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"name": "Jan Gies lives in Amsterdam for almost his entire life",
"name_nl": "Jan Gies woont bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Jan Gies lives in Amsterdam for almost his entire life",
"content": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Jan Gies woonde gedurende zijn leven op de volgende Amsterdamse adressen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: van zijn geboorte tot <strong>12 december 1907</strong> (Dit adres werd in <strong>april 1906</strong> vernummerd tot 303).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: van <strong>12 december 1907</strong> tot <strong>10 september 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: van <strong>10 september 1914</strong> tot <strong>31 mei 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: vanaf <strong>31 mei 1917 </strong>(Watergraafsmeer was op dat moment nog een zelfstandige gemeente).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> kwam hij in Amsterdam terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk van Jan Gies zijn ouders werd <strong>2 januari 1925</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Volgens de bevolkingskaarten bleef hij bij zijn vader wonen, behoudens de korte periode in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>15 mei 1919</strong> tot <strong>6 april 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 april 1927</strong> tot <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> (alleen Jan). Nadere gegevens ontbreken.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: van <strong>24 oktober 1927</strong> tot <strong>18 december 1928.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 december 1928</strong> trouwde Jan Gies met M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>18 december 1928</strong> tot <strong>21 juli 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies stond op 3 hoog ingeschreven van <strong>21 juli 1931</strong> tot <strong>4 september 1931</strong>. Daarna stond hij tot <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> ingeschreven op 2 hoog.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>7 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>14 januari 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Zijn echtgenote stond hier nog tot <strong>28 april 1937</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> tot <strong>12 december 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit huis staat op de hoek van de Amsteldijk en de Govert Flinckstraat. Het was het pension van de familie Amende. Er is een foto van de keuken van dit pension, met daarin J. Bunjes-Amende, haar moeder L. Amende-Zaaiman, een onbekende vrouw en de hond Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Toen er op de Amsteldijk problemen met de eigenaar ontstonden, verhuisde de familie Amende. Alle bewoners, ook Jan, verhuisden mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies stond hier van <strong>22 december 1938</strong> tot <strong>4 december 1940</strong> ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies stond op dit adres ingeschreven van <strong>4 december 1940</strong> tot <strong>1 juni 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Hij vertrok hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder, Gedurende een groot deel van het jaar <strong>1942 </strong>stond ook Dien Gendering in de woning ingeschreven. Hij woonde hier bij mevrouw Stoppelman-van der Reis. Volgens Mieps memoires woonden zij en Jan er aanvankelijk ongehuwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Volgens Mieps persoonskaart stond ze op dit adres ingeschreven vanaf haar huwelijksdag.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>1 juni 1946</strong> tot <strong>21 november 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Jans zus Fenna. Hij woonde hier in werkelijkheid veel eerder,</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>21 november 1946</strong> tot <strong>24 juni 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Dit was de woning van Ab Cauvern, waar ook Otto Frank woonde. Omdat de woning te groot was voor een gezin met één kind, moesten hij en Miep verhuizen toen Otto Frank naar Zwitserland vertrok.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies stond hier ingeschreven van <strong>24 juni 1953</strong> tot zijn overlijden op <strong>26 januari 1993</strong>. Jan Gies vroeg op <strong>5 november 1952</strong> een woonvergunning voor de woning aan. Deze werd <strong>18 mei 1953</strong> verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Het huurcontract ging in op 1 augustus 1953. De huur bedroeg fl. 34,15 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam. 85ste jaargang,</em> 1938-1939, deel I, Amsterdam: Ellerman, Harms & Co., p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>During his life, Jan Gies lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 191-I: from birth until <strong>12 December 1907</strong> (this address was renumbered 303 in<strong> April 1906</strong>).</li>\r\n\t<li>Rustenburgerstraat 299hs: from <strong>12 December 1907 </strong>to <strong>10 September 1914</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Van Ostadestraat 69 I: from <strong>10 September 1914 </strong>to<strong> 31 May 1917</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hogeweg 38, Watergraafsmeer: from <strong>31 May 1917</strong> (Watergraafsmeer was still an independent municipality at the time).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>He returned to Amsterdam on <strong>15 May 1919</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage of Jan Gies's parents was dissolved by divorce on <strong>2 January 1925</strong>. According to the population records, he continued to live with his father, except for the short period in Eindhoven.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>15 May 1919 </strong>to<strong> 6 April 1927</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eindhoven: <strong>6 April 1927 </strong>to <strong>24 October 1927</strong> (alone). No further details are available.</li>\r\n\t<li>Eikenweg 20 I: from <strong>24 October 1927 </strong>to <strong>18 December 1928</strong><strong>.</strong> <sup data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 December 1928</strong>, Jan Gies married M.M.G. Netten.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stuyvesantstraat 55 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>18 December 1928 </strong>to<strong> 21 July 1931</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Maasstraat 10: Jan Gies was registered on the 3rd floor from <strong>21 July 1931 </strong>until<strong> 4 September 1931</strong>. After that he was registered on the 2nd floor, until <strong>7 January 1936</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Noorder Amstellaan 149 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>7 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> His wife was still registered here until <strong>28 April 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5retj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Amsteldijk 11 bovenhuis: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>14 January 1936 </strong>to <strong>12 December 1938</strong>..<sup data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This house stands on the corner of Amsteldijk and Govert Flinckstraat. It was the boarding house of the Amende family. There is a photo of the kitchen of this boarding house, with J. Bunjes-Amende, her mother L. Amende-Zaaiman, an unknown woman and the dog Thor.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> When problems arose with the owner on Amsteldijk, the Amende family moved. All the residents, including Jan, moved with them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ou033\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Rijnstraat 238 III: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>22 December 1938 </strong>to <strong>4 December 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 25hs: Jan Gies was registered at this address from <strong>4 December 1940 </strong>until <strong>1 June 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> He actually left here much earlier. During much of <strong>1942</strong>, Dien Gendering was also registered at the house. He lived here with Mrs Stoppelman-van der Reis. According to Miep's memoirs, she and Jan initially lived there unmarried.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> According to Miep's personal record, she was registered at this address from her wedding day.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hunzestraat 120hs: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>1 June 1946 </strong>to <strong>21 November 1946</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> This was the home of Jan's sister Fenna. He actually lived here much earlier.</li>\r\n\t<li>Jekerstraat 65 II: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>21 November 1946 </strong>to <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> This was the home of Ab Cauvern, where Otto Frank also lived. Because the house was too large for a family with one child, he and Miep had to move when Otto Frank left for Switzerland.</li>\r\n\t<li>Woestduinstraat 86 I: Jan Gies was registered here from <strong>24 June 1953</strong> until his death on <strong>26 January 1993</strong>. Jan Gies applied for an occupancy permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ebb5c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart C. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"syhzb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5retj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer. 5422): Gezinskaart M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l4e0j\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Foto privébezit familie Bunjes. Op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief staat onder nummer 010003018328 een foto van het pand van voor 1951. In het pand was ook het Hoogheemraadschap Amstelland gevestigd. <em>Algemeen Adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em> 1938-'39, deel I, p. 68.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ou033\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Bunjes: Interview Joke Bunjes, 28 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxzlq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 2 en; SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l7v50\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 60.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjvsy\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3cve0\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1907-12-12",
"date_end": "1993-01-26",
"summary": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies woonde bijna zijn hele leven in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies lived almost his entire life in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 224,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/50f32ea2-cb6b-415b-8aff-e39901c461e1"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl woont haar hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"content": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bep Voskuijl heeft tijdens haar leven op de volgende adressen in Amsterdam gewoond (met uitzondering van de twee jaar dat zij in Hilversum woonde):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong> (geboorte) tot <strong>21 maart 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs, <strong>21 maart 1921</strong> tot <strong>4 maart 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 maart 1924</strong> tot <strong>2 juli 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 juli 1926</strong> tot <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, vanaf <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>12 mei 1933</strong> tot <strong>23 juli 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 juli 1941</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od31k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>6 mei 1943</strong> tot <strong>27 november 1944</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Idem, <strong>27 november 1944</strong> tot <strong>15 mei 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> (huwelijk) tot <strong>12 juni 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 juni 1948</strong> tot <strong>13 januari 1949</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs, <strong>13 januari 1949</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1983</strong> (overlijden).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Da Costakade 77-I woonde Beps tante Alida C. Sodenkamp. Zij vertrok op <strong>15 april 1943</strong> naar Eindhoven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep was toen waarschijnlijk alweer terug naar de Lumeystraat. Als deze inschrijfdata juist zijn, woonde Bep de eerste tien maanden van de onderduiktijd niet thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit zijn de adressen zoals ze uit officiële stukken naar voren zijn gekomen. Volgens zoon Ton van Wijk ging Bep na de inval in het Achterhuis van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> niet terug naar haar eigen huis, maar hield ze zich schuil in het ouderlijk huis van Cor van Wijk (haar latere echtgenoot). Cor zelf bevond zich dan in Osterode in de Harz. Het is niet duidelijk waarom en hoe ze op dat adres terecht is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od31k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In de zomer van 1942 werd de Da Costakade omgedoopt tot Goeverneurkade. Die wijziging werd ook op Beps persoonsbewijs (PB) aangetekend. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1919-07-05",
"date_end": "1983-05-06",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl heeft bijna haar hele leven in Amsterdam gewoond.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 188,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a623c65-adc8-45d7-a3a4-b593b436eb2c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9387d3f9-946e-454c-a5ca-114d9d072653"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5166e05f-5950-486d-bb13-160b2a586fd5",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ed339c73-996b-4487-aae3-788665590336",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2a0239aa-ef2d-44db-83f2-a9b443509b9e"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7a623c65-adc8-45d7-a3a4-b593b436eb2c",
"name": "Edith Frank's Dutch lessons",
"name_nl": "De Nederlandse lessen van Edith Frank",
"name_en": "Edith Frank's Dutch lessons",
"content": "<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around <strong>August 1934, </strong>she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> And in <strong>1935</strong> she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Over de manier waarop en de mate waarin Edith Frank-Holländer zich de Nederlandse taal eigen gemaakte, is niets bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Boeken van haar die bewaard zijn gebleven zijn in het Duits en Frans. In de brieven aan Gertrud Naumann schreef Edith wel over de vorderingen in de Nederlandse taal van Margot en Anne, maar niet over die van haarzelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith schreef af en toe wel in het Nederlands, zoals blijkt uit enkele documenten. Omstreeks <strong>augustus 1934 </strong>schreef zij een referentie voor Renate Wolf: <em>Hiermede bevestigen wij dat mejuffrouw Renate Wolf bij ons werkzaam is. Salaris fl. 5.- p. week voor ½ dage. Mevr. Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> En in <strong>1935</strong> schreef zij een uitgebreide Nederlandse gelukwens ter gelegenheid van de geboorte van een zoon van de bevriende familie Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne sprak haar moeder erg slecht Nederlands. In haar dagboek schrijft ze:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Houd er alsje't blieft rekening mee, Kitty, dat de twee dames hier, schandelijk Nederlands spreken (van de heren durf ik niets te zeggen, die zouden erg beledigd zijn.), als je dat gehaspel eens zou horen zou je schateren; wij letten er niet eens meer op, verbeteren helpt toch niet. ik zal als ik over moeder of mevr.v.P. schrijf maar niet het originele taaltje weergeven doch behoorlijk Nederlands’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Nothing is known about how and to what extent Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Books belonging to her that have survived are in German and French. In letters to Gertrud Naumann, Edith did write about Margot and Anne's progress in the Dutch language, but not about her own.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith did occasionally write in Dutch, as some documents show. Around <strong>August 1934, </strong>she wrote a reference for Renate Wolf: "We hereby confirm that Miss Renate Wolf is employed by us. Salary NLG 5 per week for ½ day. Mrs Otto Frank Merwedeplein 37 II".<sup data-footnote-id=\"nh550\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> And in <strong>1935</strong> she wrote extensive congratulations in Dutch on the occasion of the birth of a son of the Hofhuis family, friends of the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, her mother spoke very poor Dutch. In her diary, she writes:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Please bear in mind, Kitty, that the two ladies here speak outrageous Dutch (I wouldn't dare say anything about the gentlemen, they would be very offended), if you heard that mess you would laugh; we don't even pay attention to it anymore, it doesn't help anyway. When I write about mother or Mrs v. P., I won't use the original language but proper Dutch<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgdo7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zowel Rosa Hartog-Groenman als A.C.M. Huijsmans-Douwes hebben verklaard Nederlandse les aan Edith gegeven te hebben. Deze beweringen zijn omstreden en vinden geen steun in andere bronnen. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS) Getuigenarchief, Groenman-Hartog, Rosa & Huijsman-Douwes, A.C.M.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p65d6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFS), reg. code A_Getuigen_I_087, 090-4: Edith Frank aan Gertud Naumann, "Donnerstag" (ongedateerd) en "Dienstag" (= 26 maart 1935).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nh550\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privébezit Judy Showers: handschrift Edith Frank op achterzijde van getuigschrift voor Renate Wolf op Opekta-papier, getekend door Victor Kugler, d.d. 7 augustus 1934. Judy Showers is de dochter van Renate Wolf.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrzi7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie: Edith Frank aan Bep Hofhuis, 30 juni 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7fqr0\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Nothing is known about how Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.",
"summary_nl": "Over hoe Edith Frank-Holländer zich de Nederlandse taal eigen gemaakte, is niets bekend.",
"summary_en": "Nothing is known about how Edith Frank-Holländer mastered the Dutch language.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/0a9383f6-8b2e-43f1-81ab-8f962d3ad569/",
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"name": "Edith Frank's English lessons",
"name_nl": "De Engelse lessen van Edith Frank",
"name_en": "Edith Frank's English lessons",
"content": "<p>At <em>Viktoriaschule</em>, the secondary school Edith attended, English was part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an: "English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children<em>".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op de Viktoriaschule, de middelbare school die Edith bezocht, behoorde Engels tot het gewone lesprogramma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In Nederland kreeg Edith Engelse les van Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank beschreef Rosey Pool aan Nathan Straus als een: <em>English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens Anne leerde Edith tijdens de onderduik ook Engels uit schriftelijke cursussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16-19 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>At <em>Viktoriaschule</em>, the secondary school Edith attended, English was part of the regular curriculum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Edith was taught English by Rosey Pool.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank described Rosey Pool to Nathan Straus as an: "English lady, who lived here before the war and shortly after the war and is now living in London. I know her personally and she gave lessons to Edith and knew the children<em>".</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Anne, Edith also learnt English through written courses while in hiding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7tdvu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Documenten naar taxonomie, Edith Frank, Opleidingen: Mail Hans-Jürgen Serwe aan Erika Prins (AFS), 6 mei 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6zkjo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_132: Otto Frank aan Vallentine Mitchell and Co., 22 november 1950.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zjyoy\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_154: Otto Frank aan Nathan Straus, 22 november 1950. Rosey Pool maakt later een Engelse vertaling van het dagboek die echter niet werd gebruikt wegens gebrek aan kwaliteit.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xgo2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16-19 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Edith Frank-Holländer learnt English not only during her secondary school days, but also afterwards.",
"summary_nl": "Edith Frank-Holländer leerde niet alleen Engels tijdens haar middelbare schooltijd, maar ook daarna.",
"summary_en": "Edith Frank-Holländer learnt English not only during her secondary school days, but also afterwards.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"uuid": "bbed7414-1fa4-4417-bca3-a5ee40c96d09",
"content": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"skchv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"skchv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een overzicht van honderden adressen in Amsterdam die op de een of andere manier een rol speelden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, zie Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de loop van de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> verzamelden alle hoofdrolspelers van de onderduik in het Achterhuis zich in de stad: de families Frank en Van Pels, en Fritz Pfeffer. Behalve de forens Kugler waren allen er ook woonachtig. Miep Gies woonde er al sinds <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sinds <strong>1923</strong> was Amsterdam de vestigingsplaats van verschillende bedrijven van Otto Frank en zijn familie. Het is de geboorteplaats van Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09mv5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09mv5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een overzicht van honderden adressen in Amsterdam die op de een of andere manier een rol speelden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, zie Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During the <strong>1930s</strong>, all the protagonists of the hiding in the Secret Annex gathered in the city: the Frank and Van Pels families, and Fritz Pfeffer. Apart from the commuter Kugler, all were also living there. Miep Gies had lived there since <strong>1924</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since <strong>1923</strong>, Amsterdam was the location of several businesses of Otto Frank and his family. It was the birthplace of Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"skchv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"skchv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een overzicht van honderden adressen in Amsterdam die op de een of andere manier een rol speelden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, zie Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"summary": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam had van oudsher een grote Joodse bevolkingsgroep. Tijdens de Duitse bezetting was het de stad waar vrijwel alle anti-Joodse maatregelen hun eerste toepassing vonden of het hardste aankwamen. Hoewel velen hun toevlucht op het platteland zochten, kende ook de hoofdstad een grote populatie van onderduikers.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam traditionally had a large Jewish population. During the German occupation, it was the city where almost all anti-Jewish measures found their first application or hit hardest. Although many sought refuge in the countryside, the capital also had a large population of people in hiding.",
