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{
"id": 97,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1063,
"uuid": "7ccb73bc-9592-4e62-b398-a2514011725d",
"name": "OSIM00002000910",
"title": "De Bijenkorf in Amsterdam, april 1940",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/OSIM00002000910.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"latitude": "52.373344",
"longitude": "4.893942",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 94,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/64c5b04e-9218-4c0d-948d-56244f881337/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "64c5b04e-9218-4c0d-948d-56244f881337",
"name": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "Kleding, schoeisel en beddengoed in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "Clothing, footwear and bedding in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Textielgoederen waren, net als vrijwel alle levensmiddelen, in de oorlogsjaren bijna niet vrij verkrijgbaar. De verdeling van textiel verliep via een puntensysteem, waarmee de verbruiker enige keus had in verschillende kwaliteiten en prijsklassen. Schoenen waren vanaf <strong>juni 1940</strong> alleen met individueel te verstrekken bonnen verkrijgbaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Om dit te omzeilen, probeerde de industrie producten te ontwikkelen met zo weinig mogelijk leer en rubber. Voor de gang van zaken in het Achterhuis is Annes dagboek op dit terrein vrijwel de enige bron, waarbij het onderscheid tussen A- en B-versie tot verwarring kan leiden. Het is soms echter ook mogelijk aan te sluiten bij algemenere gegevens. De beschikbare informatie betreft vrijwel uitsluitend de familie Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Kleding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was bij de Franks voorafgaand aan de onderduik al langere tijd veel kleding de deur uitgedaan. Een gedeelte was opgeslagen in een kamer bij Opekta-vertegenwoordiger Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Na Margots oproep op <strong>5 juli 1942</strong> namen Jan en Miep Gies zoveel mogelijk spullen mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Vervolgens namen de Franks – althans Anne – bij vertrek naar het Achterhuis zoveel mogelijk kleren mee door ze over elkaar aan te trekken. Miep ging later nog naar de woning op het Merwedeplein terug om te proberen wat achtergebleven kleding van Werner Goldschmidt - de achtergebleven kostganger van de familie Frank - los te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Over het succes van haar poging is niets bekend. In <strong>september ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat ze haar vader het bont van mevrouw Dreher om zijn hoofd wikkelde. Otto Frank had voor de onderduikperiode veel contact met de Drehers, die alles van enige waarde verkochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kleding werd schaars en duur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dat was een probleem, want de kinderen (althans Anne en Margot) groeiden uit hun kleren. Dit blijkt uit de ‘groeistreepjes’ in de kamer van de familie Frank, maar ook uit Annes dagboek. Haar nachtjapon werd veel te kort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot liep volgens haar zus met een 'twee maten te kleine bustehouder.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie werd in de <strong>zomer van 1943</strong> de mogelijkheid besproken dat Anne onder begeleiding naar een oogarts zou gaan, waarbij bleek dat ze inmiddels uit haar jas was gegroeid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er ontstonden ook tekorten door slijtage. Anne beschrijft hoe haar vader rondliep met een gerafelde broek en versleten das, en dat haar moeders korset het van ouderdom begaf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep zorgde met hulp van haar zus Corry voor een doos kleren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was kleermaakster. Ze stond genoteerd als ‘ateliernaaister’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Volgens de B-versie kocht Bep rond dezelfde tijd rokken voor Anne en Margot in de Bijenkorf. Deze waren duur en van slechte kwaliteit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In de A-versie komt de Bijenkorf niet voor; de B-versie zwijgt over Corry’s bijdrage. Toen het in september fris werd, realiseerde Anne zich dat ze niet veel warme kleding meer had. Ze ging toen een 'wit geval' breien, een trui met ritssluiting waar ze tot half november aan werkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Met de nodige inventiviteit maakte Anne in <strong>januari ’44</strong> van een oude onderjurk van haar moeder een ‘dansjurk’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over kleding van de anderen is de informatie erg schaars. Pfeffer had een rood jasje<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> en mevrouw Van Pels een roze ‘bedjasje’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Toen Herman van Pels uit geldnood zijn pak wilde verkopen, lukte dat niet - toen moest mevrouws mantel van konijnenbont eraan geloven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Schoenen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen schrijft in haar herinneringen dat ze op <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> naar de woning op het Merwedeplein ging, waar ze Annes nieuwe schoenen zag staan. Het verbaasde haar dat Anne die had achtergelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In haar B-versie schrijft Anne over de avond voor het overhaaste vertrek naar het Achterhuis dat Jan en Miep Gies langskwamen en onder andere schoenen meenamen. Waar ze die heen brachten is niet bekend, maar later blijkt dat er schoenen van de Franks bij de familile Amende waren ondergebracht. Die wilden ze naar het Achterhuis laten komen toen vrees voor ontruiming van de hele stad ontstond,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> maar zover kwam het niet.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> paste Anne alleen haar skischoenen nog; ze kreeg een paar rieten schoentjes die zes gulden vijftig kostten en na een week al kapot waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt verder dat Miep in de <strong>zomer van ’43</strong> een paar suède schoenen voor haar meebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Gezien de restricties op de schoenenhandel moest dat ofwel een clandestiene aankoop zijn gewesst, ofwel een oud paar.