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{
"id": 80,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.37037",
"longitude": "4.89716",
"events": [
{
"id": 88,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fcbebda4-7f0b-49f9-a00c-eba677cec964/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a1fe363e-9156-4b0e-8ea7-4b58d18e4f1d?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa71d2a7-0c30-4015-b90a-a791f0cb4049?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fcbebda4-7f0b-49f9-a00c-eba677cec964",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer reports to the Aliens Department",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer meldt zich bij de Vreemdelingendienst",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer reports to the Aliens Department",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1938-12-27",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Two and a half weeks after his arrival, Pfeffer reported to the Aliens Department. The department prepared a card, which noted about Pfeffer: \"Has fled. Looks after himself. Wants to go to Australia.\"",
"summary_nl": "Tweeëneenhalve week na zijn komst meldde Pfeffer zich bij de Vreemdelingendienst. De dienst maakte een kaart op, waarop over Pfeffer onder meer werd genoteerd: \"Is gevlucht. Zorgt voor zichzelf. Wil naar Australië.\"",
"summary_en": "Two and a half weeks after his arrival, Pfeffer reported to the Aliens Department. The department prepared a card, which noted about Pfeffer: \"Has fled. Looks after himself. Wants to go to Australia.\"",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 291,
"main_image": {
"id": 1018,
"uuid": "0b7325b6-bce5-4fa5-b43a-1ee2395a6a13",
"name": "Rapport van Van Pels' aanhouding",
"title": "Rapport van Van Pels' aanhouding",
"alt": "Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archief Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, SAA 5225-3215 6 jan 39",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/SAA_5225-3215_6_jan_39.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/df5ad107-631b-49be-adff-a39a5026b220/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/7c86280d-e6d8-474b-ba6f-6323e3c07a34?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa71d2a7-0c30-4015-b90a-a791f0cb4049?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "df5ad107-631b-49be-adff-a39a5026b220",
"name": "Hermann van Pels arrested as a deserter",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels aangehouden als deserteur",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels arrested as a deserter",
"content": "<p>He had been classified as a deserter in <strong>1920</strong>, but was exempted in <strong>1937</strong> and discharged from military service in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yge7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But when Van Pels reported to the Immigration Office on <strong>6 January 1939</strong>, it turned out that he was still listed as a deserter was still in the <em>Algemeen Politieblad</em> (General Police Gazette). He was held by the Central Criminal Investigation Department for about 45 minutes until the misunderstanding was cleared up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zoyuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yge7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief van de secretarie, Afdeling Militaire Zaken en rechtsvoorganger, toegang 5182, inv. nr. 4422: lotingsregister 1918, volgnr. 4695.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zoyuh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3215: Rapporten van de recherche aan het Hoofdbureau, 6 januari 1939, mut. 11.00 en 11.45 v.m.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hij was in <strong>1920</strong> aangemerkt als deserteur, maar had in <strong>1937</strong> alsnog vrijstelling gekregen en werd in <strong>1938</strong> uit militaire dienst ontslagen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yge7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar toen Van Pels zich op <strong>6 januari 1939</strong> op het bureau van de Vreemdelingendienst meldde, bleek zijn signalering als deserteur nog altijd in het <em>Algemeen Politieblad </em>te staan. Hij werd door de Centrale Recherche ongeveer drie kwartier vastgehouden totdat het misverstand was opgehelderd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zoyuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yge7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief van de secretarie, Afdeling Militaire Zaken en rechtsvoorganger, toegang 5182, inv. nr. 4422: lotingsregister 1918, volgnr. 4695.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zoyuh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3215: Rapporten van de recherche aan het Hoofdbureau, 6 januari 1939, mut. 11.00 en 11.45 v.m.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>He had been classified as a deserter in <strong>1920</strong>, but was exempted in <strong>1937</strong> and discharged from military service in <strong>1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yge7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But when Van Pels reported to the Immigration Office on <strong>6 January 1939</strong>, it turned out that he was still listed as a deserter was still in the <em>Algemeen Politieblad</em> (General Police Gazette). He was held by the Central Criminal Investigation Department for about 45 minutes until the misunderstanding was cleared up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zoyuh\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yge7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief van de secretarie, Afdeling Militaire Zaken en rechtsvoorganger, toegang 5182, inv. nr. 4422: lotingsregister 1918, volgnr. 