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"city": "Amsterdam",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c016b49e-43e4-49ba-a588-d66a87ad3991",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl woont haar hele leven in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life",
"content": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bep Voskuijl heeft tijdens haar leven op de volgende adressen in Amsterdam gewoond (met uitzondering van de twee jaar dat zij in Hilversum woonde):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong> (geboorte) tot <strong>21 maart 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs, <strong>21 maart 1921</strong> tot <strong>4 maart 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 maart 1924</strong> tot <strong>2 juli 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 juli 1926</strong> tot <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, vanaf <strong>16 december 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>12 mei 1933</strong> tot <strong>23 juli 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 juli 1941</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od31k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>6 mei 1943</strong> tot <strong>27 november 1944</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Idem, <strong>27 november 1944</strong> tot <strong>15 mei 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> (huwelijk) tot <strong>12 juni 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 juni 1948</strong> tot <strong>13 januari 1949</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs, <strong>13 januari 1949</strong> tot <strong>6 mei 1983</strong> (overlijden).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Op het adres Da Costakade 77-I woonde Beps tante Alida C. Sodenkamp. Zij vertrok op <strong>15 april 1943</strong> naar Eindhoven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Bep was toen waarschijnlijk alweer terug naar de Lumeystraat. Als deze inschrijfdata juist zijn, woonde Bep de eerste tien maanden van de onderduiktijd niet thuis.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit zijn de adressen zoals ze uit officiële stukken naar voren zijn gekomen. Volgens zoon Ton van Wijk ging Bep na de inval in het Achterhuis van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> niet terug naar haar eigen huis, maar hield ze zich schuil in het ouderlijk huis van Cor van Wijk (haar latere echtgenoot). Cor zelf bevond zich dan in Osterode in de Harz. Het is niet duidelijk waarom en hoe ze op dat adres terecht is gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od31k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>In de zomer van 1942 werd de Da Costakade omgedoopt tot Goeverneurkade. Die wijziging werd ook op Beps persoonsbewijs (PB) aangetekend. Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During her life, Bep Voskuijl lived at the following addresses in Amsterdam (with the exception of the two years she lived in Hilversum):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Reinwardtstraat 50-III, <strong>5 July 1919</strong> (birth) to <strong>21 March 1921</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Von Zesenstraat 88-hs,<strong> 21 March 1921</strong> to <strong>4 March 1924</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gladiolusstraat 14, Hilversum, <strong>4 March 1924</strong> to <strong>2 July 1926</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Solostraat 10-III, <strong>2 July 1926</strong> to <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Fraunhoferstraat 34 boven, from <strong>16 December 1930</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"276rh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 12 May 1933 </strong>to <strong>23 July 1941</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Da Costakade 77-I, <strong>23 July 1941 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1943.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II,<strong> 6 May 1943 </strong>to <strong>27 November 1944.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-II, <strong>27 November 1944</strong> to <strong>15 May 1946</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Marco Polostraat 228-IV, <strong>15 May 1946</strong> (marriage) until <strong>12 June 1948</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Lumeystraat 18-I, <strong>12 June 1948 </strong>to <strong>13 January 1949.</strong></li>\r\n\t<li>Galileïplantsoen 119-hs,<strong> 13 January 1949 </strong>to <strong>6 May 1983</strong> (death).<sup data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Bep's aunt Alida C. Sodenkamp lived at the address Da Costakade 77-I. She moved to Eindhoven on <strong>15 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bep had probably moved back to Lumeystraat by then. If these registration dates are correct, Bep did not live at home during the first ten months of the hiding period.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1942</strong>, Da Costakade was renamed Goeverneurkade. This change was also noted on Bep's personal card (PB).<sup data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>These are the addresses as they appear from official records. According to her son Ton van Wijk, Bep did not return to her own home after the raid on the Secret Annex on <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, but hid in the parental home of Cor van Wijk (her later husband). Cor himself was then in Osterode in the Harz region. It is not clear why and how she came to be at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"276rh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl. Van de eerste twee (inmiddels gesloopte) woningen staan 19e-eeuwse bouwtekeningen op de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief onder de nummers 5221BT906984 en 5221BT908906. Het adres in Hilversum is ontleend aan: Streekarchief het Gooi en de Vechtstreek, Hilversum, Bevolkingsregister Hilversum, 1890-1940 (toegang SAGV068): Gezinskaart J.H. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vomm7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, DIenst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E. Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2cofz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dioenst Bevolkingsregister, Woningkaarten, inv. nr. 66: Woningkaart Da Costakade 77-I.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"puwzj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h7gk7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl-Van Wijk: Verslag bezoek Ton van Wijk en familie, 12 mei 2006. Als dit klopt, moet dat het adres Joos Banckersweg 12-I zijn. SAA, Dinst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1919-07-05",
"date_end": "1983-05-06",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl heeft bijna haar hele leven in Amsterdam gewoond.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl lived in Amsterdam almost all of her life.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124556
],
"persons": [
258
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 300,
"main_image": {
"id": 1030,
"uuid": "e3de02f3-2f19-438e-a125-e55e0c833657",
"name": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"title": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"alt": "Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010194001013.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Briefhoofd van Hotel Schiller.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"location": {
"id": 110,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.375368",
"longitude": "4.884115",
"events": [
{
"id": 300,
"main_image": {
"id": 1030,
"uuid": "e3de02f3-2f19-438e-a125-e55e0c833657",
"name": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"title": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"alt": "Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010194001013.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Briefhoofd van Hotel Schiller.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"published": true,
"uuid": "be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74",
"name": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"name_nl": "Wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen",
"name_en": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"content": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nacht van <strong>11 op 12 januari 1943</strong> braken onbekenden het kelderslot open en verdwenen met 24 kisten wijn. Bij elkaar ging het om zeshonderd flessen, die volgens de eigenaar een totale waarde van negenduizend gulden vertegenwoordigden. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller deed er in de middag van <strong>12 januari</strong> op bureau Marnixstraat aangifte van. Ook werd het 'atelier' ingelicht, wat betekent dat de recherche er naar vingerafdrukken en andere sporen ging zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hoeverre het rechercheonderzoek zich tot de omgeving uitstrekte is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-01-11",
"date_end": "1943-01-12",
"summary": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Uit de kelder van Prinsengracht 261, direct naast het Achterhuis, werd een grote wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen.",
"summary_en": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 281,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ece3fba8-5b1e-4d3e-984e-8d190e2148ea"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"published": true,
"uuid": "aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4",
"name": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Elhoek",
"name_en": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"content": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was stoffeerderzaak Elhoek gevestigd. In <strong>november 1941</strong> was er bij Elhoek al eens geld uit de elektrameter gestolen. In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943 </strong>werd er geld en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf gestolen.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-07",
"date_end": "1943-04-08",
"summary": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"summary_nl": "Insluipers ontvreemdden zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf.",
"summary_en": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 196,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
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"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma was gevestid in het buurpand van Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was ook lederwarenfabrikant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De naam was een samentrekking van de namen Van Elburg en Hoekstra. De werkplaatsen waren op de tweede en derde verdieping. Het personeel at bij mooi weer tussen de middag wel eens in de dakgoot. Ze hoorden soms stemmen en wisten daardoor dat er mensen in het Achterhuis waren. Ze realiseerden zich echter niet dat het hier om onderduikers ging en ze dachten dat het deel van het pand van de firma Keg Thee en Koffie was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Firmant Hendrik Johan van Elburg meldde dat insluipers in de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> een bedrag van zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf hadden gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>meubelmakerij</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometehus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884115 52.375368)",
"summary": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"summary_nl": "Meubelstoffeerderij Elhoek was gevestigd naast het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht 261",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
300,
281
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74",
"name": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"name_nl": "Wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen",
"name_en": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"content": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nacht van <strong>11 op 12 januari 1943</strong> braken onbekenden het kelderslot open en verdwenen met 24 kisten wijn. Bij elkaar ging het om zeshonderd flessen, die volgens de eigenaar een totale waarde van negenduizend gulden vertegenwoordigden. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller deed er in de middag van <strong>12 januari</strong> op bureau Marnixstraat aangifte van. Ook werd het 'atelier' ingelicht, wat betekent dat de recherche er naar vingerafdrukken en andere sporen ging zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hoeverre het rechercheonderzoek zich tot de omgeving uitstrekte is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-01-11",
"date_end": "1943-01-12",
"summary": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Uit de kelder van Prinsengracht 261, direct naast het Achterhuis, werd een grote wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen.",
"summary_en": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
196
],
"persons": [],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 281,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 110,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.375368",
"longitude": "4.884115",
"events": [
{
"id": 300,
"main_image": {
"id": 1030,
"uuid": "e3de02f3-2f19-438e-a125-e55e0c833657",
"name": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"title": "Briefhoofd hotel Schiller",
"alt": "Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/010194001013.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Briefhoofd van Hotel Schiller.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"published": true,
"uuid": "be0bb154-8874-4670-a856-1a51909a7b74",
"name": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"name_nl": "Wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen",
"name_en": "Wine stock stolen from Hotel Schiller",
"content": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nacht van <strong>11 op 12 januari 1943</strong> braken onbekenden het kelderslot open en verdwenen met 24 kisten wijn. Bij elkaar ging het om zeshonderd flessen, die volgens de eigenaar een totale waarde van negenduizend gulden vertegenwoordigden. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller deed er in de middag van <strong>12 januari</strong> op bureau Marnixstraat aangifte van. Ook werd het 'atelier' ingelicht, wat betekent dat de recherche er naar vingerafdrukken en andere sporen ging zoeken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In hoeverre het rechercheonderzoek zich tot de omgeving uitstrekte is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On the night of <strong>11 to 12 January 1943</strong>, unknown persons broke the cellar lock and made off with 24 cases of wine. Six hundred bottles in all, which, according to the owner, represented a total value of nine thousand guilders. Hotelier Friedrich Schiller reported the theft to the Marnixstraat police station on the afternoon of <strong>12 January 1943</strong>. The 'atelier' was also notified, meaning that the criminal investigation department started looking for fingerprints and other traces at the scene.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not known to what extent the criminal investigation extended to the surrounding area.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t12q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 6385: rapport Marnixstraat, 12-13 januari 1943, mut. 15.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-01-11",
"date_end": "1943-01-12",
"summary": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"summary_nl": "Uit de kelder van Prinsengracht 261, direct naast het Achterhuis, werd een grote wijnvoorraad van hotel Schiller gestolen.",
"summary_en": "Large quantities of wine were stolen from the basement of Hotel Schiller on Prinsengracht 261, right next to the Secret Annex.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 281,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/36f1f8d1-cb6d-4f52-86b6-5c356c441af5"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ece3fba8-5b1e-4d3e-984e-8d190e2148ea"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/6ef7b88e-bdae-4edb-8265-23201452f19b",
"published": true,
"uuid": "aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4",
"name": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Elhoek",
"name_en": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"content": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was stoffeerderzaak Elhoek gevestigd. In <strong>november 1941</strong> was er bij Elhoek al eens geld uit de elektrameter gestolen. In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943 </strong>werd er geld en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf gestolen.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-07",
"date_end": "1943-04-08",
"summary": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"summary_nl": "Insluipers ontvreemdden zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf.",
"summary_en": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 196,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
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"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Elhoek",
"name_nl": "Elhoek, Firma",
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"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma was gevestid in het buurpand van Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was ook lederwarenfabrikant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De naam was een samentrekking van de namen Van Elburg en Hoekstra. De werkplaatsen waren op de tweede en derde verdieping. Het personeel at bij mooi weer tussen de middag wel eens in de dakgoot. Ze hoorden soms stemmen en wisten daardoor dat er mensen in het Achterhuis waren. Ze realiseerden zich echter niet dat het hier om onderduikers ging en ze dachten dat het deel van het pand van de firma Keg Thee en Koffie was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Firmant Hendrik Johan van Elburg meldde dat insluipers in de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> een bedrag van zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf hadden gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Wordt door Anne aangeduid als: <em>meubelmakerij</em>. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 11 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometehus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Prinsengracht 261, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The company was located in the neighbouring building at Prinsengracht 263. Elhoek was also a leather goods manufacturer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uy155\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The name was a combination of the names of business partners Van Elburg and Hoekstra. The workshops were on the second and third floors. When the weather was nice, the staff sometimes ate on the roof at lunchtime. They sometimes heard voices and therefore knew that there were people in the Secret Annex. However, they did not realize that these were people in hiding and they thought that the part of the building belonged to the Keg Tea and Coffee company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hendrik Johan van Elburg, one of the business partners, reported that intruders had stolen an amount of six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the company during the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qnl1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Bevolkingsregister, woningkaarten, inv. nr. 283: Woningkaart Prinsengracht 261. Referred to by Anne as <em>furniture-making shop</em>. Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 11 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uy155\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder, <em>Lijst met namen en adressen der bij het Rijksbureau voor Huiden en Leder ingeschreven (…)</em>, Doetinchem: Misset, 1941, p. 89.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oivs9\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Pels, H.: Mededeling H. Pels, mei 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2z65d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapport bureau Warmoesstraat, 8-9 april 1943, 17.18 uur.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.884115 52.375368)",
"summary": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"summary_nl": "Meubelstoffeerderij Elhoek was gevestigd naast het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank.\r\n",
"summary_en": "Furniture upholstery firm 'Elhoek' was located at Prinsengracht 261, next to Otto Frank's premises at Prinsengracht 263.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht 261",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
300,
281
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "aff97e8a-4130-4482-aab1-6f0b7cbbeaa4",
"name": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Elhoek",
"name_en": "Burglary at the Elhoek frim",
"content": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was stoffeerderzaak Elhoek gevestigd. In <strong>november 1941</strong> was er bij Elhoek al eens geld uit de elektrameter gestolen. In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943 </strong>werd er geld en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf gestolen.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the neighboring buildings next to the Secret Annex was home to the upholsterer's store Elhoek. In <strong>November 1941</strong>, money had already been stolen from the electric meter at Elhoek. On the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943</strong>, money and a typewriter were stolen from the business.</p>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-07",
"date_end": "1943-04-08",
"summary": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"summary_nl": "Insluipers ontvreemdden zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine uit het bedrijf.",
"summary_en": "Burglars stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter from the business.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
196,
91
],
"persons": [
2158
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 276,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 101,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1081,
"uuid": "f24e6fff-413b-4c4a-b829-657339a65cc1",
"name": "OSIM00002005971",
"title": "Het Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam, rond 1940",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Stadsarchief Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/OSIM00002005971.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"latitude": "52.366387",
"longitude": "4.892963",
"events": [
{
"id": 276,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a3d0946f-451c-41db-9474-b0eefd7426aa/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8"
],
"persons": [],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fca17b8f-5066-4200-a73e-76bccc6ef720",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a3d0946f-451c-41db-9474-b0eefd7426aa",
