Oestreicher, an illustrator and designer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After <strong>1945</strong>, she was involved with the photo agency Particam. Among other things, she photographed the creation and blossoming of the Holland Festival, and opera and ballet productions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> When Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett were in Amsterdam in <strong>1954 </strong>for their stage adaptation of the diary, Austria photographed all the rooms of the Secret Annex for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oi21v\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank made the following note on <strong>8 December 1954</strong>: 'Photos. - Austria'. On <strong>11 December 1954</strong>: 'Photos with Haket + Kanin'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Karlsbad; Beethovenstraat 116-II, Amsterdam (October 1937); Noorder Amstellaan 192-III (February 1939); Merwedeplein 23-III (January 1941); Hofmeyrstraat 5-III (August 1943); Willemsparkweg 120hs (August 1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ol14t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.maibeeldbank.nl/fotograaf/1\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.maibeeldbank.nl/fotograaf/1</a> (geraadpleegd april 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart A. Oestreicher ('02).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi21v\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_011: Agenda Otto Frank 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.K. Oestreicher.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Maria Austria (Marie Karoline Oestreicher) verhuisde na een fotografische opleiding in Wenen naar Amsterdam in <strong>1937</strong>. Ze trok in bij haar zus,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ol14t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alzbeta Oestreicher, tekenares-ontwerpster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na <strong>1945 </strong>was ze betrokken bij fotobureau Particam. Ze fotografeerde onder meer het ontstaan en de opbloei van het Holland Festival, en opera- en balletproducties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Frances Goodrich en Albert Hackett in <strong>1954 </strong>voor hun toneelbewerking van het dagboek in Amsterdam waren, fotografeerde Austria hiervoor alle ruimten van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oi21v\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteerde op 8 december 1954: <em>Fotos. - Austria</em>. Op 11 december 1954: <em>Fotos met Haket + Kanin.</em></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Karlsbad; Beethovenstraat 116-II, Amsterdam (okt. '37); Noorder Amstellaan 192-III (feb. '39); Merwedeplein 23-III (jan. 41); Hofmeyrstraat 5-III (aug. '43); Willemsparkweg 120hs (aug. '45).<sup data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ol14t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.maibeeldbank.nl/fotograaf/1\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.maibeeldbank.nl/fotograaf/1</a> (geraadpleegd april 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart A. Oestreicher ('02).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi21v\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_011: Agenda Otto Frank 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.K. Oestreicher.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Maria Austria ( Marie Karoline Oestreicher) moved after studying photography in Vienna to Amsterdam in <strong>1937</strong>. She moved in with her sister,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ol14t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alzbeta Oestreicher, an illustrator and designer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After <strong>1945</strong>, she was involved with the photo agency Particam. Among other things, she photographed the creation and blossoming of the Holland Festival, and opera and ballet productions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> When Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett were in Amsterdam in <strong>1954 </strong>for their stage adaptation of the diary, Austria photographed all the rooms of the Secret Annex for this purpose.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oi21v\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank made the following note on <strong>8 December 1954</strong>: 'Photos. - Austria'. On <strong>11 December 1954</strong>: 'Photos with Haket + Kanin'.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Addresses</em>: Karlsbad; Beethovenstraat 116-II, Amsterdam (October 1937); Noorder Amstellaan 192-III (February 1939); Merwedeplein 23-III (January 1941); Hofmeyrstraat 5-III (August 1943); Willemsparkweg 120hs (August 1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ol14t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.maibeeldbank.nl/fotograaf/1\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.maibeeldbank.nl/fotograaf/1</a> (geraadpleegd april 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ne5s8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart A. Oestreicher ('02).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oi21v\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_011: Agenda Otto Frank 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"65iv9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart M.K. Oestreicher.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1915-03-19",
"death_date": "1975-01-10",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Karlsbad",
"birth_country": "Tsjecho-Slowakije",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Maria Austria was a photographer. The main themes in her work were theatre and documentary photography.",
"summary_nl": "Maria Austria was fotograaf. De belangrijkste thema's in haar werk waren theater- en documentairefotografie.",
"summary_en": "Maria Austria was a photographer. The main themes in her work were theatre and documentary photography.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2223,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/4ce25554-1519-41ed-8c9c-b99573d12786/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "4ce25554-1519-41ed-8c9c-b99573d12786",