4695.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zoyuh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 3215: Rapporten van de recherche aan het Hoofdbureau, 6 januari 1939, mut. 11.00 en 11.45 v.m.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-01-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "During a visit to the Immigration Office, it turned out Hermann van Pels was still listed as a deserter.",
"summary_nl": "Tijdens een bezoek aan de Vreemdelingenpolitie bleek Hermann van Pels nog altijd als deserteur gesignaleerd te staan.",
"summary_en": "During a visit to the Immigration Office, it turned out Hermann van Pels was still listed as a deserter.",
"same_as": null,
"files": [
465
]
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124553,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2",
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/locations/9577"
],
"parent": 396124554,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124408,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23",
"name": "Emigration in the early 1930s",
"name_nl": "Emigratie begin jaren dertig",
"name_en": "Emigration in the early 1930s",
"description": "<p>On <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on<strong> 27 February 1933</strong>, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on <strong>1 April 1933 </strong>of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the first days of<strong> April 1933</strong> alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Op <strong>30 januari 1933</strong> werd Adolf Hitler Rijkskanselier van Duitsland. Zo kreeg hij de kans zijn ideeën uit <em>Mein Kampf</em> uit te voeren. Na de Rijksdagbrand op <strong>27 februari 1933</strong> schortte hij de belangrijkste burgerrechten op. Ook werden er antisemitische verordeningen aangenomen die het Joden onmogelijk maken de belangrijkste beroepen uit te oefenen door het vereiste van een zogenoemd 'Ariër'-bewijs. Als reactie op deze maatregelen en de boycot op <strong>1 april 1933</strong> van Joodse winkeliers, artsen en advocaten zochten verlieten veel Joden Duitsland. Zij zochten in eerste instantie een veilig heenkomen in omringende landen, waaronder Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kbmsr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Alleen al in de eerste dagen van <strong>april 1933</strong> weken er honderden uit naar Nederland, waaronder Otto Frank. In de maanden daarna werd hij gevolgd door vrouw en beide dochters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b68wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kbmsr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b68wc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>On <strong>30 January 1933</strong>, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor of Germany. This gave him the opportunity to implement his ideas from Mein Kampf. After the Reichstag fire on<strong> 27 February 1933</strong>, he suspended key civil rights. Anti-Semitic ordinances were also passed making it impossible for Jews to practice the most important professions by requiring a so-called 'Aryan' certificate. In response to these measures and the boycott on <strong>1 April 1933 </strong>of Jewish shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers, many Jews left Germany. They initially sought safe haven in surrounding countries, including the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the first days of<strong> April 1933</strong> alone, hundreds fled to the Netherlands, including Otto Frank. In the months that followed, he was followed by his wife and both daughters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jdv4q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bob Moore, <em>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933-1940</em>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cesdu\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The coming to power of Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP in 1933 led to an exodus of citizens from Germany. Those who left were mostly Jewish, political dissidents or both.",
"summary_nl": "Het aan de macht komen van Adolf Hitler en zijn NSDAP in 1933 leidde tot een uittocht van burgers uit Duitsland. Degenen die vertrokken waren vooral Joods, politiek dissident of allebei.",
"summary_en": "The coming to power of Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP in 1933 led to an exodus of citizens from Germany. Those who left were mostly Jewish, political dissidents or both.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124387,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124409,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "242f1ce6-77c3-42cf-b8b4-754be782ef1c",
"name": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
"name_nl": "Emigratie eind jaren dertig",
"name_en": "Emigration in the late 1930s",