"name": "An airplane crashes behind the Carlton Hotel",
"name_nl": "Een vliegtuig stort neer achter het Carlton Hotel",
"name_en": "An airplane crashes behind the Carlton Hotel",
"content": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was tijdens de bezetting door de Duitsers in gebruik om er officieren van de <em>Luftwaffe</em> en hun aanhang onder te brengen. Ook andere gebouwen in de omgeving waren bij de <em>Luftwaffe</em> in gebruik. Dit trok natuurlijk de aandacht van de geallieerden maar het Duitse afweergeschut wist een RAF toestel te raken, het stortte neer op een aantal woonhuizen achter het Carlton Hotel waarbij ook veel schade ontstond aan het hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beschrijft dit in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Het Carlton Hotel is kapot, twee Engelse vliegers met een grote lading brandbommen aan boord zijn precies op het "Offiziersheim" gevallen. De hele hoek Vijzelstraat-Singel is afgebrand.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De Duitsers moesten noodgedwongen het commando verplaatsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-26",
"date_end": "1943-04-27",
"summary": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Het Carlton Hotel pand werd verwoest toen in de nacht van 26 op 27 april 1943 een Britse Halifax-bommenwerper achter het hotel neerstortte.",
"summary_en": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 194,
"image": {
"id": 970,
"uuid": "08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a",
"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
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"content": "<p><em>Address</em>: Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels in the <strong>1930s</strong>, the Carlton was the setting for countless concerts, parties, meetings, bridge and chess competitions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, the Carlton was used as a <em>Luftgaukommando</em> by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On the night of <strong>26-27 April 1943</strong>, a plane crashed right behind the Carlton in Reguliersdwarsstraat. The hotel and many nearby buildings were destroyed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne writes about this in het diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 202-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres:</strong> Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Carlton was in de <strong>jaren dertig</strong> als een van prestigieuzere hotels van Amsterdam het decor van talloze concerten, feesten, vergaderingen, bridge- en schaakwedstrijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de oorlogsjaren was het Carlton als <em>Luftgaukommando</em> door de Duitsers in gebruik.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>26 op 27 april 1943</strong> stortte een vliegtuig vlak achter het Carlton in de Reguliersdwarsstraat neer. Het hotel en veel gebouwen in de omgeving zijn verwoest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft dit in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Zie ook: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 201-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Address</em>: Vijzelstraat 2-14, te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels in the <strong>1930s</strong>, the Carlton was the setting for countless concerts, parties, meetings, bridge and chess competitions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the war years, the Carlton was used as a <em>Luftgaukommando</em> by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On the night of <strong>26-27 April 1943</strong>, a plane crashed right behind the Carlton in Reguliersdwarsstraat. The hotel and many nearby buildings were destroyed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne writes about this in het diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bxulf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 282. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_(Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">Carlton Hotel (Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0wd5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Bridge-wedstrijd", <em>Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad</em>, 12 mei 1933; "Cab Calloway in het Carlton-Hotel", <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 31 maart 1934 (avondeditie); "V.V.V. Amsterdam", <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 november 1938; "Frans chanson in Carlton", <em>Het Volk</em>, 18 maart 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z43yn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: Online inventaris Wehrmachtbefehlhaber in den Niederlanden (toegang 001), onder inv. nr. 5.1; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 202-202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f54wo\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer en S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0rpr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.892963 52.366387)",
"summary": "In the 1930s the Carlton was one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels. During the war years, the hotel was in use as a Luftgaukommando of the German occupation forces.",
"summary_nl": "Het Carlton was in de jaren dertig als een van prestigieuzere hotels van Amsterdam Tijdens de oorlogsjaren was het hotel in gebruik als Luftgaukommando van de Duitse bezetter.",
"summary_en": "In the 1930s the Carlton was one of Amsterdam's more prestigious hotels. During the war years, the hotel was in use as a Luftgaukommando of the German occupation forces.",
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"name": "An airplane crashes behind the Carlton Hotel",
"name_nl": "Een vliegtuig stort neer achter het Carlton Hotel",
"name_en": "An airplane crashes behind the Carlton Hotel",
"content": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was tijdens de bezetting door de Duitsers in gebruik om er officieren van de <em>Luftwaffe</em> en hun aanhang onder te brengen. Ook andere gebouwen in de omgeving waren bij de <em>Luftwaffe</em> in gebruik. Dit trok natuurlijk de aandacht van de geallieerden maar het Duitse afweergeschut wist een RAF toestel te raken, het stortte neer op een aantal woonhuizen achter het Carlton Hotel waarbij ook veel schade ontstond aan het hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beschrijft dit in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Het Carlton Hotel is kapot, twee Engelse vliegers met een grote lading brandbommen aan boord zijn precies op het "Offiziersheim" gevallen. De hele hoek Vijzelstraat-Singel is afgebrand.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De Duitsers moesten noodgedwongen het commando verplaatsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Carlton Hotel in Amsterdam was used by the Germans during the occupation to house officers of the <em>Luftwaffe</em> and their entourage. Other buildings in the area were also in use by the <em>Luftwaffe</em>. This naturally attracted the attention of the Allies but German anti-aircraft fire managed to hit an RAF aircraft, it crashed into a number of residential houses behind the Carlton Hotel also causing a lot of damage to the hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne describes this in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"The Carlton Hotel is smashed to bits. Two British planes loaded with incendiary bombs feel right on top of the 'Offizierenheim'. The whole Vijzelstraat-Singel corner is burnt down."<sup data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The Germans were forced to move the command post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phw15\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxwce\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.reguliers.net/oorlogsbrand.php</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"liq3v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, trans. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phw15\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor een uitgebreide reconstructie zie: <a href=\"https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.upinthesky.nl/2022/07/23/de-carlton-crash-in-hart-van-amsterdam/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-04-26",
"date_end": "1943-04-27",
"summary": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Het Carlton Hotel pand werd verwoest toen in de nacht van 26 op 27 april 1943 een Britse Halifax-bommenwerper achter het hotel neerstortte.",
"summary_en": "The Carlton Hotel building was destroyed when a British Halifax bomber crashed behind the hotel on the night of 26-27 April 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
194
],
"persons": [],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 280,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 111,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "52.395712",
"longitude": "4.908534",
"events": [
{
"id": 280,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7e57b8ad-7d04-4c23-b306-6fdb4023bb12/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/aa5d5389-aa80-43d5-ae29-5d32a997fbc9"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/0f90d12e-14ef-4acb-b44f-c3692319565a",
"published": true,
"uuid": "7e57b8ad-7d04-4c23-b306-6fdb4023bb12",
"name": "Allied bombs fall around he Fokker factories",
"name_nl": "Geallieerde bommen vallen rond de Fokkerfabrieken",
"name_en": "Allied bombs fall around he Fokker factories",
"content": "<p>The bombs missed their target completely and landed on a residential neighbourhood. More than 150 civilians lost their lives. Many victims later succumbed to their injuries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank writes in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"North Amsterdam was very heavily bombed on Sunday. The devastation seems to be terrible, whole streets lie in ruins (…). You hear of chldren lost in the smouldering ruins, looking for their parents. I shudder when I recall the dull, droning rumble in the distance (…)." <sup data-footnote-id=\"as32z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord</a> (geraadpleegd 14 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"as32z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p> De bommen misten hun doel volledig en kwamen terecht op een woonwijk. Meer dan 150 burgers verloren hun leven. Veel slachtoffers bezweken later aan hun verwondingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank schrijft in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Zondag is Amsterdam‑Noord heel zwaar gebombardeerd. De verwoesting moet ontzettend zijn, hele straten liggen in puin (…). Je hoort van kinderen die verloren in de smeulende ruïnes naar hun dode ouders zoeken. Rillingen krijg ik als ik nog aan het doffe, dreunende gerommel in de verte denk (…).' <sup data-footnote-id=\"as32z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord</a> (geraadpleegd 14 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"as32z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The bombs missed their target completely and landed on a residential neighbourhood. More than 150 civilians lost their lives. Many victims later succumbed to their injuries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank writes in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"North Amsterdam was very heavily bombed on Sunday. The devastation seems to be terrible, whole streets lie in ruins (…). You hear of chldren lost in the smouldering ruins, looking for their parents. I shudder when I recall the dull, droning rumble in the distance (…)." <sup data-footnote-id=\"as32z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord</a> (geraadpleegd 14 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"as32z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-07-17",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The Allied bombing of the Fokker factories on 17 July 1943 ended in tragedy.",
"summary_nl": "Het geallieerde bombardement van de Fokkerfabrieken op 17 juli 1943 liep uit op een drama.",
"summary_en": "The Allied bombing of the Fokker factories on 17 July 1943 ended in tragedy.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 194,
"image": {
"id": 970,
"uuid": "08ca1ef9-c15a-4001-a1fb-26ce9e07998a",
"name": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"title": "Landkaart van Normandië met de voortgang van de Geallieerde troepen na de invasie van 6 juni 1944",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/82d3da0f-6fa3-05a7-74e5-bb5576ebdd91.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Dit kaartje stond op 7 en 8 juni 1944 op de voorpagina van de Telegraaf. Gezien de vouw, links van Deauville, is het waarschijnlijk het kaartje uit de Telegraaf van 8 juni. Op 6 juni 1944, ofwel D-Day, landden de geallieerden in Normandië in Frankrijk. Otto Frank knipte het landkaartje uit de Telegraaf en hing het naast de groeistreepjes op de muur van de woon- slaapkamer. Met knopspelden hield hij de vorderingen van de geallieerden bij. Op de wand geprikt in de kamer van Otto , Edith en Margot Frank in het achterhuis op de tweede verdieping van Prinsengracht 263.\r\nDit object maakt deel uit van een reeks onderdelen van het interieur van het achterhuis. Het Achterhuis bestond uit zes verdiepingen. Op de begane grond en de eerste verdieping bevond zich het achtermagazijn kantoorruimte en opslagruimte. De onderduikers leefden op de tweede en derde verdieping. Op de vierde en de vijfde verdieping bevonden zich de zolder en de vliering.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3c23b216-9276-456b-b53d-370173d568f8",
"name": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De oorlog in het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The war in the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop. Verder zijn het uiteraard de zeer specifieke anti-Joodse maatregelen, als onderdeel van de oorlogsomstandigheden in het algemeen, die het onderduiken noodzakelijk maken. Deze maatregelen komen in het onderwerp <em>Anti-Joodse maatregelen</em> aan bod. Hier gaat het om de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In Nederland</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne schrijft in haar in <strong>juni 1942</strong> begonnen dagboek af en toe over de oorlogsdagen van <strong>mei ‘40</strong> in Nederland. Concrete herinneringen aan de strijd in de meidagen zijn daar niet bij, terwijl boven Amsterdam-Zuid vanwege de nabijheid van Schiphol veel luchtactiviteit is geweest. Drie dagen voor haar dertiende verjaardag, op <strong>9 juni 1942</strong>, kwam een zendapparaat uit een Engels vliegtuig neer op het dak van Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> maar Anne heeft het hier niet over. Een paar dagen na haar verjaardag bedenkt ze dat haar verjaardag er in <strong>1940</strong> bij inschoot vanwege de oorlog die toen net was uitgevochten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>juli ’42</strong> schrijft Anne in retrospectieve zin over de oorlog in Europa, de inval in Nederland en de steeds verdergaande maatregelen tegen de Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er staan in het dagboek wel meerdere verwijzingen naar verzetsactiviteiten en de Duitse reacties daarop. Zo brachten de kranten in <strong>oktober ’42</strong> het nieuws dat er vijftien gijzelaars waren doodgeschoten, wat Anne in haar dagboek opnam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ze maakt ook melding van brandstichtingen bij de Arbeidsbeurs en het Bevolkingsregister. Deze gebeurtenissen plaatst ze, als ze in <strong>1944</strong> de notitie schrijft, 'een paar dagen' na elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In werkelijkheid vonden de incidenten plaats op respectievelijk <strong>10 februari</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> en <strong>27 maart 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier spelen de discrepanties tussen A- en B- versies van Annes dagboek een verwarrende rol.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door de vele luchtactiviteit ging in Amsterdam vaak het luchtalarm af. Dit joeg Anne angst aan, vooral als daarbij de luchtafweer in actie kwam. Het ‘schieten’ is een thema dat vaak terugkomt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De zware aanvallen op de Fokkerfabrieken in Noord en op de haven van IJmuiden vinden een plaats in Annes dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Haar notities over Fokker, waarin ze de vele alarmeringen van de Luchtbescherming noemt, stemmen goed overeen met de ‘luchtgevaar’-meldingen die de politie optekende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Dat lijkt er op te wijzen dat ze deze notitie in de B-versie, waarin <strong>1943</strong> alleen in retrospectief aan bod komt, baseerde op haar eerdere aantekeningen - die verloren zijn gegaan.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naast een vliegtuig dat <strong>eind april ‘43</strong> op het Carlton Hotel neerkwam,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> stortten er nog twee keer vliegtuigen dichtbij het Achterhuis neer. <strong>Op 22 maart 1944</strong> kwam een Amerikaanse bommenwerper terecht op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Bij een luchtgevecht op <strong>3 mei</strong> ontploften boven Amsterdam enkele geallieerde toestellen in de lucht; andere stortten in en om de stad neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Een toestel kwam neer in de Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Deze locaties waren alle drie op minder dan anderhalve kilometer afstand. Anne noteert ook deze incidenten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Begin ’44</strong> nam de vrees toe dat Nederland strijdtoneel kan worden. Duitse autoriteiten waarschuwden voor de verstrekkende gevolgen, zoals het inunderen van delen van het land. De <em>Haagsche Post </em>publiceerde een landkaartje waarop is aangegeven welke gevolgen inundatie van West-Nederland zou hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart weersprak de geruchten over evacuatie van de steden in het westen, en liet proclamaties aanplakken die de bevolking aanmaandn het dagelijks leven voort te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In het Achterhuis leidden die proclamaties en berichten tot angst. Anne refereert aan het inundatiekaartje, en beschrijft het maken van plannen om een watervoorraad in mandflessen aan te leggen. De mogelijke gevolgen van een evacuatie werden met onder andere Jan Gies besproken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juni ’44</strong> kwam het Anne ter ore dat Anton Mussert aankondigde bij een geallieerde inval in Nederland dienst in het Duitse leger te zullen nemen. Die aankondiging, gedaan op een bijeenkomst in het Concertgebouw, kwam op Annes verjaardag in de dagbladen terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Zo’n twee weken later zet ze het in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het Oostfront</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’42</strong> schrijft Anne dat Stalingrad nog altijd niet door de Duitsers veroverd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> De latere ontwikkelingen aan het Oostfront hield ze vrij goed bij. Ze noteert wanneer de Sovjettroepen bij het Gouvernement-Generaal, vlakbij Roemenië, voor Odessa en rondom Ternopil staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> In <strong>juni en juli ’44</strong> volgen er nog notities over onder meer over de val van Zhlobin en Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Haar notities stemmen overeen met de destijds via legale en illegale kanalen beschikbare informatie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Noord-Afrika en Zuid-Europa</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Engelse offensief in Noord-Afrika voedde in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> de hoop dat Duitsland snel zou zijn verslagen. Anne toont zich echter wel bevreesd voor ‘nieuwe blunders’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Met dit laatste doelde ze zeer waarschijnlijk op <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, de zogenaamde ‘proeflanding’ bij Dieppe die algemeen als een fiasco wordt gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne blijft in haar dagboek verslag doen van het verloop van de strijd in Noord-Afrika.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Tegen het <strong>einde van 1942</strong> waren ‘de heren’ vrolijk over het verloop van de strijd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de geallieerden de sprong naar Italië maakten, komen hun vorderingen aan de orde. Of het gebrek er aan, toen het offensief bij Monte Cassino vastliep.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Daags voor D-Day kan ze echter de verovering van Rome door het Vijfde Leger noteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart ’43</strong> verschoof de positie van Turkije in het internationale krachtenveld. De verwarrende berichten hierover komen in het Achterhuis en in Annes dagboek terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>De invasie en het Westelijk front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als talloze anderen in Nederland en wereldwijd wachtten de onderduikers met smart op de opening van het ‘derde front’ in West-Europa. <strong>Begin ’44</strong> leejt iedereen te denken dat het bijna zo ver was. Churchill voorspelde dat de wereld binnen enkele weken de grootste militaire operatie uit de geschiedenis ging meemaken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> De ‘invasie-stemming’ in het Achterhuis nam hierdoor toe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In de volgende maanden hield dit de onderduikers bezig. <strong>Begin mei</strong> schrijft Anne dat de geallieerden toch niet alles maar aan de Sovjettroepen over kunnen laten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> Ze verliest er een weddenschap over met mevrouw Van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> Als op <strong>6 juni 1944</strong> de invasie toch komt, denken de onderduikers aan het ontbijt nog dat het opnieuw een ‘proeflanding’ is.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne beschrijft het verloop van de strijd na D-Day, en vermeldt daarbij ook het gevangennemen van vijf Duitse generaals en de inzet van de Duitse ‘wonderwapens’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> De onderduikers hielden de geallieerde vorderingen op een uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>geknipt kaartje bij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Het optimisme onder hen was opnieuw groot. Otto Frank en Hermann van Pels beweerdn dat ze uiterlijk <strong>10 oktober</strong> vrij zouden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Naar aanleiding van de mislukte aanslag op Hitler noteert Anne op <strong>21 juli 1944</strong> voor het laatst iets dat met de oorlogsontwikkelingen heeft te maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afloop is bekend: op <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> arresteerde de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> de onderduikers in het Achterhuis, en ook de helpers Kugler en Kleiman. Alle gekoesterde hoop op tijdige bevrijding werd hiermee gelogenstraft.