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"name": "NL-RtSA_4029_PBK-574-01",
"title": "Wijnhaven, Rotterdam. Het gebouw in het midden is het Amerikaanse consulaat; de Stars and Stripes-vlag hangt uit.",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Prentbriefkaartencollectie Stadsarchief Rotterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NL-RtSA_4029_PBK-574-01.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Links van het hoekpand is het Amerikaanse consulaat. De 'Stars and Stripes' hangt uit. Datering: begin twintigste eeuw.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "51.91739",
"longitude": "4.48478",
"events": [
{
"id": 85,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2ba9a0e8-31e5-4460-b122-2af4249908ed/",
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"name": "Hermann van Pels placed on the waiting list for emigration visas",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels op de wachtlijst voor emigratievisa geplaatst",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels placed on the waiting list for emigration visas",
"content": "<p>Several members of the Van Pels family came to the Netherlands with a desire ultimately to move elsewhere. Hermann's brother travelled from Amsterdam via Liverpool to New York in the <strong>summer of 1938</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"eev7i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his sister would leave for Chile in <strong>late 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"doe2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hermann's family also opted for the United States and applied for the necessary visas. On <strong>25 April 1939</strong>, consul R.S. Huestis confirmed that the application of Hermann and his family had been processed; despite having Dutch nationality, this application was registered on <strong>10 February 1939</strong><strong> </strong>on the waiting list of 'immigrants under the German quota'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqzhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> For emigration to the United States, it was not so much nationality or passport that was decisive, but the country of birth.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They had to start building their case, which required numerous official documents. But at that point, the waiting list was already so long that their chances were slim. Moreover, all the papers were subsequently lost in the bombing of <strong>14 May 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tup1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Whether they subsequently tried to collect new documents to continue the proceedings is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eev7i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Passagierslijsten op <a href=\"https://www.ancestry.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.ancestry.com</a>: List or manifest of alien passengers for the United States Immigrant Inspector at port of arrival, S.S. 'Samaria', passengers sailing from Liverpool, 27 augustus 1938, aankomst in New York 5 september 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"doe2e\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqzhu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Brief consul R.S. Huestis aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tup1a\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Meerdere leden van de familie Van Pels komen naar Nederland met de wens verder te trekken. Hermanns broer reisde in de <strong>zomer van 1938</strong> vanuit Amsterdam via Liverpool af naar New York;<sup data-footnote-id=\"eev7i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> zijn zus zou <strong>eind 1939</strong> naar Chili vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"doe2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hermanns gezin opteerde ook voor de Verenigde Staten en vroeg de benodigde visa aan. Op <strong>25 april 1939</strong> bevestigde consul R.S. Huestis dat de aanvraag van Hermann en zijn gezin in behandeling was genomen. Ondanks de Nederlandse nationaliteit is deze aanvraag op <strong>10 februari 1939</strong><strong> </strong>geregistreerd op de wachtlijst van <em>immigrants under the German quota</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqzhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Voor emigratie naar de Verenigde Staten was niet zozeer de nationaliteit of het paspoort doorslaggevend, maar het land van geboorte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zij moesten aan de opbouw van hun dossier, waarvoor tal van officiele documenten nodig waren, gaan beginnen. Maar op dat moment was de wachtlijst al zo lang dat de kansen gering waren. Bovendien zouden alle papieren bij het bombardement van <strong>14 mei 1940</strong> verloren gaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o620k\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Of zij daarna nog geprobeerd hebben nieuwe documenten te verzamelen om de procedure voort te zetten is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eev7i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Passagierslijsten op <a href=\"https://www.ancestry.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.ancestry.com</a>: List or manifest of alien passengers for the United States Immigrant Inspector at port of arrival, S.S. 'Samaria', passengers sailing from Liverpool, 27 augustus 1938, aankomst in New York 5 september 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"doe2e\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqzhu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Brief consul R.S. Huestis aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o620k\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Several members of the Van Pels family came to the Netherlands with a desire ultimately to move elsewhere. Hermann's brother travelled from Amsterdam via Liverpool to New York in the <strong>summer of 1938</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"eev7i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his sister would leave for Chile in <strong>late 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"doe2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hermann's family also opted for the United States and applied for the necessary visas. On <strong>25 April 1939</strong>, consul R.S. Huestis confirmed that the application of Hermann and his family had been processed; despite having Dutch nationality, this application was registered on <strong>10 February 1939</strong><strong> </strong>on the waiting list of 'immigrants under the German quota'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eqzhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> For emigration to the United States, it was not so much nationality or passport that was decisive, but the country of birth.