"first_name": "Pietro",
"last_name": "Badoglio",
"infix": "",
"title": "Pietro Badoglio",
"title_nl": "Pietro Badoglio",
"title_en": "Pietro Badoglio",
"content": "<p>After the fall of Mussolini, King Victor Emanuel III appointed Badoglio Prime Minister of Italy.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Despite Badoglio dismissing rumours of a ceasefire on <strong>8 September 1943</strong>, the newspapers announced the surrender of Italy on <strong>9 September</strong>. As soon as Mussolini was voted out of power in July, Berlin made it known it would not ignore the betrayal of Badoglio’s government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx7qv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Due to internal opposition, Badoglio resigned from his post in 1944.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio\" target=\"_blank\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx7qv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Onvoorwaardelijke capitulatie van Italië”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 9 september 1943; Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de val van Mussolini benoemde koning Victor Emanuel III Badoglio tot premier van Italië.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hoewel Badoglio op <strong>8 september 1943</strong> nog geruchten over een wapenstilstand tegensprak, maakten de kranten op<strong> 9 september</strong> de capitulatie van Italië bekend. Berlijn liet weten al vanaf de val van Mussolini in juli rekening te hebben gehouden met verraad van Badoglio’s regering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx7qv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Wegens binnenlandse oppositie legde Badoglio in <strong>1944</strong> zijn functie neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://dbnl.nl/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1272.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx7qv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Onvoorwaardelijke capitulatie van Italië”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 9 september 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After the fall of Mussolini, King Victor Emanuel III appointed Badoglio Prime Minister of Italy.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Despite Badoglio dismissing rumours of a ceasefire on <strong>8 September 1943</strong>, the newspapers announced the surrender of Italy on <strong>9 September</strong>. As soon as Mussolini was voted out of power in July, Berlin made it known it would not ignore the betrayal of Badoglio’s government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx7qv\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Due to internal opposition, Badoglio resigned from his post in 1944.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qjbu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio\" target=\"_blank\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2012).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx7qv\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Onvoorwaardelijke capitulatie van Italië”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 9 september 1943; Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 September 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1871-09-28",
"death_date": "1956-11-01",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Grazzano Badoglio",
"birth_country": "Italië",
"death_place": "Grazzano Badoglio",
"death_country": "Italië",
"summary": "Badoglio was an Italian general and politician.",
"summary_nl": "Badoglio was een Italiaanse generaal en politicus.",
"summary_en": "Badoglio was an Italian general and politician.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2216,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/2d6788e7-e112-454f-a8bb-6a90b3dc19a7/",
"subjects": [],
"published": true,
"uuid": "2d6788e7-e112-454f-a8bb-6a90b3dc19a7",
"first_name": "Johanna Maria",
"last_name": "Baldal",
"infix": "",
"title": "Johanna Maria Baldal",
"title_nl": "Johanna Maria Baldal",
"title_en": "Johanna Maria Baldal",
"content": "<p>Johanna Maria Baldal was Anne Frank's kindergarten teacher at Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten section of the Sixth Montessori School. There is a class photo from <strong>1934 </strong>showing Baldal together with her pupils, including Anne. Jan Wiegel based his film De Klas on this photo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir2iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 April 1954 </strong>she was promoted to the position of Head of Preparatory Education. She retired on <strong>16 January 1972</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f874o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>She lived with her mother until she died on <strong>14 March 1970</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhayr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> After that, she lived alone for the rest of her life.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"760en\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Addressses</em>: Stadionweg 248-II, Amsterdam (1933 – ’58); Reijnier Vinkeleskade 31-III, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7wqa\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir2iy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jan Wiegel (regie & productie), <em>De klas</em>, 1969.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f874o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentelijk Pensioenbureau (toegang 5175), inv. nr. 1959: pensioenkaart J.M. Baldal.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhayr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.M. Maronier (1881).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"760en\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Familieberichten. Overlijden”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 14 oktober 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7wqa\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegang 30408): Persoonskaart J.M. Baldal.