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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer applies for entry visa for Chile",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer vraagt emigratievisa voor Chili aan",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer applies for entry visa for Chile",
"content": "<p>On <strong>13 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer wrote to the aid organisation <em>Comité de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas</em> in Santiago de Chile that he wanted to go to Chile with Charlotte Kaletta. He stated that he had been daily engaged in horse care since 1919, and wanted to make a living from it in Chile. His assets amounted to four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWithin days after sending this application, Pfeffer requested the Minister of Justice to be allowed to await the further process in the Netherlands. In doing so, he informed him that the application procedure was ongoing, he had ample funds for living expenses and he would not pursue any profession or business in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Another two days later, on <strong>16 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer's passport expired. The German consulate in Amsterdam refused to renew it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As early as <strong>November 1938</strong>, top Justice Department officials noted that the consulate rarely honoured such requests from Jewish Germans anymore.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crloh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>17 January 1939</strong>, the Chilean consulate in Rotterdam confirmed that Pfeffer had requested the Chilean government to be allowed to leave for that country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Amsterdam Foreign Office reported to the Attorney General on <strong>14 February</strong> that Pfeffer indeed wanted to go to Chile, but was also making attempts to leave for Australia or Aruba.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Almost five months later, on <strong>7 June</strong>, the Attorney General wrote to the minister seeing no reason to deviate from the circular of <strong>7 May 1938</strong> and that Pfeffer should not be allowed longer stays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> That circular stipulated that the borders were closed to refugees, and only very exceptional cases could be admitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The municipality of Amsterdam issued Pfeffer with a certificate of good conduct on <strong>3 August 1939</strong> in connection with his intended departure to an unspecified foreign country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> A few days before Christmas, Pfeffer's old friend Günther Klein declared his willingness to act as guarantor for him for the period he still had to stay in the Netherlands pending his application. There are no documents that can clarify the further course of these emigration attempts. What is clear is that Pfeffer and his fiancée failed to leave the Netherlands. In <strong>1942</strong>, his last option was to go into hiding in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. In hedendaagse termen is dat € 38.120,96 (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Verzoekschrift d.d. 14 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crloh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4312: afschrift brief Secretaris-generaal aan minister van justitie, 25 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Verklaring Chileens consulaat Rotterdam, 17 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Procureur-generaal aan Minister van Justitie, 7 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Secretarie, Algemene Zaken (toegang 5181), inv. nr. 7642: indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 15403. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>13 januari 1939</strong> schreef Pfeffer aan de hulporganisatie <em>Comité de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas</em> in Santiago de Chile dat hij met Charlotte Kaletta naar Chili wil. Hij gaf te kennen sinds 1919 dagelijks met paardenverzorging bezig te zijn geweest, en wil daar in Chili mee in hun levensonderhoud voorzien. Zijn vermogen bedroeg vierduizend gulden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nDaags na het versturen van deze aanvraag verzocht Pfeffer de Minister van Justitie het verdere verloop in Nederland te mogen afwachten. Daarbij liet hij weten dat de aanvraagprocedure liep, hij voor het levensonderhoud over ruime middelen beschikte en hij in Nederland geen beroep of bedrijf zou uitoefenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nog eens twee dagen later, <strong>16 januari 1939</strong>, verliep Pfeffers paspoort. Het Duitse consulaat in Amsterdam weigerde het te verlengen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1938</strong> stelde de ambtelijke top van Justitie al vast dat het consulaat zulke verzoeken van Joodse Duitsers nog maar zelden honoreerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crloh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>17 januari 1939</strong> bevestigde het Chileense consulaat in Rotterdam dat Pfeffer de Chileense regering verzocht naar dat land te mogen vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De Amsterdamse Vreemdelingendienst rapporteerde op <strong>14 februari</strong> aan de Procureur-generaal dat Pfeffer inderdaad naar Chili wilde, maar ook pogingen ondernam om naar Australië of Aruba te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bijna