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They had to start building their case, which required numerous official documents. But at that point, the waiting list was already so long that their chances were slim. Moreover, all the papers were subsequently lost in the bombing of <strong>14 May 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tup1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Whether they subsequently tried to collect new documents to continue the proceedings is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eev7i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Passagierslijsten op <a href=\"https://www.ancestry.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.ancestry.com</a>: List or manifest of alien passengers for the United States Immigrant Inspector at port of arrival, S.S. 'Samaria', passengers sailing from Liverpool, 27 augustus 1938, aankomst in New York 5 september 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"doe2e\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eqzhu\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: Brief consul R.S. Huestis aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tup1a\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-04-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Like his brother Max David and his wife, Hermann van Pels also wanted to leave for the United States with his wife and son. To this end, he applied for visas.",
"summary_nl": "Net als zijn broer Max David en zijn echtgenote, wil ook Hermann van Pels met zijn vrouw en zoon naar de Verenigde Staten vertrekken. Hij dient daartoe een aanvraag voor visa in.",
"summary_en": "Like his brother Max David and his wife, Hermann van Pels also wanted to leave for the United States with his wife and son. To this end, he applied for visas.",
"same_as": null,
"files": [
1045
]
},
{
"id": 84,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/71402c2f-c621-49bd-abce-86e138162883/",
"subjects": [],
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"published": true,
"uuid": "71402c2f-c621-49bd-abce-86e138162883",
"name": "Bombing destroys visa applications",
"name_nl": "Bombardement vernietigt de visumaanvragen voor de Verenigde Staten",
"name_en": "Bombing destroys visa applications",
"content": "<p>Otto Frank did not manage to put together his file again before all the US consulates in European occupied territory closed their doors in <strong>early July 1941</strong>. It is unclear whether this affected the Van Pels family, but it is clear that they were also unable to travel. The bombing thus permanently destroyed both families' already slim chances of a timely departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4veth\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1938, Otto Frank applied for immigration visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ikcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels and his family did the same, but probably a little later; receipt was confirmed by the consulate on <strong>25 April 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pf676\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> By now, the number of German applicants was huge, resulting in a long waiting list. To build a file, Frank and Van Pels had to supply a large number of documents, including birth certificates of all family members, marriage certificates, proof of military service, vaccination certificates and passport photographs.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The consulate reconstructed the old waiting list as much as possible, but applicants had to assemble all their documentation again. Visa applicants could use the number on the receipt of their application to get on a reconstructed list. It appeared later that some staff members were bribed to put applicants higher on that list during this process.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4veth\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ikcac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, <em>Three personal letters from Otto Frank as found in National Refugee Service Case File A-23007</em>: Otto Frank aan Nathan 'Charley' Straus, 30 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pf676\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: brief R.S. Huestis aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto Frank lukte het niet zijn dossier opnieuw op te bouwen voordat alle Amerikaanse consulaten in Europees bezet gebied <strong>begin juli 1941</strong> de deuren sloten. Voor de familie Van Pels ontbreken bronnen, maar duidelijk is dat zij evenmin konden afreizen. Door het bombardement was de toch al geringe kans van beide gezinnen op tijdig vertrek dus definitief verkeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxcgh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1938</strong> diende Otto Frank een aanvraag voor immigratievisa in bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ikcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels en zijn gezin deden dat ook, maar waarschijnlijk iets later; de ontvangst werd door het consulaat bevestigd op <strong>25 april 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pf676\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het aantal Duitse aanvragers was inmiddels enorm groot, met een lange wachtlijst als gevolg. Voor de opbouw van een dossier hadden Frank en Van Pels een groot aantal documenten aan te leveren: onder meer geboorteakten van alle gezinsleden, trouwakte, bewijzen van militaire dienstvervulling, vaccinatiebewijzen en pasfoto's.