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 juni 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, juli (onbekende donderdag) 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 20 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, 28 maart en 2 juni 1944; Dagboek B, 27 februari, 18 mei en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 29 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A-versie, 23 maart 1944; Dagboek B, 27 april en 18 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 en 9 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 31 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 en 30 juni, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5, 10 en 13 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 18 en 19 maart 1943, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 6, 9, 13, 23 en 27 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 23 juni 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course. And of course the very specific anti-Jewish measures, as part of the war conditions in general, that made going into hiding necessary. These measures are discussed in the topic <em>Anti-Jewish measures</em>. Here we are concerned with the perception of the more general wartime developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>In the Netherlands</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne occasionally wrote in her diary, which she started in <strong>June 1942</strong>, about the invasion of the Netherlands in <strong>May 1940</strong>. She did not include any concrete memories of those battles, despite the fact that there had been a lot of air activity over Amsterdam-Zuid because of its proximity to Schiphol Airport. Three days before her thirteenth birthday, on <strong>9 June 1942,</strong> a transmitting device from an English plane came down on the roof of Merwedeplein 8,<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> but Anne did not talk about this. A few days after her birthday, she remembered that she couldn't celebrate her birthday in <strong>1940</strong> because of the invasion that had just taken place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Anne wrote retrospectively about the war in Europe, the invasion of the Netherlands and the increasingly far-reaching measures against the Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The diary does contain several references to resistance activities and German reactions to them. For example, in <strong>October 1942</strong>, newspapers carried the news that 15 hostages had been shot, which Anne recorded in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fez34\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> She also mentions arson at the Labour Exchange and the Register of Population. She places these events, when she writes the note in <strong>1944</strong>, "a few days" apart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In reality, the incidents took place on <strong>10 February</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> and <strong>27 March 1943</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The discrepancies between the A and B versions of Anne's diary play a confusing role in this respect.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to the frequent air activity, the air raid alarm often went off in Amsterdam. This frightened Anne, especially when anti-aircraft guns were in action. 'Shooting' is a theme that often recurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Anne mentions in her diary the heavy attacks on the Fokker factories in Noord and on the port of IJmuiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Her notes on Fokker, in which she mentions the many alerts from the Air Protection Service, correspond well with the 'air hazard' reports recorded by the police.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> This seems to indicate that she based this note in the B-version, in which <strong>1943</strong> is only discussed retrospectively, on her earlier notes - which have been lost.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In addition to a plane crashing into the Carlton Hotel <strong>in late April 1943</strong>,<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> two more planes crashed close to the Secret Annex. <strong>On 22 March 1944,</strong> an American bomber crashed into a school on Spaarndammerstraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> In an air battle on <strong>3 May</strong>, several Allied aircraft exploded in the sky over Amsterdam, and others crashed in and around the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> One plane came down in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> All three of these locations were less than a kilometre and a half away. Anne also notes these incidents.<sup data-footnote-id=\"640op\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In early 1944</strong>, fears grew that the Netherlands could become a warzone. German authorities warned of the far-reaching consequences of this, such as the inundation of parts of the country. The <em>Haagsche Post </em>published a map showing what consequences inundation of the western Netherlands would have.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Seyss-Inquart refuted the rumours about evacuation of the cities in the west, and had proclamations posted urging the population to continue their daily lives.<sup data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> In the Secret Annex, these proclamations and notices led to fear. Anne refers to the inundation map, and describes making plans to stockpile water in basket bottles. The possible consequences of an evacuation were discussed with Jan Gies, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>June 1944</strong>, it came to Anne's attention that Anton Mussert announced he would serve in the German army in the event of an Allied invasion of the Netherlands. That announcement, made at a meeting in the Concertgebouw, made its way into the daily newspapers on Anne's birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Some two weeks later, she put it in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"002ao\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The Eastern Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1942,</strong> Anne wrote that Stalingrad had still not been captured by the Germans.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> She kept pretty good track of subsequent developments on the Eastern Front. She notes when Soviet troops are at the Gouvernement-Generale, near Romania, in front of Odessa and around Ternopil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Further notes follow in <strong>June and July 1944</strong>, including on the fall of Zhlobin and Orsja.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Her notes match the information available through legal and illegal channels at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>North Africa and southern Europe</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The British offensive in North Africa in <strong>autumn 1942</strong> fuelled hopes that Germany would soon be defeated. Anne, however, showed a fear of "new blunders".<sup data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> By the latter, she was most likely referring to <em>Operation Jubilee</em>, the so-called 'trial landing' at Dieppe that was widely seen as a fiasco.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Anne continued to report in her diary on the course of the battle in North Africa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> By the <strong>end of 1942</strong>, 'the gentlemen' were upbeat about the course of the battle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the Allies landed in Italy, their progress was discussed. Or the lack of it, when the offensive at Monte Cassino stalled.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> However, days before D-Day, she noted the Fifth Army's capture of Rome.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nusep\"><a href=\"#footnote-29\" id=\"footnote-marker-29-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[29]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March '43</strong>, Turkey's position in the international arena shifted. Confusing reports of this emerge in the Secret Annex and in Anne's diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-30\" id=\"footnote-marker-30-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[30]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>The invasion and the Western Front</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Like countless others in the Netherlands and worldwide, the people in the Secret Annex were eagerly awaiting the opening of the 'third front' in Western Europe. <strong>In early 1944</strong>, everyone seemed to think that it was almost there. Churchill predicted that within weeks the world was about to witness the biggest military operation in history.<sup data-footnote-id=\"efjki\"><a href=\"#footnote-31\" id=\"footnote-marker-31-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[31]</a></sup> This increased the 'invasion mood' in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\"><a href=\"#footnote-32\" id=\"footnote-marker-32-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[32]</a></sup> In the following months, this kept the people in hiding busy. <strong>In early May,</strong> Anne wrote that the Allies could not just leave everything to the Soviets after all.<sup data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\"><a href=\"#footnote-33\" id=\"footnote-marker-33-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[33]</a></sup> She lost a bet with Mrs Van Pels about it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"286dq\"><a href=\"#footnote-34\" id=\"footnote-marker-34-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[34]</a></sup> When the invasion did start on <strong>6 June 1944</strong>, the people in hiding still thought at breakfast that it was another 'trial landing'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\"><a href=\"#footnote-35\" id=\"footnote-marker-35-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[35]</a></sup> Anne described the course of the battle after D-Day, also mentioning the capture of five German generals and the deployment of the German 'miracle weapons'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\"><a href=\"#footnote-36\" id=\"footnote-marker-36-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[36]</a></sup> They kept track of Allied progress on a map cut from <em>De Telegraaf </em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"647sh\"><a href=\"#footnote-37\" id=\"footnote-marker-37-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[37]</a></sup> Optimism among them was high again. Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels claimed they would be free by <strong>10 October</strong> at the latest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\"><a href=\"#footnote-38\" id=\"footnote-marker-38-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[38]</a></sup> Following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler, Anne last noted anything to do with the war developments on <strong>21 July 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\"><a href=\"#footnote-39\" id=\"footnote-marker-39-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[39]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The outcome is well known: on <strong>4 August 1944,</strong> the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> arrested the people in the Secret Annex, as well as the helpers Kugler and Kleiman. All cherished hopes of timely liberation were thus dashed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7u93\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948, p. 71</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohvpp\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 June 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dyitg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, July (unknown Thursday) 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.v</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fez34\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 20 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x1pws\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f1ma4\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6180: Afschrift van rapport Nr. 41, 10-11 februari 1943, 23.45 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mkh8y\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Bekendmaking”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yb3pl\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A.o.: Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, 28 March and 2 June 1944; Diary Version B, 27 February, 18 May and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv1sk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 29 March 1944; Diary Version B, 27 April and 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhdf9\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Registers luchtalarm, 25 en 26 juli 1943; Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gpchq\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mzpbe\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 - 1945</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w17zx\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6489 en 5878: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"640op\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 March 1944; Version B, 27 April and 18 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzhbt\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Komt de invasie ook in Nederland?”, <em>Haagsche Post</em>, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"glqrn\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Kabinet van de Burgemeester, inv. nr.: 1273. ‘Bekanntmachung/Bekendmaking’, 29 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1jt30\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"la6u6\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>O.a. “Mussert soldaat van de Duitsche Weermacht”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 12 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"002ao\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hxuah\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, DIary Version A, 5 and 9 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5huwb\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 31 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1y4pr\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 and 30 June, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1p65f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Odessa middelpunt van Sovjet-aanval”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 30 maart 1944; “Zware gevechten gaande ten Noorden van Odessa”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 8 april 1944. Over Zlobin en Orsja: <em>B.B.C., </em>27 juni 1944; <em>De bevrijding</em>, 28 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inl8w\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v9a40\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. de Jong, <em>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 6: juli '42 -mei '43 : eerste helft</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1975, p. 81-83.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n02yh\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5, 10 and 13 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t6nlr\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ecw6t\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nusep\" id=\"footnote-29\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-29-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 june 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qgn3u\" id=\"footnote-30\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-30-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 18 and 19 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"efjki\" id=\"footnote-31\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-31-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Een nieuwe voorspelling van Churchill“, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 20 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1zvn4\" id=\"footnote-32\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-32-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"du0mt\" id=\"footnote-33\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-33-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"286dq\" id=\"footnote-34\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-34-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2w8h2\" id=\"footnote-35\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-35-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rojfb\" id=\"footnote-36\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-36-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 6, 9, 13, 23 and 27 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"647sh\" id=\"footnote-37\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-37-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Achterhuis_II_010: Normandiëkaartje uit <em>De Telegraaf </em>van 8 juni 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5pbhl\" id=\"footnote-38\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-38-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 23 June 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pgyrd\" id=\"footnote-39\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-39-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
"summary_nl": "Er wordt in het Achterhuis zeer veel over ‘de politiek’ gesproken. De facto gaat het dan vooral om militaire operaties en hun verloop: de beleving van de algemenere oorlogsontwikkelingen in Nederland en daarbuiten. Omdat de geallieerde overwinning voor de onderduikers natuurlijk van levensbelang is, volgen ze de voortgang op de voet. Hun informatie komt van de radio, wordt verteld door de helpers of is afkomstig uit de (boven- of ondergrondse) bladen die deze meebrengen.",
"summary_en": "There was a lot of talk about 'politics' in the Secret Annex. In concrete terms, this mainly concerned military operations and their course: the perception of the more general war developments in the Netherlands and abroad. Since the Allied victory was obviously vital for the people in hiding, they followed the progress closely. Their information came from the radio, was related by the helpers or came from the mainstream or underground newspapers and magazines they brought with them.",
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"name": "Fokker, N.V. Dutch Aircraft Factory",
"name_nl": "Fokker, N.V. Nederlandsche Vliegtuigfabriek",
"name_en": "Fokker, N.V. Dutch Aircraft Factory",
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"content": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Papaverweg 31-33.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6c6p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dutch aviation pioneer AnthonyFokker received major orders from the German army leadership after the outbreak of the First World War in <strong>1914</strong>. This allowed him to realize his plans for an aircraft factory. In <strong>1918</strong> he came to the Netherlands with supplies and inventory and established his company in Amsterdam-North.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrdg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the Second World War, the factory was confiscated and used for the German war effort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"92bg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Air raids in <strong>July 1943</strong> caused extensive damage to the factory, but especially to the surrounding residential areas. There were many casualties among the civilian population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ggpr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne Frank writes about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yeo83\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6c6p2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1358.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrdg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rob Hartgers, ‘Ondernemer Anthony Fokker’, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 9 (september). Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fokker\" target=\"_blank\">Anthony Fokker</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"92bg8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker\" target=\"_blank\">Fokker</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ggpr5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.L. van der Pauw, <em>De bombardementen op Amsterdam-Noord. Juli 1943, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2009; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 264-265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yeo83\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 and 26 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><strong>Adres</strong>: Papaverweg 31-33.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6c6p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse luchtvaartpionier Anthony Fokker kreeg na het uitbreken van de Eerste Wereldoorlog in <strong>1914</strong> grote opdrachten van de Duitse legerleiding. Hierdoor kon hij zijn plannen voor een vliegtuigfabriek verwezenlijken. In <strong>1918</strong> kwam hij met voorraden en inboedel naar Nederland en vestigde zijn bedrijf in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrdg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd de fabriek in beslag genomen en voor Duitse oorlogsdoelen ingezet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"slnh8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Luchtaanvallen in <strong>juli ’43</strong> veroorzaakte grote schade aan de fabriek, maar vooral ook in de omliggende woonwijken. Er vielen veel doden onder de burgerbevolking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ggpr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne Frank schrijft daarover in haar dagboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yeo83\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6c6p2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1358.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrdg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rob Hartgers, ‘Ondernemer Anthony Fokker’, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 9 (september). Zie ook: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fokker\" target=\"_blank\">Anthony Fokker</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"slnh8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Technologies\" target=\"_blank\">Fokker Technologies</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ggpr5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.L. van der Pauw, <em>De bombardementen op Amsterdam-Noord. Juli 1943, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2009; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945,</em> Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 264-265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yeo83\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 en 26 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><strong>Address</strong>: Papaverweg 31-33.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6c6p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dutch aviation pioneer AnthonyFokker received major orders from the German army leadership after the outbreak of the First World War in <strong>1914</strong>. This allowed him to realize his plans for an aircraft factory. In <strong>1918</strong> he came to the Netherlands with supplies and inventory and established his company in Amsterdam-North.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlrdg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the Second World War, the factory was confiscated and used for the German war effort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"92bg8\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Air raids in <strong>July 1943</strong> caused extensive damage to the factory, but especially to the surrounding residential areas. There were many casualties among the civilian population.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ggpr5\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Anne Frank writes about this in her diary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yeo83\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6c6p2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Algemeen Adresboek voor de stad Amsterdam</em> 1938, p. 1358.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlrdg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rob Hartgers, ‘Ondernemer Anthony Fokker’, in: <em>Ons Amsterdam</em>, 58 (2006) 9 (september). Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fokker\" target=\"_blank\">Anthony Fokker</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"92bg8\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker\" target=\"_blank\">Fokker</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ggpr5\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.L. van der Pauw, <em>De bombardementen op Amsterdam-Noord. Juli 1943, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2009; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 264-265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yeo83\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 and 26 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.908534 52.395712)",
