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{
    "id": 252,
    "image": {
        "id": 160,
        "uuid": "1484a88e-d011-408e-afeb-30cad986ca15",
        "name": "A_Pfeffer_III_054",
        "title": "Portretfoto van Fritz Pfeffer, jaren '30",
        "alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
        "url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/8b7393e6-b0ab-751a-16c5-cfd532c3bc94.jpg",
        "path": null,
        "filetype": "image",
        "description": "Fritz Pfeffer wordt in 1889 geboren in Giessen als zoon van Ignatz Pfeffer en zijn vrouw Jeanette Hirsch-Pfeffer. Zoals veel Duitse Joden was ook Fritz Pfeffer voorafgaand aan de machtsovername door de NSDAP in 1933 volledig geïntegreerd in de Duitse maatschappij en samenleving. Zo dient hij als dienstplichtig militair tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het Duitse leger, en richt hij in 1913 een tandartspraktijk op in Berlijn. Na het einde van de vijandelijkheden pakt hij zijn werk weer op en houdt tot 1938 deze praktijk aan. In dat jaar vlucht hij naar Nederland, nadat hij en veel andere Joden na de gebeurtenissen van de Kristallnacht Duitsland ontvluchten. Voorafgaand aan zijn eigen vlucht stuurt Fritz Pfeffer zijn elfjarige zoon Werner naar zijn broer Ernst Pfeffer in Engeland. Fritz Pfeffer heeft voogdij over zijn zoon, nadat hij in 1933 na een huwelijk van zeven jaar gescheiden is van Werner's moeder Vera Henriette Bythiner. Deze foto komt uit de persoonlijke collectie van Fritz Pfeffer of Charlotte Kaletta.",
        "author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
        "copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
    },
    "pictures": [],
    "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/personen/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c/",
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    "uuid": "780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c",
    "first_name": "Friedrich",
    "last_name": "Pfeffer",
    "infix": "",
    "title": "Fritz Pfeffer",
    "title_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer",
    "title_en": "Fritz Pfeffer",
    "content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was born on <strong>30&nbsp;April 1889</strong> in Giessen as the son of textile merchant Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;He had a sister and four brothers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst and Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After attending grammar school in his home town, he trained as a dentist at the University of W&uuml;rzburg <strong>from 1908 to 1911</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 to 1938</strong> he had his own practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the First World War, he was a member of the 116th Infantry Regiment. The division to which this regiment belonged took part in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Back in Berlin, he resumed his practice. He was also an active sportsman, and was particularly into rowing in&nbsp;the waters around Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong>, Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner, with whom he had a son named Werner in <strong>1927</strong>.&nbsp;The marriage was dissolved in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the <strong>mid-1930s</strong> he met Charlotte Kaletta. They could not marry because by now the racist Nuremberg Laws were in effect. Part of this was a ban on marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer made an attempt to emigrate to the United Kingdom, but on&nbsp;<strong>5</strong>&nbsp;<strong>May 1937</strong> his application for registration as a dentist was rejected by the General Medical Council (GMC) in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> His younger brother Ernst Pfeffer had made the same request a year and a half earlier and was admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>), Pfeffer came to the Netherlands. He wanted to go to Chile to work as a horse breeder. In <strong>June 1939</strong> minister Goseling rejected his request to be allowed to stay in the Netherlands while awaiting a decision on this. A marriage to Charlotte Kaletta could not be arranged in the Netherlands either, as a treaty from <strong>1902</strong> required permission from the German government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Pfeffer investigated the possibility of marrying in another country, but since he had not held a valid passport since <strong>January 1939</strong>, that was out of the question.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first met Pfeffer in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong>. At that time, Pfeffer was living with Otto&#39;s childhood friend Stephanie Schuster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Later he moved into a room on the Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Despite the denial of residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer did not leave. Nor was he deported. He worked in the dental practice of Samuel van der Hoeden. In the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, the situation became dangerous for him, as he did not have the relatively safe status of a mixed marriage. Through the mediation of Miep Gies, who was a patient with him, he was able to move into the Secret Annex. He told his landlady that he had to go to the hospital for a kidney complaint and disappeared. Through Miep, he kept in touch with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Pfeffer ended up in Westerbork. He was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. A camp survivor later stated that Pfeffer had left Auschwitz with a transport consisting of