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"name": "Miep Gies's last addresses",
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"content": "<p>After Otto Frank's departure, the house on Jekerstraat was too big for a family with one child, so Miep and Jan Gies had to move. Their next address was Woestduinstraat 86 I. Jan Gies applied for a residential permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The entry in the Population Register was dated <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It was a small house. Miep said in an interview with Dienke Hondius that they had had to accept it out of necessity.<sup data-footnote-id=\"37891\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Jan died in <strong>1993</strong>, Miep became lonely. She applied for sheltered accommodation near her son Paul, but because of her good mental and physical condition, she did not qualify for it. She then bought a three-room flat with a garden in that neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After suffering a brain haemorrhage, Miep moved to Hoorn. She still lived here independently. Grote Beer 8 was her last address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> As a result of an accident, she was in the Westfries Gasthuis in Hoorn from <strong>17 December 2009 </strong>. She was transferred to a nursing home <strong>in early January 2010 </strong>. Her head was fixed in a scaffold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She died on <strong>11 January 2010</strong> at the age of 100 at the residential care centre 'De Watermolen', Wipmolenstraat 10 in Abbekerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz. De einddatum van de inschrijving staat hier niet op omdat de Bevolkingsregisters inmiddels op digitale systemen zijn overgestapt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"37891\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 5-6. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>AFS-Bulletin</em>, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mondelinge mededeling van Teresien da Silva, 27 juli 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Paul Gies aan Teresien da Silva, 2 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Teresien da Silva, 27 september 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na het vertrek van Otto Frank was de woning aan de Jekerstraat te groot voor een gezin met één kind en daarom moesten Miep en Jan Gies verhuizen. Hun volgende adres was Woestduinstraat 86 I. Jan Gies vroeg op <strong>5 november 1952</strong> een woonvergunning voor de woning aan. Deze werd op <strong>18 mei 1953</strong> verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De inschrijving in het Bevolkingsregister dateert van <strong>24 juni 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het huurcontract ging in op <strong>1 augustus 1953</strong>. De huur bedroeg fl. 34,15 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het was een kleine woning. Miep vertelde in een interview met Dienke Hondius dat ze die uit nood hadden moeten accepteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"37891\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het overlijden van Jan in <strong>1993</strong> vereenzaamde Miep. Ze schreef zich in voor een aanleunwoning vlakbij zoon Paul, maar vanwege haar goede geestelijke en lichamelijke conditie kwam ze hiervoor niet in aanmerking. Vervolgens kocht ze een driekamerappartement met tuin in die buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na een hersenbloeding verhuisde Miep naar Hoorn. Ze woonde hier nog zelfstandig. Grote Beer 8 was haar laatste adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ten gevolge van een ongeval, lag zij vanaf <strong>17 december 2009 </strong>in het Westfries Gasthuis in Hoorn. <strong>Begin januari 2010 </strong>werd ze naar een verpleeghuis overgebracht. Haar hoofd zat gefixeerd in een stellage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ze overleed op <strong>11 januari 2010 </strong>op honderdjarige leeftijd. in Woonzorgcentrum de Watermolen, Wipmolenstraat 10 in Abbekerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz. De einddatum van de inschrijving staat hier niet op omdat de Bevolkingsregisters inmiddels op digitale systemen zijn overgestapt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"37891\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 5-6. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>AFS-Bulletin</em>, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mondelinge mededeling van Teresien da Silva, 27 juli 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Paul Gies aan Teresien da Silva, 2 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Teresien da Silva, 27 september 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After Otto Frank's departure, the house on Jekerstraat was too big for a family with one child, so Miep and Jan Gies had to move. Their next address was Woestduinstraat 86 I. Jan Gies applied for a residential permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The entry in the Population Register was dated <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It was a small house. Miep said in an interview with Dienke Hondius that they had had to accept it out of necessity.<sup data-footnote-id=\"37891\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Jan died in <strong>1993</strong>, Miep became lonely. She applied for sheltered accommodation near her son Paul, but because of her good mental and physical condition, she did not qualify for it. She then bought a three-room flat with a garden in that neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After suffering a brain haemorrhage, Miep moved to Hoorn. She still lived here independently. Grote Beer 8 was her last address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> As a result of an accident, she was in the Westfries Gasthuis in Hoorn from <strong>17 December 2009 </strong>. She was transferred to a nursing home <strong>in early January 2010 </strong>. Her head was fixed in a scaffold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She died on <strong>11 January 2010</strong> at the age of 100 at the residential care centre 'De Watermolen', Wipmolenstraat 10 in Abbekerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz. De einddatum van de inschrijving staat hier niet op omdat de Bevolkingsregisters inmiddels op digitale systemen zijn overgestapt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"37891\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 5-6. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>AFS-Bulletin</em>, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mondelinge mededeling van Teresien da Silva, 27 juli 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Paul Gies aan Teresien da Silva, 2 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Teresien da Silva, 27 september 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1952-11-02",
"date_end": "2009-12-17",
"summary": "Miep Gies lived in Hoorn for the last years of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Miep Gies woonde haar laatste levensjaren in Hoorn.",
"summary_en": "Miep Gies lived in Hoorn for the last years of her life.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"content": "<p>There she celebrated her hundredth birthday privately in <strong>2009</strong>.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Daar vierde zij in <strong>2009</strong> in besloten kring haar honderdste verjaardag.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>There she celebrated her hundredth birthday privately in <strong>2009</strong>.</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (5.08325 52.70767)",
"summary": "Miep Gies lived her last years of life in Hoorn.",
"summary_nl": "Miep Gies woonde haar laatste levensjaren in Hoorn.",
"summary_en": "Miep Gies lived her last years of life in Hoorn.",
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"street": "",
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"city": "Hoorn",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/3528d294-ba47-4788-96a7-c20d71f654ce/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3528d294-ba47-4788-96a7-c20d71f654ce",
"name": "Miep Gies's last addresses",
"name_nl": "De laatste adressen van Miep Gies",
"name_en": "Miep Gies's last addresses",
"content": "<p>After Otto Frank's departure, the house on Jekerstraat was too big for a family with one child, so Miep and Jan Gies had to move. Their next address was Woestduinstraat 86 I. Jan Gies applied for a residential permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The entry in the Population Register was dated <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It was a small house. Miep said in an interview with Dienke Hondius that they had had to accept it out of necessity.<sup data-footnote-id=\"37891\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Jan died in <strong>1993</strong>, Miep became lonely. She applied for sheltered accommodation near her son Paul, but because of her good mental and physical condition, she did not qualify for it. She then bought a three-room flat with a garden in that neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After suffering a brain haemorrhage, Miep moved to Hoorn. She still lived here independently. Grote Beer 8 was her last address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> As a result of an accident, she was in the Westfries Gasthuis in Hoorn from <strong>17 December 2009 </strong>. She was transferred to a nursing home <strong>in early January 2010 </strong>. Her head was fixed in a scaffold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She died on <strong>11 January 2010</strong> at the age of 100 at the residential care centre 'De Watermolen', Wipmolenstraat 10 in Abbekerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz. De einddatum van de inschrijving staat hier niet op omdat de Bevolkingsregisters inmiddels op digitale systemen zijn overgestapt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"37891\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 5-6. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>AFS-Bulletin</em>, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mondelinge mededeling van Teresien da Silva, 27 juli 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Paul Gies aan Teresien da Silva, 2 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Teresien da Silva, 27 september 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na het vertrek van Otto Frank was de woning aan de Jekerstraat te groot voor een gezin met één kind en daarom moesten Miep en Jan Gies verhuizen. Hun volgende adres was Woestduinstraat 86 I. Jan Gies vroeg op <strong>5 november 1952</strong> een woonvergunning voor de woning aan. Deze werd op <strong>18 mei 1953</strong> verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De inschrijving in het Bevolkingsregister dateert van <strong>24 juni 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het huurcontract ging in op <strong>1 augustus 1953</strong>. De huur bedroeg fl. 34,15 per maand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het was een kleine woning. Miep vertelde in een interview met Dienke Hondius dat ze die uit nood hadden moeten accepteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"37891\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na het overlijden van Jan in <strong>1993</strong> vereenzaamde Miep. Ze schreef zich in voor een aanleunwoning vlakbij zoon Paul, maar vanwege haar goede geestelijke en lichamelijke conditie kwam ze hiervoor niet in aanmerking. Vervolgens kocht ze een driekamerappartement met tuin in die buurt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na een hersenbloeding verhuisde Miep naar Hoorn. Ze woonde hier nog zelfstandig. Grote Beer 8 was haar laatste adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Ten gevolge van een ongeval, lag zij vanaf <strong>17 december 2009 </strong>in het Westfries Gasthuis in Hoorn. <strong>Begin januari 2010 </strong>werd ze naar een verpleeghuis overgebracht. Haar hoofd zat gefixeerd in een stellage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ze overleed op <strong>11 januari 2010 </strong>op honderdjarige leeftijd. in Woonzorgcentrum de Watermolen, Wipmolenstraat 10 in Abbekerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz. De einddatum van de inschrijving staat hier niet op omdat de Bevolkingsregisters inmiddels op digitale systemen zijn overgestapt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"37891\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 5-6. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>AFS-Bulletin</em>, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mondelinge mededeling van Teresien da Silva, 27 juli 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Paul Gies aan Teresien da Silva, 2 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Teresien da Silva, 27 september 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After Otto Frank's departure, the house on Jekerstraat was too big for a family with one child, so Miep and Jan Gies had to move. Their next address was Woestduinstraat 86 I. Jan Gies applied for a residential permit for the house on <strong>5 November 1952</strong>. This was issued on <strong>18 May 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The entry in the Population Register was dated <strong>24 June 1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The lease took effect on <strong>1 August 1953</strong>. The rent was NLG 34.15 per month.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It was a small house. Miep said in an interview with Dienke Hondius that they had had to accept it out of necessity.<sup data-footnote-id=\"37891\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After Jan died in <strong>1993</strong>, Miep became lonely. She applied for sheltered accommodation near her son Paul, but because of her good mental and physical condition, she did not qualify for it. She then bought a three-room flat with a garden in that neighbourhood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After suffering a brain haemorrhage, Miep moved to Hoorn. She still lived here independently. Grote Beer 8 was her last address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> As a result of an accident, she was in the Westfries Gasthuis in Hoorn from <strong>17 December 2009 </strong>. She was transferred to a nursing home <strong>in early January 2010 </strong>. Her head was fixed in a scaffold.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> She died on <strong>11 January 2010</strong> at the age of 100 at the residential care centre 'De Watermolen', Wipmolenstraat 10 in Abbekerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rr6xf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Gies_I_007: Huurcontract en woonvergunning Jan en Miep Gies van het pand Woestduinstraat 86/1 in Amsterdam (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrdga\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): Persoonskaart H. Santrouschitz. De einddatum van de inschrijving staat hier niet op omdat de Bevolkingsregisters inmiddels op digitale systemen zijn overgestapt.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"37891\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Transcriptie interview Dienke Hondius, 1989, p. 5-6. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtc2w\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>AFS-Bulletin</em>, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fiywo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Mondelinge mededeling van Teresien da Silva, 27 juli 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uwal\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Paul Gies aan Teresien da Silva, 2 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zmuia\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>E-mail Teresien da Silva, 27 september 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1952-11-02",
"date_end": "2009-12-17",
"summary": "Miep Gies lived in Hoorn for the last years of her life.",
"summary_nl": "Miep Gies woonde haar laatste levensjaren in Hoorn.",
"summary_en": "Miep Gies lived in Hoorn for the last years of her life.",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6f578205-c4f4-443b-adb0-0d1b6e87f10e/",
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"name": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Henny van Pels woont in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zij vestigde zich in Amsterdam-Zuid als costumière.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was de eerste uit het gezin van Aäron van Pels en Lina Vorsänger die naar Amsterdam trok. Wel was hun nicht Bertel Hess haar al in <strong>1933</strong> voorgegaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op termijn zouden al haar broers en zussen, net als hun vader, hun thuisstad Osnabrück verlaten. Allen wilden ook verder naar Noord- of Zuid-Amerika, maar dat zou slechts enkelen lukken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1935-10-30",
"date_end": "1943-02-24",
"summary": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Henny van Pels is een oudere zus van Hermann van Pels. Zij was de eerste van haar familie die naar Amsterdam vertrok.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
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"files": []
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{
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a1fe363e-9156-4b0e-8ea7-4b58d18e4f1d",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/a0c52fe0-3e14-44a5-b205-75885d8e7bb2",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5",
"published": true,
"uuid": "588f6db0-3f3c-4b1f-96d9-26f2134af198",
"name": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Aäron David van Pels komt naar Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels voelde zich lang veilig in Duitsland omdat hij Nederlands staatsburger was. In <strong>september 1938</strong> troffen nationaal-socialistische maatregelen echter ook zijn zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertrok enkele maanden later naar Amsterdam om bij zijn dochter Henny te gaan wonen. Een poging om visa voor Brazilië te krijgen, waar hij zich bij zijn dochter Meta wilde voegen, liep op niets uit. Hij overleed <strong>eind 1941</strong> in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-02-07",
"date_end": "1941-12-27",
"summary": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron David van Pels was de vader van Hermann en grootvader van Peter van Pels. Begin 1939 kwam hij naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
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"name": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"name_nl": "Ida van Pels naar Chili",
"name_en": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"content": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Kort na de Novemberpogroms kwam zij naar Nederland en woonde bijna een jaar in Bloemendaal. Vervolgens woonde ze kort bij haar zus Henny in Amsterdam alvorens naar Chili te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-11-30",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Ida van Pels was een zuster van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
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"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"name": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Aäron David van Pels komt naar Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels voelde zich lang veilig in Duitsland omdat hij Nederlands staatsburger was. In <strong>september 1938</strong> troffen nationaal-socialistische maatregelen echter ook zijn zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertrok enkele maanden later naar Amsterdam om bij zijn dochter Henny te gaan wonen. Een poging om visa voor Brazilië te krijgen, waar hij zich bij zijn dochter Meta wilde voegen, liep op niets uit. Hij overleed <strong>eind 1941</strong> in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-02-07",
"date_end": "1941-12-27",
"summary": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron David van Pels was de vader van Hermann en grootvader van Peter van Pels. Begin 1939 kwam hij naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
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"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Keg",
"name_en": "The Keg firm is burgled",