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Johanna Maria Baldal was kleuterjuf van Anne Frank op de Voorbereidende school No. 51, de kleuterafdeling van de Zesde Montessorischool. Er is een klassenfoto uit <strong>1934</strong> waar Baldal samen met haar leerlingen, onder wie Anne, op staat. Jan Wiegel baseerde zijn film <em>De klas </em>op deze foto.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir2iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 april 1954 </strong>werd ze bevorderd tot hoofd in het Voorbereidend Onderwijs. Met ingang van <strong>16 januari 1972 </strong>kreeg ze eervol ontslag in verband met haar pensionering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f874o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Ze woonde bij haar moeder tot die op <strong>14 maart 1970 </strong>overleed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhayr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De rest van haar leven woonde zij alleen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"760en\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Adressen</em>: Stadionweg 248-II, Amsterdam (1933 – ’58); Reijnier Vinkeleskade 31-III, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7wqa\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir2iy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jan Wiegel (regie & productie), <em>De klas</em>, 1969.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f874o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentelijk Pensioenbureau (toegang 5175), inv. nr. 1959: pensioenkaart J.M. Baldal.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhayr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.M. Maronier (1881).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"760en\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Familieberichten. Overlijden”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 14 oktober 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7wqa\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegang 30408): Persoonskaart J.M. Baldal.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Johanna Maria Baldal was Anne Frank's kindergarten teacher at Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten section of the Sixth Montessori School. There is a class photo from <strong>1934 </strong>showing Baldal together with her pupils, including Anne. Jan Wiegel based his film De Klas on this photo.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir2iy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 April 1954 </strong>she was promoted to the position of Head of Preparatory Education. She retired on <strong>16 January 1972</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f874o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p>She lived with her mother until she died on <strong>14 March 1970</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhayr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> After that, she lived alone for the rest of her life.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"760en\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>Addressses</em>: Stadionweg 248-II, Amsterdam (1933 – ’58); Reijnier Vinkeleskade 31-III, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7wqa\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir2iy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jan Wiegel (regie & productie), <em>De klas</em>, 1969.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f874o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentelijk Pensioenbureau (toegang 5175), inv. nr. 1959: pensioenkaart J.M. Baldal.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhayr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.M. Maronier (1881).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"760en\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Familieberichten. Overlijden”, <em>Het Parool</em>, 14 oktober 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7wqa\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegang 30408): Persoonskaart J.M. Baldal.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"birth_date": "1908-01-22",
"death_date": "1995-10-13",
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "Rotterdam",
"birth_country": "Nederland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Johanna Maria Baldal was Anne Frank's kindergarten teacher at Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten section of the Sixth Montessori School.",
"summary_nl": "Johanna Maria Baldal was kleuterjuf van Anne Frank op de Voorbereidende school No. 51, de kleuterafdeling van de Zesde Montessorischool.",
"summary_en": "Johanna Maria Baldal was Anne Frank's kindergarten teacher at Preparatory School No. 51, the kindergarten section of the Sixth Montessori School.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2462,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/6773efb5-c11b-4965-831c-78b3bafeeca7/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/38ea01ff-d35d-4f46-b547-275d07d3cc7e?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "6773efb5-c11b-4965-831c-78b3bafeeca7",
"first_name": "Minna",
"last_name": "Barnhelm",
"infix": "von",
"title": "Minna von Barnhelm",
"title_nl": "Minna von Barnhelm",
"title_en": "Minna von Barnhelm",
"content": "<p>Minna von Barnhelm is a character from 'Minna von Barnhelm, oder das Soldatenglück', a comedy in five acts by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. This play from <strong>1767 </strong>contains the term 'Frauenzimmerchen', which Alice Frank-Stern used as a pet name for her granddaughter Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1u1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's nephew Buddy Elias from Basel played the role of the 'Wirt' in the play in <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1u1b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 5th note: Otto Frank to Anne Frank, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1ouo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Minna von Barnhelm is een personage uit <em>Minna von Barnhelm, oder das Soldatenglück</em>, een blijspel in vijf bedrijven van Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. In dit stuk uit 1767 komt de term ‘Frauenzimmerchen’ voor, wat Alice Frank-Stern als koosnaampje voor haar kleindochter Anne