dentists and dental technicians to Neuengamme. There Fritz Pfeffer died at the age of 55, according to the death certificate as a result of an intestinal infection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xroim\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031:&nbsp; Fritz Pfeffer aan &#39;Comit&eacute; de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas&#39; in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gie&szlig;en: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universit&auml;t, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universit&auml;tsarchiv, Universit&auml;t W&uuml;rzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adre&szlig;buch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238):&nbsp;Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>&quot;Het Duitsche Ari&euml;rhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit&quot;,&nbsp;<em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies &amp; Alison Leslie Gold,&nbsp;<em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xroim\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkst&auml;tte Neuengamme,&nbsp;&quot;H&auml;ftlings-Toten-Nachweis&quot;, 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie:&nbsp;Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, &quot;&#39;He was all alone&#39;: Fritz Pfeffer, the roommate of Anne Frank&quot;, in <em>&nbsp;Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; ; Bernd Lindenthal, &#39;Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gie&szlig;en&#39;, in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>The roommate of Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2003; J&uuml;rgen Dauernheim, &#39;Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gie&szlig;en: Anne Franks &quot;Dr. Dussel&quot;: (eine Erg&auml;nzung)&#39;, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "content_nl": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer werd&nbsp;op <strong>30 april 1889</strong>&nbsp;in Giessen geboren als&nbsp;een zoon van textielhandelaar Ignatz Pfeffer&nbsp;en Jeanette Pfeffer-Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqpo4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;Hij had een zus en vier broers:&nbsp;Minna,&nbsp;Julius, Emil, Ernst en Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het gymnasium in zijn geboortestad volgde&nbsp;hij in de jaren <strong>1908-1911</strong> een tandartsopleiding aan de universiteit van W&uuml;rzburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"87ab9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"e1mcm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Van <strong>1913 tot 1938</strong> had&nbsp;hij een eigen praktijk in Berlijn-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h5461\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog maakte hij onder meer deel uit van het 116e Infanterieregiment. De divisie waar dit regiment toe behoorde, nam&nbsp;deel aan de slagen om Verdun en aan de Somme. Terug in Berlijn hervatte hij zijn praktijk. Verder was hij een actief sporter, en deed&nbsp;vooral veel aan roeien in de waterrijke gebieden rond Berlijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong> trouwde&nbsp;Pfeffer met Vera Henriette Bythiner, met wie hij in <strong>1927</strong> een zoon genaamd Werner kreeg. Het huwelijk werd&nbsp;in <strong>1933</strong> ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y6nm5\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> <strong>Midden jaren dertig</strong> leerde&nbsp;hij Charlotte Kaletta kennen. Zij konden niet trouwen omdat inmiddels de rassenwetten van Neurenberg van kracht waren. Een onderdeel hiervan was een verbod op huwelijken tussen Joden en niet-Joodse Duitsers.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer deed een poging naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk te emigreren, maar op<strong> 5</strong>&nbsp;<strong>mei 1937</strong>&nbsp;werd zijn aanvraag tot registratie als tandarts&nbsp;door de General Medical Council (GMC) in Londen afgewezen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qshcp\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Zijn jongere broer Ernst Pfeffer had anderhalf jaar eerder een zelfde verzoek gedaan en was&nbsp;wel toegelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"alz9l\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Na de Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 november 1938</strong>) vluchtte&nbsp;Pfeffer naar Nederland. Hij wilde&nbsp;naar Chili om zich daar op de paardenfokkerij toe te leggen. Zijn verzoek om die aanvraag in Nederland te mogen afwachten wees&nbsp;minister Goseling in<strong> juni 1939</strong> af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zl22\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Een huwelijk met Charlotte Kaletta kon ook niet in Nederland gesloten worden omdat hier als gevolg van een verdrag uit <strong>1902</strong> toestemming van de Duitse overheid voor nodig was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1oipb\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Pfeffer onderzocht&nbsp;de mogelijkheid in een ander land te trouwen, maar omdat&nbsp;hij sinds <strong>januari 1939</strong> niet meer over een geldig paspoort beschikte was dat bij voorbaat kansloos.