"content": "<p>One of the Achterhuis' neighbouring premises housed the Keg tea and coffee company. It had already been burgled in <strong>July 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>1 november 1940,</strong> warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche reported another burglary attempt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and branch manager Jacob Boon also repeatedly reported burglaries and thefts, as well as various attempts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was thee- en koffiehandel Keg gevestigd. In <strong>juli 1940</strong> was daar al eens ingebroken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>1 november 1940</strong> deed magazijnchef Hendrik Mussche aangifte van nog een inbraakpoging bij het bedrijf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook filiaalchef Jacob Boon deed hij herhaaldelijk aangifte van inbraken en diefstallen, en van pogingen daartoe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the Achterhuis' neighbouring premises housed the Keg tea and coffee company. It had already been burgled in <strong>July 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>1 november 1940,</strong> warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche reported another burglary attempt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and branch manager Jacob Boon also repeatedly reported burglaries and thefts, as well as various attempts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1940-10-31",
"date_end": "1940-11-01",
"summary": "The Keg company was repeatedly broken into during the war.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de firma Keg werd tijdens de oorlog herhaaldelijk ingebroken.",
"summary_en": "The Keg company was repeatedly broken into during the war.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 196,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "29abb87c-1833-4c97-9fc9-33c21427ac82",
"name": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"name_nl": "Bedreigingen: buitenstaanders, inbrekers, brand, verduistering en luchtgevaar",
"name_en": "Threats: outsiders, burglars, fire, embezzlement and threats from the air",
"description": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het onopgemerkte verblijf in het Achterhuis werd op verschillende manieren bedreigd. Naast de kans dat onwetende bezoekers of omwonenden van het pand iets merkten, was er nog de kans op inbrekers, brand in of bij het gebouw, lichtuitstraling en luchtgevaar. Onderduikers en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buitenstaanders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooral in de beginperiode kwam Annes angst voor buitenstaanders in het gebouw herhaaldelijk tot uitdrukking. In sommige gevallen waren dit vreemden, maar zeker niet altijd. De vertegenwoordigers, apotheker Arthus Lewinsohn, de accountant en sommige pakhuismannen waren min of meer bekenden. De loodgieter, de werkster, de timmerman en de andere pakhuismannen waren voor de onderduikers – voor zover we weten – onbekenden. Ook de bekenden vormden in Annes ogen een bedreiging. Er ontstond onrust toen Ans Broks te kennen gaf dat ze elke dag om twee uur op kantoor koffie wilde komen drinken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Annes dagboek geeft af en toe aanwijzingen waaruit blijkt dat de onderduikers eveneens rekening hielden met de mogelijkheid dat mensen die in de buurpanden woonden of werkten hun aanwezigheid zouden ontdekken.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen op een ochtend Peter van Pels was vergeten de grendel aan de binnenkant van de straatdeur te halen, konden Victor Kugler en de magazijnmannen niet naar binnen. Kugler moest via het pand van groothandel Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 en kon maar op het nippertje voorkomen dat een van de buren langs een ladder naar binnen klom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Inbraak</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Annes dagboeken en verhaaltjes komen verschillende inbraken en pogingen daartoe voor. Broer en zus Wijnberg, die tijdens de onderduikperiode op Prinsengracht 251 woonden, vertelden in een interview dat ze op <strong>24 maart 1943</strong> als kind in het pand geweest waren en dat ze daar muskaatnoten hadden weggenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne schrijft een dag later over haar eerste kennismaking met het fenomeen inbrekers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De inbraak van <strong>9 april 1944</strong> wordt ook door een politierapport bevestigd, en wel doordat de passerende nachtwaker Martinus Slegers de ingetrapte deur opmerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De B-versie vermeldt in de nacht van <strong>15 op 16 juli 1943</strong> een inbraak. Volgens diezelfde notitie was er zes weken eerder ook al een mislukte poging geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In de A-versie schrijft Anne over een dief die mogelijk met een valse sleutel binnenkwam, althans er was aan de buitendeur niets te zien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De wijdere omgeving kreeg uiteraard eveneens met criminaliteit te maken. Bij Keg op de Prinsengracht 265 zijn uit de politierapporten geen inbraken tijdens de onderduikperiode bekend, maar volgens het proces-verbaal van de Rijksrecherche uit 1963 zijn die er wel geweest. Volgens de Rijksrecherche was het personeel noodgedwongen zelfs geregeld ’s nachts aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> De dochter van filiaalchef Jacob Boon wist dat haar vader in de oorlogsjaren meer dan eens in zijn kantoor overnachtte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In de nacht van <strong>7 op 8 april 1943</strong> drongen insluipers bij meubelfabriek Elhoek op nummer 261 binnen en stalen daar zeshonderd gulden en een schrijfmachine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>november 1941</strong> was daar ook al eens een muntmeter van het Gemeentelijk Energiebedrijf (GEB) leeggehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Enkele jaren eerder was ook in het latere Opekta-pand de inhoud van een muntmeter door inbrekers gestolen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Gezien het beleid van het GEB in de ‘klein-zakelijke’ markt was het zeer aannemelijk dat die meter na de komst van Opekta <strong>eind 1940</strong> was blijven hangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Diefstal uit muntmeters was een zeer veel voorkomend verschijnsel. De aanwezigheid van zulke meters leverde dus zeker een extra risico op.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman en Victor Kugler maakten tijdens de onderduikperiode, voor zover na te gaan, geen melding van inbraken en diefstallen in hun pand. Daarna, in <strong>januari 1945</strong>, gaf Johan Broks - Kugler zat dan nog gevangen - namens Gies & Co. de diefstal van zeventig kilo suiker aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Brand</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bouwplannen voor het pand van Elhoek op Prinsengracht 261, gemaakt in <strong>juni 1940</strong>, tonen dat men daar met brandgevaarlijke materialen en technieken werkte, daar er uitgebreide adviezen omtrent zelfsluitende deuren, vluchtwegen en een brandblusleiding in waren opgenomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In het Opekta-pand werd ook rekening gehouden met brandgevaar. Een paar maanden voor de onderduik was er een klein brandje, toen verpakkingsmateriaal dat te dicht bij een kachel lag vlam vatte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Er bevonden zich op verschillende plaatsen zogenaamde Minimax-toestellen. Een ervan hing op het overloopje voor de boekenkast. Die locatie was vanuit bedrijfsoogpunt ‘perifeer’, en zou met het oog op de onderduikers kunnen zijn gekozen: buiten de boekenkast, waardoor periodiek onderhoud – althans in theorie – probleemloos kon gebeuren. In de B-versie van het dagboek schrijft Anne, met de datum <strong>20 oktober 1942</strong>, dat ze deze toestellen in huis ‘<em>krijgen</em>’, wat ze later wijzigt in ‘<em>hebben</em>’. Mogelijk zijn deze dus in de <strong>herfst van 1942</strong> aangebracht, maar duidelijkheid is daar niet over.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Verduistering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanwege de oorlogsomstandigheden golden er strikte verduisteringsmaatregelen. Gebruikers van woonhuizen en andere gebouwen waren verplicht maatregelen te treffen die tussen zonsondergang en zonsopgang lichtuitstraling moesten voorkomen. In de winter moesten de gordijnen tot veertien uur per etmaal gesloten blijven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Optreden van politie en Luchtbescherming tegen overtreders was aan de orde van de dag. In de avond van <strong>4 maart 1941</strong> trapten agenten de toegangsdeur van het Opekta-pand in omdat in de hal een lamp brandde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Toen de onderduik begon, ware onderduikers en helpers dat uiteraard nog niet vergeten. Het ver- en ontduisteren is in Annes geschriften herhaaldelijk aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> Tijdens de restauratie van <strong>1958</strong> zijn veel raamkozijnen vervangen. Van de Van Pels-kamer zijn enkele originelen echter nog in de museale collectie aanwezig en de hulpconstructies voor de verduistering zitten er nog aan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Luchtgevaar</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De regelmatig terugkerende opmerkingen van Anne over schieten, sirenes en alarmeringen zijn waar mogelijk vergeleken met de luchtgevaarmeldingen die in het Amsterdamse politiearchief zijn bewaard. Een aantal in het oog lopende gevallen van ‘luchtgevaar’ is hier weergegeven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In geval van luchtalarm is een ieder verplicht naar de dichtstbijzijnde schuilkelder te gaan of op andere wijze dekking te zoeken.“Bij luchtalarm [...] van de straat!”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 september 1940</strong>. In de ochtend van <strong>6 juli 1942</strong> is er geen luchtalarm, wat voor de Franks op weg naar de Prinsengracht een ernstige complicatie zou hebben betekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>10 juli 1943</strong> introduceerde Rauter een ‘vooralarm’, dat aangaf dat geallieerde vliegtuigen het Nederlandse luchtruim binnenkwamen zonder dat direct bomaanvallen waren te verwachten. Het signaal droeg de benaming “waarschuwing luchtgevaar”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Een week of twee later noemt Anne in de B-versie het gebruik van dit vooralarm als ze schrijft over de luchtaanvallen op de Fokker-fabriek in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> De herhaaldelijke alarmeringen die ze die dag in haar in retrospectief geschreven B-notitie opsomt, stemmen overeen met de alarmeringen die de politie in haar register noteert.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Dat maakt aannemelijk dat ze voor deze B-notitie haar originele - en verdwenen - notities uit <strong>juli ’43</strong> gebruikte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>maart 1944</strong> kwam een bommenwerper neer op een school in de Spaarndammerstraat, op nog geen anderhalve kilometer van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> Tijdens het luchtgevecht waar Anne op <strong>3 mei 1944</strong> getuige van was, stortte een vliegtuig in de Van Bossestraat neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> Dit was ook op korte afstand van het Achterhuis. Ook in Tuindorp Oostzaan en de Grote IJpolder kwamen die dag vliegtuigen neer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Ten slotte stortte er eind april ook nog een vliegtuig neer op het Carlton Hotel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verwant aan de gevaren vanuit de lucht en van afweergeschut was de dreiging van oorlogshandelingen en evacuaties in het westen van Nederland. Anne schrijft <strong>begin ‘44</strong> uitvoerig over de discussies tussen onderduikers en helpers als dit gevaar concrete vormen dreigt aan te nemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers waeen erg bezig met hun veiligheid. Ze hadden allerlei afspraken en regelingen om te voorkomen dat ze de aandacht op zich zouden vestigen. Hoewel het handhaven af en toe verslapte, hielden ze zich daar redelijk aan. Op sommige gevaren hadden zij noch de helpers enige invloed: tegen vallende bommen of neerstortende vliegtuigen was uiteraard geen kruid gewassen. Er zijn geen redenen om te vermoeden dat laksheid of onderschatting van de veiligheidsmaatregelen aan de uiteindelijke arrestatie hebben bijgedragen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 15 en 17 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 25 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 april 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 16 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 1 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 10 juli 1942, 4 en 10 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 26 juli 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Staying unnoticed in the Secret Annex was threatened in several ways. Besides the chance that unwitting visitors or neighbours of the building might notice something, there was the possibility of burglars, fire in or near the building, light escaping and airborne threats. The people in hiding and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Outsiders</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Especially in the early days, Anne repeatedly expressed her fear of outsiders in the building. In some cases these were strangers, but certainly not always. The sales representatives, pharmacist Arthur Lewinsohn, the accountant and some warehouse men were more or less acquaintances. The plumber, the cleaner, the carpenter and the other warehouse men were strangers to the people in hiding - as far as we know. The acquaintances also posed a threat in Anne's eyes. There was unease when Ans Broks said that she wanted to come to the office for coffee every day at two o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From time to time, Anne's diary provides clues showing that the people in hiding also took into account the possibility that people living or working in neighbouring premises would discover their presence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>One morning, when Peter van Pels had forgotten to open the bolt on the inside of the street door, Victor Kugler and the warehousemen could not get in. Kugler had to go through the premises of wholesaler Keg on Prinsengracht 265 and only just managed to prevent one of the neighbours from climbing in via a ladder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Burglary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Several break-ins and attempted break-ins are referred to in Anne's diaries and narratives. Brother and sister Wijnberg, who lived at Prinsengracht 251 during the period in hiding, said in an interview that they had been in the building as children on <strong>24 March 1943</strong> and had stolen muscatel nuts there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Anne writes a day later about her first encounter with the phenomenon of burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The break-in of <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1944</strong> is also confirmed by a police report, when the passing night watchman Martonus Slegers noticed the kicked-in door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The B-version mentions a burglary on the night of <strong>15-16 July 1943</strong>. According to the same passage, there had also been an unsuccessful attempt six weeks earlier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In the A-version, Anne writes about a thief who may have entered with a false key, or at least nothing could be seen on the outside door.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The wider area, of course, also had to deal with crime. At Keg at Prinsengracht 265, police reports do not reveal any burglaries during the hiding period, but according to the 1963 official report of the National Criminal Investigation Department, there were burglaries. According to the State Investigation Department, by necessity, staff were even regularly present at night.<sup data-footnote-id=\"benwc\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> The daughter of branch manager Jacob Boon knew that her father spent the night in his office more than once during the war years.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> In the night of <strong>7-8 April 1943,</strong> burglars broke into Elhoek furniture factory at number 261 and stole six hundred guilders and a typewriter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>November 1941</strong>, a coin meter of the Municipal Energy Company (GEB) had also been emptied there.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> A few years earlier, the contents of a coin meter in the later Opekta premises had also been stolen by burglars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Given GEB's policy in the 'small business' market, it was highly plausible that that meter had stayed behind after Opekta's arrival <strong>in the late 1940s</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Theft from coin meters was a very common phenomenon. So the presence of such meters certainly posed an additional risk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler reported no burglaries or thefts on their premises during the period in hiding, as far as can be verified. Then, in <strong>January 1945</strong>, Johan Broks - Kugler was still in prison at the time - reported the theft of seventy kilos of sugar from Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Fire</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Building plans for Elhoek's premises at Prinsengracht 261, made in <strong>June 1940</strong>, show that people there were working with flammable materials and techniques, as they included extensive recommendations on self-closing doors, escape routes and a fire-extinguishing riser.<sup data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> In the Opekta premises, fire hazards were also taken into account. A few months before going into hiding, there was a small fire when packaging material lying too close to a stove caught fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> There were 'Minimax' appliances in several places. One was mounted on the landing in front of the bookcase. That location was 'peripheral' from a company point of view, and might have been chosen with the people in hiding in mind: outside the bookcase, allowing periodic maintenance to take place without problems - at least in theory. In the B-version of the diary, Anne writes, with the date <strong>20 October 1942</strong>, that they '<em>got</em>' these devices in the house, which she later changes to '<em>have</em>'. It is therefore possible that they were fitted in the <strong>autumn of 1942</strong>, but there is no clarity on this.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blackout</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Due to war conditions, strict blackout measures applied. Users of residential and other buildings were obliged to take measures to prevent light escaping between sunset and sunrise. In winter, curtains had to remain closed for up to 14 hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igek3\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Police and Air Protection were quick to take action against violators. In the evening of <strong>4 March 1941,</strong> officers kicked in the entrance door of the Opekta premises because a light was on in the hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Of course, when the period of hiding began, the people in hiding and helpers had not yet forgotten this. Anne's writings often refer to the closing and opening of the blackout curtains.<sup data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> During the <strong>1958</strong> restoration, many window frames were replaced. However, some original frames from the Van Pels room are still in the museum collection, and the added constructions for blackout curtains are still attached.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Air hazard</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne's frequent comments on shots, sirens and alarms have been compared, where possible, with the air hazard reports preserved in the Amsterdam police archives. A few significant instances of 'air hazard' are shown here.