gebruikte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1u1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annes neef Buddy Elias uit Bazel speelde in 1944 de rol van de ‘Wirt’ in het stuk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1u1b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 5e notitie: Otto Frank aan Anne Frank, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1ouo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Minna von Barnhelm is a character from 'Minna von Barnhelm, oder das Soldatenglück', a comedy in five acts by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. This play from <strong>1767 </strong>contains the term 'Frauenzimmerchen', which Alice Frank-Stern used as a pet name for her granddaughter Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1u1b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's nephew Buddy Elias from Basel played the role of the 'Wirt' in the play in <strong>1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1ouo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1u1b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 5th note: Otto Frank to Anne Frank, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1ouo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": null,
"death_date": null,
"gender": "female",
"birth_place": "",
"birth_country": "",
"death_place": "",
"death_country": "",
"summary": "Minna von Barnhelm is a character from a comedy by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.",
"summary_nl": "Minna von Barnhelm is een personage uit een blijspel van Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.",
"summary_en": "Minna von Barnhelm is a character from a comedy by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2214,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/29bcadbd-cb13-4340-81b1-349f060dd3ae/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/e68d042f-25ad-4f2b-acfd-2ecbce09290d?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "29bcadbd-cb13-4340-81b1-349f060dd3ae",
"first_name": "Siegfried Kurt",
"last_name": "Baschwitz",
"infix": "",
"title": "Kurt Baschwitz",
"title_nl": "Kurt Baschwitz",
"title_en": "Kurt Baschwitz",
"content": "<p>Kurt Baschwitz was an acquaintance of Otto Frank and played a role in the publication of <em>The Secret Annex</em> in <strong>1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>1897 </strong>on, Baschwitz, like Otto Frank, attended the Lessing Gymnasium in Frankfurt am Main. He was actively involved in the school newspaper, studied in Heidelberg, Berlin and Frankfurt, and in <strong>1908 </strong>obtained a doctorate in economics and sociology in Munich.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4nvny\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1909</strong>, Baschwitz worked as an aspiring journalist at the Hamburger Fremdenblatt in Hamburg. When the Rotterdam correspondent of his newspaper was expelled from the Netherlands in <strong>1917 </strong>following an accusation of espionage, he was given the opportunity to take his place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8miec\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> At the end of <strong>January 1919 </strong>his newspaper called him back to Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ishvb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>25 September 1919</strong>, he married Erika Thiessen there. The couple had one son (<strong>1920</strong>) and two daughters (<strong>1922 </strong>and <strong>1923</strong>) in quick succession.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2sgzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The marriage ended in divorce in<strong> April 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1933</strong>, Baschwitz left Berlin and settled in Amsterdam. There, he was a private lecturer in press studies from <strong>25 January 1935</strong>. At the end of <strong>1936</strong>, he found a position at the International Institute of Social History.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbnpn\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>He applied for admission to the Netherlands for his mother Hedwig Bikard on <strong>11 November 1938</strong>. On <strong>21 November 1938</strong>, the Justice Department informed the Procurator-General that her temporary stay could be granted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zfvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Baschwitz sought the help of Prof. David Cohen of the Committee for Jewish Refugees. He wrote on <strong>14 December 1938</strong> that the Aliens Office asked for a guarantee that she would not be reliant on the poor relief service. Baschwitz feared that his mother, who was with him in Amsterdam at the time, could be sent back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89tvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She was later deported to Westerbork where she was killed on<strong> 29 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdttg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Baschwitz often appeared in Otto Frank's diaries. The first time was on <strong>18 June 1945</strong>, when Otto had been back in Amsterdam for a fortnight. Baschwitz was soon given access to Anne's diary. He wrote about it to his daughter on <strong>10 February 1946</strong>: "Right now I have here the diary of Anne Frank, the daughter of friend Frank. You knew her".<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu67m\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> A few days before, he and Werner Cahn had had an appointment with Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63fvm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>5 June 1946</strong>, there was an appointment with Otto Frank and Jan Romein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7zhqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>He was one of the founders of the 'seventh faculty' (Social and Political Sciences) of the Municipal University (now the University of Amsterdam). His appointment as a professor in <strong>1948 </strong>was not without controversy.