"summary": "Aircraft factory in Amsterdam-North. During the war, the factory was used for the German war effort. Air raids in July 1943 caused extensive damage to the factory.",
"summary_nl": "Vliegtuigenfabriek in Amsterdam Noord. Tijdens de oorlog werd de fabriek voor Duitse oorlogsdoelen ingezet. Luchtaanvallen in juli 1943 veroorzaakte grote schade aan de fabriek",
"summary_en": "Aircraft factory in Amsterdam-North. During the war, the factory was used for the German war effort. Air raids in July 1943 caused extensive damage to the factory.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7e57b8ad-7d04-4c23-b306-6fdb4023bb12/",
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"uuid": "7e57b8ad-7d04-4c23-b306-6fdb4023bb12",
"name": "Allied bombs fall around he Fokker factories",
"name_nl": "Geallieerde bommen vallen rond de Fokkerfabrieken",
"name_en": "Allied bombs fall around he Fokker factories",
"content": "<p>The bombs missed their target completely and landed on a residential neighbourhood. More than 150 civilians lost their lives. Many victims later succumbed to their injuries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank writes in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"North Amsterdam was very heavily bombed on Sunday. The devastation seems to be terrible, whole streets lie in ruins (…). You hear of chldren lost in the smouldering ruins, looking for their parents. I shudder when I recall the dull, droning rumble in the distance (…)." <sup data-footnote-id=\"as32z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord</a> (geraadpleegd 14 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"as32z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p> De bommen misten hun doel volledig en kwamen terecht op een woonwijk. Meer dan 150 burgers verloren hun leven. Veel slachtoffers bezweken later aan hun verwondingen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank schrijft in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘Zondag is Amsterdam‑Noord heel zwaar gebombardeerd. De verwoesting moet ontzettend zijn, hele straten liggen in puin (…). Je hoort van kinderen die verloren in de smeulende ruïnes naar hun dode ouders zoeken. Rillingen krijg ik als ik nog aan het doffe, dreunende gerommel in de verte denk (…).' <sup data-footnote-id=\"as32z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord</a> (geraadpleegd 14 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"as32z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 19 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The bombs missed their target completely and landed on a residential neighbourhood. More than 150 civilians lost their lives. Many victims later succumbed to their injuries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank writes in her diary:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"North Amsterdam was very heavily bombed on Sunday. The devastation seems to be terrible, whole streets lie in ruins (…). You hear of chldren lost in the smouldering ruins, looking for their parents. I shudder when I recall the dull, droning rumble in the distance (…)." <sup data-footnote-id=\"as32z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord\" target=\"_blank\">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementen_op_Amsterdam-Noord</a> (geraadpleegd 14 november 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"as32z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 19 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1943-07-17",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The Allied bombing of the Fokker factories on 17 July 1943 ended in tragedy.",
"summary_nl": "Het geallieerde bombardement van de Fokkerfabrieken op 17 juli 1943 liep uit op een drama.",
"summary_en": "The Allied bombing of the Fokker factories on 17 July 1943 ended in tragedy.",
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"name": "Peter van Pels imprisoned in Melk",
"name_nl": "Peter van Pels gevangen in Melk",
"name_en": "Peter van Pels imprisoned in Melk",
"content": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>Häftlingnummer 119162</em>, arrived at Mauthausen on <strong>25 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The card from the Mauthausen camp administration shows Peter's details and lists his physical characteristics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erroneously, the date of birth is given as 6 November 1926. The front of the card reads: <em>Tischler</em> (furniture maker). It also states that he was 1.73 metres tall and had a slim build. His face was oval, he had green eyes, flattened ears, a straight nose, full mouth, good teeth and black hair. According to the card, he spoke Dutch, English and German. It also states as a 'special feature' that he had a tattoo: his Auschwitz number.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arrival, Peter was placed in a quarantine hut until <strong>29 January 1945</strong>. In these there were no beds, the inmates lay side by side on the ground.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then Peter was transferred to the Melk subcamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> They were transported to Camp Melk, about seventy kilometres east of Mauthausen, in freight wagons. After a journey of about seven hours, the prisoners had to walk from the train station to the camp through a fierce snowstorm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was set up on 21 April 1944 as a concentration camp for male prisoners, who were to work as forced labourers on a project code-named Quarz: the construction in a mountain of an underground factory for the production of machine parts for tanks and aircraft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The Quarz project lasted from<strong> 20 March 1944 to 15 April 1945</strong>. The work, working conditions and treatment were extremely harsh and inhumane. There was no medical care whatsoever. The camp was overcrowded. With the arrival of the 29 January 1945 transport from Mauthausen, there were 10,314 prisoners at Melk. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between <strong>11 and 15 April 1945,</strong> prisoners from the <em>Aussenlager Melk</em> were evacuated to Ebensee. The sick returned to Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Peter van Pels was also sent back to the <em>Sanitätslager </em>of the Mauthausen main camp, deathly ill, on<strong> 11 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the Netherlands Red Cross, which relied on a list prepared by the US Army, Peter van Pels died on the day of the liberation of Mauthausen, <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to another list prepared by the US 3rd Army, Peter died after the liberation of Mauthausen on<strong> 10 May 1945</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Häftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoeëerd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje ‘Mijn eerste interview’ schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis, ‘Mijn eerste interview’, 22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen – Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee, </em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-Münichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) – 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt "Quarz". Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch Häftlinge des KZ Melk für die Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>Häftlingnummer 119162</em> kwam op <strong>25 januari 1945</strong> aan in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de kaart uit de kampadministratie van Mauthausen staan Peters gegevens en worden zijn lichamelijke kenmerken genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Op de voorkant van de kaart staat: <em>Tischler</em> (meubelmaker). Ook staat vermeld dat hij 1,73 meter lang was en een slank postuur had. Zijn gezicht was ovaal, hij had groene ogen, platliggende oren, een rechte neus, volle mond, een goed gebit en zwart haar. Hij sprak volgens de kaart Nederlands, Engels en Duits. Als ‘bijzonder kenmerk’ staat bovendien vermeldt dat hij een tatoeage had: zijn Auschwitznummer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst werd Peter tot <strong>29 januari 1945</strong> in quarantainebarakken geplaatst. Hierin stonden geen bedden, ze lagen zij aan zij op de grond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Daarna werd Peter overgeplaatst naar het buitenkamp Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In goederenwagons werden ze naar kamp Melk vervoerd, ongeveer zeventig kilometer ten oosten van Mauthausen. Na een reis van ongeveer zeven uur zouden de gevangenen door een heftige sneeuwstorm van het treinstation naar het kamp hebben moeten lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was op 21 april 1944 ingericht als concentratiekamp voor mannelijke gevangenen, die als dwangarbeiders moesten werken aan een project met de codenaam Quarz: de aanleg in een berg van een ondergrondse fabriek voor de productie van machineonderdelen voor tanks en vliegtuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het project Quarz duurt van<strong> 20 maart 1944 tot 15 april 1945</strong>. De werkzaamheden, arbeidsomstandigheden en behandeling waren extreem zwaar en onmenselijk. Er was geen enkele medische verzorging. Het kamp was overbevolkt Met de komst van het transport van 29 januari 1945 uit Mauthausen telde Melk 10.314 gevangenen. Tussen <strong>januari en april 1945</strong> stierven hier 3106 mensen door ziekte, ongelukken, mishandelingen, of doordat ze werden doodgeschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In een jaar tijd zijn ongeveer 5000 van de circa 15.000 gevangenen in het kamp Melk omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen <strong>11 en 15 april 1945</strong> worden de gevangenen van het Aussenlager Melk geëvacueerd naar Ebensee. De zieken gaan terug naar Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ook Peter van Pels werd op<strong> 11 april 1945</strong> doodziek teruggestuurd naar het Sanitätslager van het hoofdkamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, dat zich baseert op een lijst opgemaakt door het Amerikaanse leger, sterft Peter van Pels op de dag van de bevrijding van Mauthausen, <strong>5 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt door het 3rd US Army is Peter na de bevrijding van Mauthausen overleden op<strong> 10 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Häftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoeëerd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje ‘Mijn eerste interview’ schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis, ‘Mijn eerste interview’, 22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen – Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee, </em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-Münichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) – 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt "Quarz". Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch Häftlinge des KZ Melk für die Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>Häftlingnummer 119162</em>, arrived at Mauthausen on <strong>25 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The card from the Mauthausen camp administration shows Peter's details and lists his physical characteristics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erroneously, the date of birth is given as 6 November 1926. The front of the card reads: <em>Tischler</em> (furniture maker). It also states that he was 1.73 metres tall and had a slim build. His face was oval, he had green eyes, flattened ears, a straight nose, full mouth, good teeth and black hair. According to the card, he spoke Dutch, English and German. It also states as a 'special feature' that he had a tattoo: his Auschwitz number.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arrival, Peter was placed in a quarantine hut until <strong>29 January 1945</strong>. In these there were no beds, the inmates lay side by side on the ground.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then Peter was transferred to the Melk subcamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> They were transported to Camp Melk, about seventy kilometres east of Mauthausen, in freight wagons. After a journey of about seven hours, the prisoners had to walk from the train station to the camp through a fierce snowstorm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was set up on 21 April 1944 as a concentration camp for male prisoners, who were to work as forced labourers on a project code-named Quarz: the construction in a mountain of an underground factory for the production of machine parts for tanks and aircraft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The Quarz project lasted from<strong> 20 March 1944 to 15 April 1945</strong>. The work, working conditions and treatment were extremely harsh and inhumane. There was no medical care whatsoever. The camp was overcrowded. With the arrival of the 29 January 1945 transport from Mauthausen, there were 10,314 prisoners at Melk. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between <strong>11 and 15 April 1945,</strong> prisoners from the <em>Aussenlager Melk</em> were evacuated to Ebensee. The sick returned to Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Peter van Pels was also sent back to the <em>Sanitätslager </em>of the Mauthausen main camp, deathly ill, on<strong> 11 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the Netherlands Red Cross, which relied on a list prepared by the US Army, Peter van Pels died on the day of the liberation of Mauthausen, <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to another list prepared by the US 3rd Army, Peter died after the liberation of Mauthausen on<strong> 10 May 1945</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Häftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoeëerd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje ‘Mijn eerste interview’ schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis, ‘Mijn eerste interview’, 22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen – Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee, </em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-Münichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) – 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt "Quarz". Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch Häftlinge des KZ Melk für die Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-29",
"date_end": "1945-04-11",
"summary": "A few days after arriving in Mauthausen, Peter was transferred to Melk subcamp to perform forced labour. In April 1945, he was brought back to Mauthausen, very ill.",
"summary_nl": "Enkele dagen na aankomst in Mauthausen werd Peter overgebracht naar buitenkamp Melk om daar dwangarbeid te verrichten. In april 1945 werd hij doodziek teruggebracht naar Mauthausen.",
"summary_en": "A few days after arriving in Mauthausen, Peter was transferred to Melk subcamp to perform forced labour. In April 1945, he was brought back to Mauthausen, very ill.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
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"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"uuid": "5fde37cd-750d-4dce-b304-efae097dc6c2",
"content": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">As the Soviet army approached Auschwitz<strong> in mid-January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent on one of the many death marches used to clear the camp. On <strong>25 January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels arrived at Mauthausen camp. After several days of quarantine, Peter was transported to Melk camp on <strong>29 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mauthausen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was one of the sub-camps of Mauthausen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mauthausen had been established in <strong>1938</strong> as a camp for male prisoners. They had to perform extremely hard forced labour in the area's stone quarries. The camp was run by camp commander and <em>ss-Standartenführer</em> Franz Ziereis (1905-1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category. Due to the harsh regime and hard work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to give a life expectancy of three to four months. Some 190,000 people were deported to Mauthausen, over 90,000 of whom died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Melk</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was established as a concentration camp for male prisoners on <strong>21 April 1944</strong>. Melk was located in a former barracks, perched on the south-western edge of the town of Melk on the banks of the Danube. The camp commander was Julius Ludolph (1893-1947). The camp held an average of seven thousand prisoners of various nationalities. There were a striking number of young Jewish men under the age of 20 in Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners had to work as forced labourers on a project code-named <em>Quarz</em>, which involved the prisoners building an underground factory in a mountain to produce machine parts for tanks and aircraft. Due to the increase in Allied air raids<strong> in late 1943</strong>, aircraft and weapons factories were moved to secret underground locations so that war production could continue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrival of the <strong>29 January 1945 </strong>transport from Mauthausen, Melk had 10,314 prisoners. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot. In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Heavy forced labour </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was mainly the extremely hard forced labour to which many prisoners succumbed. In three shifts, the prisoners worked day and night drilling, excavating and shoring up the tunnel corridors, draining (quartz) sand, manufacturing the beams needed to shore up the tunnels, loading and unloading building materials and other construction work in the huge factory complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners worked under the supervision of SS officers, <em>kapos </em>and civilian workers. Each day, the prisoners attended roll call before marching downhill out of the camp in blocks of five by five under the guard of SS officers. The prisoners were forced to march in a line arm-in-arm to prevent anyone from escaping. If any of them made an escape attempt, the whole row was shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medical care was non-existent in Melk. The sick prisoners were left to fend for themselves and in some cases gassed or shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, as the Soviet army drew ever closer and was about to capture Vienna, Melk camp was evacuated in great haste. On <strong>11 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, the sick from the infirmary and the young men from the camp were sent back to Mauthausen by train. Peter van Pels was also among them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 May 1945</strong>, a reconnaissance unit of the US Third Army entered Mauthausen camp and Mauthausen was liberated. According to the Mauthausen death book, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 268, 276, 280-281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipdia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Melk\" target=\"_top\">KZ Melk</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 274 en 276.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275-276, 280.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 284.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 285.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 286.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">Toen het Sovjetleger<strong> midden januari 1945 </strong>Auschwitz naderde werd Peter van Pels meegestuurd op een van de vele dodenmarsen waarmee het kamp werd ontruimd. Op <strong>25 januari 1945</strong> kwam Peter van Pels aan in kamp Mauthausen. Na enkele dagen quarantaine werd Peter op <strong>29 januari 1945</strong> op transport gesteld naar kamp Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mauthausen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Kamp Melk was een van de buitenkampen van concentratiekamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl95n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mauthausen was in <strong>1938</strong> opgericht als een kamp voor mannelijke gevangenen. Zij moesten extreem zware dwangarbeid verrichten in de steengroeven in het gebied. Het kamp werd geleid door kampcommandant en ss-<em>Standartenführer </em>Franz Ziereis (1905-1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was een kamp van de zwaarste categorie. Door het harde regime en het zware werk in de steengroeven waren de sterftecijfers extreem hoog. Het was een combinatie van arbeid en uitroeiing. De gevangenen werkten zich letterlijk dood. Het dieet was berekend op een levensverwachting van drie tot vier maanden. Er werden circa 190.000 mensen naar Mauthausen gedeporteerd, van wie er ruim 90.000 omkwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Melk</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Kamp Melk was op <strong>21 april 1944</strong> ingericht als concentratiekamp voor mannelijke gevangenen. Melk was gevestigd in een voormalige kazerne, hooggelegen aan de zuidwestrand van het stadje Melk aan de oever van de Donau. De kampcommandant was Julius Ludolph (1893-1947). In het kamp verbleven gemiddeld zevenduizend gevangenen van verschillende nationaliteiten. In Melk waren opvallend veel jonge Joodse mannen onder de twintig jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gevangenen moesten als dwangarbeiders werken aan een project met de codenaam <em>Quarz</em>, waarbij de gevangenen in een berg van een ondergrondse fabriek moesten aanleggen voor de productie van machineonderdelen voor tanks en vliegtuigen. Vanwege de toename van de geallieerde luchtaanvallen<strong> eind 1943 </strong>werden vliegtuig- en wapenfabrieken verplaatst naar geheime ondergrondse locaties, zodat de oorlogsproductie door kon gaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met de komst van het transport van <strong>29 januari 1945 </strong>uit Mauthausen telde Melk 10.314 gevangenen. Tussen <strong>januari en april 1945</strong> stierven hier 3106 mensen door ziekte, ongelukken, mishandelingen, of doordat ze werden doodgeschoten. In een jaar tijd zijn ongeveer 5000 van de circa 15.000 gevangenen in kamp Melk omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zware dwangarbeid </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was vooral de extreem zware dwangarbeid waaraan veel gevangenen bezweken. In drie ploegendiensten werkten de gevangenen dag en nacht bij het boren, uitgraven en stutten van de tunnelgangen, het afvoeren van (kwarts)zand, de vervaardiging van de balken, nodig om de tunnels te stutten, het laden en lossen van bouwmaterialen en bij andere bouwwerkzaamheden in het gigantische fabriekscomplex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gevangenen werkten onder toezicht van SS’ers, kapo’s en civiele arbeiders. Dagelijks stonden de gevangenen op appel voordat ze in blokken van vijf bij vijf onder bewaking van SS’ers het kamp uit marcheerden naar beneden. De gevangenen liepen verplicht gearmd in een rij om te voorkomen dat iemand vluchtte. Wanneer een van hen een vluchtpoging deed, werd het hele rijtje doodgeschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Medische verzorging was er in Melk niet. De zieke gevangenen werden aan hun lot overgelaten en in sommige gevallen vergast of doodgeschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ontruiming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen begin <strong>april 1945</strong> het Sovjetleger steeds dichterbij kwam en op het punt stond Wenen te veroveren, werd kamp Melk in grote haast ontruimd. Op <strong>11 april 1945</strong> werden de zieken uit het Revier en de jonge mannen uit het kamp per trein teruggestuurd naar Mauthausen. Ook Peter van Pels was hierbij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 mei 1945</strong> kwam een verkenningseenheid van het Amerikaanse Derde Leger kamp Mauthausen binnen en was Mauthausen bevrijd. Volgens het dodenboek van Mauthausen overleed Peter van Pels uiteindelijk op <strong>10 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 268, 276, 280-281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl95n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Melk\" target=\"_blank\">KZ Melk</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 274 en 276.