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het consulaat reconstrueerde zoveel mogelijk de oude wachtlijst, maar de aanvragers moesten hun documentatie helemaal opnieuw opbouwen. Aanvragers van visa konden zich met het nummer op het ontvangsbewijs van hun aanvraag melden om op een gereconstrueerde lijst te komen. Tijdens dit proces bleken enkele personeelsleden zich te laten omkopen om aanvragers hoger op die lijst te plaatsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxcgh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ikcac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, <em>Three personal letters from Otto Frank as found in National Refugee Service Case File A-23007</em>: Otto Frank aan Nathan 'Charley' Straus, 30 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pf676\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: brief R.S. Huestis aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Frank did not manage to put together his file again before all the US consulates in European occupied territory closed their doors in <strong>early July 1941</strong>. It is unclear whether this affected the Van Pels family, but it is clear that they were also unable to travel. The bombing thus permanently destroyed both families' already slim chances of a timely departure.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4veth\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1938, Otto Frank applied for immigration visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ikcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hermann van Pels and his family did the same, but probably a little later; receipt was confirmed by the consulate on <strong>25 April 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pf676\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> By now, the number of German applicants was huge, resulting in a long waiting list. To build a file, Frank and Van Pels had to supply a large number of documents, including birth certificates of all family members, marriage certificates, proof of military service, vaccination certificates and passport photographs.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The consulate reconstructed the old waiting list as much as possible, but applicants had to assemble all their documentation again. Visa applicants could use the number on the receipt of their application to get on a reconstructed list. It appeared later that some staff members were bribed to put applicants higher on that list during this process.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4veth\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ikcac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, <em>Three personal letters from Otto Frank as found in National Refugee Service Case File A-23007</em>: Otto Frank aan Nathan 'Charley' Straus, 30 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pf676\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_001: brief R.S. Huestis aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1940-05-14",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On the afternoon of 14 May 1940, the German Luftwaffe bombed downtown Rotterdam. The US consulate on Wijnhaven burned to the ground as a result, leading to the loss of the files of pending visa applications.",
"summary_nl": "In de middag van 14 mei 1940 bombardeert de Duitse Luftwaffe de binnenstad van Rotterdam. Hierbij brandt ook het Amerikaanse consulaat aan de Wijnhaven tot de grond toe af. Hierbij gingen de dossiers van de lopende visa-aanvragen verloren.",
"summary_en": "On the afternoon of 14 May 1940, the German Luftwaffe bombed downtown Rotterdam. The US consulate on Wijnhaven burned to the ground as a result, leading to the loss of the files of pending visa applications.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124407,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416",
"name": "Emigration from Europe",
"name_nl": "Emigratie uit Europa",
"name_en": "Emigration from Europe",
"description": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het uiteindelijke reisdoel van veel vluchtelingen was de Verenigde Staten, er waren er ook die naar Zuid-Afrika, Palestina en Latijns-Amerika vertrokken. Maar emigratie was niet vanzelfsprekend. Wie weg wilde kwam in een bureaucratische molen terecht van ontelbare formulieren voor uitreisvergunningen, doorreisvergunningen, inreisvisa, gerechtelijke verklaringen en borgstellingen. De rijen wachtenden bij hulporganisaties, consulaten, ambassades en reisbureaus waren eindeloos. Regels veranderden voortdurend en emigratielanden stelden hoge financiële eisen. Naarmate anti-Joodse maatregelen en oorlogsdreiging toenamen, groeide de paniek om weg te komen. Uiteindelijk heeft maar een relatief kleine groep de Jodenvervolging in Europa weten te ontvluchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook de families Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer hebben pogingen ondernomen uit Europa weg te komen. Otto Frank probeerde al vanaf <strong>1937</strong> geprobeerd een zaak op te zetten in Engeland en deed in <strong>1938</strong> een visumaanvraag gedaan bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Beide pogingen liepen op niets uit. Toen in <strong>1939</strong> de Tweede Wereldoorlog uitbrak, werd het nog moelijker om te vluchten. Na de Duitse inval in <strong>1940</strong> probeerde de familie Frank in <strong>1941</strong> opnieuw naar de Verenigde Staten te gaan. Ze worden daarbij geholpen door Amerikaanse vrienden en Julius en Walter Holländer, de broers van Edith, die er al in zijn geslaagd naar de Verenigde Staten te vluchten. Tevergeefs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin van Pels had ook geen geluk. Ondanks hun Nederlanderschap voelden zij zich niet veilig in Nederland. In <strong>1939</strong> deden zij een visumaanvraag bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Zij kwamen op een wachtlijst te staan die al zo lang was dat hun kansen gering waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hun poging om verder te trekken mislukte, al zijn er enkele familieleden van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen er wel in geslaagd naar Noord-, Zuid-Amerika of een andere bestemming overzee te emigreren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de vreemdelingenkaart van Fritz Pfeffer staat dat hij naar Australië wilde, maar hij probeerde ook naar Aruba te gaan. Verder deed hij een emigratieaanvraag voor Chili. Maar het lukte ook hem niet weg te komen uit Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> verloren alle in het buitenland wonende Duitse Joden hun nationaliteit en werden daarmee stateloos. Emigratie werd daarmee onmogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-on-mogelijkheden-om-te-vluchten-joodse-emigratie-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>De (on)mogelijkheden om te vluchten: Joodse emigratie 1933-1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"summary_nl": "Tussen 1933 en 1941 vluchtten ongeveer 280.000 Joden uit nazi-Duitsland en 130.000 uit het door Hitler geannexeerde Oostenrijk. Velen zochten hun toevlucht in de omringende landen. Voor velen was dit echter slechts een tussenstop op weg naar veiliger oorden.",