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank ontmoette Pfeffer voor het eerst in het <strong>voorjaar van 1940</strong>. Pfeffer woonde toen&nbsp;in bij Otto&rsquo;s jeugdvriendin Stephanie Schuster. Later betrok&nbsp;hij een kamer aan de Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ib2l\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ondanks de ontzegging van verblijf in Nederland is Pfeffer niet vertrokken. Hij werd&nbsp;ook niet uitgezet. Hij werkte in de praktijk van de tandarts&nbsp;Samuel van der Hoeden. In de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> werd&nbsp;de situatie voor hem gevaarlijk, daar hij formeel niet de relatief veilige status van gemengd gehuwde had. Door bemiddeling van Miep Gies, die patient bij hem was,&nbsp;kon hij op <strong>16 november 1942 </strong>in het Achterhuis terecht. Hij vertelde&nbsp;zijn hospes dat hij voor een nierkwaal naar het ziekenhuis moest en verdween. Via Miep hield&nbsp;hij het contact met Charlotte Kaletta in stand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2mfz1\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de arrestatie op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> kwam&nbsp;Pfeffer in Westerbork terecht. Met het transport van <strong>3 september 1944</strong> ging hij naar Auschwitz. Een kampoverlevende verklaarde&nbsp;later dat Pfeffer met een transport bestaande uit tandartsen en tandheelkundigen uit Auschwitz naar Neuengamme was vertrokken. Daar overleed&nbsp;Fritz Pfeffer op 55-jarige leeftijd, volgens de overlijdensakte ten gevolge van een darmontsteking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y85jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Bron persoonsgegevens</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6efpt\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"sst3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqpo4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031:&nbsp; Fritz Pfeffer aan &#39;Comit&eacute; de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas&#39; in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"87ab9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gie&szlig;en: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universit&auml;t, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e1mcm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universit&auml;tsarchiv, Universit&auml;t W&uuml;rzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h5461\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adre&szlig;buch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y6nm5\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238):&nbsp;Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qshcp\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"alz9l\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zl22\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning. (<a href=\"http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php\">http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php</a>).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1oipb\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>&quot;Het Duitsche Ari&euml;rhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit&quot;,&nbsp;<em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ib2l\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2mfz1\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies &amp; Alison Leslie Gold,&nbsp;<em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y85jh\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkst&auml;tte Neuengamme,&nbsp;&quot;H&auml;ftlings-Toten-Nachweis&quot;, 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie:&nbsp;Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6efpt\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SSA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sst3b\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur; Menno Metselaar, &quot;&#39;Hij stond er alleen voor&#39;: Fritz Pfeffer, de kamergenoot van Anne Frank&quot;, in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; Bernd Lindenthal, &#39;Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gie&szlig;en&#39;, in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; &nbsp;Nanda van der Zee, <em>De kamergenoot van Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2001 (herdruk); J&uuml;rgen Dauernheim, &#39;Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gie&szlig;en: Anne Franks &quot;Dr. Dussel&quot;: (eine Erg&auml;nzung)&#39;, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis: wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was born on <strong>30&nbsp;April 1889</strong> in Giessen as the son of textile merchant Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Hirsch.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;He had a sister and four brothers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst and Hans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After attending grammar school in his home town, he trained as a dentist at the University of W&uuml;rzburg <strong>from 1908 to 1911</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 to 1938</strong> he had his own practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the First World War, he was a member of the 116th Infantry Regiment. The division to which this regiment belonged took part in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Back in Berlin, he resumed his practice. He was also an active sportsman, and was particularly into rowing in&nbsp;the waters around Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1926</strong>, Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner, with whom he had a son named Werner in <strong>1927</strong>.&nbsp;The marriage was dissolved in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the <strong>mid-1930s</strong> he met Charlotte Kaletta. They could not marry because by now the racist Nuremberg Laws were in effect. Part of this was a ban on marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pfeffer made an attempt to emigrate to the United Kingdom, but on&nbsp;<strong>5</strong>&nbsp;<strong>May 1937</strong> his application for registration as a dentist was rejected by the General Medical Council (GMC) in London.