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275-276, 280.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 284.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 285.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 286.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">As the Soviet army approached Auschwitz<strong> in mid-January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent on one of the many death marches used to clear the camp. On <strong>25 January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels arrived at Mauthausen camp. After several days of quarantine, Peter was transported to Melk camp on <strong>29 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mauthausen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was one of the sub-camps of Mauthausen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mauthausen had been established in <strong>1938</strong> as a camp for male prisoners. They had to perform extremely hard forced labour in the area's stone quarries. The camp was run by camp commander and <em>ss-Standartenführer</em> Franz Ziereis (1905-1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category. Due to the harsh regime and hard work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to give a life expectancy of three to four months. Some 190,000 people were deported to Mauthausen, over 90,000 of whom died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Melk</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was established as a concentration camp for male prisoners on <strong>21 April 1944</strong>. Melk was located in a former barracks, perched on the south-western edge of the town of Melk on the banks of the Danube. The camp commander was Julius Ludolph (1893-1947). The camp held an average of seven thousand prisoners of various nationalities. There were a striking number of young Jewish men under the age of 20 in Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners had to work as forced labourers on a project code-named <em>Quarz</em>, which involved the prisoners building an underground factory in a mountain to produce machine parts for tanks and aircraft. Due to the increase in Allied air raids<strong> in late 1943</strong>, aircraft and weapons factories were moved to secret underground locations so that war production could continue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrival of the <strong>29 January 1945 </strong>transport from Mauthausen, Melk had 10,314 prisoners. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot. In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Heavy forced labour </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was mainly the extremely hard forced labour to which many prisoners succumbed. In three shifts, the prisoners worked day and night drilling, excavating and shoring up the tunnel corridors, draining (quartz) sand, manufacturing the beams needed to shore up the tunnels, loading and unloading building materials and other construction work in the huge factory complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners worked under the supervision of SS officers, <em>kapos </em>and civilian workers. Each day, the prisoners attended roll call before marching downhill out of the camp in blocks of five by five under the guard of SS officers. The prisoners were forced to march in a line arm-in-arm to prevent anyone from escaping. If any of them made an escape attempt, the whole row was shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medical care was non-existent in Melk. The sick prisoners were left to fend for themselves and in some cases gassed or shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, as the Soviet army drew ever closer and was about to capture Vienna, Melk camp was evacuated in great haste. On <strong>11 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, the sick from the infirmary and the young men from the camp were sent back to Mauthausen by train. Peter van Pels was also among them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 May 1945</strong>, a reconnaissance unit of the US Third Army entered Mauthausen camp and Mauthausen was liberated. According to the Mauthausen death book, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 268, 276, 280-281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipdia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Melk\" target=\"_top\">KZ Melk</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 274 en 276.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275-276, 280.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 284.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 285.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 286.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (15.325917 48.22225)",
"summary": "Melk camp was located about 80 kilometres east of concentration camp Mauthausen and was intended to house people forced to work in underground factories nearby.",
"summary_nl": "Kamp Melk lag ongeveer 80 kilometer ten oosten van concentratiekamp Mauthausen en was bedoeld voor de huisvesting van dwangarbeiders in naburige onderaardse fabrieken.",
"summary_en": "Melk camp was located about 80 kilometres east of concentration camp Mauthausen and was intended to house people forced to work in underground factories nearby.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/kampen/3684"
],
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Melk",
"state": "",
"land": "Oostenrijk",
"location_events": [
44
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5de2e668-8c21-4596-82ae-f39abbf07c03/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "5de2e668-8c21-4596-82ae-f39abbf07c03",
"name": "Peter van Pels imprisoned in Melk",
"name_nl": "Peter van Pels gevangen in Melk",
"name_en": "Peter van Pels imprisoned in Melk",
"content": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>Häftlingnummer 119162</em>, arrived at Mauthausen on <strong>25 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The card from the Mauthausen camp administration shows Peter's details and lists his physical characteristics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erroneously, the date of birth is given as 6 November 1926. The front of the card reads: <em>Tischler</em> (furniture maker). It also states that he was 1.73 metres tall and had a slim build. His face was oval, he had green eyes, flattened ears, a straight nose, full mouth, good teeth and black hair. According to the card, he spoke Dutch, English and German. It also states as a 'special feature' that he had a tattoo: his Auschwitz number.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arrival, Peter was placed in a quarantine hut until <strong>29 January 1945</strong>. In these there were no beds, the inmates lay side by side on the ground.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then Peter was transferred to the Melk subcamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> They were transported to Camp Melk, about seventy kilometres east of Mauthausen, in freight wagons. After a journey of about seven hours, the prisoners had to walk from the train station to the camp through a fierce snowstorm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was set up on 21 April 1944 as a concentration camp for male prisoners, who were to work as forced labourers on a project code-named Quarz: the construction in a mountain of an underground factory for the production of machine parts for tanks and aircraft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The Quarz project lasted from<strong> 20 March 1944 to 15 April 1945</strong>. The work, working conditions and treatment were extremely harsh and inhumane. There was no medical care whatsoever. The camp was overcrowded. With the arrival of the 29 January 1945 transport from Mauthausen, there were 10,314 prisoners at Melk. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between <strong>11 and 15 April 1945,</strong> prisoners from the <em>Aussenlager Melk</em> were evacuated to Ebensee. The sick returned to Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Peter van Pels was also sent back to the <em>Sanitätslager </em>of the Mauthausen main camp, deathly ill, on<strong> 11 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the Netherlands Red Cross, which relied on a list prepared by the US Army, Peter van Pels died on the day of the liberation of Mauthausen, <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to another list prepared by the US 3rd Army, Peter died after the liberation of Mauthausen on<strong> 10 May 1945</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Häftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoeëerd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje ‘Mijn eerste interview’ schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis, ‘Mijn eerste interview’, 22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen – Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee, </em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-Münichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) – 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt "Quarz". Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch Häftlinge des KZ Melk für die Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>Häftlingnummer 119162</em> kwam op <strong>25 januari 1945</strong> aan in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de kaart uit de kampadministratie van Mauthausen staan Peters gegevens en worden zijn lichamelijke kenmerken genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Op de voorkant van de kaart staat: <em>Tischler</em> (meubelmaker). Ook staat vermeld dat hij 1,73 meter lang was en een slank postuur had. Zijn gezicht was ovaal, hij had groene ogen, platliggende oren, een rechte neus, volle mond, een goed gebit en zwart haar. Hij sprak volgens de kaart Nederlands, Engels en Duits. Als ‘bijzonder kenmerk’ staat bovendien vermeldt dat hij een tatoeage had: zijn Auschwitznummer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst werd Peter tot <strong>29 januari 1945</strong> in quarantainebarakken geplaatst. Hierin stonden geen bedden, ze lagen zij aan zij op de grond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Daarna werd Peter overgeplaatst naar het buitenkamp Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In goederenwagons werden ze naar kamp Melk vervoerd, ongeveer zeventig kilometer ten oosten van Mauthausen. Na een reis van ongeveer zeven uur zouden de gevangenen door een heftige sneeuwstorm van het treinstation naar het kamp hebben moeten lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was op 21 april 1944 ingericht als concentratiekamp voor mannelijke gevangenen, die als dwangarbeiders moesten werken aan een project met de codenaam Quarz: de aanleg in een berg van een ondergrondse fabriek voor de productie van machineonderdelen voor tanks en vliegtuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Het project Quarz duurt van<strong> 20 maart 1944 tot 15 april 1945</strong>. De werkzaamheden, arbeidsomstandigheden en behandeling waren extreem zwaar en onmenselijk. Er was geen enkele medische verzorging. Het kamp was overbevolkt Met de komst van het transport van 29 januari 1945 uit Mauthausen telde Melk 10.314 gevangenen. Tussen <strong>januari en april 1945</strong> stierven hier 3106 mensen door ziekte, ongelukken, mishandelingen, of doordat ze werden doodgeschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In een jaar tijd zijn ongeveer 5000 van de circa 15.000 gevangenen in het kamp Melk omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen <strong>11 en 15 april 1945</strong> worden de gevangenen van het Aussenlager Melk geëvacueerd naar Ebensee. De zieken gaan terug naar Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Ook Peter van Pels werd op<strong> 11 april 1945</strong> doodziek teruggestuurd naar het Sanitätslager van het hoofdkamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, dat zich baseert op een lijst opgemaakt door het Amerikaanse leger, sterft Peter van Pels op de dag van de bevrijding van Mauthausen, <strong>5 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt door het 3rd US Army is Peter na de bevrijding van Mauthausen overleden op<strong> 10 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Häftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoeëerd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje ‘Mijn eerste interview’ schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis, ‘Mijn eerste interview’, 22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen – Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee, </em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-Münichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) – 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt "Quarz". Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch Häftlinge des KZ Melk für die Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>Häftlingnummer 119162</em>, arrived at Mauthausen on <strong>25 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The card from the Mauthausen camp administration shows Peter's details and lists his physical characteristics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erroneously, the date of birth is given as 6 November 1926. The front of the card reads: <em>Tischler</em> (furniture maker). It also states that he was 1.73 metres tall and had a slim build. His face was oval, he had green eyes, flattened ears, a straight nose, full mouth, good teeth and black hair. According to the card, he spoke Dutch, English and German. It also states as a 'special feature' that he had a tattoo: his Auschwitz number.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arrival, Peter was placed in a quarantine hut until <strong>29 January 1945</strong>. In these there were no beds, the inmates lay side by side on the ground.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then Peter was transferred to the Melk subcamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> They were transported to Camp Melk, about seventy kilometres east of Mauthausen, in freight wagons. After a journey of about seven hours, the prisoners had to walk from the train station to the camp through a fierce snowstorm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was set up on 21 April 1944 as a concentration camp for male prisoners, who were to work as forced labourers on a project code-named Quarz: the construction in a mountain of an underground factory for the production of machine parts for tanks and aircraft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The Quarz project lasted from<strong> 20 March 1944 to 15 April 1945</strong>. The work, working conditions and treatment were extremely harsh and inhumane. There was no medical care whatsoever. The camp was overcrowded. With the arrival of the 29 January 1945 transport from Mauthausen, there were 10,314 prisoners at Melk. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between <strong>11 and 15 April 1945,</strong> prisoners from the <em>Aussenlager Melk</em> were evacuated to Ebensee. The sick returned to Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Peter van Pels was also sent back to the <em>Sanitätslager </em>of the Mauthausen main camp, deathly ill, on<strong> 11 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the Netherlands Red Cross, which relied on a list prepared by the US Army, Peter van Pels died on the day of the liberation of Mauthausen, <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to another list prepared by the US 3rd Army, Peter died after the liberation of Mauthausen on<strong> 10 May 1945</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Häftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoeëerd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje ‘Mijn eerste interview’ schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis, ‘Mijn eerste interview’, 22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen – Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee, </em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-Münichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) – 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt "Quarz". Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch Häftlinge des KZ Melk für die Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7, Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-29",
"date_end": "1945-04-11",
"summary": "A few days after arriving in Mauthausen, Peter was transferred to Melk subcamp to perform forced labour. In April 1945, he was brought back to Mauthausen, very ill.",
"summary_nl": "Enkele dagen na aankomst in Mauthausen werd Peter overgebracht naar buitenkamp Melk om daar dwangarbeid te verrichten. In april 1945 werd hij doodziek teruggebracht naar Mauthausen.",
"summary_en": "A few days after arriving in Mauthausen, Peter was transferred to Melk subcamp to perform forced labour. In April 1945, he was brought back to Mauthausen, very ill.",
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"name": "Death of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "Death of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>There is uncertainty about Peter van Pels' exact date of death. According to his archive card in the Amsterdam population register, he died on <strong>5 May 1945 </strong>in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This date was taken from the data of the Dutch Red Cross, which in turn relied on a list drawn up by the US army at the liberation of Mauthausen on <strong>5</strong><strong> May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>11 April 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent back to Mauthausen and ended up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> (also called <em>Sterbelager</em> or <em>Russenlager</em>), where only deathly ill and those unfit for work were put.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Practically no one survived long here; the <em>Sanitätslager</em> was basically just a place to die. The death books of Mauthausen itself kept until liberation do not record the death of Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Comité International de la Croix-Rouge declared on 9 September1958 that Peter van Pels had died on 10 May 1945 according to the <em>Liste von Verstorbenen nach der befreiung in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Dutch Red Cross, on the other hand, declared in October 1960 that Peter van Pels had died on 5 May 1945 according to the Liste <em>der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although it is hard to believe that Peter van Pels could have survived the period from <strong>11 April </strong>to <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>in the <em>Sanitätslager</em>, we assume <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>as his date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 135177.4: Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Abgang. Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45 - 18.5.45. Onbekend waar deze kopie vandaan komt. Verzoek bij Gedenkstätte Mauthausen loopt (december 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossiernummer 135177.5</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: <a href=\"https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/\">https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Er is onduidelijkheid over de exacte overlijdensdatum van Peter van Pels. Volgens zijn archiefkaart in het Amsterdamse bevolkingsregister is hij overleden op <strong>5 mei 1945 </strong>in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Deze datum is ontleend aan de gegevens van het <em>Nederlandsche Roode Kruis</em> dat zich op zijn beurt baseerde op een lijst opgemaakt door het Amerikaanse leger bij de bevrijding van Mauthausen op <strong>5</strong><strong> mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt na de bevrijding van Mauthausen is Peter van Pels overleden op <strong>10 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>11 april 1945</strong> werd Peter van Pels weer teruggestuurd naar Mauthausen en kwam hij terecht in het <em>Sanitätslager</em> (ook wel <em>Sterbelager</em> of <em>Russenlager</em> genaamd) waar alleen doodzieken en zij die ongeschikt zijn voor werk, terecht kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Praktisch niemand overleefde hier lang; het <em>Sanitätslager</em> was in feite slechts een plaats om te sterven. In de dodenboeken van Mauthausen zelf die tot de bevrijding zijn bijgehouden, staat het overlijden van Peter van Pels niet opgetekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het Comité International de la Croix-Rouge verklaardet 9 september1958 dat Peter van Pels op 10 mei 1945 was gestorven volgens de <em>Liste von Verstorbenen nach der befreiung in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis daarentegen verklaarde in oktober 1960 dat Peter van Pels op 5 mei 1945 was gestorven volgens de <em>Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel het moeilijk te geloven is dat Peter van Pels de periode van <strong>11 april </strong>tot <strong>10 mei 1945 </strong>in het Sanitätslager heeft kunnen overleven, gaan wij uit van <strong>10 mei 1945 </strong>als zijn datum van overlijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 135177.4: Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Abgang. Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45 - 18.5.45. Onbekend waar deze kopie vandaan komt. Verzoek bij Gedenkstätte Mauthausen loopt (december 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossiernummer 135177.5</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: <a href=\"https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/\">https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>There is uncertainty about Peter van Pels' exact date of death. According to his archive card in the Amsterdam population register, he died on <strong>5 May 1945 </strong>in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This date was taken from the data of the Dutch Red Cross, which in turn relied on a list drawn up by the US army at the liberation of Mauthausen on <strong>5</strong><strong> May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>11 April 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent back to Mauthausen and ended up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> (also called <em>Sterbelager</em> or <em>Russenlager</em>), where only deathly ill and those unfit for work were put.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Practically no one survived long here; the <em>Sanitätslager</em> was basically just a place to die. The death books of Mauthausen itself kept until liberation do not record the death of Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Comité International de la Croix-Rouge declared on 9 September1958 that Peter van Pels had died on 10 May 1945 according to the <em>Liste von Verstorbenen nach der befreiung in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Dutch Red Cross, on the other hand, declared in October 1960 that Peter van Pels had died on 5 May 1945 according to the Liste <em>der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although it is hard to believe that Peter van Pels could have survived the period from <strong>11 April </strong>to <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>in the <em>Sanitätslager</em>, we assume <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>as his date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 135177.4: Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Abgang. Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45 - 18.5.45. Onbekend waar deze kopie vandaan komt. Verzoek bij Gedenkstätte Mauthausen loopt (december 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossiernummer 135177.5</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: <a href=\"https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/\">https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1945-05-10",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Peter was brought back from Melk to Mauthausen on 11 April 1945. He was fatally ill and died, presumably on 10 May 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Peter wordt op 11 april 1945 teruggebracht van Melk naar Mauthausen. Hij is doodziek en overlijdt, vermoedelijk op 10 mei 1945.",