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had gympen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Anne ook, en ze probeerde daar tevergeefs balletschoenen van te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Van Pfeffer schrijft Anne dat hij zwarte lakpantoffels had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Beddengoed, hand- en theedoeken</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Allerlei goederen waren over een periode van maanden per pakketpost naar de Prinsengracht gebracht. Bij aankomst stonden de dozen en het beddengoed hoog opgestapeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup>De B-versie suggereert dat het dagelijkse beddengoed op het Merwedeplein was achtergebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto en Edith Frank sliepen niet op een matras, maar op twee opgestapelde ‘peluwen’<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Toen Jan en Miep kwamen slapen brachten ze zelf twee dekens mee; de onderduikers hadden er ook nog twee over. Bovendien was er op de voorzolder nog een deken en een ‘plumeau’ - een halflange bedsprei - in de koffer van een verder onbekende ‘mijnheer Fuchs’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer kreeg van Charlotte Kaletta een en ander nagestuurd, maar aan te nemen valt dat hij sliep op een matras en onder dekens die al in het Achterhuis aanwezig waren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mevrouw Van Pels haalde haar slopen en lakens uit de kast en wilde (volgens Anne) eerst die van Edith verslijten, en haar eigen spullen goed houden voor na de oorlog. Ediths handdoeken waren ook al allemaal in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor de onderduikers en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name kwalitatief behoorlijk schoeisel was lastig te krijgen. Ondanks een gebrek aan bronnen is duidelijk dat de onderduikers in toenemende mate last van de slijtage ondervonden, ondanks dat er een zekere mate van aanvoer was. Deze aanvoer was echter zeer sterk afhankelijk van het beschikbare aanbod, en dat was erg beperkt. Vergeleken met de voedselvoorziening is er over textiel- en schoeiselkwesties minder bekend, en die vormen daarom een weerbarstiger thema.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 4 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 2 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 september, 5 oktober en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Het Achterhuis van 8 aan tafel”, 5 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 17 en 29 oktober 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 april en 11 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 12 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt”, 6 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 augustus 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Textile goods, like almost all foodstuffs, were not freely available during the war years. Textiles were distributed through a points system, which gave the consumer some choice in different qualities and price ranges. Shoes were available from <strong>June 1940</strong> only with coupons issued individually.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> To get around this, the industry tried to develop products with as little leather and rubber as possible. For the course of events in the Secret Annex, Anne's diary is virtually the only source in this area, and differences between the A and B versions can lead to confusion. However, it is sometimes possible to find confirmation with more general data. The available information concerns almost exclusively the Frank family.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Clothing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>A lot of clothing had been removed from the Franks' home for some time prior to going into hiding. Some had been stored in a room at the home of Opekta representative Broks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> After Margot's call up for labour on <strong>5 July 1942</strong>, Jan and Miep Gies took as many things as possible.<sup data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Then, when the Franks - or Anne, at any rate - left for the Secret Annex, they took as many clothes as possible by putting them on over each other. Miep later went back to the house on Merwedeplein to try to get hold of some clothes left behind by Werner Goldschmidt - the Frank family's stay-behind boarder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Nothing is known about the success of her attempt. In <strong>September '42</strong>, Anne writes that she wrapped Mrs Dreher's fur around her father's head. Before going into hiding, Otto Frank had a lot of contact with the Drehers, who sold anything of any value.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Clothes became scarce and expensive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was a problem, as the children (at least Anne and Margot) grew out of their clothes. This is evident from the 'growth marks' in the Frank family's room, but also from Anne's diary. Her nightgown became much too short.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to her sister, wore a 'bra that is two sizes too small.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> According to the B version, the possibility of Anne seeing an ophthalmologist under supervision was discussed in the <strong>summer of 1943</strong>, in which context it turned out that she had grown out of her coat by that time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortages also arose from wear and tear. Anne describes how her father walked around with frayed trousers and a worn-out tie, and that her mother's corset was so old it gave out.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep provided a box of clothes with the help of her sister Corry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Corry Voskuijl was a dressmaker. She was listed as a 'workshop seamstress'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> According to the B version, Bep bought skirts for Anne and Margot from De Bijenkorf around the same time. These were expensive and of poor quality.