vijf maanden later, op <strong>7 juni</strong>, schreef de Procureur-generaal aan de minister geen reden te zien om af te wijken van de circulaire van <strong>7 mei 1938</strong> en dat Pfeffer geen langer verblijf moest worden toegestaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Die circulaire bepaalde dat de grenzen voor vluchtelingen dichtgingen, en dat slechts zeer uitzonderlijke gevallen konden worden toegelaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gemeente Amsterdam verstrekte aan Pfeffer op <strong>3 augustus 1939</strong> een verklaring van goed gedrag in verband met zijn voorgenomen vertrek naar een niet gespecificeerd buitenland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Enkele dagen voor Kerstmis verklaarde Pfeffers oude vriend Günther Klein borg voor hem te willen staan voor de periode die hij in afwachting van zijn aanvraag nog in Nederland moest verblijven. Het ontbreekt aan documenten die het verdere verloop van deze emigratiepogingen kunnen ophelderen. Duidelijk is wel dat Pfeffer en zijn verloofde er niet in slaagden Nederland te verlaten. In <strong>1942</strong> was zijn laatste optie onderduiken in het Achterhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, toegang 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. In hedendaagse termen is dat € 38.120,96 (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Verzoekschrift d.d. 14 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crloh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4312: afschrift brief Secretaris-generaal aan minister van justitie, 25 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Verklaring Chileens consulaat Rotterdam, 17 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Procureur-generaal aan Minister van Justitie, 7 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Secretarie, Algemene Zaken (toegang 5181), inv. nr. 7642: indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 15403. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>13 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer wrote to the aid organisation <em>Comité de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas</em> in Santiago de Chile that he wanted to go to Chile with Charlotte Kaletta. He stated that he had been daily engaged in horse care since 1919, and wanted to make a living from it in Chile. His assets amounted to four thousand guilders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWithin days after sending this application, Pfeffer requested the Minister of Justice to be allowed to await the further process in the Netherlands. In doing so, he informed him that the application procedure was ongoing, he had ample funds for living expenses and he would not pursue any profession or business in the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Another two days later, on <strong>16 January 1939</strong>, Pfeffer's passport expired. The German consulate in Amsterdam refused to renew it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As early as <strong>November 1938</strong>, top Justice Department officials noted that the consulate rarely honoured such requests from Jewish Germans anymore.<sup data-footnote-id=\"crloh\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>17 January 1939</strong>, the Chilean consulate in Rotterdam confirmed that Pfeffer had requested the Chilean government to be allowed to leave for that country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Amsterdam Foreign Office reported to the Attorney General on <strong>14 February</strong> that Pfeffer indeed wanted to go to Chile, but was also making attempts to leave for Australia or Aruba.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Almost five months later, on <strong>7 June</strong>, the Attorney General wrote to the minister seeing no reason to deviate from the circular of <strong>7 May 1938</strong> and that Pfeffer should not be allowed longer stays.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> That circular stipulated that the borders were closed to refugees, and only very exceptional cases could be admitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The municipality of Amsterdam issued Pfeffer with a certificate of good conduct on <strong>3 August 1939</strong> in connection with his intended departure to an unspecified foreign country.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> A few days before Christmas, Pfeffer's old friend Günther Klein declared his willingness to act as guarantor for him for the period he still had to stay in the Netherlands pending his application. There are no documents that can clarify the further course of these emigration attempts. What is clear is that Pfeffer and his fiancée failed to leave the Netherlands. In <strong>1942</strong>, his last option was to go into hiding in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ivy2t\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. In hedendaagse termen is dat € 38.120,96 (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0zndt\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Verzoekschrift d.d. 14 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qk7rx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv. nr. 1031: Vreemdelingendienst aan Procureur-generaal, 14 februari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"crloh\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4312: afschrift brief Secretaris-generaal aan minister van justitie, 25 november 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smm0q\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, inv.nr. 1031: Verklaring Chileens consulaat Rotterdam, 17 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7tjz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr. 1031: Procureur-generaal aan Minister van Justitie, 7 juni 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9rf1\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Secretarie, Algemene Zaken (toegang 5181), inv. nr. 7642: indicateur van aanvragen van bewijzen van Nederlanderschap en goed gedrag, 1939, volgnr. 15403. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-01-13",