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the event of an air siren, everyone was obliged to go to the nearest shelter or otherwise take cover. "If the air siren sounds [...] get off the streets!", <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, <strong>13 September 1940</strong>. On the morning of <strong>6 July 1942</strong>, there was no air siren, which would have meant a serious complication for the Franks on their way to Prinsengracht.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Starting on <strong>10 July 1943,</strong> Rauter introduced an 'pre-alarm', which indicated that Allied aircraft were entering Dutch airspace without any immediate bomb attacks being expected. The alert was designated an 'air hazard warning'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> A week or two later, Anne mentions the use of this pre-alarm in the B-version when she writes about the air attacks on the Fokker factory in Amsterdam-Noord.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> The repeated alarms she lists in her retrospectively written B note that day correspond to the alarms noted by the police in their register.<sup data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> This makes it plausible that she used her original - and vanished - notes from <strong>July 1943</strong> for this B note.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>March 1944</strong>, a bomber crashed into a school in Spaarndammerstraat, less than one and a half kilometres from the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> During the air battle Anne witnessed on<strong> 3 May 1944</strong>, a plane crashed in Van Bossestraat.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup> This was also a short distance from the Secret Annex. Planes also crashed in Tuindorp Oostzaan and Grote IJpolder that day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Finally, a plane also crashed into the Carlton Hotel at the end of April.<sup data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Related to the dangers from the air and from anti-aircraft guns was the threat of acts of war and evacuations in the west of the Netherlands. Anne writes at length <strong>in early 1944</strong> about the discussions between the people in hiding and the helpers when this danger threatened to take concrete forms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people in hiding were very concerned with their safety. They had all kinds of agreements and arrangements to avoid drawing attention to themselves. Although compliance slackened from time to time, they kept them reasonably well. Neither they nor the people helping them had any control over some dangers: there was obviously nothing they could have done about falling bombs or crashing aircraft. There are no reasons to suspect that laxity or underestimation of security measures contributed to their eventual arrest.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zl06s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge0em\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 15 and 17 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9tvui\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dineke Stam, 'Ik was de inbreker'. Hans Wijnberg: 'Ik ontdekte dat daar onderduikers zaten', in: <em>Anne Frank Magazine </em>1999, p. 32-35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2wfou\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 25 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0o6f\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 April 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2036: Meldingsrapport Warmoesstraat, 9 april 1944, mut. 23.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cq0nb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 16 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl1k\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 1 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"benwc\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Proces-verbaal 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vn2j9\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Boon: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Ank Boon, 2 oktober 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4dus\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7013: Rapporten Warmoesstraat, 8 april 1943, mut. 17.18.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nx2b7\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6380: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 22 november 1941, mut. 16.55.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qq6e5\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Inbraken”, <em>Algemeen Handelsblad</em>, 15 februari 1938 (ochtendeditie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q94p5\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mondelinge mededeling van Gerard Oudhaarlem, 3 september 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny8xy\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 7014: Rapport Recherchedienst Amsterdam, 16 januari 1945, mut. 13.30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"19pu2\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Pandenarchief (v.m. Bouw- & woningtoezicht), doss. 79837: Restauratie Prinsengracht 261, blad 2, 6 juni 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vo9r7\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 17 maart 1942, mut. 11.20 a.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igek3\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Verduister v. 16.28-8.50 u.”, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 23 december 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wxpi4\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 4 maart 1941, mut. 10.00 n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"75e0h\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 10 July 1942, 4 and 10 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b3n1r\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. coee A_Achterhuis_II_078 en 079: Twee kozijnen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xfg9o\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘Nieuw signaal bij luchtgevaar’, <em>De Tijd</em>, 9 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kxbg3\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 26 July 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"llz9o\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5428: Register luchtalarmering.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6idhi\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>J.F.M. den Boer & S. Duparc (samenst.), <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940 – 1945, </em>Amsterdam, De Bussy, 1948, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"udiwt\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>den Boer & Duparc, <em>Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940-1945</em>, p. 98.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2g3wk\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6489: Rapporten 3-4 mei 1943 Mosplein (Adelaarsweg), mut. 21.00; SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5878: 3-4 mei 1943, Admiraal de Ruyterweg, mut. 20.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xhz3o\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 February 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
"summary_nl": "De onderduikers in het Achterhuis en helpers waren zeer alert op riskante situaties en deden er veel aan om risico’s te vermijden.",
"summary_en": "The people in the Secret Annex and the helpers were very alert to risky situations and did a lot to avoid risks.",
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"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
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"name": "Keg Thee en Koffie, firma C. (C. Keg Tea and Coffee Co.)",
"name_nl": "Keg Thee en Koffie, firma C.",
"name_en": "Keg Thee en Koffie, firma C. (C. Keg Tea and Coffee Co.)",
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"content": "<p>This branch of a wholesale company of coffee, tea and packaged foodstuffs was located at Prinsengracht 265, Amsterdam, next to Otto Frank's business premises (as of <strong>1 December 1940</strong>).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As well as Opekta and Gies & Co. (and other companies), Keg regularly suffered from burglaries. The staff was therefore assigned night-time guard duty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Before the period in hiding, there were several known burglaries in the building. One of these was committed via the then vacant neighboring building 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Reports were made by branch manager Jacob Boon and warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Keg also had to contend with crime after the liberation: '<em>On behalf of N.V. Keg's Groothandel, P 265 in A-dam, a report is made of the theft of 7½ KG raisins, from a shipment of 2900 KG, sent from R-dam to the addressee by expedition. Bijloo</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because the building on Prinsengracht had a basement and no ground floor, Keg had a garage at Egelantiersstraat 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 February 1940</strong>, there was a collision on Columbusplein in which a Keg van, driven by H.J. Mooseker, was involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Rijksrecherche, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3274: Meldingsrapp. wachtcomm. recherche 17-18 november 1945, mut. 14.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Afschrift rapport Westerstraat, 27 april 1942, 15.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5933: Rapport Willem Schoutenstraat, 5-6 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Deze vestiging van een Zaanse groothandel in koffie, thee en verpakte levensmiddelen was gevestigd op de Prinsengracht 265, Amsterdam, naast het bedrijfspand (vanaf <strong>1 december 1940</strong>) van Otto Frank.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Evenals Opekta en Gies & Co. (en andere bedrijven) had Keg regelmatig last van inbraken. Het personeel kreeg daarom nachtelijke wachtdiensten opgelegd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Vóór de onderduikperiode waren er enkele inbraken in het pand bekend. Een daarvan was gepleegd via het toen nog leegstaande buurpand 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Aangiftes werden gedaan door filiaalchef Jacob Boon en magazijnchef Hendrik Mussche.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook na de bevrijding had Keg met criminaliteit te kampen: '<em>Namens N.V. Keg’s Groothandel, P 265 te A-dam, wordt aangifte gedaan van diefstal van 7½ KG rozijnen, van een zending groot 2900 KG, verzonden van R-dam aan geadresseerde per expeditie Bijloo</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Omdat het pand aan de Prinsengracht een souterrain had, en geen gelijkvloerse benedenverdieping, had Keg een garage op het adres Egelantiersstraat 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 februari 1940</strong> was er een aanrijding op het Columbusplein waarbij een bestelauto van Keg, bestuurd door H.J. Mooseker, was betrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Rijksrecherche, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3274: Meldingsrapp. wachtcomm. recherche 17-18 november 1945, mut. 14.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Afschrift rapport Westerstraat, 27 april 1942, 15.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5933: Rapport Willem Schoutenstraat, 5-6 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>This branch of a wholesale company of coffee, tea and packaged foodstuffs was located at Prinsengracht 265, Amsterdam, next to Otto Frank's business premises (as of <strong>1 December 1940</strong>).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>As well as Opekta and Gies & Co. (and other companies), Keg regularly suffered from burglaries. The staff was therefore assigned night-time guard duty.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Before the period in hiding, there were several known burglaries in the building. One of these was committed via the then vacant neighboring building 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Reports were made by branch manager Jacob Boon and warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Keg also had to contend with crime after the liberation: '<em>On behalf of N.V. Keg's Groothandel, P 265 in A-dam, a report is made of the theft of 7½ KG raisins, from a shipment of 2900 KG, sent from R-dam to the addressee by expedition. Bijloo</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Because the building on Prinsengracht had a basement and no ground floor, Keg had a garage at Egelantiersstraat 8.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 February 1940</strong>, there was a collision on Columbusplein in which a Keg van, driven by H.J. Mooseker, was involved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r71sk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr. 23892: Rijksrecherche, p.v.b. 86/1963 v.H.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cck8w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztaxm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 3274: Meldingsrapp. wachtcomm. recherche 17-18 november 1945, mut. 14.00.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e0tvs\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6382: Afschrift rapport Westerstraat, 27 april 1942, 15.00 uur.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tyk7z\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 5933: Rapport Willem Schoutenstraat, 5-6 februari 1940.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.883994 52.375255)",
"summary": "Branch of a Zaandam wholesale company in coffee, tea and packaged foods, located next door to Otto Frank's business premises.",
"summary_nl": "Filiaal van een Zaanse groothandel in koffie, thee en verpakte levensmiddelen, gevestigd naast het bedrijfspand van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Branch of a Zaandam wholesale company in coffee, tea and packaged foods, located next door to Otto Frank's business premises.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Prinsengracht 265",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
282
]
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/0996f06e-79e0-4d5b-9cbf-4a2bbfbdd756/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "0996f06e-79e0-4d5b-9cbf-4a2bbfbdd756",
"name": "The Keg firm is burgled",
"name_nl": "Inbraak bij de firma Keg",
"name_en": "The Keg firm is burgled",
"content": "<p>One of the Achterhuis' neighbouring premises housed the Keg tea and coffee company. It had already been burgled in <strong>July 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>1 november 1940,</strong> warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche reported another burglary attempt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and branch manager Jacob Boon also repeatedly reported burglaries and thefts, as well as various attempts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de een van de buurpanden naast het Achterhuis was thee- en koffiehandel Keg gevestigd. In <strong>juli 1940</strong> was daar al eens ingebroken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>1 november 1940</strong> deed magazijnchef Hendrik Mussche aangifte van nog een inbraakpoging bij het bedrijf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Ook filiaalchef Jacob Boon deed hij herhaaldelijk aangifte van inbraken en diefstallen, en van pogingen daartoe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>One of the Achterhuis' neighbouring premises housed the Keg tea and coffee company. It had already been burgled in <strong>July 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cju71\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>1 november 1940,</strong> warehouse manager Hendrik Mussche reported another burglary attempt,<sup data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> and branch manager Jacob Boon also repeatedly reported burglaries and thefts, as well as various attempts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cju71\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6437: Rapport Marnixstraat, 29 juli 1940, mut. 10.00</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bm7qo\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 6438: Rapporten Marnixstraat, 1 november 1940, mut. 11.35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d36ge\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nrs. 6437 en 6439: Rapporten Marnixstraat van 29 juli en 2 september 1940, en 8 maart 1941.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1940-10-31",
"date_end": "1940-11-01",
"summary": "The Keg company was repeatedly broken into during the war.",
"summary_nl": "Bij de firma Keg werd tijdens de oorlog herhaaldelijk ingebroken.",
"summary_en": "The Keg company was repeatedly broken into during the war.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
196,
91
],
"persons": [
2143,
2238
],
"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
},
{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
"id": 142,
"main_image": null,
"location": {
"id": 153,
"files": [],
"main_image": null,
"latitude": "53.549156",
"longitude": "9.985242",
"events": [
{
"id": 142,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fc407e42-3262-4e00-9d43-ed1943929ec0/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae6341dc-ca85-4c06-b186-57e804a66a88",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/8f62cc5c-75bd-448e-acab-776fab7184f5"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/1194af60-b60a-49ae-8762-cf8567fd21fd",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fc407e42-3262-4e00-9d43-ed1943929ec0",
"name": "Meta Haag-van Pels in Hamburg",
"name_nl": "Meta Haag-van Pels in Hamburg",
"name_en": "Meta Haag-van Pels in Hamburg",
"content": "<p>Meta van Pels married Herbert Haag from Hamburg on <strong>17 February 1928</strong> in her home town of Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Haag was a brother of Anni Haag, who married Meta's brother Max David van Pels. After the marriage Meta lived with her husband in Hamburg, until their departure to Brazil in late <strong>1936 </strong>or early <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsischen Landesarchiv, afdeling Osnabrück, Standesamt Osnabrück, Rep 492, nr. 707: huwelijksakten 1928, nr. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Hamburger Adreßbuch</em>, jrg. 149 (1936), deel II, Hamburg: Hamburger Adreßbuch-Verlag, 1936, p. 845 (onder firma Peine & Wolff). In de uitgave van 1937 komen Herbert Haag en de firma Peine & Wolff niet meer voor.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Meta van Pels trouwde op <strong>17 februari 1928</strong> in haar woonplaats Osnabrück met Herbert Haag uit Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Haag was een broer van Anni Haag, die trouwde met Meta's broer Max David van Pels. Na het huwelijk woonde Meta met haar man in Hamburg, tot hun vertrek naar Brazilië <strong>eind 1936</strong> of <strong>begin 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsischen Landesarchiv, afdeling Osnabrück, Standesamt Osnabrück, Rep 492, nr. 707: huwelijksakten 1928, nr. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Hamburger Adreßbuch</em>, jrg. 149, 1936, deel II, Hamburg: Hamburger Adreßbuch-Verlag, 1936, p. 845 (onder firma Peine & Wolff). In de uitgave van 1937 komen Herbert Haag en de firma Peine & Wolff niet meer voor.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Meta van Pels married Herbert Haag from Hamburg on <strong>17 February 1928</strong> in her home town of Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Haag was a brother of Anni Haag, who married Meta's brother Max David van Pels. After the marriage Meta lived with her husband in Hamburg, until their departure to Brazil in late <strong>1936 </strong>or early <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsischen Landesarchiv, afdeling Osnabrück, Standesamt Osnabrück, Rep 492, nr. 707: huwelijksakten 1928, nr. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Hamburger Adreßbuch</em>, jrg. 149 (1936), deel II, Hamburg: Hamburger Adreßbuch-Verlag, 1936, p. 845 (onder firma Peine & Wolff). In de uitgave van 1937 komen Herbert Haag en de firma Peine & Wolff niet meer voor.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1928-01-01",