<sup data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> His younger brother Ernst Pfeffer had made the same request a year and a half earlier and was admitted.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> After Kristallnacht (<strong>9-10 November 1938</strong>), Pfeffer came to the Netherlands. He wanted to go to Chile to work as a horse breeder. In <strong>June 1939</strong> minister Goseling rejected his request to be allowed to stay in the Netherlands while awaiting a decision on this. A marriage to Charlotte Kaletta could not be arranged in the Netherlands either, as a treaty from <strong>1902</strong> required permission from the German government.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Pfeffer investigated the possibility of marrying in another country, but since he had not held a valid passport since <strong>January 1939</strong>, that was out of the question.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank first met Pfeffer in the <strong>spring of 1940</strong>. At that time, Pfeffer was living with Otto&#39;s childhood friend Stephanie Schuster.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Later he moved into a room on the Bernard Zweerskade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Despite the denial of residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer did not leave. Nor was he deported. He worked in the dental practice of Samuel van der Hoeden. In the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, the situation became dangerous for him, as he did not have the relatively safe status of a mixed marriage. Through the mediation of Miep Gies, who was a patient with him, he was able to move into the Secret Annex. He told his landlady that he had to go to the hospital for a kidney complaint and disappeared. Through Miep, he kept in touch with Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the arrest on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, Pfeffer ended up in Westerbork. He was transported to Auschwitz on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>. A camp survivor later stated that Pfeffer had left Auschwitz with a transport consisting of dentists and dental technicians to Neuengamme. There Fritz Pfeffer died at the age of 55, according to the death certificate as a result of an intestinal infection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xroim\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Source personal data</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ozepg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SSA), Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031:&nbsp; Fritz Pfeffer aan &#39;Comit&eacute; de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas&#39; in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gnlp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gie&szlig;en: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universit&auml;t, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qd6n0\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Universit&auml;tsarchiv, Universit&auml;t W&uuml;rzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"30xeu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Berliner Adre&szlig;buch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</em>, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hez1t\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238):&nbsp;Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"td4lw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8m5c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9ijcv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>&quot;Het Duitsche Ari&euml;rhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit&quot;,&nbsp;<em>Het Vaderland</em>, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uyhz9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fj8i\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8knyp\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies &amp; Alison Leslie Gold,&nbsp;<em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xroim\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkst&auml;tte Neuengamme,&nbsp;&quot;H&auml;ftlings-Toten-Nachweis&quot;, 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie:&nbsp;Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2ugb6\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkngsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yh7ja\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, &quot;&#39;He was all alone&#39;: Fritz Pfeffer, the roommate of Anne Frank&quot;, in <em>&nbsp;Anne Frank Magazine</em> 1999, p. 44-49; ; Bernd Lindenthal, &#39;Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gie&szlig;en&#39;, in: <em>Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, <em>The roommate of Anne Frank</em>, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2003; J&uuml;rgen Dauernheim, &#39;Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gie&szlig;en: Anne Franks &quot;Dr. Dussel&quot;: (eine Erg&auml;nzung)&#39;, in: <em>Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins</em>, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
    "birth_date": "1889-04-30",
    "death_date": "1944-12-20",
    "gender": "male",
    "birth_place": "Gießen",
    "birth_country": "Duitsland",
    "death_place": "Neuengamme",
    "death_country": "Duitsland",
    "summary": "Fritz Pfeffer was one of those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
    "summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer was één van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
    "summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer was one of those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
    "same_as": null,
    "files": []
}