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bybah\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Also in <strong>1948</strong>, Baschwitz published his book <em>Strijd met den duivel. De heksenprocessen in het licht van de massa-psychologie (Battle with the Devil. The Witch Trials in the Light of Mass Psychology)</em>. In this book, he made an implicit connection between the response to witch trials and the response to the persecution of the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bedsu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>28 June 1955</strong>, the Upper House passed the bill naturalising Baschwitz as a Dutch citizen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1a1rn\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Claes de Vrieselaan 118a, Rotterdam (1916);<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn3mq\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Weissenbruchstraat 35-II, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 59 (1940); Deurloostraat 92 (1943); Zuider Amstellaan 260-I (1946).<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4nvny\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaap van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz. Peetvader van de journalistiek en communicatie</em>, Diemen: AMB, 2018, p. 25-26, 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8miec\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 33, 55- 56.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ishvb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2sgzl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 92.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47em8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister: Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart S.K. Baschwitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbnpn\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 121-122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zfvn4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Verbaalarchief Ministerie van Justitie (1853) 1915 – 1955 (1963) (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 14812: Agenda 2e Afdeeling A, 1938 Q, volgnr. 3622.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89tvn\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen (toegang 181b), inv. nr. 17: Dr. S.K. Baschwiz aan prof. D. Cohen, 14 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdttg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Drents Archief, Burgerlijke Stand Westerbork (toegang 0167.030): register van overlijdensakten 1943, aktenr. 153.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu67m\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 183.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63fvm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank, 6 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7zhqp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: 5 juni 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bybah\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gielen torpedeert zevende faculteit”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 23 januari 1948; “Rumor in Academia”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 maart 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bedsu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Baschwitz\" target=\"_blank\">Kurt Baschwitz</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1a1rn\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verslag der Handelingen van de Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal</em>, 1954 – 1955, p. 2375 – 2376.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn3mq\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 56.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Kurt Baschwitz was een bekende van Otto Frank en speelde een rol bij de publicatie van <em>Het Achterhuis </em>in <strong>1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>1897 </strong>bezocht Baschwitz. net als Otto Frank, het <em>Lessing Gymnasium</em> in Frankfurt am Main. Hij was actief betrokken bij de schoolkrant, studeerde in Heidelberg, Berlijn en Frankfurt en promoveerde in <strong>1908 </strong>op een economisch-sociologische dissertatie in München.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0j4e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Baschwitz werkte vanaf <strong>1909 </strong>als aankomend journalist bij het <em>Hamburger Fremdenblatt </em>in Hamburg. Toen de Rotterdamse correspondent van zijn krant in <strong>1917 </strong>na een spionagebeschuldiging door Nederland werd uitgewezen, kreeg hij de kans die plek waar te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8miec\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eind <strong>januari 1919 </strong>riep zijn krant hem terug naar Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ishvb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>25 september</strong> <strong>1919 </strong>trouwde hij daar met Erika Thiessen. Het echtpaar kreeg kort na elkaar een zoon (<strong>1920</strong>) en twee dochters (<strong>1922</strong> en <strong>1923</strong>).<sup data-footnote-id=\"2sgzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het huwelijk eindigde in <strong>april</strong> <strong>1933 </strong>door echtscheiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1933 </strong>vertrok Baschwitz uit Berlijn en vestigde zich in Amsterdam. Daar kreeg hij met ingang van <strong>25 januari 1935 </strong>een aanstelling als privaatdocent in de perswetenschappen. Eind <strong>1936 </strong>vond hij een plek bij het Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbnpn\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Voor zijn moeder Hedwig Bikard vroeg hij op <strong>11 november 1938 </strong>toelating tot Nederland aan. Op <strong>21 november 1938 </strong>berichte Justitie aan de Procureur-Generaal dat haar voorlopig verblijf kon worden toegestaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zfvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Baschwitz zocht de hulp van prof. David Cohen van het Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen. Hij schreef op <strong>14 december 1938</strong> dat de Vreemdelingendienst vroeg om een garantie dat zij niet ten laste van de armenzorg zou komen. Baschwitz vreesde dat zijn moeder, die toen bij hem in Amsterdam was, teruggestuurd kon worden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89tvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ze werd later naar Westerbork gedeporteerd waar ze op <strong>29 maart 1943 </strong>overleed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdttg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Baschwitz kwam vaak in de agenda’s van Otto Frank voor. De eerste keer was op <strong>18 juni 1945</strong>, toen Otto twee weken in Amsterdam terug was. Baschwitz nam al snel kennis van het dagboek van Anne. Hij schreef er op <strong>10 februari 1946 </strong>aan zijn dochter over: '<em>Op dit moment heb ik hier het dagboek van Anne Frank, de dochter van vriend Frank. Je hebt haar wel gekend.