"date_end": "1936-12-31",
"summary": "Meta van Pels was a younger sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Meta van Pels was een jongere zus van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Meta van Pels was a younger sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124556,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
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"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"name": "Hamburg",
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"uuid": "1194af60-b60a-49ae-8762-cf8567fd21fd",
"content": "<p>From <strong>24 July </strong>to <strong>3 August 1943</strong>, the British air force carried out several intensive bombing raids on Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhrg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Given these circumstances, it is logical that the city of Hamburg was mentioned in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lbet7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhrg6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See : "De luchtaanval op Hamburg", <em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em> 26 juli 1943. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II\" target=\"_blank\">Bombing of Hamburg in World War II</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lbet7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf <strong>24 juli </strong>tot <strong>3 augustus 1943</strong> voerde de Engelse luchtmacht diverse intensieve bombardementen uit op Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhrg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het is gezien deze omstandigheden verklaarbaar dat de stad Hamburg in het Achterhuis ter sprake kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lbet7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhrg6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: "De luchtaanval op Hamburg", <em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em> 26 juli 1943. Zie verder: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardement_op_Hamburg\" target=\"_blank\">Bombardement op Hamburg</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lbet7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 3 augustus 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>24 July </strong>to <strong>3 August 1943</strong>, the British air force carried out several intensive bombing raids on Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhrg6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Given these circumstances, it is logical that the city of Hamburg was mentioned in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lbet7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhrg6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See : "De luchtaanval op Hamburg", <em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em> 26 juli 1943. Also see: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II\" target=\"_blank\">Bombing of Hamburg in World War II</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lbet7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 3 August 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (9.985242 53.549156)",
"summary": "Main German port in northern Germany: the Elbe River connects Hamburg to the North Sea.",
"summary_nl": "Belangrijkste Duitse havenstad in het noorden van Duitsland: de rivier de Elbe verbindt Hamburg met de Noordzee.",
"summary_en": "Main German port in northern Germany: the Elbe River connects Hamburg to the North Sea.",
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"name": "Meta Haag-van Pels in Hamburg",
"name_nl": "Meta Haag-van Pels in Hamburg",
"name_en": "Meta Haag-van Pels in Hamburg",
"content": "<p>Meta van Pels married Herbert Haag from Hamburg on <strong>17 February 1928</strong> in her home town of Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Haag was a brother of Anni Haag, who married Meta's brother Max David van Pels. After the marriage Meta lived with her husband in Hamburg, until their departure to Brazil in late <strong>1936 </strong>or early <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsischen Landesarchiv, afdeling Osnabrück, Standesamt Osnabrück, Rep 492, nr. 707: huwelijksakten 1928, nr. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Hamburger Adreßbuch</em>, jrg. 149 (1936), deel II, Hamburg: Hamburger Adreßbuch-Verlag, 1936, p. 845 (onder firma Peine & Wolff). In de uitgave van 1937 komen Herbert Haag en de firma Peine & Wolff niet meer voor.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Meta van Pels trouwde op <strong>17 februari 1928</strong> in haar woonplaats Osnabrück met Herbert Haag uit Hamburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Haag was een broer van Anni Haag, die trouwde met Meta's broer Max David van Pels. Na het huwelijk woonde Meta met haar man in Hamburg, tot hun vertrek naar Brazilië <strong>eind 1936</strong> of <strong>begin 1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsischen Landesarchiv, afdeling Osnabrück, Standesamt Osnabrück, Rep 492, nr. 707: huwelijksakten 1928, nr. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Hamburger Adreßbuch</em>, jrg. 149, 1936, deel II, Hamburg: Hamburger Adreßbuch-Verlag, 1936, p. 845 (onder firma Peine & Wolff). In de uitgave van 1937 komen Herbert Haag en de firma Peine & Wolff niet meer voor.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Meta van Pels married Herbert Haag from Hamburg on <strong>17 February 1928</strong> in her home town of Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Haag was a brother of Anni Haag, who married Meta's brother Max David van Pels. After the marriage Meta lived with her husband in Hamburg, until their departure to Brazil in late <strong>1936 </strong>or early <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zzc5k\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsischen Landesarchiv, afdeling Osnabrück, Standesamt Osnabrück, Rep 492, nr. 707: huwelijksakten 1928, nr. 81.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmdkr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Hamburger Adreßbuch</em>, jrg. 149 (1936), deel II, Hamburg: Hamburger Adreßbuch-Verlag, 1936, p. 845 (onder firma Peine & Wolff). In de uitgave van 1937 komen Herbert Haag en de firma Peine & Wolff niet meer voor.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1928-01-01",
"date_end": "1936-12-31",
"summary": "Meta van Pels was a younger sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Meta van Pels was een jongere zus van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Meta van Pels was a younger sister of Hermann van Pels.",
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"name": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp",
"content": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op <strong>20 februari 1919 </strong>in Amsterdam. De ouders stemden met het huwelijk in en twee zwagers traden op als getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hun eerste kind werd viereneenhalve maand later geboren. Uiteindelijk kwamen er acht kinderen, op één na allen in Amsterdam geboren. Van de jongsten zijn de geboortedata om privacyredenen niet vermeld.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth {Bep}, <strong>5 juli 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 juli 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 mei 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 juli 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 augustus 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 februari 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door Johans overlijden op <strong>27 november 1945 </strong>ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on <strong>20 February 1919</strong> in Amsterdam. The parents agreed to the marriage and the witnesses were two brothers-in-law.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Their first child was born four and a half months later. Eventually they had eight children, all but one born in Amsterdam. The dates of birth of the youngest are not given for reasons of privacy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Elisabeth, <strong>5 July 1919</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johanna Christina, <strong>27 July 1920</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Wilhelmina Hendrika, <strong>6 May 1922</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Hendrika Petronella, <strong>4 July 1923</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Cornelia Margaretha, <strong>26 August 1924</strong> in Hilversum.</li>\r\n\t<li>Johannes Hendrik, <strong>22 February 1928</strong>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Gerda.</li>\r\n\t<li>Dina.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage was dissolved by Johan's death on <strong>27 November 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ipbbx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5127: Register van huwelijksakten 1919, deel 10-4a, 21f, akte 130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wzmk4\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.H. Voskuijl (1892).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"c8vp4\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart C. Sodenkamp (1899).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1919-02-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johan Voskuijl en Christina Sodenkamp trouwden op 20 februari 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johan Voskuijl and Christina Sodenkamp were married on 20 February 1919 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 237,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/365661ab-d9e8-47ca-b687-e5e149e67e61/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/1ca0aa8a-d7d5-40b6-af15-f971a9288759",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/b0c081c5-dd52-49af-bcb7-6217fd2e801b",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "365661ab-d9e8-47ca-b687-e5e149e67e61",
"name": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Reuman",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Reuman",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman vond plaats op <strong>12 juli 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' broer Cornelis en een broer van Johanna waren getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het echtpaar kreeg een dochter, genaamd Johanna. Het gezin, bestaande uit Johannes (Jo), echtgenote Johanna (Jo en later Joke) en dochter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), stond ook wel bekend als: <em>Jo, Jo en Jo</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Johannes Kleiman op <strong>28 januari 1959</strong> ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman took place on <strong>12 July 1923</strong> in Amsterdam. Johannes' brother Cornelis and a brother of Johanna were witnesses..<sup data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The couple had a daughter named Johanna.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The family, consisting of Johannes (Jo), wife Johanna (Jo and later Joke) and daughter Johanna (Jopie, Jo), were also known as: 'Jo, Jo and Jo'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe marriage ended on <strong>28 January 1959</strong> with the death of Johannes Kleiman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39rc6\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5462: register van huwelijksakten 1923, deel 36-6d, 50v, akte 485.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hhjfk\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Roozendaal: Telefoongesprek Gertjan Broek met Fried Roozendaal, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gd1jh\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Johanna Catharina Reuman.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1923-07-12",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman en Johanna Catharina Reuman trouwden op 12 juli 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman and Johanna Catharina Reuman were married on 12 July 1923 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 239,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/3547c8d9-12e3-4063-bcbc-fa0e8b8a674a",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/a3b1451d-85af-47a9-8f68-ce1b2049d192"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/f2004ab1-f62f-43c5-9864-18eea838d81e",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/40813101-765f-4ffd-9e53-e92c331ac737",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/4027ba4e-edb8-4dcd-ba79-8ab04dd8de95"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d8510570-4cf8-4bd9-9c2e-8c7eb0164885",
"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Maria Netten",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Maria Netten",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De trouwdag van Jan Gies en Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten vond plaats op<em> </em><strong>13 december 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het huwelijk was mogelijk door tussenkomst van de kantonrechter. Jans zwager J.H.A. van Steenvelt was getuige, samen met de verloofde van een zus van de bruid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Bij het huwelijk van de laatsten in <strong>1931</strong> was Jan op zijn beurt getuige.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het huwelijk bleef kinderloos en werd op <strong>7 november 1940</strong> door scheiding ontbonden. Sinds <strong>14 januari 1936</strong> stonden zij al niet meer op hetzelfde adres ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: Register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 6058: Register van huwelijksakten 1931, deel 35-3d, 22f, akte 430.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Maria Margaretha Geertruida Netten took place on<em> </em><strong>13 December 1928</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The marriage was made possible through the intervention of the Cantonal Judge. Jan's brother-in-law J.H.A. van Steenvelt was a witness, together with the fiancé of a sister of the bride.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Jan, in turn, was a witness at the marriage of the latter in <strong>1931</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2arpz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The marriage remained childless and was dissolved on <strong>7 November 1940</strong> by divorce. They had no longer been registered at the same address since <strong>14 January 1936</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yfnnn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite><em> </em>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 5852: register van huwelijksakten 1928, deel 55-3g, 44v, akte 769.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8f8sh\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 5852: akte 769. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qt8xd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten J.A. Gies en M.M.G. Netten.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1928-12-13",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Maria Netten trouwden op 13 december 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Maria Netten married on 13 December 1928 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 230,
"main_image": {
"id": 909,
"uuid": "308c2bb2-80f0-4d0f-aaa3-6ddd23db8f93",
"name": "3007",
"title": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/3007_Huwelijksdag_Miep_groepsfoto_buiten.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Miep en Jan Gies en hun gasten op hun huwelijksdag, voor Prinsengracht 263, 16 juli 1941",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/1afcf3ea-95ab-4128-86c5-eaa35e2b8b23/",
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"uuid": "1afcf3ea-95ab-4128-86c5-eaa35e2b8b23",
"name": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman and Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 July 1950</strong>, their son Paul Augustus Gies was born. The marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_002; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz vond plaats op <strong>16 juli 1941</strong>. Jans eerdere huwelijke was door scheiding ontbonden op <strong>7 november 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Getuigen waren Miep haar pleegvader Laurens Nieuwenburg en Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op overgeleverde trouwfoto’s zijn de volgende gasten te zien: Laurens en Anna Nieuwenburg, hun kleindochter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman en Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op een andere foto staan Hermann en Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler en twee onbekenden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Er zijn ook twee foto’s gemaakt in en voor het Opektagebouw op de Prinsengracht. Hierop staan Jan en Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl en een onbekende man en vrouw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep beschreef in haar <em>Herinneringen</em> hoeveel moeite het haar kostte om een geboortebewijs uit Wenen te krijgen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Een afschrift van haar <em>Geburts- und Tauf-Schein</em> werd op <strong>29 januari 1941 </strong>afgegeven; een afschrift van de officiële bevestiging van het vaderschap door Eipeldauer uit <strong>1909 </strong>werd afgegeven op <strong>2 mei 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In de twee jaar voorafgaand aan het huwelijk werden ook de geboorte- en doopbewijzen van Mieps moeder (afschrift <strong>29 november 1940</strong>), grootvader (afschrift <strong>17 februari 1939</strong>) en grootmoeder (afschrift <strong>23 februari 1939</strong>) afgegeven. Op het laatste afschrift stond gestempeld: '<em>Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Deze documenten waren zeer waarschijnlijk met het oog op het voorgenomen huwelijk verstrekt.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een interview vertelde Miep dat de worst voor op het bruiloftsfeest was geregeld door Daatzelaar, vertegenwoordiger van Gies & Co. en later bonnenleverancier van het Achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter gelegenheid van hun éénjarige huwelijk op <strong>18 juli 1942</strong> werd er een etentje georganiseerd in het Achterhuis. Het menukaartje is bewaard gebleven:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>aangeboden door "HET ACHTERHUIS" ter gelegenheid<br />\r\nvan het eenjarig bestaan van het huwelijk van<br />\r\nden Weled. heer en Mevrouw GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoastbeef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF (JUS)<br />\r\nzeer miniem gebruiken svp. in verband<br />\r\nmet verlaging v.h.boterrantsoen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogaat)<br />\r\nSuiker, Kaneel, Frambozensap<br />\r\n<br />\r\nKO F F I E met suiker, room<br />\r\nen div. verrassingen. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>13 juli 1950</strong> werd hun zoon Paul Augustus Gies geboren. Het huwelijk werd door het overlijden van Jan in <strong>1993 </strong>ontbonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_002; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7wrfy\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten dienden wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz took place on <strong>16 July 1941</strong>. Jan's previous marriage had been dissolved by divorce on <strong>7 November 1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Miep's foster father Laurens Nieuwenburg and Otto Frank serves as witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Surviving wedding photographs show the following guests: Laurens and Anna Nieuwenburg, their granddaughter Irene, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Bep Voskuijl, Esther Troeder, Pine Wuurman and Branca Boom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Another photo shows Hermann and Auguste van Pels, Victor Kugler and two other unidentifed people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Two photographs were also taken in and in front of the Opekta building on Prinsengracht. These show Jan and Miep Gies, Otto Frank, Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels, Bep Voskuijl and an unidentified man and woman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Miep describes in her <em>Herinneringen</em> how much trouble it took her to obtain a birth certificate from Vienna.