"summary_en": "Peter was brought back from Melk to Mauthausen on 11 April 1945. He was fatally ill and died, presumably on 10 May 1945.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Mauthausen camp - Sanitätslager",
"name_nl": "Kamp Mauthausen - Sanitätslager",
"name_en": "Mauthausen camp - Sanitätslager",
"uuid": "45c9079b-cec1-4ddf-8a76-988a9afb95f2",
"content": "<p>As with most Nazi concentration camps, the living and working conditions for the prisoners were very poor. In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were 9,000 prisoners in the main camp, almost half of whom languished without care in the <em>Sanitätslager</em>. At the end of <strong>January 1945</strong>, most of the prisoners from Auschwitz concentration camp came to the <em>Sanitätslager</em>, followed in <strong>February</strong> by prisoners from Groß-Rosen and Sachsenhausen. The arrival of evacuated prisoners from the Vienna camps and the Lower Danube in <strong>April</strong> made the situation even worse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dxbg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dxbg6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Mauthausen#Errichtung_des_Lagers_2\" target=\"_blank\">KZ Mauthausen - Errichting des Lagers</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zoals bij de meeste concentratiekampen van de nazi's waren de verblijfs- en arbeidsomstandigheden voor de gevangenen zeer slecht. In het voorjaar van <strong>1944</strong> zaten er 9.000 gevangenen in het hoofdkamp, van wie bijna de helft zonder verzorging wegkwijnde in het <em>Sanitätslager</em>. Eind <strong>januari 1945</strong> kwamen de meeste gevangenen uit het concentratiekamp Auschwitz naar het <em>Sanitätslager</em>, in februari gevolgd door gevangenen uit Groß-Rosen en Sachsenhausen. De komst van de geëvacueerde gevangenen uit de Weense kampen en de Beneden-Donau in <strong>april</strong> maakte de situatie nog erger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b315o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b315o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Mauthausen#Errichtung_des_Lagers_2\" target=\"_blank\">KZ Mauthausen - Errichting des Lagers</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>As with most Nazi concentration camps, the living and working conditions for the prisoners were very poor. In the <strong>spring of 1944</strong>, there were 9,000 prisoners in the main camp, almost half of whom languished without care in the <em>Sanitätslager</em>. At the end of <strong>January 1945</strong>, most of the prisoners from Auschwitz concentration camp came to the <em>Sanitätslager</em>, followed in <strong>February</strong> by prisoners from Groß-Rosen and Sachsenhausen. The arrival of evacuated prisoners from the Vienna camps and the Lower Danube in <strong>April</strong> made the situation even worse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dxbg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dxbg6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Mauthausen#Errichtung_des_Lagers_2\" target=\"_blank\">KZ Mauthausen - Errichting des Lagers</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (14.497222 48.256667)",
"summary": "The 'Sanitätslager' was the infirmary hut of Mauthausen concentration camp. This is where Peter van Pels ended up shortly before the liberation of the camp.",
"summary_nl": "Het zogeheten Sanitätslager was de ziekenbarak van concentratiekamp Mauthausen. Hier belandde Peter van Pels kort voor de bevrijding van het kamp.",
"summary_en": "The 'Sanitätslager' was the infirmary hut of Mauthausen concentration camp. This is where Peter van Pels ended up shortly before the liberation of the camp.",
"same_as": [
"http://wikimapia.org/21776002/de/Krankenlager-Sanit%C3%A4tslager-Russenlager"
],
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Mauthausen",
"state": "",
"land": "Oostenrijk",
"location_events": [
45
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/0eb7f924-5984-4b13-abd7-e08d930f3133/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "0eb7f924-5984-4b13-abd7-e08d930f3133",
"name": "Death of Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "Death of Peter van Pels",
"content": "<p>There is uncertainty about Peter van Pels' exact date of death. According to his archive card in the Amsterdam population register, he died on <strong>5 May 1945 </strong>in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This date was taken from the data of the Dutch Red Cross, which in turn relied on a list drawn up by the US army at the liberation of Mauthausen on <strong>5</strong><strong> May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>11 April 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent back to Mauthausen and ended up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> (also called <em>Sterbelager</em> or <em>Russenlager</em>), where only deathly ill and those unfit for work were put.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Practically no one survived long here; the <em>Sanitätslager</em> was basically just a place to die. The death books of Mauthausen itself kept until liberation do not record the death of Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Comité International de la Croix-Rouge declared on 9 September1958 that Peter van Pels had died on 10 May 1945 according to the <em>Liste von Verstorbenen nach der befreiung in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Dutch Red Cross, on the other hand, declared in October 1960 that Peter van Pels had died on 5 May 1945 according to the Liste <em>der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although it is hard to believe that Peter van Pels could have survived the period from <strong>11 April </strong>to <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>in the <em>Sanitätslager</em>, we assume <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>as his date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 135177.4: Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Abgang. Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45 - 18.5.45. Onbekend waar deze kopie vandaan komt. Verzoek bij Gedenkstätte Mauthausen loopt (december 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossiernummer 135177.5</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: <a href=\"https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/\">https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Er is onduidelijkheid over de exacte overlijdensdatum van Peter van Pels. Volgens zijn archiefkaart in het Amsterdamse bevolkingsregister is hij overleden op <strong>5 mei 1945 </strong>in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Deze datum is ontleend aan de gegevens van het <em>Nederlandsche Roode Kruis</em> dat zich op zijn beurt baseerde op een lijst opgemaakt door het Amerikaanse leger bij de bevrijding van Mauthausen op <strong>5</strong><strong> mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt na de bevrijding van Mauthausen is Peter van Pels overleden op <strong>10 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>11 april 1945</strong> werd Peter van Pels weer teruggestuurd naar Mauthausen en kwam hij terecht in het <em>Sanitätslager</em> (ook wel <em>Sterbelager</em> of <em>Russenlager</em> genaamd) waar alleen doodzieken en zij die ongeschikt zijn voor werk, terecht kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Praktisch niemand overleefde hier lang; het <em>Sanitätslager</em> was in feite slechts een plaats om te sterven. In de dodenboeken van Mauthausen zelf die tot de bevrijding zijn bijgehouden, staat het overlijden van Peter van Pels niet opgetekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het Comité International de la Croix-Rouge verklaardet 9 september1958 dat Peter van Pels op 10 mei 1945 was gestorven volgens de <em>Liste von Verstorbenen nach der befreiung in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis daarentegen verklaarde in oktober 1960 dat Peter van Pels op 5 mei 1945 was gestorven volgens de <em>Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel het moeilijk te geloven is dat Peter van Pels de periode van <strong>11 april </strong>tot <strong>10 mei 1945 </strong>in het Sanitätslager heeft kunnen overleven, gaan wij uit van <strong>10 mei 1945 </strong>als zijn datum van overlijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 135177.4: Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Abgang. Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45 - 18.5.45. Onbekend waar deze kopie vandaan komt. Verzoek bij Gedenkstätte Mauthausen loopt (december 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossiernummer 135177.5</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: <a href=\"https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/\">https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>There is uncertainty about Peter van Pels' exact date of death. According to his archive card in the Amsterdam population register, he died on <strong>5 May 1945 </strong>in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This date was taken from the data of the Dutch Red Cross, which in turn relied on a list drawn up by the US army at the liberation of Mauthausen on <strong>5</strong><strong> May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>11 April 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent back to Mauthausen and ended up in the <em>Sanitätslager</em> (also called <em>Sterbelager</em> or <em>Russenlager</em>), where only deathly ill and those unfit for work were put.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Practically no one survived long here; the <em>Sanitätslager</em> was basically just a place to die. The death books of Mauthausen itself kept until liberation do not record the death of Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The Comité International de la Croix-Rouge declared on 9 September1958 that Peter van Pels had died on 10 May 1945 according to the <em>Liste von Verstorbenen nach der befreiung in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The Dutch Red Cross, on the other hand, declared in October 1960 that Peter van Pels had died on 5 May 1945 according to the Liste <em>der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although it is hard to believe that Peter van Pels could have survived the period from <strong>11 April </strong>to <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>in the <em>Sanitätslager</em>, we assume <strong>10 May 1945 </strong>as his date of death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymj6f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v1nvd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 135177.4: Liste der Verstorbenen in Mauthausen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ktg26\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Abgang. Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45 - 18.5.45. Onbekend waar deze kopie vandaan komt. Verzoek bij Gedenkstätte Mauthausen loopt (december 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4ac9\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Republik Österreich Bundesministerium für inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9yk4e\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossiernummer 135177.5</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j0phz\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: <a href=\"https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/\">https://www.mauthausen-memorial.at</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1945-05-10",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Peter was brought back from Melk to Mauthausen on 11 April 1945. He was fatally ill and died, presumably on 10 May 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Peter wordt op 11 april 1945 teruggebracht van Melk naar Mauthausen. Hij is doodziek en overlijdt, vermoedelijk op 10 mei 1945.",
"summary_en": "Peter was brought back from Melk to Mauthausen on 11 April 1945. He was fatally ill and died, presumably on 10 May 1945.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124393,
396124676
],
"persons": [
235
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 151,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 2,
"files": [],
"main_image": {
"id": 1130,
"uuid": "93ced2e1-9cee-4b13-bb94-29a29a68acf8",
"name": "Westerbork boulevard des miseres",
"title": "De hoofdweg door kamp Westerbork. Langs deze weg lag de spoorweg en vertrokken de treinen, vanaf de zogenaamde 'Rampe', naar de concentratie- en vernietigingskampen in het oosten.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Westerbork_boulevard_des_miseres.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.9173",
"longitude": "6.607",
"events": [
{
"id": 139,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/70d46c84-cc19-4925-b4ed-19da7cfd76ae",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/bfb8d2db-e3cb-4d5a-9e7e-2e10e2edf709"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40",
"name": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau worden gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-03-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"summary_nl": "Op 6 maart 1943 worden Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau opgepakt en naar Kamp Westerbork gebracht. Op 23 maart 1943 worden ze naar Vernietigingskamp Sobibor gedeporteerd, waar ze worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 134,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ff9f1c2f-e2d0-4f2d-a546-d639ae9c466f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3",
"name": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Clara van Pels wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-04-17",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Clara van Pels is een jongere zus van Hermann van Pels. Op 17 april 1943 wordt zij met haar man Günther Neumann gearresteerd en naar Westerbork gebracht. Daar worden zij op 26 april gedeporteerd naar vernietigingskamp Sobibor, waar ze, vermoedelijk op 29 april 1944, worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 149,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2d652d29-bf54-4283-83c6-be573e061363",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/228fad8f-c9f9-46d1-88d7-18f4e36c68ac",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/706075d4-d796-4db8-a33b-69c1e2a7e1bc"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4",
"name": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Goslar wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1944 werd de familie Goslar opgepakt tijdens een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht. Hans Goslar had een zogenaamde Albersheimverklaring, waarmee hij de mogelijkheid had om door de Engelsen tegen gevangen Duitsers uitgewisseld te worden. Om daarvoor beschikbaar te zijn, werd hij met twee dochters op 15 februari 1944 naar Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 148,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0d9ec16a-477c-45db-b33b-410e0d9c1306",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/64b06ab5-3490-46dc-9272-e33e03fa3279",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ee61e5a6-41f3-4089-8e1d-18d7d3d0c866"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247",
"name": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Ledermann wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1943 wordt de familie Ledermann in hun woning opgepakt bij een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid. Hun dochter Barbara is ondergedoken. Ze worden op 16 november 1943 naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 151,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1f4182-86bf-4083-adff-36d08b19b9d8"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1",
"name": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>31 augustus '43</strong> is zij naar Concentratiekamp Auschwitz gedeporteerd. Ze kwam <strong>16 juni 1945</strong> terug. Over haar man Max en hun zoon Günter is niet veel bekend. Zij kwamen in <strong>juli 1945</strong> terug.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"date": "1943-08-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Gretha Goldschmidt is een zus van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Ze is op 6 augustus 1943 in Kamp Westerbork in strafbarak 67 gevangen gezet.",
"summary_en": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 123,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/718d2c83-d3db-40ab-a1eb-1a954a2a5714/",
"subjects": [],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2cef6f9d-6c1a-4879-a71c-1de745d5eb52"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": false,
"uuid": "718d2c83-d3db-40ab-a1eb-1a954a2a5714",
"name": "Familie Metz gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Metz gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Familie Metz gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1943-09-29",
"date_end": "1944-09-04",
"summary": "De familie Metz werd op 29 september 1943 met alle andere geïnterneerden in Barneveld naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht.",
"summary_nl": "De familie Metz werd op 29 september 1943 met alle andere geïnterneerden in Barneveld naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht.",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 20,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1d4c0d-33fe-491e-be2a-e5cfb9218e41"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c",
"name": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hoe Anne Frank Westerbork heeft ervaren weten we niet precies. Wel hebben haar vader Otto en enkele anderen hier iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde dat het verblijf in Westerbork voor de kinderen in zekere zin een opluchting was, omdat ze niet meer 'opgesloten' waren en andere mensen konden ontmoeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Rosa de Winter, die Anne en haar familie in Westerbork leerden kennen, beschreef haar als een persoonlijkheid. Volgens Ernst Schnabel vertelde Rosa de Winter dat Anne in Westerbork een gelukkige indruk maakt. Ze zou veel samen zijn geweest met Peter van Pels. Ook vertelde De Winter dat Otto Frank uren aan haar bed zit toen Anne een keer ziek was en dat Anne zich ontfermde over een zieke jongen in de barak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde naderhand dat zijn gezin in Westerbork moest werken, maar dat ze ’s avonds bij elkaar konden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was op <strong>12 juni 1944</strong> vijftien jaar geworden en in Westerbork moeten kinderen van vijftien jaar en ouder werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in Westerbork bij de binnendienst. waar ze moest: schrobben, wc's schoonmaken, nieuwe transporten ontvangen, overalls en klompen uitdelen. Zij vertelde dat Otto Frank vroeg of Anne haar kon helpen, maar Rachel had daar niets over te zeggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verschillende getuigen vertelden dat Anne en haar moeder, zusje in de batterijensloop werkten: aan lange tafels gezeten moesten ze met een hamer en een beitel oude batterijen opensplijten en vervolgens de verschillende onderdelen scheiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>Het was vies en eentonig werk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Als voordeel werd genoemd dat je met elkaar kon praten tijdens het werk, dat je dagelijks een glas melk kreeg en na het werk mocht douchen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat bijna een maand gevangen in kamp Westerbork. Ze verbleef in Strafbarak 67 en moest waarschijnlijk samen met haar moeder en zusje werken in de batterijensloop.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 168,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9c9a05ff-0e41-44e4-a675-5f69e12cf4cf/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9c9a05ff-0e41-44e4-a675-5f69e12cf4cf",
"name": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De acht onderduikers ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of Fritz. Eén van hen was de destijds dertig jaar oude Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder was in de <strong>zomer van 1944 </strong>in de trein opgepakt met een vals persoonsbewijs en kwam in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich dat ze in de strafbarak van het kamp ook de familie Frank ontmoette.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork werkte Rachel Frankfoorder bij de ‘binnendienst’ waarbij ze moest schrobben, de wc’s schoonmaken en wanneer er een transport aankwam deelde ze klompen en overalls uit aan nieuwaangekomen gevangenen. Het was een gewild baantje en ze herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank haar vroeg om voor Anne een plekje bij de schoonmaak te regelen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Otto Frank kwam met Anne naar mij toe en vroeg of Anne mij mocht helpen. Anne was heel aardig en vroeg mij ook of ze mocht helpen. Ze zei: ‘Ik kan van alles, ik ben toch zó handig.’ Ze was werkelijk allerliefst, een beetje ouder dan op de foto die wij van haar kennen, vrolijk en opgewekt. Ik had daar helaas geen zeggenschap in en stuurde haar naar de barakleiding. Meer aandacht kon ik daar natuurlijk niet aan besteden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bleef uiteindelijk in de batterijenafdeling werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder zou net als Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels vanuit Westerbork via Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen terecht komen en ook in die kampen dichtbij hen blijven. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
"summary_nl": "In Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers onder meer Rachel Frankfoorder. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.",
"summary_en": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
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"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/531ccadf-0ac4-4bfa-88b0-8f195a12fc52/",