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu67m\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Een paar dagen daarvoor had hij samen met Werner Cahn een afspraak met Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63fvm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Op <strong>5 juni 1946 </strong>was er een afspraak met Otto Frank en Jan Romein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7zhqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij was een van de grondleggers van de zogenaamde 'zevende faculteit' (Sociale en Politieke Wetenschappen) van de Gemeentelijk Universiteit (inmiddels Universiteit van Amsterdam). Zijn aanstelling als hoogleraar in <strong>1948 </strong>had nogal wat voeten in de aarde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bybah\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook in <strong>1948 </strong>publiceerde Baschwitz bij uitgeverij Blitz zijn boek <em>Strijd met den duivel. De heksenprocessen in het licht van de massa-psychologie</em>. In dit boek legde hij een impliciete relatie tussen de respons op heksenvervolgingen en die op de Jodenvervolging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"au2vm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>28 juni 1955 </strong>nam de Eerste Kamer het wetsvoorstel aan waarmee Baschwitz tot Nederlander werd genaturaliseerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1a1rn\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Adressen: </em>Claes de Vrieselaan 118a, Rotterdam (1916);<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn3mq\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Weissenbruchstraat 35-II, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 59 (1940); Deurloostraat 92 (1943); Zuider Amstellaan 260-I (1946).<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0j4e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaap van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz. Peetvader van de journalistiek en communicatie</em>, Diemen: AMB, 2018, p. 25-26, 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8miec\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 33, 55- 56.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ishvb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2sgzl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 92.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47em8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister: Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart S.K. Baschwitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbnpn\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 121-122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zfvn4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Verbaalarchief Ministerie van Justitie (1853) 1915 – 1955 (1963) (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 14812: Agenda 2e Afdeeling A, 1938 Q, volgnr. 3622.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89tvn\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen (toegang 181b), inv. nr. 17: Dr. S.K. Baschwiz aan prof. D. Cohen, 14 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdttg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Drents Archief, Burgerlijke Stand Westerbork (toegang 0167.030): register van overlijdensakten 1943, aktenr. 153.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu67m\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 183.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63fvm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank, 6 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7zhqp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: 5 juni 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bybah\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gielen torpedeert zevende faculteit”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 23 januari 1948; “Rumor in Academia”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 maart 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"au2vm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Baschwitz\" target=\"_blank\">Kurt Baschwitz</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1a1rn\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verslag der Handelingen van de Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal</em>, 1954 – 1955, p. 2375 – 2376.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn3mq\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 56.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Kurt Baschwitz was an acquaintance of Otto Frank and played a role in the publication of <em>The Secret Annex</em> in <strong>1947</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>1897 </strong>on, Baschwitz, like Otto Frank, attended the Lessing Gymnasium in Frankfurt am Main. He was actively involved in the school newspaper, studied in Heidelberg, Berlin and Frankfurt, and in <strong>1908 </strong>obtained a doctorate in economics and sociology in Munich.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4nvny\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1909</strong>, Baschwitz worked as an aspiring journalist at the Hamburger Fremdenblatt in Hamburg. When the Rotterdam correspondent of his newspaper was expelled from the Netherlands in <strong>1917 </strong>following an accusation of espionage, he was given the opportunity to take his place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8miec\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> At the end of <strong>January 1919 </strong>his newspaper called him back to Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ishvb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>25 September 1919</strong>, he married Erika Thiessen there. The couple had one son (<strong>1920</strong>) and two daughters (<strong>1922 </strong>and <strong>1923</strong>) in quick succession.