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> A copy of her 'Geburts- und Tauf-Schein' was issued on <strong>29 January 1941</strong>; an extract of the <strong>1909 </strong>official confirmation of paternity by Eipeldauer was issued on <strong>2 May 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In the two years preceding the marriage, the birth and baptism certificates of Miep's mother (extract <strong>29 November 1940</strong>), grandfather (extract <strong>17 February 1939</strong>) and grandmother (extract <strong>23 February 1939</strong>) were also issued. The latter extract is stamped 'Gültig nur zum Nachweise der arischen Abstammung'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"baudf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> These documents were most likely issued in view of the intended marriage.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an interview, Miep says that the sausage for the wedding party was arranged by Daatzelaar, representative of Gies & Co. and later voucher supplier of the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nTo mark their one-year wedding anniversary on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, a dinner was organised in the Secret Annex. The menu has been preserved:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Offered by "THE SECRET ANNEX" on the occasion<br />\r\nof the one-year anniversary of the marriage of<br />\r\nthe esteemed Mr and Mrs GIES.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nB o u i l l o n<br />\r\na la Hunzestraat<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRoast beef SCHOLTE<br />\r\nSalade Richelieu<br />\r\nSalade Hollandaise<br />\r\n1 Pomme de terre<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSAUCE DE BOEUF<br />\r\nvery minimal use please in connection<br />\r\nWith reduction in butter ration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nRIZ a la Trautsmandorff<br />\r\n(Surrogate)<br />\r\nSugar, Cinnamon, Raspberry juice<br />\r\n<br />\r\nCO F F E E with sugar, cream<br />\r\nand various surprises. <sup data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>13 July 1950</strong>, their son Paul Augustus Gies was born. The marriage ended with Jan's death in <strong>1993</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r43eh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart J.A. Gies.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"amzfd\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6677: Register van huwelijksakten 1941, deel 22, 17v, akte 33</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pl4fg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_002; A_Gies_III_003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gy62t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_III_036. Meer foto's van het huwelijk zijn te vinden onder reg. code: A_Gies_III_001 en A_Gies_III_005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1tb7p\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Digitale fotocollectie: Huwelijksdag Miep groepsfoto binnen en groepsfoto buiten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ai19i\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies en Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 69-71.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qs2wx\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_023: "Geburts- und Tauf-Schein", gedateerd 29 januari 1941; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_027: Afschrift 2 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"baudf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(“Geburts- Und Taufscheine” Karoline Santrouschitz, Georg Santrouschitz en Magdalena Lakner. Zie: AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_024, 025 en 026. Deze documenten zijn wellicht ten behoeve van de naturalisatieprocedure uit 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ar35w\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Santrouschitz: Interview door Wouter van der Sluis en Janrense Boonstra, 1992, deel 3, p. 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zhs04\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaart met het menu van het diner in het Achterhuis, 18 juli 1942.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1941-07-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Jan Gies en Miep Santrouschitz trouwden op 16 juli 1941 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Jan Gies and Miep Santrouschitz married on 16 July 1941 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 278,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/89469df2-3208-41fd-9879-91b89fde3a21"
],
"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer getuige bij huwelijk",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"content": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>juli 1942</strong> trouwden Rosel Goldschmidt en Paul Wronker, een voormalig huishoudster en een voormalig onderhuurder van de familie Frank. Fritz Pfeffer, op dat moment nog niet ondergedoken, was getuige bij het huwelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 236,
"main_image": {
"id": 1206,
"uuid": "ed94c397-1540-4194-b263-9878432c4e09",
"name": "A_Voskuijl_III_003",
"title": "Foto van de huwelijksdag van Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk, Amsterdam, 15 mei 1946.",
"alt": "Fotobureau Actueel. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/4a73d0ab-b5a7-1b03-ace7-00a11bd85c03.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/e7af8db5-750c-4d29-b7bd-f04b9b57821b/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "e7af8db5-750c-4d29-b7bd-f04b9b57821b",
"name": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk",
"content": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvlvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvlvt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 8034: Register van huwelijksakten 1946, deel 29, 19r, akte 16: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/scans/5009/3.3.46.29/start/10/limit/10/highlight/10\">Huwelijksakte Cor van Wijk en Bep Voskuijl</a>; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de oorlogsjaren was Bep Voskuijl verloofd met A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). Daarna ontmoette zij Cor van Wijk. Zij trouwden op <strong>15 mei 1946</strong> om 14.40 uur in Amsterdam. De getuigen waren Otto Frank en Cornelis Groen, de echtgenoot van Beps jongere zus Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vlrhj\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Verder waren onder de gasten ook Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna en Jopie Kleiman, Miep en Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cors familie was niet aanwezig op deze dag. Zij hadden bezwaren tegen het huwelijk omdat Bep Nederlands-Hervormd was en de familie Van Wijk Rooms-Katholiek. Toen Bep beloofde de kinderen naar catechisatie en katholieke scholen te sturen, vond er acht jaar later toch ook nog een kerkelijke inzegening plaats op <strong>26 mei 1954</strong> in de kerk van de H.H. Martelaren van Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in de Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stuurde op <strong>13 mei 1971</strong> een brief aan Bep en Cor van Wijk dat hij wegens gezondheidsredenen niet bij het zilveren huwelijksfeest aanwezig kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de zilveren bruiloft stuurden Otto en Fritzi Frank op <strong>15 mei 1971</strong> een telegram aan hen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vlrhj\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 8034: Register van huwelijksakten 1946, deel 29, 19r, akte 16: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/scans/5009/3.3.46.29/start/10/limit/10/highlight/10\">Huwelijksakte Cor van Wijk en Bep Voskuijl</a>; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>During the war years, Bep Voskuijl was engaged to A.J. (Bertus) Hulsman (1918). She then met Cor van Wijk. They married on <strong>15 May 1946</strong> at 2:40pm in Amsterdam. The witnesses were Otto Frank and Cornelis Groen, the husband of Bep's younger sister Johanna Voskuijl.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvlvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Among the guests were also Charlotte Kaletta, Johanna and Jopie Kleiman, Miep and Jan Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m098d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Cor's family were not present on this day. They objected to the wedding because Bep was Dutch Reformed and the Van Wijk family were Roman Catholic. When Bep promised to send the children to catechism and to Catholic schools, eight years later a church blessing was held on <strong>26 May 1954</strong> in the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Gorcum, Linnaeushof 95 in Watergraafsmeer, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuead\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank sent a letter to Bep and Cor van Wijk on <strong>13 May 1971</strong> that he could not attend the silver wedding anniversary due to health reasons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Otto and Fritzi Frank sent them a telegram congratulating them on this anniversary on <strong>15 May 1971</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvlvt\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 8034: Register van huwelijksakten 1946, deel 29, 19r, akte 16: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/scans/5009/3.3.46.29/start/10/limit/10/highlight/10\">Huwelijksakte Cor van Wijk en Bep Voskuijl</a>; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_004: Familiestamboek van Cornelis van Wijk en Elisabeth Voskuijl, 15 mei 1946.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m098d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Voskuijl_III_001 t/m 004, 012, 013, 026: Foto’s van bruidspaar en gasten.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuead\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Mededeling Joop van Wijk, 23 augustus 2010.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ta3za\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Otto Frank aan Bep en Cor van Wijk, 13 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ny0pz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl: Telegram 15 mei 1971 (kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1946-05-15",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl en Cor van Wijk trouwden op 15 mei 1946.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk married on 15 May 1946.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 234,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "7a8d4735-9369-49ee-af86-7f33d76e9822",
"name": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Victor Kugler en Lysia van Langen",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Victor Kugler and Lysia van Langen",
"content": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het huwelijk tussen Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen vond plaats op <strong>22 oktober 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noteerde deze dag in zijn agenda als volgt: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The wedding of Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen took place on <strong>22 October 1953</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Otto Frank noted this day in his diary as follows: <em>Kugler + Loes</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1flbn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, toegangsnummer 30238: Archiefkaart E.M. Morriën (1901).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hybh5\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_010: Agenda Otto Frank 1953.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-10-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler en Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen trouwden op 22 oktober 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler and Lysia Sophia Maria (Loes) van Langen got married on 22 October 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 220,
"main_image": {
"id": 1191,
"uuid": "24ee80d7-acff-40f7-a1d5-ec4118150611",
"name": "A_OFrank_III_075",
"title": "Foto van Otto Frank en Fritzi Frank-Markovits voor het stadhuis op hun huwelijksdag, met Jan Gies, Johannes Kleiman, Johanna Kleiman-Reuman en Miep Gies, Amsterdam, 10 november 1953",
"alt": "Fotobureau Colson. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/68ae4415-9e33-d855-e27b-9e3b3f97e0dd.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Rechthebbende(n) onvindbaar"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d56447b3-9bf0-4874-bcf5-04521e31ce36",
"name": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"name_nl": "Trouwdag Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits",
"name_en": "Wedding-day of Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits",
"content": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp. On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>10 november 1953 </strong>trouwden Otto Frank en Elfriede Edith (Fritzi) Markovits in Amsterdam. Het was voor allebei hun tweede huwelijk. De getuigen waren Jo Kleiman en Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Net als Otto had Fritzi haar partner verloren in een concentratiekamp. Op de dag van het huwelijk lieten zij bij notaris Jacob van Hasselt een akte van huwelijkse voorwaarden opstellen. Ook maakten allebei bij hem een testament op.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hoewel Fritzi vanaf <strong>begin 1940 </strong>met haar gezin tegenover de familie Frank op Merwedeplein woonde, leerden zij en Otto elkaar pas kennen tijdens de terugreis uit Auschwitz. Volgens de dochter van Fritzi, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, bracht zij haar moeder en Otto tijdens de treinreis van Auschwitz naar Odessa in de buurt van Czernowitz met elkaar in contact.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Volgens Fritzi zelf ontmoette zij Otto tijdens een oponthoud vlakbij Lvov toen Eva Otto Frank bij de trein herkende als de vader van Anne met wie ze op het Merwedeplein had gespeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later vertelde Fritzi in haar opstel <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> dat Otto haar al was opgevallen bij een door de Sovjettroepen georganiseerde 'herdenking van de revolutie' in het net bevrijde Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Volgens Otto's notitieboekje uit 1945 zou dit dan <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em> kunnen zijn geweest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Terug in Amsterdam ging Otto bij Fritzi langs omdat haar naam op een overlevendenlijst stond. Hij hoopte dat zij iets over Margot en Anne wist. Hij herinnerde zich de ontmoeting bij de trein niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit de briefwisseling tussen Otto en Fritzi in het <strong>najaar van 1952, </strong>toen Otto in verband met de toneelbewerking van het dagboek langere tijd in de Verenigde Staten verbleef, blijkt dat hun huwelijk aanstaande was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>10 November 1953</strong>, Otto Frank and Elfriede Edith ('Fritizi') Markovits got married in Amsterdam. It was the second marriage for both of them. The witnesses were Jo Kleiman and Miep Gies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Like Otto, Fritzi had lost her partner in a concentration camp. On the day of the wedding, they had a prenuptial agreement drawn up with notary Jacob van Hasselt. Both also made a will with him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Although Fritzi lived with her family opposite the Frank family on Merwedeplein from <strong>the beginning of 1940</strong>, she and Otto only got to know each other during the return journey from Auschwitz. According to Fritzi's daughter, Eva Geiringer-Schloss, she introduced her mother and Otto to one another during the train journey from Auschwitz to Odessa, somewhere near Czernowitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> According to Fritzi herself, she met Otto during a layover near Lvov when Eva recognised Otto Frank as the father of Anne, with whom she had played on Merwedeplein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Later, Fritzi recounted in her essay <em>Mein Leben mit Otto Frank</em> that Otto had already caught her eye at a 'commemoration of the revolution' organised by Soviet troops in newly liberated Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> According to Otto's 1945 notebook, this could then have been <strong>23/II (1945)</strong> <em>Tag der roten armee</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Back in Amsterdam, Otto went to see Fritzi because her name was on a survivors' list. He hoped she knew something about Margot and Anne. He did not remember the meeting next to the train.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Correspondence between Otto and Fritzi in the <strong>autumn of 1952, </strong>when Otto spent extended time in the United States in connection with the stage adaptation of the diary, shows that their marriage was imminent.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sv6ra\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gemeente Amsterdam, afdeling Burgerlijke Stand: huwelijksakte 149, 10 november 1953.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jfjg\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De voorwaarden en de testamenten van resp. Fritzi en Otto staan in Van Hasselts repertorium over 1953, onder de nummers 393, 394 en 395. Telefonische mededeling van K.-J. van der Zijden, waarnemend notaris, aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting), 17 juni 2021.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m9eeo\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945</em>, Heruitg., Breda: de Geus, 2005, p. 179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3o80u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 110; in de transcriptie staat foutief 'Limburg' voor 'Lemberg' (Lvov)).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hd81k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Fritzi Frank, AFF_FrF_pdoc_002: 'Mein Leben mit Otto Frank', p. 1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lgt8l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_040.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t0mcj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF, Otto Frank, AFF_OtF_corr_005. Otto Frank schrijft Fritzi op 17 oktober 1952 uit New York: "<em>Dass ich nach meine Rückkehr zu dir ziehe, stand fest</em>." AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_074.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1953-11-10",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank en Fritzi Markovits trouwden op 10 november 1953 te Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank and Fritzi Markovits got married on 10 November 1953 in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2",
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam City Hall",
"name_nl": "Stadhuis Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam City Hall",
"uuid": "4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89523 52.37098)",
"summary": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
"summary_nl": "Het stadhuis van Amsterdam was de plek waar in die stad de huwelijken werden gesloten.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam City Hall was where marriages were performed in that city.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Oudezijds Voorburgwal 197",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "Noord-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "53118597-413f-442f-a060-98397d8c8119",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer getuige bij huwelijk",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer is a witness at a wedding",
