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"name": "A_Kugler_III_015",
"title": "Victor Kugler, datum onbekend",
"alt": "Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
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"description": "Pasfoto van Victor Kugler met snor.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
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"first_name": "Victor Gustav",
"last_name": "Kugler",
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"title": "Victor Kugler",
"title_nl": "Victor Kugler",
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"content": "<p>According to his baptismal record, Victor Kugler was born on <strong>5 June 1900</strong> and baptized on <strong>10 June 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> A number of sources mention the same date. The place of birth was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His birthplace Hohenelbe is in the Czech Republic. The area where it is located was part of Austria-Hungary until <strong>1918</strong>. The present name is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0put\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kugler's forged identity card, with the name Johannes Kuinders, had the date of birth as <strong>12 December 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The identity of Victor Kugler's father is unknown. His mother Emilie Kugler married the miner Franz Klose in about <strong>1909</strong>. The family moved to Duisburg, where Victor's two half-brothers and two half-sisters were born: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>he became a pupil at the <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>he went back to Hohenelbe to do a course at <em>Fachschule für Weberei </em>(Technical School for Weaving).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He worked for a short while at the <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlin. Towards the end of the First World War he was in the Austrian navy, patrolling the Adriatic Sea. As a consequence of Europe's political realignment, he received Czechoslovakian nationality. He then worked for two years as an electrician in a mine in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>he worked briefly for the <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) in Utrecht. He stayed in Utrecht and married Laua Maria Buntenbach in <strong>1928</strong>. Kugler was then employed by Frans van Angeren, owner of a patisserie and lunchroom. Van Angeren also importeded baking ingredients, and so he became involved in the pectine trade.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> July 1933 </strong>Kugler met Otto Frank through Van Angeren. He then went to work for Opekta and moved to Hilversum. Somewhere in the twenties Kugler gave up his Czechoslovakian citizenship and opted for German nationality. In <strong>1933 </strong>he applied for Dutch naturalisation, which was denied in <strong>1936 </strong>but later approved in <strong>1938</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Otto Frank's business problems increased during the first years of the Second World War, Kugler took over the management of Gies & Co. He was one of the four office workers and therefore fully aware of the plans to go into hiding. As a result of the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, he was arrested and imprisoned in Amsterdam's "Huizen van Bewaring II and I" before being moved to Amersfoort and Zwolle. While in Zwolle he was helped by Gies representative Martin Brouwer.<strong> At the end of March 1945 </strong>he was in a column of prisoners near Zevenaar when they were subjected to shelling by British planes. He made a run for it and eventually arrived in Hilversum on Good Friday, taking a route through Rheden and Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was widowed at the end of <strong>1952</strong>. He later married an Opekta employee and took her and his new in-laws to Canada. He had various jobs there, including working as an insurance agent and an electrician. After he retired, and with the agreement of Otto Frank and the Anne Frank House, he gave a large number of lectures on the history of the Secret Annex and on the diary. In the late seventies his health, especially his mental health, declined. It was during this period that a halting collaboration took place with journalist Helen Shapiro, who wrote his biography. The manuscript remained on the shelf for years, and after Shapiro’s death it was passed on to journalist Rick Kardonne. He edited it and then published it in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler died at the age of 81 in a Canadian hospital.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum ('40-'55). Kugler lived in Hohenelbe and at different places in the Ruhr. From <strong>1920 </strong>he lived in Utrecht, and from <strong>1933 </strong>at different addresses in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>he moved to Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0put\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, "'I had to help them, they were my friends': Victor Kugler, helper of those in hiding", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens zijn doopkaartje werd Victor Kugler geboren op <strong>5 juni 1900</strong> en is hij op <strong>10 juni 1900</strong> gedoopt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s1b2x\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Een aantal bronnen noemt dezelfde datum. De geboorteplaats was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dbyv9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zijn geboorteplaats Hohenelbe ligt in Tsjechië. Het gebied waar het ligt, maakte tot <strong>1918</strong> deel uit van Oostenrijk-Hongarije. De tegenwoordige naam is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xz2ip\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\nHet vervalste persoonsbewijs van Kugler, met de naam Johannes Kuinders, had als geboortedatum <strong>12 december 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5j6lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De identiteit van zijn vader