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2sgzl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The marriage ended in divorce in<strong> April 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1933</strong>, Baschwitz left Berlin and settled in Amsterdam. There, he was a private lecturer in press studies from <strong>25 January 1935</strong>. At the end of <strong>1936</strong>, he found a position at the International Institute of Social History.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cbnpn\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>He applied for admission to the Netherlands for his mother Hedwig Bikard on <strong>11 November 1938</strong>. On <strong>21 November 1938</strong>, the Justice Department informed the Procurator-General that her temporary stay could be granted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zfvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Baschwitz sought the help of Prof. David Cohen of the Committee for Jewish Refugees. He wrote on <strong>14 December 1938</strong> that the Aliens Office asked for a guarantee that she would not be reliant on the poor relief service. Baschwitz feared that his mother, who was with him in Amsterdam at the time, could be sent back.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89tvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> She was later deported to Westerbork where she was killed on<strong> 29 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdttg\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Baschwitz often appeared in Otto Frank's diaries. The first time was on <strong>18 June 1945</strong>, when Otto had been back in Amsterdam for a fortnight. Baschwitz was soon given access to Anne's diary. He wrote about it to his daughter on <strong>10 February 1946</strong>: "Right now I have here the diary of Anne Frank, the daughter of friend Frank. You knew her".<sup data-footnote-id=\"yu67m\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> A few days before, he and Werner Cahn had had an appointment with Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63fvm\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> On <strong>5 June 1946</strong>, there was an appointment with Otto Frank and Jan Romein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7zhqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>He was one of the founders of the 'seventh faculty' (Social and Political Sciences) of the Municipal University (now the University of Amsterdam). His appointment as a professor in <strong>1948 </strong>was not without controversy.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bybah\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Also in <strong>1948</strong>, Baschwitz published his book <em>Strijd met den duivel. De heksenprocessen in het licht van de massa-psychologie (Battle with the Devil. The Witch Trials in the Light of Mass Psychology)</em>. In this book, he made an implicit connection between the response to witch trials and the response to the persecution of the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bedsu\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>28 June 1955</strong>, the Upper House passed the bill naturalising Baschwitz as a Dutch citizen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1a1rn\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <em>Addresses: </em>Claes de Vrieselaan 118a, Rotterdam (1916);<sup data-footnote-id=\"qn3mq\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Weissenbruchstraat 35-II, Amsterdam; Niersstraat 59 (1940); Deurloostraat 92 (1943); Zuider Amstellaan 260-I (1946).<sup data-footnote-id=\"47em8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4nvny\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaap van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz. Peetvader van de journalistiek en communicatie</em>, Diemen: AMB, 2018, p. 25-26, 29.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8miec\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 33, 55- 56.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ishvb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2sgzl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 92.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"47em8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister: Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart S.K. Baschwitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cbnpn\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 121-122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zfvn4\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Verbaalarchief Ministerie van Justitie (1853) 1915 – 1955 (1963) (toegang 2.09.22), inv. nr. 14812: Agenda 2e Afdeeling A, 1938 Q, volgnr. 3622.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89tvn\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Comité voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen (toegang 181b), inv. nr. 17: Dr. S.K. Baschwiz aan prof. D. Cohen, 14 december 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdttg\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Drents Archief, Burgerlijke Stand Westerbork (toegang 0167.030): register van overlijdensakten 1943, aktenr. 153.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yu67m\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 183.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63fvm\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_003: Agenda Otto Frank, 6 februari 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7zhqp\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_003: 5 juni 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bybah\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gielen torpedeert zevende faculteit”, <em>De Waarheid</em>, 23 januari 1948; “Rumor in Academia”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 12 maart 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bedsu\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Baschwitz\" target=\"_blank\">Kurt Baschwitz</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1a1rn\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Verslag der Handelingen van de Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal</em>, 1954 – 1955, p. 2375 – 2376.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qn3mq\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Van Ginneken, <em>Kurt Baschwitz</em>, p. 56.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1886-02-02",