"content": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>juli 1942</strong> trouwden Rosel Goldschmidt en Paul Wronker, een voormalig huishoudster en een voormalig onderhuurder van de familie Frank. Fritz Pfeffer, op dat moment nog niet ondergedoken, was getuige bij het huwelijk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>July 1942</strong>, Rosel Goldschmidt and Paul Wronker, a former housekeeper and a former tenant of the Frank family, got married. Fritz Pfeffer, who had not yet gone into hiding at that time, was a witness at the wedding.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f7pn8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Burgerlijke Stand, toegang 5009, inv. nr. 6753: huwelijksakten 1942, deel 45, 13f, akte 21.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1942-07-22",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "",
"summary_nl": "",
"summary_en": "",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124417
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"location": {
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"latitude": "52.36892",
"longitude": "4.88745",
"events": [
{
"id": 248,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b3ea76ee-3018-44a6-9c71-bc5a1800aef5/",
"subjects": [
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"persons": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/7b1f2828-0f9d-49a0-bf55-869b818e76ab",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b3ea76ee-3018-44a6-9c71-bc5a1800aef5",
"name": "Otto Frank takes over Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank neemt Pectacon over",
"name_en": "Otto Frank takes over Pectacon",
"content": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded on <strong>1 June 1938</strong> by Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Not long after this, on <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Opekta's pectin business was seasonal as the fruit required was only available in summer and early autumn. To smooth out the resulting sales fluctuations, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in Pectacon, which traded in spices and preservatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd op <strong>1 juni 1938</strong> opgericht door Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat het benodigde fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer te krijgen was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in Pectacon, dat handelde in specerijen en conserveermiddelen.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded on <strong>1 June 1938</strong> by Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"197gk\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Not long after this, on <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Opekta's pectin business was seasonal as the fruit required was only available in summer and early autumn. To smooth out the resulting sales fluctuations, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in Pectacon, which traded in spices and preservatives.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"197gk\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vv4g9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p. 2.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1938-10-21",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In October 1938, Otto Frank took over Pectacon from its founders Johannes Kleiman and Ton Dunselman. This company traded in spices and preservatives. It provided income in winter and spring, when Opekta's sales were low. In 1939, Hermann van Pels joined the company.",
"summary_nl": "In oktober 1938 neemt Otto Frank Pectacon over van de oprichters Johannes Kleiman en Ton Dunselman. Dit bedrijf handelt in specerijen en conserveermiddelen. Het zorgt voor inkomsten in winter en voorjaar, wanneer Opekta weinig verkocht wordt. In 1939 komt Hermann van Pels erbij werken.",
"summary_en": "In October 1938, Otto Frank took over Pectacon from its founders Johannes Kleiman and Ton Dunselman. This company traded in spices and preservatives. It provided income in winter and spring, when Opekta's sales were low. In 1939, Hermann van Pels joined the company.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 114,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4337998-21c4-46dc-aa67-08dcc0c82f20"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44",
"name": "Fire at Singel 400",
"name_nl": "Brand op Singel 400",
"name_en": "Fire at Singel 400",
"content": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Opekta gebruikte de benedenverdiepingen van het gebouw aan Singel 400. Boven woonde de kunstschilder Gerrit Jongert met zijn gezin. In <strong>april 1940</strong> ontstond brand doordat het zoontje van Jongert in een onbewaakt moment met lucifers speelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De brandweer rukte met drie motorspuiten en een ladderwagen uit. Dertien brandwachten gebruikten 4.500 liter Vechtwater voor het blussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In de woning en het atelier van Jongert gingen de lambrizering en enkele doeken verloren, maar op de benedenverdieping was alleen waterschade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1940-04-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"summary_nl": "Een spelende kleuter veroorzaakte onbedoeld brand.",
"summary_en": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124419,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f10c5572-ef2e-4ba0-995d-57828a30f7bd",
"name": "Businesses",
"name_nl": "Bedrijven",
"name_en": "Businesses",
"description": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>The objective of businesses is to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.</p>",
"summary": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"summary_nl": "Bedrijven hebben tot doel producten en/of diensten te verkopen aan klanten, waardoor omzet kan worden gedraaid.",
"summary_en": "Businesses aim to sell products and/or services to customers, thereby generating revenue.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2210"
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"parent": null,
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{
"id": 396124625,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "02517bd9-98e4-4132-a50b-b6eeb381b67b",
"name": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"name_nl": "Bep Voskuijl werkzaam bij verschillende bedrijven",
"name_en": "Bep Voskuijl worked at various companies",
"description": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Na de lagere school had Bep Voskuijl verschillende banen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Volgens haar, bijna drie jaar jongere zus, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, werkte Bep Voskuijl in een naaiatelier en als dienstbode in een restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Ton van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder ook werkte als winkelmeisje bij banketbakker Ruperink in de Jan Evertsenstraat en als hulp bij Ruttens cafetaria in de Kalverstraat (filiaal van horecaketen Heck’s).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Zoon Joop van Wijk vertelde dat zijn moeder begon met werken als kamermeisje in hotels en pensionnetjes en dat zij zich vervolgens ging scholen om verder te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op de gezinskaart van haar vader Johannes Voskuijl, staat Bep geregistreerd als mantelnaaister.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend waar en wanneer dit was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Medio 1937</strong> werd Bep aangenomen bij Opekta, in die periode gevestigd op Singel 400. Ze was de opvolgster van Isa Cauvern, die stenotypiste was. Victor Kugler was haar chef. Ze kreeg haar opdrachten van hem en van Johannes Kleiman en een enkele keer van de Otto Frank. Net als Miep Gies verrichtte Bep werkzaamheden voor Opekta en voor Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op haar persoonsbewijs, uitgegeven op <strong>19 augustus 1941</strong> staat: ‘Kantoorbediende (Pektine prod.)”.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Na de arrestatie bleef ze samen met Miep Gies op kantoor werken tot Kleimans terugkeer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>januari 1947</strong> verliet Bep Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep voerde de boekhouding voor haar man, Cor van Wijk, die een stoffeerderij aan huis had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>After primary school, Bep Voskuijl had various jobs:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>According to her younger sister, Willy van der Vennen-Voskijl, Bep Voskuijl worked in a sewing workshop and as a maid in a restaurant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Ton van Wijk said that his mother also worked as a shopgirl at Ruperink's pâtisserie in Jan Evertsenstraat and as a helper at Ruttens cafeteria in Kalverstraat (a branch of hospitality chain Heck's).<sup data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her son Joop van Wijk said that his mother started working as a chambermaid in hotels and boarding houses and then she went to school in order to advance her career.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On the family card of her father Johannes Voskuijl, Bep is registered as a cloak seamstress.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not known where and when this was.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>In mid-1937</strong>, Bep was hired at Opekta, at that time located at Singel 400. She replaced Isa Cauvern, who was a stenographer. Victor Kugler was her supervisor. She got her instructions from him and from Johannes Kleiman and occasionally from Otto Frank. Like Miep Gies, Bep carried out work for Opekta and for Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Her identity card issued on <strong>19 August 1941</strong> reads: 'Office clerk (Pektine prod.)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> After the arrest, she continued working in the office with Miep Gies until Kleiman's return.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>January 1947</strong>, Bep left Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Bep did the bookkeeping for her husband, Cor van Wijk, who had an upholstery shop at home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gqo85\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Voskuijl, Wilhelmina: Samenvatting van interview van Dineke Stam met Willy van der Vennen-Voskuijl, 8 april 1994.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hlgfc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Jeroen de Bruin met Ton van Wijk, 7 april 2011, geciteerd in Jeroen de Bruyn & Joop van Wijk, <em>Bep Voskijl, het zwijgen voorbij. Een biografie van de jongste helper van het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam, Prometheus 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xo0eg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Teresien de Silva met Joop van Wijk, 12 augustus 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u3r3l\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5421): Gezinskaart J.H.Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqelo\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Verslag van een gesprek op 25 februari 1981 met Mevrouw E. van Wijl-Voskuijl door David Barnouw en Gerrold van der Stroom. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs,- Holocaust- en Genocidetudies, Frank, Anne (toegang 212c), inv nr. 7c.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rjo6k\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Voskuijl_I_045: Persoonsbewijs (PB535901) van Elly (Elisabeth) Voskuijl.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oo02e\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, </em>Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 199-203. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xh3i5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bep verliet Opekta ongeveer acht maanden na haar huwelijk met Cor van Wijk en ongeveer vier maanden voor de geboorte van hun oudste zoon Ton van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ytr5r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wijk, Cor van: Aantekeningen gesprek Dineke Stam met Cor van Wijk.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"summary_nl": "Bep Voskuijl had veel verschillende banen.",
"summary_en": "Bep Voskuijl had many different jobs.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124597,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/12c654f5-46bf-46d9-b083-a7d05d7f6064/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "12c654f5-46bf-46d9-b083-a7d05d7f6064",
"name": "Hermann van Pels - work at Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels werkzaam bij Pectacon",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels - work at Pectacon",
"description": "<p>According to his personal card, Hermann van Pels was a: 'merchant/butcher's waste (casings, etc)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined Pectacon, Otto Frank's company, in <strong>1939</strong>. According to Otto, Van Pels owned nothing at the time, but earned enough to rent a nice house and live a good life. He just couldn't save anything from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels was considered an expert on spices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He was listed in the telephone directory at the end of <strong>1940</strong> as 'Wholesaler in herbs, manufacturer of brine salt and mixed spices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pectacon's product range showed similarities with that of the <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em> firm.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels' involvement with Pectacon's successor Gies & Co. does not appear from the source material, yet it is plausible that he was employed there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Hermann van Pels was blijkens zijn persoonskaart: <em>koopman i/slagersafval (darmen enz)</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij kwam in <strong>1939 </strong>bij Pectacon in dienst, het bedrijf van Otto Frank. Volgens Otto bezat Van Pels toen niets meer, maar verdiende hij genoeg om een mooie woning te huren en een goed leven te leiden. Hij kon er alleen niet van sparen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels gold als deskundige op het gebied van kruiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hij stond eind <strong>1940</strong> in de telefoongids als <em>Grooth. in kruiden, fabr. v. pekelzout en gemengde spec</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het assortiment van <em>Pectacon</em> vertoonde overeenkomsten met dat van de firma <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Betrokkenheid van Van Pels bij <em>Pectacons</em> opvolger Gies & Co. blijkt niet uit het bronnenmateriaal, toch is het wel aannemelijk dat hij er werkzaam was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>According to his personal card, Hermann van Pels was a: 'merchant/butcher's waste (casings, etc)'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"snphv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He joined Pectacon, Otto Frank's company, in <strong>1939</strong>. According to Otto, Van Pels owned nothing at the time, but earned enough to rent a nice house and live a good life. He just couldn't save anything from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hemann van Pels was considered an expert on spices.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> He was listed in the telephone directory at the end of <strong>1940</strong> as 'Wholesaler in herbs, manufacturer of brine salt and mixed spices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pectacon's product range showed similarities with that of the <em>Hermann van Pels & Wolff</em> firm.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Pels' involvement with Pectacon's successor Gies & Co. does not appear from the source material, yet it is plausible that he was employed there.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"snphv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Hermann van Pels. Aangezien deze registratiekaarten in 1939 werden ingevoerd, was dit kennelijk zijn werk toen hij bij Pectacon in dienst trad, of kort daarvoor. In het kaartsysteem van de Kamer van Koophandel staat bij Van Pels geen bedrijf van deze aard genoteerd.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9dl6c\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Trude Heymann-Leeser inzake 'Entschädigung', 29 november 1963. De term 'medecompagnon‘ die Anne in haar dagboek gebruikt is dan ook niet geheel accuraat. Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013..</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9g8nj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Miep Gies & Alison Leslie Gold, <em>Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987, p. 44.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9v8zf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Naamlijst interlocalen telefoondienst</em>, datum van afsluiting 5 november 1940, z.p. (Den Haag): Hoofdbestuur der P.T.T., januari 1941, p. 182.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Hermann van Pels was employed by Otto Frank's company Pectacon.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels was in dienst bij Otto Franks bedrijf Pectacon.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels was employed by Otto Frank's company Pectacon.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124605,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/4c3330e3-201e-49a8-a9ad-2ab2af54f1c4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "4c3330e3-201e-49a8-a9ad-2ab2af54f1c4",
"name": "Johannes Kleiman - work at Pectacon",
"name_nl": "Johannes Kleiman werkzaam bij Pectacon",
"name_en": "Johannes Kleiman - work at Pectacon",