is niet bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"emzoc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Zijn moeder Emilie Kugler trouwde rond <strong>1909 </strong>met de mijnwerker Franz Klose. Het gezin trok naar Duisburg, waar twee halfbroers en twee halfzussen van Victor werden geboren: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"reqpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>ging Victor naar de <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>ging hij terug naar Hohenelbe voor een opleiding aan de <em>Fachschule für Weberei</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hij werkte kort voor het <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlijn. Tegen het einde van de Eerste Wereldoorlog maakte hij deel uit van de Oostenrijkse marine in de Adriatische Zee. Als gevolg van de staatkundige herschikking van Europa kreeg hij de Tsjechoslowaakse nationaliteit. Vervolgens werkte hij twee jaar als elektricien in een mijn in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>werkte hij voor de <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) enige tijd in Utrecht. Hij bleef in Utrecht en trouwde in <strong>1928 </strong>met Laua Maria Buntenbach. Kugler trad in dienst van Frans van Angeren, eigenaar van een banketbakkerij en lunchroom. Van Angeren importeerde ook bakkerijgrondstoffen, en raakte zo in de pectinehandel verzeild.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> juli 1933 </strong>kwam Kugler via Van Angeren in contact met Otto Frank. Hij ging toen voor Opekta werken en verhuisde naar Hilversum. Ergens in de jaren twintig verliet Kugler het Tsjechoslowaakse staatsverband en opteerde voor de Duitse nationaliteit. In <strong>1933 </strong>vroeg hij naturalisatie tot Nederlander aan, wat in <strong>1936 </strong>werd afgewezen maar in <strong>1938 </strong>alsnog gehonoreerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank in de eerste oorlogsjaren met zijn bedrijven steeds meer problemen kreeg, nam Kugler de leiding van Gies & Co op zich. Hij was een van de vier kantoormedewerkers, en daarom volledig op de hoogte van de onderduikplannen. Bij de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> werd hij ook gearresteerd, en belandde via de Amsterdamse Huizen van Bewaring II en I in Amersfoort en Zwolle. In de laatste stad kreeg hij hulp van Gies-vertegenwoordiger Martin Brouwer.<strong> Eind maart 1945 </strong>kwam hij met een kolonne gevangenen bij Zevenaar in een beschieting door Britse vliegtuigen terecht. Hij nam de benen en kwam via Rheden en Barneveld op Goede Vrijdag in Hilversum aan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eind <strong>1952 </strong>werd Kugler weduwnaar. Hij hertrouwde met een Opekta-medewerkster en vertrok met haar en zijn nieuwe schoonfamilie naar Canada. Hier werkte hij onder meer als verzekeringsagent en als elektricien. Na zijn pensionering hield hij in samenspraak met Otto Frank en de Anne Frank Stichting een groot aantal voordrachten over de Achterhuisgeschiedenis en over het dagboek. In de latere jaren zeventig ging zijn gezondheid, vooral in mentaal opzicht, erg achteruit. Juist in deze periode was er ook de stroef verlopende samenwerking met de journaliste Helen Shapiro, die zijn biografie schreef. Het manuscript bleef jaren op de plank liggen en kwam na Shapiro’s overlijden in handen van de journalist Rick Kardonne. Deze publiceerde het na bewerking pas in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler overleed op 81-jarige leeftijd in een Canadees ziekenhuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen:</em><strong> </strong>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum (<strong>1940-1955</strong>). Kugler woonde in Hohenelbe en op verschillende plaatsen in het Roergebied. Vanaf <strong>1920 </strong>woonde hij in Utrecht, en vanaf <strong>1933 </strong>op verschillende adressen in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>vertrok hij naar Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r9z1c\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s1b2x\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dbyv9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xz2ip\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5j6lb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"emzoc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928. Volgens Kuglers trouwakte uit 1927 heet ze Emilia. Zijn schoolrapporten tekent ze met ‘Emma’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"reqpk\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r9z1c\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literatuur: Dineke Stam, "'Ik moest hen helpen, ze waren mijn vrienden': Victor Kugler, helper van de onderduikers", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest, <em>Anne Frank in het Achterhuis; wie was wie?</em>, Amsterdam: Rainbow, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>According to his baptismal record, Victor Kugler was born on <strong>5 June 1900</strong> and baptized on <strong>10 June 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> A number of sources mention the same date. The place of birth was Hohenelbe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His birthplace Hohenelbe is in the Czech Republic. The area where it is located was part of Austria-Hungary until <strong>1918</strong>. The present name is Vrchlabí.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d0put\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Kugler's forged identity card, with the name Johannes Kuinders, had the date of birth as <strong>12 December 1900</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The identity of Victor Kugler's father is unknown. His mother Emilie Kugler married the miner Franz Klose in about <strong>1909</strong>. The family moved to Duisburg, where Victor's two half-brothers and two half-sisters were born: Rudolf, Friedrich, Erna en Grete Emilie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1911 </strong>he became a pupil at the <em>Rektoratschule Norbertinum</em>. In <strong>1914 </strong>he went back to Hohenelbe to do a course at <em>Fachschule für Weberei </em>(Technical School for Weaving).