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"name": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Aankomst en registratie onderduikers in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"content": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Toen de acht onderduikers in Westerbork aankwamen, moesten zij eerst worden geregistreerd. Vanaf <strong>1944</strong>, toen de groepen nieuwaangekomenen steeds kleiner werden, werden de registraties doorgaans afgehandeld in administratiebarak nummer 34, waar nu ook de controle op luizen plaatsvond. Waarschijnlijk was dit ook het geval voor het transport waarmee de acht onderduikers naar Westerbork kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerst werd er een lijst van binnenkomst gemaakt (<em>Eingangsliste</em>), het persoonsbewijs en de distributiebescheiden moesten worden afgegeven. De gevangenen werden ingeschreven in de centrale administratie (<em>Zentralkartei</em>) en ze kregen een <em>Lagerpass</em> (kamppas).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was het belangrijkste administratieve instrument in het kamp voor het doorsturen van de transporten. De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was alfabetisch-lexicografisch geordend, zodat de leden van een gezin administratief bij elkaar stonden. Zo kwamen ze ook op de transportlijst te staan, en de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis dus bij elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lagerpas</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Alle gevangenen krijgen een <em>Lagerpas </em>en<em> </em>mogen per gezin maximaal tweehondervijftig gulden inwisselen tegen kampgeld. De rest van hun geld en waardevolle voorwerpen moeten ze inleveren bij de afdeling van Lippmann Rosenthal in het kamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De strafgevallen moeten naast hun bagage en bezittingen ook hun kleren inleveren en kregen een blauwe overall met een rood ingezet schouderstuk, een witte band met daarop de S van ‘strafgeval’, een Jodenster en klompen. De mannen kregen bovendien een rood-blauw petje. Zo waren ze duidelijk te herkennen als strafgevallen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een belangrijk onderdeel van de registratieprocedure was het aanmeldingsbureau, de <em>Antragstelle</em>, dat onder leiding stond van de Duitse jurist Hans Ottenstein. Dat regelde niet alleen de registratie van de nieuwkomers in het kamp, maar handelde ook de aanvragen voor voorlopige vrijstellingen van deportatie naar de kampen in het oosten af. Gevangenen die aan bepaalde voorwaarden voldeden, kregen op advies van Ottenstein vrijstelling van deportatie. Iemand kreeg dan een <em>Sperre </em>(uitstel).<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Op enkele uitzonderingen na was de kans op het verkrijgen van een <em>Sperre</em> voor strafgevallen (de ‘S’ gevallen) klein. Of Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer op basis van hun status als Eerste Wereldoorlog veteraan desondanks een poging hebben gedaan om van hun S af te komen, weten we niet: de kaarten van de Zentralkartei en de Antragstelle zijn niet bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Maar zij zouden dit zeker kunnen hebben geprobeerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medisch onderzoek</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De registratieprocedure van de acht onderduikers eindigde met een medisch onderzoek. Alle mannen en vrouwen moesten zich uitkleden en werden gecontroleerd op besmettelijke ziekten en hoofdluis.Ten slotte kregen zij een plek in een van de barakken toegewezen. De acht onderduikers kwamen terecht in strafbarak 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De volgende ochtend werden de mannen in de wasruimte van de barak kaalgeschoren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dat gold dus ook voor Otto Frank, Hermann en Peter van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer. Ze droegen vanaf dat moment een petje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank behielden, net als de andere meisjes en vrouwen, hun haar. Alleen vrouwen die luizen hadden, werden kaalgeschoren en kregen dan een petroleumkap op. Uit alle beschikbare verklaringen is er niets wat erop wijst dat dit bij Auguste, Edith of de twee meisjes het geval was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Na aankomst doorlopen de acht onderduikers de procedure van inschrijving en registratie, om vervolgens te worden ondergebracht in een strafbarak.",
"summary_en": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/289a6f56-cfd2-4461-bd37-f8c852c6b0cc/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/bb182c8a-7120-4081-ba8f-7fa005d5ceac",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782",
"published": true,
"uuid": "289a6f56-cfd2-4461-bd37-f8c852c6b0cc",
"name": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Brief Bram Asscher uit kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 vanuit Westerbork aan zijn moeder: <em>‘Mama, weet U dat Margot hier is? Dat vriendinnetje van Trees. U kent haar zeker nog wel hè? Zij is met haar ouders en zusje in de S. Erg jammer!</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram zat zelf in het ‘vrije’ kampdeel en hij mocht eens in de veertien dagen een brief of twee kaarten schrijven en pakjes ontvangen. De acht onderduikers hadden deze mogelijkheden niet omdat ze strafgevallen waren. Of Bram Margot, die dus in een ander, afgezonderd deel van het kamp zat, zelf heeft gezien of zelfs gesproken, blijkt niet uit de briefwisseling. Het is een van de weinige documenten over het verblijf van de familie Frank in Kamp Westerbork. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Bram Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 aan zijn moeder dat Margot in Westerbork was.",
"summary_en": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
"same_as": null,
"files": [
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}
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124421,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3",
"name": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork werd voor een belangrijk deel bepaald door werk. Iedereen in Westerbork tussen de 15 en 65 jaar moest zes dagen in de week, tien uur per dag werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar strafgevallen kregen daarnaast op zondagochtend van zes tot acht uur ook nog strafexercitie (voor de mannen) of verplichte gymnastiek (voor de vrouwen).<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot en Anne Frank moesten ‘in de batterijen’ werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het recyclen van batterijen was smerig en ongezond werk. Na het werk gingen ze onder begeleiding van de Ordedienst (OD) naar de douches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p89we\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De meeste mensen hadden geen zeep om zich mee te wassen. Wel kregen ze dagelijks een extra rantsoen melk.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Batterijensloop</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wat de andere onderduikers moesten doen is onbekend. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – wier echtgenoot Sal later in Auschwitz goed bevriend zou raken met Otto Frank – suggereert in een interview dat ook Otto Frank en Peter en Hermann van Pels bij de batterijensloop waren ingedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Er zijn geen andere gegevens gevonden die dit bevestigen, en ook uit Otto Franks eigen verklaringen wordt niet duidelijk of de mannen en vrouwen in Westerbork hetzelfde werk deden. Otto Frank heeft hier alleen over verklaard dat iedereen moest werken en ze ’s avonds vrij waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dagritme</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is dus alleen in algemene zin iets bekend over het dagritme in Westerbork. ’s Ochtends om halfzes werden de gevangenen in de strafbarak gewekt. Na het wassen, kleden, eten halen en ontbijten moesten ze om kwart voor zeven naast de barak opgesteld staan in blokken van drie bij drie. Onder leiding van de OD gingen ze vervolgens door het hek naar de industriebarakken in het ‘vrije’ kamp. Daar werkten ze van zeven tot twaalf uur. Daarna onder begeleiding van de OD weer terug naar de barak om te eten (meestal stamppot van rodekool of knolraap) en vervolgens werden ze weer teruggebracht om van twee tot zeven uur te werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Tijdens het werk mochten ze met elkaar praten, maar er werd ook streng door de OD op toegezien dat er geen contact was met gevangenen uit het andere kampdeel. Om naar de wc te gaan had je toestemming nodig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Na het werk en het douchen (voor hen die in de batterijen werkten) werd in de strafbarak brood gegeten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>‘s Ochtends en ’s avonds moest iedereen zich melden bij de barak- of zaalleider. Buiten werktijd konden mannen, vrouwen en families bij elkaar zijn. Om tien uur ’s avonds moest iedereen weer in zijn eigen gedeelte zijn, de deur tussen beide barakdelen werd dan gesloten en om kwart over tien ging het licht uit.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p89we\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Westerbork moesten de onderduikers dwangarbeid verrichten.",
"summary_en": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124395,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2005"
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{
"id": 396124395,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17",
"name": "Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Kamp Westerbork werd in <strong>1939</strong> gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de Duitse bezetting in <strong>mei 1940</strong>, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong> werd het kamp door de nazi's uitgebreid en vanaf <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> functioneerde het kamp officieel een <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager </em>Joodse mensen werden in het kamp verzameld en werden vervolgens naar concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k03go\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork gebracht. Ze verbleven er bijna een maand. Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de 107.000 Joodse mensen die uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k03go\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Kamp Westerbork was het grootste Duitse gevangenkamp in Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1983"
],
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"name_en": "Westerbork camp",
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"content": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Westerbork fungeerde vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> als een vluchtelingenkamp voor Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen die, vooral na de <em>Kristallnacht</em>, naar Nederland waren gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de capitulatie in <strong>mei 1940</strong> bleef de leiding van het kamp vooralsnog in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het kamp officieel overgedragen aan de Duitse autoriteiten. Westerbork heette nu officieel <em>Polizeiliches </em><em>Judendurchgangslager</em> onder het gezag van de <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) en het <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). Het kamp maakte vanaf die datum deel uit van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde als belangrijk doorgangspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>15 juli 1942</strong> werden ruim 100.000 Joden vanuit het kamp doorgestuurd naar concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt. Soms werd onderweg gestopt om mannen bij Duitse werkkampen af te geven. In Westerbork werden naast Joden ook Roma, Sinti en soms verzetsmensen vastgehouden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan het hoofd van Westerbork stond vanaf <strong>13 oktober 1942</strong> kampcommandant ss-Obersturmführer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>maart 1944</strong> werd in opdracht van Gemmeker een film gemaakt over het kamp, waarin hij wilde laten zien hoe goed en efficiënt het kamp georganiseerd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Deze film laat een duidelijk propagandistisch beeld zien van het functioneren van doorgangskamp Westerbork. Vijf maanden na de opnames van de film kwamen ook de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het laatste transport uit Westerbork was op <strong>4 september 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>De achtergebleven gevangenen zaten gevangen tot de bevrijding van het kamp op<strong> </strong><strong>12 april 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De film werd gemaakt door kampgevangene Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). De opnamen begonnen op 5 maart 1944. De film wordt bewaard in het <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\" target=\"_blank\">archief van Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"summary_nl": "Westerbork was het Nederlandse doorgangskamp voor de deportaties van met name Joden naar de concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt.",
"summary_en": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Schattenberg 4",
"zipcode": "9433 TA",
"city": "Zwiggelte",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1/",
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"name": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>31 augustus '43</strong> is zij naar Concentratiekamp Auschwitz gedeporteerd. Ze kwam <strong>16 juni 1945</strong> terug. Over haar man Max en hun zoon Günter is niet veel bekend. Zij kwamen in <strong>juli 1945</strong> terug.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"date": "1943-08-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Gretha Goldschmidt is een zus van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Ze is op 6 augustus 1943 in Kamp Westerbork in strafbarak 67 gevangen gezet.",
"summary_en": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
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"name": "Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"title": "De staf van de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung, Amsterdam",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie NIOD",
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"name": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_nl": "De onderduikers worden verhoord door de Sicherheitsdienst",
"name_en": "The people in hiding are interrogated by the Sicherheitsdienst",
"content": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de arrestatie werden de acht onderduikers en de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler naar de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adema van Scheltemaplein 1 gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze werden samen in een grote ruimte opgesloten, om later een voor een te worden verhoord.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank werd één keer verhoord door Silberbauer. Het verhoor verliep rustig. Silberbauer gebruikte geen geweld en stelde slechts een aantal vragen. Nadat hij ervan overtuigd was dat Otto niets over andere onderduikgevallen wist te vertellen liet hij hem verder met rust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De <em>Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei</em> en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>After the arrest, the eight people in hiding and helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung </em>at Adema van Scheltemaplein 1.<sup data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They were locked together in a large room, to be interrogated one by one later.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank was interrogated once by Silberbauer. The interrogation proceeded calmly. Silberbauer used no violence and only asked a few questions. After he was convinced that Otto knew nothing about other cases in hiding, he left him alone.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"az4gy\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Otto Frank zelf verklaarde herhaaldelijk dat zij na zijn arrestatie door de SD naar de<em> Aussenstelle</em> – het regionale kantoor – van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat zijn gebracht. De<em> Zentralstelle fur jüdische Auswanderung</em>, de dienst die zich bezighield met de opsporing en het verhoor van ondergedoken Joden, bevond zich echter aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1, tegenover de <em>Aussenstelle</em> van de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> aan de Euterpestraat. Silberbauer, die het arrestatieteam leidde, verklaarde dat hij de onderduikers had meegenomen naar zijn bureau aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein, NL-HaNA, 2.09.09 CABR, inv.nr. 23892, dossier W.G. van Maaren, proces-verbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoor Otto Frank, 2-3 december 1963, 3. Met betrekking tot het transport heeft Otto Frank het over een gesloten vrachtauto. Jan Gies noemt een donkerkleurige bestelauto, waarschijnlijk arrestantenauto van de Amsterdamse politie. Silberbauer heeft het over een Duitse politieauto. NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892, dossier van Maaren, procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verhoren Otto Frank (2-3 december 1963), Jan Gies (23 december 1963) en Carl Silberbauer, 3 januari 1964. In het CABR dossier van Janssen noemt Otto Frank één beambte van de <em>Grüne Polizei </em>en vier Hollandsche politie-ambtenaren: NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23834, onderzoek contra Josephus Marinus Jansen, procesverbaal, verhoor Otto Frank, 20 november 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo28y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): procesverbaal, 3 november 1964: verklaring Otto Frank, 2-3december 1963</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_nl": "Na hun arrestatie werden de onderduikers en twee helpers naar de Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung gebracht. Daar werden ze verhoord door Karl Silberbauer.",
"summary_en": "After their arrest, the people in hiding were taken to the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung. There they were interrogated by Karl Silberbauer.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 9,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fdfa9135-5995-488e-ba39-ae84e4b01fb7/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2abdc9fe-b0e6-493d-a6cd-a8fd85baabd7",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3330d01c-4021-4593-bc38-bf13aa4406f0",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5f313320-29fb-4364-a148-5b9111f12e47"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0855fb95-33ad-4cc8-a549-21853833eff5"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/961336e6-c6bf-4984-816a-cb0696b20369",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fdfa9135-5995-488e-ba39-ae84e4b01fb7",
"name": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Arrestatie Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "The arrest of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>4 augustus 1944 </strong>deed een arrestatieteam van <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) een inval op Prinsengracht 263 en het Achterhuis. Het team stond onder leiding van SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer en bestond daarnaast in elk geval uit de rechercheurs Willem Grootendorst en Gezinus Gringhuis. Alle acht onderduikers en twee helpers, Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler, werden gearresteerd en afgevoerd naar het gebouw van de <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> aan het Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 te Amsterdam. Het is nooit geheel opgehelderd hoe de SD de onderduikers op het spoor is gekomen<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Over Auguste van Pels' beleving van de inval van <strong>4 augustus 1944</strong> in het pand Prinsengracht 263 is niets concreet bekend. De gang van zaken op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis tijdens de arrestatie is alleen bekend door verklaringen van Otto Frank en Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de inval bevond Auguste van Pels zich in de keuken annex woonkamer. Zij werd samen met Hermann en Peter van Pels, Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer naar de onderliggende verdieping gedirigeerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden allen verzameld. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Samen met de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden Auguste van Pels en de andere onderduikers naar de ‘Euterpestraat’ overgebracht. De onderduikers werden de volgende dag naar het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans en nog later naar Westerbork gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>4 August 1944</strong>, an arrest team of the <em>Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst</em>, (Sipo-SD) raided Prinsengracht 263 and the Secret Annex. The team was led by SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Silberbauer and included the detectives Willem Grootendorst and Gezinus Gringhuis. All eight people in hiding and two helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, were arrested and taken to the <em>Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung</em> building at Adama van Scheltemaplein 1 in Amsterdam. It has never been fully clarified how the SD tracked down the people in hiding. <sup data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing concrete is known about Auguste van Pels' experience of the<strong> 4 August 1944</strong> raid on the building at Prinsengracht 263. The course of events on the third floor of the annex during the arrest is known only through statements by Otto Frank and Karl Silberbauer.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>During the raid, Auguste van Pels was in the kitchen cum living room. Together with Hermann and Peter van Pels, Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, she was directed to the floor below.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> They were all gathered together there.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Together with helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were taken to the SD building on Euterpestraat. The people in hiding were taken the next day to the Detention Centre on Weteringschans, and later on to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h69a3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"http:// https://www.annefrank.org/nl/downloads/filer_public/99/b9/99b9c19f-182e-416d-baba-e0bb228994d9/nl_onderzoeksverslag__arrestatie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Onderzoeksverslag inzake verraad en arrestatie van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis</a>, Anne Frank Stichting (december 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwt96\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank in proces-verbaal Rijksrecherche, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xw0wz\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 23892 (dossier van Maaren): Verklaring Otto Frank, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H., p. 1-5.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-04",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"summary_nl": "Op 4 augustus 1944 werd Auguste van Pels samen met de andere onderduikers bij een inval van de SD in het Achterhuis gearresteerd. Ook de helpers Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler werden opgepakt.",
"summary_en": "On 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels and the other people in hiding were arrested in a raid by the SD in the Secret Annex. Helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were also arrested.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 14,
"main_image": null,
" 