"summary_en": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": null,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/0eb7f3ea-0714-412a-a863-bcd821d5da23/",
"published": true,
"name": "American consulate in Rotterdam",
"name_nl": "Amerikaans consulaat in Rotterdam",
"name_en": "American consulate in Rotterdam",
"uuid": "0eb7f3ea-0714-412a-a863-bcd821d5da23",
"content": "<p>Both the Frank family and the Van Pels family attempted to emigrate to the United States. Otto Frank had been working on his plans to emigrate to the United States since 1938. The immigration visa application, with all the necessary documents, had to be submitted to the American consulate in Rotterdam. In the Netherlands, only the Rotterdam consulate issued immigration visas. But the application procedure was cumbersome and lengthy for German emigrants, because they had to collect all kinds of information in their native country. To make matters worse, the consulate was destroyed during the bombardment of Rotterdam on <strong>14 May 1940</strong>, whereby<strong> </strong>all papers were lost That led to a laborious reconstruction of the waiting list, and all applications had to be resubmitted, which meant that the already small chance of both families to emigrate inn time was definitively lost.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7aj8e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the destruction of the Rotterdam's city center, the consulate moved to a building on the Westersingel. Rising tensions between the United States and Germany forced all US consulates in occupied territory to close <strong>in early July 1941</strong>. On <strong>10 July</strong>, the consul in Rotterdam reported to the State Department that he had destroyed the visa stamps as instructed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7aj8e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zowel de familile Frank als de familie Van Pels hebben geprobeerd om naar de Verenigde Staten te emigreren. Otto Frank was sinds <strong>1938</strong> met emigratieplannen naar de Verenigde Staten bezig. De aanvraag voor emigratie met alle benodigde documenten moest ingediend worden bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam, dat als enige in Nederland emigratievisa verstrekte. Maar de aanvraagprocedure was omslachtig en langdurig voor Duitse emigranten, omdat zij in hun geboorteland allerlei gegevens moesten verzamelen. Tot overmaat van ramp werd het consulaat op <strong>14 mei 1940</strong> verwoest tijdens de bombardementen op Rotterdam, waarbij alle papieren verloren gingen. Dat leidde tot een moeizame reconstructie van de wachtlijst en alle aanvragen, waardoor de toch al geringe kans van beide gezinnen op tijdige emigratie definitief was verkeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8qruz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de verwoesting van de Rotterdamse binnenstad verhuisde het consulaat naar een gebouw op de Westersingel. Door het oplopen van spanningen tussen de Verenigde Staten en Duitsland moesten alle Amerikaanse consulaten in bezet gebied <strong>begin juli 1941</strong> hun deuren sluiten. Op <strong>10 juli</strong> rapporteerde de consul in Rotterdam aan het State Department dat de visumstempels volgens instructie waren vernietigd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8qruz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Both the Frank family and the Van Pels family attempted to emigrate to the United States. Otto Frank had been working on his plans to emigrate to the United States since 1938. The immigration visa application, with all the necessary documents, had to be submitted to the American consulate in Rotterdam. In the Netherlands, only the Rotterdam consulate issued immigration visas. But the application procedure was cumbersome and lengthy for German emigrants, because they had to collect all kinds of information in their native country. To make matters worse, the consulate was destroyed during the bombardment of Rotterdam on <strong>14 May 1940</strong>, whereby<strong> </strong>all papers were lost That led to a laborious reconstruction of the waiting list, and all applications had to be resubmitted, which meant that the already small chance of both families to emigrate inn time was definitively lost.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7aj8e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the destruction of the Rotterdam's city center, the consulate moved to a building on the Westersingel. Rising tensions between the United States and Germany forced all US consulates in occupied territory to close <strong>in early July 1941</strong>. On <strong>10 July</strong>, the consul in Rotterdam reported to the State Department that he had destroyed the visa stamps as instructed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7aj8e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.48478 51.91739)",
"summary": "Anyone who wanted to emigrate from the Netherlands to the United States during the 1930s had to apply for a visa at the US consulate in Rotterdam. The consulate in Amsterdam only issued visas for temporary stays.",
"summary_nl": "Wie gedurende de jaren dertig vanuit Nederland naar de Verenigde Staten wilde emigreren moest visa aanvragen bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Het consulaat in Amsterdam verstrekte alleen visa voor tijdelijk verblijf.",
"summary_en": "Anyone who wanted to emigrate from the Netherlands to the United States during the 1930s had to apply for a visa at the US consulate in Rotterdam. The consulate in Amsterdam only issued visas for temporary stays.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Wijnhaven 147",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Rotterdam",
"state": "Zuid-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
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85,
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}