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>He worked for a short while at the <em>Kalisyndikat</em> in Berlin. Towards the end of the First World War he was in the Austrian navy, patrolling the Adriatic Sea. As a consequence of Europe's political realignment, he received Czechoslovakian nationality. He then worked for two years as an electrician in a mine in Gladbeck. In <strong>1920 </strong>he worked briefly for the <em>Deutsche Maschinenfabrik AG</em> (Demag) in Utrecht. He stayed in Utrecht and married Laua Maria Buntenbach in <strong>1928</strong>. Kugler was then employed by Frans van Angeren, owner of a patisserie and lunchroom. Van Angeren also importeded baking ingredients, and so he became involved in the pectine trade.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> July 1933 </strong>Kugler met Otto Frank through Van Angeren. He then went to work for Opekta and moved to Hilversum. Somewhere in the twenties Kugler gave up his Czechoslovakian citizenship and opted for German nationality. In <strong>1933 </strong>he applied for Dutch naturalisation, which was denied in <strong>1936 </strong>but later approved in <strong>1938</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As Otto Frank's business problems increased during the first years of the Second World War, Kugler took over the management of Gies & Co. He was one of the four office workers and therefore fully aware of the plans to go into hiding. As a result of the raid on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, he was arrested and imprisoned in Amsterdam's "Huizen van Bewaring II and I" before being moved to Amersfoort and Zwolle. While in Zwolle he was helped by Gies representative Martin Brouwer.<strong> At the end of March 1945 </strong>he was in a column of prisoners near Zevenaar when they were subjected to shelling by British planes. He made a run for it and eventually arrived in Hilversum on Good Friday, taking a route through Rheden and Barneveld.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kugler was widowed at the end of <strong>1952</strong>. He later married an Opekta employee and took her and his new in-laws to Canada. He had various jobs there, including working as an insurance agent and an electrician. After he retired, and with the agreement of Otto Frank and the Anne Frank House, he gave a large number of lectures on the history of the Secret Annex and on the diary. In the late seventies his health, especially his mental health, declined. It was during this period that a halting collaboration took place with journalist Helen Shapiro, who wrote his biography. The manuscript remained on the shelf for years, and after Shapiro’s death it was passed on to journalist Rick Kardonne. He edited it and then published it in <strong>2008</strong>. Victor Kugler died at the age of 81 in a Canadian hospital.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses: </em>Eemnesserweg 56, Hilversum ('40-'55). Kugler lived in Hohenelbe and at different places in the Ruhr. From <strong>1920 </strong>he lived in Utrecht, and from <strong>1933 </strong>at different addresses in Hilversum. In <strong>1955 </strong>he moved to Canada.<sup data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8f5y\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Kugler_I_001: Doopbewijs van Victor Kugler. Peetvader is Wilhelm Zier. Over hem weten we verder niets.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q4zim\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_003: Schoolrapport van Viktor Kugler van de Allgemeine Volks- un Bürgerschule in Hohenelbe, schooljaar 1906-1907. Latere rapporten bevestigen dit. Ook zijn ‘death certificate’ vermeldt deze datum. AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_050: Overlijdensakte van Victor Kugler. Uit het Geburtsbuch van Hohenelbe blijkt dat de geboortedatum <strong>6 juni 1900</strong> is.Mesto Vrchlabí (voorheen Hohenelbe): Geburtsbuch 1900, inschrijving 175, p. 42-43. Andere bronnen: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_026: Geburts- und Taufschein Viktor Kugler, 12 mei 1928; Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Verwijskaart in het Bevolkingsregister van Amsterdam; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_040: Rijbewijs van Victor Kugler, afgegeven op 8 augustus 1951, Hoe deze onduidelijkheid is ontstaan is onbekend. Het geboortehuis heeft het adres Hohenelbe 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d0put\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: <a href=\"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí\" target=\"_blank\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrchlabí</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nkpol\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_033: Persoonsbewijs 039971 t.n.v. J. Kuinders. Dit is ‘12/12’, een simpel te onthouden verdubbeling van ‘6/6’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsppg\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Stadtarchiv Gladbeck: Meldekartei Duisburg-Hamborn, Franz Klose en Hausstandsbuch Tunnelstraße 12, Duisburg-Hamborn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"czpg9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, "'I had to help them, they were my friends': Victor Kugler, helper of those in hiding", in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine</em> 2000, p. 18-23; Rick Kardonne (ed.), <em>Victor Kugler, the man who hid Anne Frank</em>, Jerusalem: Gefen, cop. 2008; Aukje Vergeest,<em> Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"birth_date": "1900-06-06",
"death_date": "1981-12-14",
"gender": "male",
"birth_place": "Hohenelbe",
"birth_country": "Oostenrijk-Hongarije",
"death_place": "Toronto",
"death_country": "Canada",
"summary": "Victor Kugler worked for Opekta and was one of the small group who helped those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler was medewerker van Opekta en één van de helpers van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler worked for Opekta and was one of the small group who helped those hiding in the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_biografieen/Victor-Kugler"
],
"files": []
}