"description": "<p>Johannes Kleiman's involvement in the establishment and operation of Pectacon is evident from the documents made available by Frans Hofhuis. Hofhuis' parents had been friends with the Frank family since the <strong>early 1930</strong> s. In the <strong>1960s</strong>, Frans Hofhuis took over Pectacon, hence his possession of these documents.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Brief timeline of the company:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman receives the draft articles of association of Pectacon from Otto Frank. On <strong>28 May 1938</strong>, Kleiman sends lawyer Dunselman a number of proposed amendments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 June 1938</strong> Pectacon is incorporated by Kleiman and Dunselman at notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 June 1938</strong> Kleiman receives the General Terms and Conditions for account holders at the Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The same day, Kleiman sends the bank a cheque for NLG 2,000, asking them to credit the account to be opened with NLG 500 from Dunselman and NLG 1,500 from himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 June 1938</strong> Kleiman writes to Luykx and Dunselman that the deposits referred to above had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman, as director of Pectacon, signs the interim certificates for 15 shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 June 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to transfer NLG 245.40 to Dunselman as a fee for work pertaining to the establishment.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 October 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to close his account, as a temporary account of Pectacon, and transfer the balance to a new account to be opened in the name of Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 April 1941</strong> Kleiman receives an interim receipt for fifty shares in the context of his deposit of NLG 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 April 1941</strong> Kleiman is listed with Otto Frank as director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 April 1941</strong> Kleiman as supervisory director and Otto as director issue thirty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 September 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters writes to Kleiman about the liquidation of Pectacon. He asks Kleiman to come to his office on <strong>28 September 1942</strong> in connection with the liquidation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After the liberation, measures to restore justice resulted in Pectacon being re-registered in the Commercial Register.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 November 1945</strong> Kleiman is listed as a director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman signs interim certificates as director for twenty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>February 1951</strong> Kleiman is sole director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 December 1954 </strong>Kleiman goes with Dikker to Polak in Weener Germany (close to the border with Groningen). Followed by a brief report on trials including by TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>De betrokkenheid van Johannes Kleiman bij de oprichting en bedrijfsvoering van Pectacon blijkt uit de documenten die door Frans Hofhuis beschikbaar zijn gesteld. De ouders van Hofhuis waren sinds de <strong>vroege jaren dertig</strong> bevriend met de familie Frank. In de <strong>jaren zestig</strong> nam Frans Hofhuis Pectacon over, vandaar dat hij deze documenten in bezit heeft.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Korte tijdlijn van het bedrijf:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman ontvangt van Otto Frank de conceptstatuten van Pectacon. Op <strong>28 mei 1938</strong> stuurde Kleiman aan advocaat Dunselman een aantal wijzigingsvoorstellen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 juni 1938</strong> Pectacon wordt door Kleiman en Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx opgericht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman ontvangt de Algemeene Voorwaarden voor rekeninghouders bij de Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Dezelfde dag stuurt Kleiman de bank een cheque van fl 2000,- met het verzoek de te openen rekening te crediteren met fl 500,- van Dunselman en fl 1500,- van zichzelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman schrijft aan Luykx en Dunselman dat de hierboven bedoelde stortingen zijn gedaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Dezelfde dag tekent Kleiman als directeur van Pectacon de interim-bewijzen voor vijftien aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 juni 1938</strong> Kleiman geeft de bank opdracht fl 245,40 over te maken naar Dunselman als honorarium voor werkzaamheden rond de oprichting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> Kleiman geeft de bank opdracht zijn rekening, als tijdelijke rekening van Pectacon, af te sluiten en het saldo over te boeken naar een nieuw te openen rekening t.n.v. Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 april 1941</strong> Kleiman krijgt vanwege zijn storting van fl 5000,- een interim-bewijs voor vijftig aandelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 april 1941</strong> Kleiman staat met Otto Frank als directeur vermeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 april 1941</strong> Kleiman als commissaris en Otto als directeur geven dertig aandelen à fl 100,- uit.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 september 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters schrijft aan Kleiman over de liquidatie van Pectacon. Hij verzoekt Kleiman op <strong>28 september 1942</strong> op zijn kantoor te komen in verband met de afwikkeling.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Na de bevrijding wordt Pectacon door maatregelen tot rechtsherstel opnieuw in het Handelsregister ingeschreven.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 november 1945</strong> Kleiman staat als directeur vermeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Dezelfde dag tekent Kleiman als directeur interim-bewijzen voor twintig aandelen à fl 100,-.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951</strong> Kleiman is enig directeur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 december 1954 </strong>Kleiman is met Dikker naar Polak in Weener Duitsland, tegen grens met Groningen) geweest. Verder kort verslag over proefen o.a. door TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>Johannes Kleiman's involvement in the establishment and operation of Pectacon is evident from the documents made available by Frans Hofhuis. Hofhuis' parents had been friends with the Frank family since the <strong>early 1930</strong> s. In the <strong>1960s</strong>, Frans Hofhuis took over Pectacon, hence his possession of these documents.</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Brief timeline of the company:</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kleiman receives the draft articles of association of Pectacon from Otto Frank. On <strong>28 May 1938</strong>, Kleiman sends lawyer Dunselman a number of proposed amendments.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 June 1938</strong> Pectacon is incorporated by Kleiman and Dunselman at notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>10 June 1938</strong> Kleiman receives the General Terms and Conditions for account holders at the Amsterdamsche Bank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The same day, Kleiman sends the bank a cheque for NLG 2,000, asking them to credit the account to be opened with NLG 500 from Dunselman and NLG 1,500 from himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 June 1938</strong> Kleiman writes to Luykx and Dunselman that the deposits referred to above had been made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kussv\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman, as director of Pectacon, signs the interim certificates for 15 shares.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>16 June 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to transfer NLG 245.40 to Dunselman as a fee for work pertaining to the establishment.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>21 October 1938</strong> Kleiman instructs the bank to close his account, as a temporary account of Pectacon, and transfer the balance to a new account to be opened in the name of Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon NV.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>4 April 1941</strong> Kleiman receives an interim receipt for fifty shares in the context of his deposit of NLG 5,000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>9 April 1941</strong> Kleiman is listed with Otto Frank as director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 April 1941</strong> Kleiman as supervisory director and Otto as director issue thirty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>24 September 1942</strong> 'Verwalter' K.O.M. Wolters writes to Kleiman about the liquidation of Pectacon. He asks Kleiman to come to his office on <strong>28 September 1942</strong> in connection with the liquidation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s37py\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>After the liberation, measures to restore justice resulted in Pectacon being re-registered in the Commercial Register.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>15 November 1945</strong> Kleiman is listed as a director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sth91\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> The same day Kleiman signs interim certificates as director for twenty shares at NLG 100.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>February 1951</strong> Kleiman is sole director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6106o\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>1 December 1954 </strong>Kleiman goes with Dikker to Polak in Weener Germany (close to the border with Groningen). Followed by a brief report on trials including by TNO.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup>\r\n\t<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n\t<header>\r\n\t<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n\t</header>\r\n\r\n\t<ol>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p8os5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 28 mei 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6lsej\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"18uoj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Amsterdamsche Bank aan Johannes Kleiman, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p49ce\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 10 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kussv\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan E.J.M Luykx en A.R.W.M. Dunselman, 15 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ftraq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijzen aandelen 1 tot en met 15.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3a13q\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 16 juni 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnqcj\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Johannes Kleiman aan de Amsterdamsche Bank, 21 oktober 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t8ftd\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Otto Frank (?) aan Johannes Kleiman, 4 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ulr74\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel uit Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, dossier 52055, 9 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"d53o5\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs voor aandelen 21 t/m 50, 24 april 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s37py\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: K.O.M. Wolters aan Johannes Kleiman, 24 september 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sth91\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frank Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ehdsm\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Interim-bewijs, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6106o\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, dossier 52055, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bziyw\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Kleiman_I_208: Johannes Kleiman aan Otto Frank, 1 december 1954.</cite></li>\r\n\t</ol>\r\n\t</section>\r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Johannes Kleiman was involved in the establishment and operation of Pectacon.",
"summary_nl": "Johannes Kleiman was betrokken bij de oprichting en bedrijfsvoering van Pectacon.",
"summary_en": "Johannes Kleiman was involved in the establishment and operation of Pectacon.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124420,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124430,
"image": {
"id": 1242,
"uuid": "6c5f68b7-5a1a-4a7a-b9f1-9516a7e72cbd",
"name": "A_Opekta_II_006",
"title": "Affiche voor producten van Opekta, niet gedateerd.",
"alt": "Fotograaf: Harold Strak. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam.",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/282deced-6747-3864-41d9-22f0358549da.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d",
"name": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_nl": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"name_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V.",
"description": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Oprichting</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong> ontwikkelde de Oostenrijkse scheikundige Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> een natuurlijk bindmiddel dat toepasbaar was voor huishoudelijk gebruik. Hij gaf het de handelsnaam Opekta, wat staat voor <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, oftewel vruchtpectine uit de appel. Het zelf maken van jam kon met deze pectine worden verkort van vele uren tot tien minuten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix vestigde zich met Opekta GmbH in Keulen en was verbonden aan het levensmiddelenconcern <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, dat de productie ter hand nam. De Pomosin-vertegenwoordiger in Nederland wilde de import van Opekta afstoten. Daardoor kreeg Otto Frank de kans hier een eigen vestiging op te zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Op <strong>4 juli 1933</strong> organiseerde hij in Heerlen, waar Opekta een plaatselijk depot had, de eerste van vele demonstraties.<sup data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Dezelfde maand trad Victor Kugler bij Opekta in dienst. Otto liet de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV op <strong>15 september 1933</strong> inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Voor het starten van het bedrijf leende Otto Frank van zijn zwager Erich Elias op <strong>5 augustus 1933</strong> vijftienduizend gulden. Zijn aandelen dienden daarbij als onderpand. Verder betaalde hij twee en een half procent van zijn omzet als licentie en verplichtte hij zich alle pectine van Pomosin af te nemen. Erich Elias was directeur van Rovag, een in Zwitserland gevestigde Pomosin-dochteronderneming die Opekta-vestigingen in diverse Europese landen mogelijk moest maken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Toen Elias in <strong>1939 </strong>als gevolg van toenemende nationaal-socialistische invloed op de leiding van Pomosin gedwongen moest vertrekken<strong>,</strong> ging de schuld over op zijn opvolger Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Nederlandse bedrijf had onderdak in het moderne kantorengebouw Candida op Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in de Amsterdamse binnenstad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Hier werkte Ottto Frank met Victor Kugler aan de opbouw van de zaak. Op <strong>16 oktober 1933</strong> kwamen Miep Gies (toen nog Santrouschitz) en Henk van Beusekom bij Opekta in dienst.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Na het zomerseizoen van <strong>1934 </strong>verhuisde Opekta naar het nabijgelegen adres Singel 400. Hier was iets meer ruimte, maar het bleef nodig om externe opslag te huren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De Nederlandse Opekta had ook de controle over de Britse <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Ook Applam maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern en ging in <strong>1935 </strong>in liquidatie. Otto Frank ondernam later een poging tot doorstart, maar dit mislukte.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ter promotie van zijn producten was Opekta regelmatig te vinden op beursen. Het bedrijf plaatste advertenties in kranten, publiceerde eigen receptenboekjes en gaf minstens tweemaal een eigen krant uit: <em>Opekta Nieuws.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In de zomer van <strong>1936 </strong>werd in samenwerking met <em>De Telegraaf </em>een actie georganiseerd, waarbij deelnemers een gratis Opekta-inmaakpakket konden winnen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook werden er vanaf <strong>januari 1938 </strong>door het hele land filmvertoningen georganiseerd, waarbij een ruim tien minuten durende reclamefilm werd vertoond. Hierin wordt de werking van vloeibare Opekta door Miep Gies gedemonstreerd en figureert ook medewerkster Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Oorlogsjaren</h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind 1940</strong> betrok Otto Frank met zijn andere onderneming <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a> het leegstaande pand Prinsengracht 263.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta verhuisde mee, waarbij Pectacon de kosten droeg. Met het hele gebouw ter beschikking behoorden de ruimteproblemen tot het verleden. Op de begane grond stond het machinepark van Pectacon opgesteld, bestaande uit onder meer twee zware specerijenmolens. De ruimtes op de eerste verdieping werden gebruikt als kantoren. De tweede verdieping functioneerde als opslag voor beide bedrijven. Op de derde verdieping van het achterhuis was aanvankelijk een laboratorium ingericht waar proeven voor Opekta's jammakerij plaatsvonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kort voor deze verhuizing ging de Duitse <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> zich met de 'arisering' van het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven bezighouden. Vanwege de Joodse directeur Otto Frank, kwam daarbij ook Opekta in beeld. In de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>12 december 1941</strong> trad Otto Frank als directeur terug ten gunste van Johannes Kleiman. Zijn andere onderneming Pectacon had hij eerder al overgedragen aan Victor Kugler en Jan Gies en was vervangen door <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>. Zo wilde hij beide bedrijven als niet-Joods eigendom presenteren. Juridisch adviseur Ton Dunselman, sinds <strong>1935 </strong>aan Opekta verbonden, nam Franks aandelen in bewaring totdat de <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> en schuldeiser Tosin de verkoop ervan zouden goedkeuren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Die kwestie raakte op de lange baan en na zijn terugkeer uit Auschwitz kreeg Otto Frank ze weer terug. De aandeelhouders verwelkomden hem terug in hun vergadering van <strong>25 juni 1945</strong>. Zij kenden hem een schadevergoeding van achtenveertighonderd gulden toe. Hij was tenslotte in <strong>1941</strong> in het belang van de firma teruggetreden en had zo 'groote geldelijke offers' gebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta kwam tijdens de bezetting onder beheer van moedermaatschappij Pomosin te staan. Suikerschaarste en oorlogshandelingen - dertigduizend Opektaflesjes gingen verloren bij een bombardement op Keulen - waren van ongunstige invloed op de resultaten. De bemoeienissen vanuit Frankfurt brachten verdere spanning en onrust met zich mee. Verschillende keren kwamen vertegenwoordigers van de Pomosin-directie naar Prinsengracht 263 voor zakelijke besprekingen. Otto Frank nam, terwijl hij was ondergedoken, deel aan de voorbereidingen daarvan. Anne Frank beschrijft in haar dagboek hoe hij in een keer, liggend met zijn oor tegen de vloer, stilletjes meeluisterde met de vergadering in het privé-kantoor onder hun schuilplaats in het achterhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De firma's <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">Opekta en Gies & Co. bleven na de inval op </a><strong><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\">4 augustus 1944</a> </strong>zonder directie achter. Naast de acht onderduikers werden namelijk ook hun helpers Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman gearresteerd. De drie andere helpers Miep en Jan Gies en Bep Voskuijl zetten de zaken samen met het magazijnpersoneel voort. Johannes Kleiman kwam op <strong>18 september 1944 </strong>vrij uit Kamp Amersfoort en keerde toen terug naar kantoor. Pas na de bevrijding keerden ook Otto Frank en Victor Kugler terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Naoorlogs</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de naoorlogse jaren ging het nog steeds niet altijd goed met Opekta. <strong>Midden jaren vijftig</strong> verliet het bedrijf het sterk vervallen gebouw aan de Prinsengracht en streek neer in een nieuw bedrijfspand aan de Van Slingelandstraat in de Staatsliedenbuurt in Amsterdam-West. Opekta bleef actief en probeerde grotere afnemers te vinden bij bekende chocoladefabrieken. Met name op initiatief van Johannes Kleiman kwam het nieuwe pectineproduct Supec op de markt. In de loop van de jaren vijftig kreeg Opekta concurrentie te verduren van een pectinefabrikant in Denemarken en verloor mede daardoor een groot deel van de markt. Otto Frank en Johannes Kleiman onderhandelden jaren met het zusterbedrijf in Keulen over de overname van hun aandelen. In <strong>1959</strong> was het dan zover, maar in januari van dat jaar overleed onverwacht Johannes Kleiman achter zijn bureau. Onder leiding vanuit Keulen werkte Opekta in Amsterdam nog tot in de <strong>jaren tachtig</strong> voort. Het gehele Opekta-conglomeraat ging op in het concern Dr. Oetker.