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In the A version, De Bijenkorf does not appear; the B version is silent on Corry's contribution. When it got chilly in September, Anne realised she was running out of warm clothes. She then set about knitting a 'white wool sweater', a zip-up jumper that she worked on until mid-November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> With some inventiveness, Anne made a 'dance dress' out of an old petticoat belonging to her mother in <strong>January '44</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Information is very scarce about the clothing of the others. Pfeffer had a red jacket<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> and Mrs van Pels a pink 'bed jacket'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> When Herman van Pels wanted to sell his suit to get some money, he did not succeed - then Mrs van Pels' coat of rabbit fur had to go.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Shoes</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Jacqueline van Maarsen writes in her memoirs that on <strong>6 July 1942</strong> she went to the house on Merwedeplein, where she saw Anne's new shoes. She was surprised that Anne had left them behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> In her B version, Anne writes about the evening before the hasty departure for the Secret Annex that Jan and Miep Gies came by and took shoes, among other things. Where they took them is not known, but it turns out later that some of the Franks' shoes had been left with the Amende family. They wanted these to be brought to the Secret Annex when fears of evacuation of the entire city arose,<sup data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> but it didn't come to that.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Anne only fitted her ski boots; she received a pair of wicker shoes that cost six guilders fifty and broke after only a week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> The B version also mentions that Miep brought a pair of suede shoes for her in the <strong>summer of '43</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Given the restrictions on the shoe trade, these had to have been either a clandestine purchase or an old pair.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter had trainers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> So did Anne, and she tried in vain to turn them into ballet shoes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7joer\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Of Pfeffer, Anne writes that he had black patent slippers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"603sr\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Bed linen, towels and tea towels</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All kinds of goods had been brought to Prinsengracht by parcel post over a period of months. Upon arrival, boxes and bedding were piled high.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> The B version suggests that the daily bedding had been left at Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riw36\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Otto and Edith Frank slept not on a mattress, but on two piled-up long pillows<sup data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> When Jan and Miep came to sleep, they brought two blankets themselves; the people in hiding also had two left over. Moreover, in the front attic there was another blanket and a 'plumeau' - a half-length bedspread - in the suitcase of an otherwise unknown 'Mr Fuchs'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"84prx\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Pfeffer was sent some things by Charlotte Kaletta, but it can be assumed that he slept on a mattress and under blankets that were already present in the Secret Annex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mrs Van Pels took out her pillowcases and sheets, wanting (according to Anne) to wear out Edith's first, and keep her own things good for after the war. Edith's towels were also all already in use.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the people in hiding and the helpers, caring for clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Quality footwear in particular was hard to come by. Despite a lack of sources, it is clear that they suffered increasingly from wear and tear, despite there being a certain amount of supply. However, this supply was very much dependent on what was available, and this was very limited. Compared to the food supply, less is known about textile and footwear issues, and they are therefore a more intractable topic.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mcnhu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Wat ieder van de distributie moet weten”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 5 juni 1940, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1deoz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"le8yp\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 Julu 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vgjj8\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yrxz2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_13: Otto Frank aan S. Hummel, 23 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m6nzv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocgr3\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 4 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pzz3e\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 2 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"28cdq\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocfft\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7mdo\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j56q\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vi6d3\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 September, 5 October and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zqg6\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"603sr\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “The Annexe eight at the dinner table”, 5 Augustus 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn5ib\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 17 and 29 October 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g5xeq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacqueline van Maarsen, <em>Ik heet Anne, zei ze, Anne Frank. Herinneringen van Jacqueline van Maarsen, </em>Amsterdam: Cossee, 2003, p. 125.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ewk33\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0dfoi\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n1wla\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j9ij8\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 April and 11 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7joer\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 12 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r3yt7\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riw36\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6abwf\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annexe, “Wenn die Uhr halbneune slagt....”, 6 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84prx\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s6hmj\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 August 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