"date_end": "1939-12-20",
"summary": "Shortly after coming to the Netherlands, Fritz Pfeffer applied for entry visas for himself and Charlotte Kaletta. The response to this is not known.",
"summary_nl": "Kort na zijn komst naar Nederland vroeg Fritz Pfeffer inreisvisa voor hemzelf en Charlotte Kaletta aan. Het antwoord hierop is niet bekend.",
"summary_en": "Shortly after coming to the Netherlands, Fritz Pfeffer applied for entry visas for himself and Charlotte Kaletta. The response to this is not known.",
"same_as": null,
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{
"id": 396124407,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416",
"name": "Emigration from Europe",
"name_nl": "Emigratie uit Europa",
"name_en": "Emigration from Europe",
"description": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het uiteindelijke reisdoel van veel vluchtelingen was de Verenigde Staten, er waren er ook die naar Zuid-Afrika, Palestina en Latijns-Amerika vertrokken. Maar emigratie was niet vanzelfsprekend. Wie weg wilde kwam in een bureaucratische molen terecht van ontelbare formulieren voor uitreisvergunningen, doorreisvergunningen, inreisvisa, gerechtelijke verklaringen en borgstellingen. De rijen wachtenden bij hulporganisaties, consulaten, ambassades en reisbureaus waren eindeloos. Regels veranderden voortdurend en emigratielanden stelden hoge financiële eisen. Naarmate anti-Joodse maatregelen en oorlogsdreiging toenamen, groeide de paniek om weg te komen. Uiteindelijk heeft maar een relatief kleine groep de Jodenvervolging in Europa weten te ontvluchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook de families Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer hebben pogingen ondernomen uit Europa weg te komen. Otto Frank probeerde al vanaf <strong>1937</strong> geprobeerd een zaak op te zetten in Engeland en deed in <strong>1938</strong> een visumaanvraag gedaan bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Beide pogingen liepen op niets uit. Toen in <strong>1939</strong> de Tweede Wereldoorlog uitbrak, werd het nog moelijker om te vluchten. Na de Duitse inval in <strong>1940</strong> probeerde de familie Frank in <strong>1941</strong> opnieuw naar de Verenigde Staten te gaan. Ze worden daarbij geholpen door Amerikaanse vrienden en Julius en Walter Holländer, de broers van Edith, die er al in zijn geslaagd naar de Verenigde Staten te vluchten. Tevergeefs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin van Pels had ook geen geluk. Ondanks hun Nederlanderschap voelden zij zich niet veilig in Nederland. In <strong>1939</strong> deden zij een visumaanvraag bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Zij kwamen op een wachtlijst te staan die al zo lang was dat hun kansen gering waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hun poging om verder te trekken mislukte, al zijn er enkele familieleden van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen er wel in geslaagd naar Noord-, Zuid-Amerika of een andere bestemming overzee te emigreren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de vreemdelingenkaart van Fritz Pfeffer staat dat hij naar Australië wilde, maar hij probeerde ook naar Aruba te gaan. Verder deed hij een emigratieaanvraag voor Chili. Maar het lukte ook hem niet weg te komen uit Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> verloren alle in het buitenland wonende Duitse Joden hun nationaliteit en werden daarmee stateloos. Emigratie werd daarmee onmogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-on-mogelijkheden-om-te-vluchten-joodse-emigratie-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>De (on)mogelijkheden om te vluchten: Joodse emigratie 1933-1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"summary_nl": "Tussen 1933 en 1941 vluchtten ongeveer 280.000 Joden uit nazi-Duitsland en 130.000 uit het door Hitler geannexeerde Oostenrijk. Velen zochten hun toevlucht in de omringende landen. Voor velen was dit echter slechts een tussenstop op weg naar veiliger oorden.",
"summary_en": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": null,
"files": [
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}
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/27548fcb-0101-4287-bb54-8199ce1ed0cc/",
"published": true,
"name": "Chilean consulate in Rotterdam",
"name_nl": "Chileens consulaat in Rotterdam",
"name_en": "Chilean consulate in Rotterdam",
"uuid": "27548fcb-0101-4287-bb54-8199ce1ed0cc",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.47711 51.90727)",
"summary": "The Chilean consulate was established here in 1939. Fritz Pfeffer applied for an emigration visa for Chile here in January 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Het Chileense consulaat was hier in 1939 gevestigd. Fritz Pfeffer vroeg hier in januari 1939 emigratievisa voor Chili aan.",
"summary_en": "The Chilean consulate was established here in 1939. Fritz Pfeffer applied for an emigration visa for Chile here in January 1939.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Calandstraat 5",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Rotterdam",
"state": "Zuid-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
93
]
}