"description": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called '<em>Anschluss</em>' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zurück in dieses Land,.</em> Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>In <strong>maart 1938</strong> werd Oostenrij geannexeerd door Duitsland. Deze zogenaame '<em>Anschluss</em>' had tot gevolg dat zowel Joodse als niet-Joodse Oostenrijkers het land uitvluchtten. De annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije in <strong>oktober 1938</strong> leidde evens tot aan hausse aan vluchtelingen. De <em>Kristallnacht</em>, de beruchte pogrom van <strong>november 1938</strong> tegen de Joodse inwoners van Duitsland en de daarmee gepaard gaande moorden, mishandelingen, plunderingen en brandstichtingen brachten veel Joden ertoe Duitsland halsoverkop te verlaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Onder hen ook Fritz Pfeffer en Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vpajs\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nooit meer terug naar dat land: verhalen van slachtoffers over de Kristallnacht 1938,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6uuq3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>In <strong>March 1938</strong>, Austria was annexed by Germany. This so-called '<em>Anschluss</em>' resulted in both Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians fleeing the country. The annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia in <strong>October 1938</strong> also led to a flood of refugees. <em>Kristallnacht</em>, the infamous <strong>November 1938 </strong>pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants of Germany and the accompanying murders, physcial abuse, looting and arson led many Jews to leave Germany in a hurry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among them were Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9e7p8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See.: Hermann Graml, <em>Reichskristallnacht: Antisemitismus und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich</em>, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag dtv, 1988; Walter H. Pehle (Hrsg.), <em>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1988; Kurt Pätzold & Irene Runge <em>Pogromnacht 1938</em>, Berlin: Dietz, 1988; Rita Thalmann & Emmanuel Feinermann, <em>Die Kristallnacht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988; Uta Gerhardt & Thomas Karlauf, <em>Nie mehr zurück in dieses Land,.</em> Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage, cop. 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ckh28\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
"summary_nl": "Gebeurtenissen in 1938 en 1939 brachten wederom een grote stroom vluchtelingen op gang. De 'Anschluss' van Oostenrijk, de annexatie van delen van Tsjechoslowakije door nazi-Duitsland en de beruchte Kristallnacht hadden een nieuwe exodus tot gevolg.",
"summary_en": "Events in 1938 and 1939 once again triggered a large flow of refugees. The 'Anschluss' of Austria, the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany and the infamous Kristallnacht resulted in a new exodus.",
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"parent": 396124387,
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{
"id": 396124405,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/62928bcc-7011-4ca1-abbe-7f829de1baac/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "62928bcc-7011-4ca1-abbe-7f829de1baac",
"name": "Emigration in the mid-1930s",
"name_nl": "Emigratie midden jaren dertig",
"name_en": "Emigration in the mid-1930s",
"description": "<p>Developments in Germany <strong>after 1933</strong> triggered several waves of Jewish emigration from that country. In addition to the boycott of Jewish shopkeepers and liberal professionals already proclaimed in <strong>April 1933</strong>, the Nuremberg laws came into effect in <strong>September 1935.</strong> These so-called racial laws and subsequent regulations were intended to deprive Jews in Germany of all their rights. For instance, Germans were forbidden to marry Jews and German Jews were deprived of even more civil rights. In this way, the Nazis tried to make life so hard for Jews that they would 'voluntarily' leave Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between<strong> 1933</strong> and <strong>1937</strong>, a total of about 130,000 Jews left Nazi Germany. One of the famliles who left when life became increasingly difficult for Jews was the family of Herman van Pels. In <strong>1937</strong>, they left Osnabrück in Germany and settled in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5ms6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Several siblings of Hermann van Pels and his wife Auguste Röttgen, as well as their parents, also opted for safe refuge in the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5ms6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De ontwikkelingen in Duitsland <strong>na 1933</strong> brachten verschillende golfbewegingen in de Joodse emigratie uit dat land teweeg, Naast de al in <strong>april 1933</strong> afgekondigde boycot van Joodse winkeliers en vrije beroepsbeoefenaars, traden in <strong>september 1935 </strong>de wetten van Neurenberg in werking, Deze zogenaamde rassenwetten en navolgende verordeningen waren bedoeld om de Joden in Duitsland al hun rechten te ontnemen. Zo was het verboden voor Duitsers om te trouwen met Joden en Duitse Joden werden nog meer burgerrechten ontnomen. Op deze manier probeerden de nazi's Joden het leven zo zuur te maken dat ze 'vrijwillig' uit Duitsland zouden vertrekken. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen<strong> 1933</strong> en <strong>1937</strong> verlieten in totaal zo’n 130.000 Joden nazi-Duitsland. Een van de famliles die vertrokken toen voor Joden het leven steeds moeilijker werd, was het gezin van Herman van Pels. In <strong>1937</strong> verlieten zij het Duitse Osnabrück en vestigden zich in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"13gms\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ook een aantal broers en zussen van Hermann van Pels en zijn echtgenote Auguste Röttgen, evenals hun ouders, kozen een goed heenkomen in Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"13gms\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Developments in Germany <strong>after 1933</strong> triggered several waves of Jewish emigration from that country. In addition to the boycott of Jewish shopkeepers and liberal professionals already proclaimed in <strong>April 1933</strong>, the Nuremberg laws came into effect in <strong>September 1935.</strong> These so-called racial laws and subsequent regulations were intended to deprive Jews in Germany of all their rights. For instance, Germans were forbidden to marry Jews and German Jews were deprived of even more civil rights. In this way, the Nazis tried to make life so hard for Jews that they would 'voluntarily' leave Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between<strong> 1933</strong> and <strong>1937</strong>, a total of about 130,000 Jews left Nazi Germany. One of the famliles who left when life became increasingly difficult for Jews was the family of Herman van Pels. In <strong>1937</strong>, they left Osnabrück in Germany and settled in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5ms6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Several siblings of Hermann van Pels and his wife Auguste Röttgen, as well as their parents, also opted for safe refuge in the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5ms6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://demodernetijd.nl/wp-content/uploads/DMT-2019-3c-Broek.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Emigranten rond het Achterhuis van Anne Frank</a>, in: <em>De moderne tijd</em>, jrg. 3, nr. 3 (2019), p. 211-226.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Developments in Germany after 1933 triggered several waves of Jewish emigration from that country. After the proclamation of the Nuremberg racial laws, there was a new wave of refugees.",
"summary_nl": "De ontwikkelingen in Duitsland na 1933 brachten verschillende golfbewegingen in de Joodse emigratie uit dat land teweeg. Na de afkondiging van de rassenwetten van Neurenberg kwam een nieuwe stroom vluchtelingen op gang.",
"summary_en": "Developments in Germany after 1933 triggered several waves of Jewish emigration from that country. After the proclamation of the Nuremberg racial laws, there was a new wave of refugees.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124387,
"files": []
}
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/fa71d2a7-0c30-4015-b90a-a791f0cb4049/",
"published": true,
"name": "Immigration Department Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Vreemdelingendienst Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Immigration Department Amsterdam",
"uuid": "fa71d2a7-0c30-4015-b90a-a791f0cb4049",
"content": "<p>This department supervised non-Dutch nationals. This included Jewish immigrants, who had to deal with it in the 1930s, but also those Dutch nationals, for example, who served with the Foreign Legion and lost their nationality as a result. The Central Criminal Investigation and Immigration Department offices were at the address Spinhuissteeg 5.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Deze dienst hield toezicht op niet-Nederlanders. Dat wil zeggen dat de Joodse immigranten die in de jaren dertig ermee te maken kregen, maar ook die Nederlanders bijvoorbeeld bij het Vreemdelingenlegioen dienden en daardoor hun nationaliteit verloren. Het bureau Centrale Recherche en Vreemdelingendienst was gehuisvest op het adres Spinhuissteeg 5.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>This department supervised non-Dutch nationals. This included Jewish immigrants, who had to deal with it in the 1930s, but also those Dutch nationals, for example, who served with the Foreign Legion and lost their nationality as a result. The Central Criminal Investigation and Immigration Department offices were at the address Spinhuissteeg 5.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89716 52.37037)",
"summary": "The Immigration Department of the Amsterdam police was part of the Central Criminal Investigation Department.",
"summary_nl": "De Vreemdelingendienst van de Amsterdamse politie was onderdeel van de Centrale Recherche.",
"summary_en": "The Immigration Department of the Amsterdam police was part of the Central Criminal Investigation Department.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Spinhuissteeg 5",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
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