"summary_nl": "Voor de onderduikers in het Achterhuis en de helpers leidde de zorg voor kleding en schoeisel tot aanhoudende problemen. Met name goed schoeisel was lastig te krijgen.",
"summary_en": "For the people in the Secret Annex and the helpers, looking after clothing and footwear was a cause of ongoing concern. Good footwear in particular was hard to come by.",
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"name": "Bijenkorf",
"name_nl": "Bijenkorf",
"name_en": "Bijenkorf",
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"content": "<p>Located on the Damrak in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Bijenkorf developed from a small haberdashery shop on Nieuwendijk into a large department store on Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of November</strong> and the <strong>beginning of December 1938</strong>, the Bijenkorf was the target of anti-Semitic actions by National Socialist youths.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tonny Ahlers was also involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Dutch National Socialists smashed several shop windows of the Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl bought new skirts for Margot and Anne Frank in the Bijenkorf. '<em>The material is tatty, just like sacking'</em>, Anne writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, one of the women Anne Frank met in Camp Westerbork, worked in the Bijenkorf from <strong>1928 to 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkorf</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</em></a>. (Ph.D. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Gevestigd op het Damrak te Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van een fourniturenwinkeltje op de Nieuwendijk ontwikkelde de Bijenkorf zich tot een groot warenhuis aan het Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> <strong>Eind november</strong> en begin <strong>december 1938</strong> was de Bijenkorf mikpunt van antisemitische acties van nationaal-socialistische jongeren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daarbij was ook Tonny Ahlers betrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>juni ’40</strong> gooiden Nederlandse nationaal-socialisten enkele etalageruiten van de Bijenkorf in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl kocht in de Bijenkorf nieuwe rokken voor Margot en Anne Frank. '<em>Het is rotstof, net jute zakken'</em>, schrijft Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, één van de vrouwen die Anne Frank ontmoette in Kamp Westerbork, werkte van <strong>1928 tot 1941</strong> in de Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf_(warenhuis)\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkof (warenhuis)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <em><a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\">Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</a>. </em>Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Located on the Damrak in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Bijenkorf developed from a small haberdashery shop on Nieuwendijk into a large department store on Damrak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At the <strong>end of November</strong> and the <strong>beginning of December 1938</strong>, the Bijenkorf was the target of anti-Semitic actions by National Socialist youths.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tonny Ahlers was also involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Dutch National Socialists smashed several shop windows of the Bijenkorf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep Voskuijl bought new skirts for Margot and Anne Frank in the Bijenkorf. '<em>The material is tatty, just like sacking'</em>, Anne writes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Amerongen - Frankfoorder, one of the women Anne Frank met in Camp Westerbork, worked in the Bijenkorf from <strong>1928 to 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"26b49\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b2xb4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bijenkorf\" target=\"_blank\">De Bijenkorf</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbm8o\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7001: Rapporten bureau Warmoesstraat, 28 november (mut. 9.30 v.m.) en 1 december 1938 (mut. 9.45 n.m.).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8dcac\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.431232\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Weerkorpsen: extreemrechtse strijdgroepen in Amsterdam, 1923-1942</em></a>. (Ph.D. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam 2014, p. 239-255.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h03p6\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, Februaristaking 1941, inv. nr. 7a: Afschrift uit p.v.b. 303, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2et4d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"26b49\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 111.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.893942 52.373344)",
"summary": "The Bijenkorf is a large department store in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "De Bijenkorf is een groot warenhuis in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "The Bijenkorf is a large department store in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Damrak 90a",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
}