"death_date": "1968-01-06",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Offenbach",
"birth_country": "Duitsland",
"death_place": "Amsterdam",
"death_country": "Nederland",
"summary": "Kurt Baschwitz was an acquaintance of Otto Frank and played a role in the publication of The Secret Annex in 1947.",
"summary_nl": "Kurt Baschwitz was een bekende van Otto Frank en speelde een rol bij de publicatie van Het Achterhuis in 1947.",
"summary_en": "Kurt Baschwitz was an acquaintance of Otto Frank and played a role in the publication of The Secret Annex in 1947.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 2225,
"image": null,
"pictures": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/9d769b8d-82c8-40ad-9b97-d49faba1104c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8?format=api"
],
"published": true,
"uuid": "9d769b8d-82c8-40ad-9b97-d49faba1104c",
"first_name": "William Maxwell Aitken",
"last_name": "Beaverbrook",
"infix": "",
"title": "Max Beaverbrook",
"title_nl": "Max Beaverbrook",
"title_en": "Max Beaverbrook",
"content": "<p>William Maxwell (Max) Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"osz2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> better known as Lord Beaverbrook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sd4mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a British politician and newspaper publisher. In the first months of the war, he was Minister of Aircraft Production. Under his watch, Great Britain managed to build enough fighter planes to give the country a crucial advantage in the ‘Battle of Britain’. After the Soviet Union and the United States joined the war against Gemnay, Beaverbrook was one of the main advocates of a ‘Second Front' in West Europe. He considered the bombardment of German cities insufficient to defeat the Nazi regime.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osz2e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook</a> (geraadpleegd 10 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sd4mp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to him as: <em>Mr Beverbruck</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwh6s\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaap Tanja, "The cat that walks alone", <em>Bulletin Anne Frank Stichting</em>, 18 augustus 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>William Maxwell (Max) Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"z0ed5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> beter bekend als Lord Beaverbrook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sd4mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was een Brits politicus en dagbladeigenaar. In de eerste maanden van de oorlog was hij Minister of Aircraft Production. Onder zijn verantwoordelijkheid lukte het voldoende gevechtsvliegtuigen te bouwen om Groot-Brittanië het cruciale overwicht te geven in de ‘Battle of Britain’. Nadat de Sovjet-Unie en de Verenigde Staten met Duitsland in oorlog raakten, was Beaverbrook een van de voornaamste pleitbezorgers van een ‘Tweede Front’ in West-Europa. Hij vond bombardementen op Duitse steden onvoldoende om het nazi-regime te verslaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z0ed5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Zie </em><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook</a> (geraadleegd 10 november 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sd4mp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>mijnheer Beverbruck</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwh6s\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaap Tanja, "The cat that walks alone", <em>Bulletin Anne Frank Stichting</em>, 18 augustus 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>William Maxwell (Max) Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"osz2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> better known as Lord Beaverbrook,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sd4mp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> was a British politician and newspaper publisher. In the first months of the war, he was Minister of Aircraft Production. Under his watch, Great Britain managed to build enough fighter planes to give the country a crucial advantage in the ‘Battle of Britain’. After the Soviet Union and the United States joined the war against Gemnay, Beaverbrook was one of the main advocates of a ‘Second Front' in West Europe. He considered the bombardment of German cities insufficient to defeat the Nazi regime.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwh6s\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"osz2e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook</a> (geraadpleegd 10 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sd4mp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne refers to him as: <em>Mr Beverbruck</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwh6s\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jaap Tanja, "The cat that walks alone", <em>Bulletin Anne Frank Stichting</em>, 18 augustus 2011.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1879-05-25",
"death_date": "1964-06-09",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Maple, Ontario",
"birth_country": "Canada",
"death_place": "Leatherhead",
"death_country": "Groot-Brittannië",
"summary": "Lord Beaverbrook was a British politician and, during WW2, the Minister of Aircraft Production.",
"summary_nl": "Lord Beaverbrook was een Brits politicus en minister van Aircraft Production.",
"summary_en": "Lord Beaverbrook was a British politician and, during WW2, the Minister of Aircraft Production.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
]
}