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8w982\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx21q\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dzr6a\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ktxv\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"whx4d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ieo3d\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gm2zm\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gdsuk\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\" target=\"_blank\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lyja1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xflfy\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gr8d4\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8eoyr\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v7zn8\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p02qf\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lsnu2\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12tc1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"suj4m\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iwefo\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8w982\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1>Founding</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1928</strong>, Austrian chemist Robert Feix<sup data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> developed a natural binder that was applicable for household use. He gave it the trade name Opekta, which stands for <em>Obstpektin aus dem Apfel</em>, or fruit pectin from the apple. Making jam yourself could be shortened from many hours to 10 minutes with this pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Feix set up Opekta GmbH in Cologne and was linked to the food group <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/\" target=\"_self\">Pomosin</a>, which took up production. The Pomosin representative in the Netherlands wanted to divest itself of Opekta imports. This gave Otto Frank the opportunity to set up his own branch here.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> On <strong>4 July 1933</strong>, he organised the first of many demonstrations in Heerlen, where Opekta had a local depot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The same month, Victor Kugler joined Opekta. Otto had the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV registered with the Chamber of Commerce on <strong>15 September 1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>To start the company, Otto Frank borrowed 15,000 guilders from his brother-in-law Erich Elias on <strong>5 August 1933</strong>. His shares served as collateral for this. He also paid two and a half per cent of his turnover as a licence and undertook to buy all Pomosin's pectin. Erich Elias was managing director of Rovag, a Swiss-based Pomosin subsidiary that was to enable Opekta branches in several European countries.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be906\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> When Elias was forced to leave in <strong>1939</strong> as a result of increasing National Socialist influence on Pomosin's leadership, the debt passed to his successor Max Tosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch company was housed in the modern Candida office building at Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126 in Amsterdam city centre.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Here Ottto Frank worked together with Victor Kugler to build up the business. On <strong>16 October 1933</strong>, Miep Gies (then Santrouschitz) and Henk van Beusekom joined Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> After the summer season of <strong>1934</strong>, Opekta moved to the nearby address Singel 400. Here there was slightly more space, but it remained necessary to rent external storage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dutch Opekta also controlled the British <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c71c876d-c80e-4997-976c-d99d966a3e68/\" target=\"_self\">Applam Fruit Company</a> in Somerset. Applam was also part of the Pomosin group and went into liquidation in <strong>1935</strong>. Otto Frank later undertook a restart attempt, but this failed.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>To promote its products, Opekta regularly attended trade fairs. The company placed advertisements in newspapers, published its own recipe booklets and published its own newspaper at least twice: <em>Opekta Nieuws</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"se2us\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In the summer of <strong>1936</strong>, a promotion was organised in collaboration with newspaper <em>De Telegraaf</em>, where participants could win a free Opekta preserving package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> From <strong>January 1938</strong>, film screenings were also organised across the country, showing a more than 10-minute commercial film. In it, the use of liquid Opekta is demonstrated by Miep Gies and it also features employee Isa Monas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>During the war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In late <strong>1940</strong>, Otto Frank moved into the vacant Prinsengracht 263 building with his other company <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/\" target=\"_self\">Pectacon</a>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Opekta moved with it, with Pectacon bearing the costs. With the entire building available, space problems were a thing of the past. The ground floor housed Pectacon's machinery, including two heavy spice mills. The rooms on the first floor were used as offices. The second floor functioned as storage for both companies. The third floor of the back house initially housed a laboratory where tests for Opekta's jam-making took place.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Shortly before this move, the German <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em> got involved in the 'arisation' of Dutch business. Because of its Jewish director Otto Frank, this included Opekta. In the shareholders' meeting of <strong>12 December 1941</strong>, Otto Frank stepped down as managing director in favour of Johannes Kleiman. His other company Pectacon, he had earlier transferred to Victor Kugler and Jan Gies and had been replaced by <a href=\"http://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/b2254eb9-cc97-4f61-8c16-566f80f4eecf/\" target=\"_self\">Gies & Co</a>, thus seeking to present both companies as non-Jewish property. Legal adviser Ton Dunselman, associated with Opekta since <strong>1935</strong>, took Frank's shares into custody until the <em>Wirtschafstprüfstelle</em> and creditor Tosin approved their sale.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> That issue got shelved and after his return from Auschwitz, Otto Frank got them back. The shareholders welcomed him back at their meeting on <strong>25 June 1945</strong>. They awarded him compensation of 4800 guilders. After all, he had resigned in <strong>1941</strong> in the interests of the firm and had thus made 'great monetary sacrifices'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Opekta came under the management of parent company Pomosin during the occupation. Sugar shortages and acts of war - thirty thousand Opekta bottles were lost in a bombing raid on Cologne - adversely affected results. Interference from Frankfurt brought further tension and unrest. On several occasions, representatives of the Pomosin management came to Prinsengracht 263 for business meetings. Otto Frank, while in hiding, took part in their preparations. Anne Frank describes in her diary how on one occasion, lying with his ear to the floor, he quietly listened in on the meeting in the private office below their hiding place in the annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7d9879d7-46de-4a25-8d5e-1d639892c140/\" target=\"_self\">After the <strong>4 August 1944</strong> raid, the Opekta and Gies & Co. firms</a> were left without management. Because, besides the eight people in hiding, their helpers Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were also arrested. The three other helpers Miep and Jan Gies and Bep Voskuijl continued running the business together with the warehouse staff. Johannes Kleiman was released from Camp Amersfoort on <strong>18 September 1944</strong> and then returned to the office. It was not until after the liberation that Otto Frank and Victor Kugler also returned.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Post-war</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the post-war years, Opekta was still not always doing well. In the <strong>mid-1950s</strong>, the company left its badly run-down building on Prinsengracht and settled in new premises on Van Slingelandstraat in the <em>Staatsliedenbuurt</em> neighbourhood in Amsterdam's West district. Opekta remained active and tried to find larger customers at well-known chocolate factories. On the initiative of Johannes Kleiman, the new pectin product Supec entered the market. During the <strong>1950s</strong>, Opekta faced competition from a pectin manufacturer in Denmark and lost a large share of the market partly as a result. Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman spent years negotiating with the sister company in Cologne to take over their shares. The time had come in <strong>1959</strong>, but in January that year Johannes Kleiman died unexpectedly at his desk. Led from Cologne, Opekta continued to work in Amsterdam until the <strong>1980s</strong>. The entire Opekta conglomerate merged into the Dr Oetker concern.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Addresses</em>:<strong> </strong>Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 120-126, Amsterdam (1933-'34);<sup data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Singel 400 (1934-'40);<sup data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Prinsengracht 263 (1940-'55);<sup data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 8–10 (1955-'62);<sup data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Van Slingelandtstraat 2 (1962-'87).<sup data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuevc\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8xr3d\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k4j7u\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opekta\" target=\"_blank\">Opekta Amsterdam</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jzck4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010929903:mpeg21:a0021\" target=\"_blank\">"Uitnoodiging voor de Opekta-demonstratie"</a>, <em>Limburgsch Dagblad</em>, 3 juli 1933, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7v66v\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 1: inschrijving handelsregister.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be906\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, toegang 2.09.16, Nederlandse Beheersinstituut (NBI), inv.nr. 134994, Beheer over de NV Opekta Maatschappij: afschrift brief Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 5 augustus 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o3aaq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-5\">e</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies: toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij, N.V., <a href=\"http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=298&miaet=1&micode=292&minr=1024155&miview=inv2#inv3t3\">Bedrijfsgeschiedenis</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fkvq3\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Adresboeken, toegang 30274, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Algemeen adresboek der stad Amsterdam</em></a><em><a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e1b49c5d-3576-e716-85fd-e374ed7ecddf\"> 1933-1934</a>.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h5wv\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 4068: <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/640b85a1-478b-3c70-627d-f0d801030fe9\" target=\"_blank\">vreemdelingenkaart H. Santrouschitz</a>, notitie 3 augustus 1935; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_011: Getuigschrift voor de "Heer J.H.G. V. Beusekom", 3 januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"se2us\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_VI_001; A_Opekta_VI_006.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"htfzs\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Advertentie <a href=\"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110577048:mpeg21:a0125\" target=\"_blank\">"Surpriseweek"</a>, <em>De Telegraaf</em>, 27 juni 1936.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fwc2d\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_IV_001a.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4qwz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Dienst Bouw- en Woningtoezicht; afdeling Hinderwet- en Milieuzaken, toegang 30533: dossier 24799 betreffende Hinderwetvergunning Prinsengracht 263, 1941-1978.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1mj5i\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, toegang 292, Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij NV, inv.nr. 19: vergaderingen van aandeelhouders.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ir8xb\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ym7ql\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Telefoongidsen, toegang 30273, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/e2769c35-3c41-5a9a-db6a-f85f495ddbbd\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1934</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rn1j6\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/2549d27f-ccdb-954e-af8b-9f24e6882edf\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1955</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jkw14\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ibidem, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/0d864a63-34ad-dc09-d346-7b4213ba471b\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Telefoongids voor Amsterdam</em>, 1962</a> en <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/file/a9cd7b15-ce44-3c0a-c0f9-5fc3c3dfc67a\" target=\"_blank\">1987</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. maakte deel uit van het Pomosin-concern uit Frankfurt am Main en was een initiatief van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij N.V. was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based Pomosin group and was an initiative of Otto Frank.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124628,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c3233be2-3492-455a-94e0-74b662bf1976",
"name": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_nl": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"name_en": "Pectacon N.V., Handelsmaatschappij",
"description": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the 'Wirtschaftsentjudung<em>'</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Frans Hofhuis, a son of Joop Hofhuis, wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Frans Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De pectinehandel van Opekta was seizoensgebonden omdat fruit alleen in de zomer en nazomer verkrijgbaar was. Om de omzetfluctuaties die hier het gevolg van waren af te vlakken, zocht Otto Frank andere producten. Die vond hij in <strong>1938</strong> bij Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, dat hij vlak na oprichting overnam van Johannes Kleiman en Antonius Dunselman.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Oprichting</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1 juni 1938</strong>: Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., een bedrijf voor handel en fabricatie van chemische producten en levensmiddelen, werd opgericht door Jo Kleiman en Ton Dunselman bij notaris E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Al op <strong>21 oktober 1938</strong> nam Otto Frank de aandelen over van de oprichters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Grondstoffen importeerde Pectacon uit Hongarije en België; naar België vond ook afzet plaats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In het jaarverslag van <strong>1939</strong> maakte Opekta melding van de samenwerking met Pectacon. De handel van Pectacon was, in tegenstelling tot die van Opekta, voornamelijk in de wintermaanden geconcentreerd. Opekta hoopte het volgende jaar van de samenwerking te kunnen profiteren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omvang en aard van de handel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>mei '41</strong> registreerde Pectacon een beeldmerk met daarbij de toelichting:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Soort der waren: kruiden en specerijen en vervangingsmiddelen voor kruiden en specerijen; chemische producten en smaakstoffen (aroma's) voor het aromatiseeren en/of conserveeren van voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; pharmaceutische producten, medicijnen, chemische producten voor medische en hygiënische doeleinden; drogerijen; graan- en meelproducten; zetmeel en zetmeelproducten; zoetstoffen; reuk- en smaakessences; thee, koffie, cacao, honing en vervangingsstoffen voor deze waren; sappen, bouillon en extracten van vleesch, visch, week- en schaaldieren, planten, zaden en vruchten in vloeibaren-, vasten- en pastavorm; kleurstoffen voor voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken; soepen en soeppreparaten; gist en gistpreparaten, rijsmiddelen, bakkerijcrêmes, bakpoeders; puddingpoeders, saus- en juspreparaten, geconserveerde plantendeelen (zooals gember, angelique, sucade); mout, moutextract en andere moutproducten, voedings- en genotmiddelen en dranken, die in hoofdzaak bestaan uit mout, moutextract of moutproducten; diëtische voedingsmiddelen, vitaminepreparaten; pectine, bindmiddelen; poets-, polijst-, schuur- en reinigingsmiddelen.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon deed onder meer zaken met makelaar in specerijen Van Jinnelt. In <strong>september </strong>en<strong> oktober '39</strong> kwamen via deze zakenpartner de volgende goederen binnen:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 balen witte Batavia Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 balen Ambon nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) kisten Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen Menado nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 kisten Banda foeliegruis.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 balen Cassia Lignea (kaneel).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 balen zwarte Lampong peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 balen Siauw nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ca. 1 ton witte Muntok peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Jamaica piment.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 balen Java nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Sommige van deze goederen verkocht het bedrijf meteen door. Andere werden eerst verwerkt. In deze periode leverde Pectacon aan de kruideniersketen SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg witte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " zwarte peper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " gemalen kaneel.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " gemalen nootmuskaat.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " gemalen piment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari '41</strong> kwam er nog eens 1000 kg Marokkaanse koriander.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>oktober '41</strong> verkocht Pectacon aan worstkruidenhandel EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg kruidnagelaroma, f 2,- p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg peperaroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nootmuskaataroma, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nootmuskaatemulsie, f 8,50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citroenzuur, f 1,30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boorzuurschubben, f 0,36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg soeparoma, f 2,05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Hier waren al de eerste surrogaatproducten in opkomst.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In eerste instantie profiteerde het bedrijf van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. De reductie van de veestapel stimuleerde de vleesverwerkende industrie, waarvoor Pectacon kruidenmengels produceerde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In tegenstelling tot Opekta vonden er voor dit bedrijf wel productieactiviteiten plaats in het pand. Daarvoor schafte Pectacon <strong>begin 1941</strong> bij Peppink twee specerijmolens aan, die het bij de 'arisering' weer doorverkocht aan Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 maart 1942</strong> ging de tenaamstelling van de vergunning over op Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>september 1941</strong> had het bedrijf al meer dan 22.000 gulden aan onverdeelde winsten op de balans staan. Dat was elf maal zoveel als het ingelegde aandelenkapitaal van <strong>eind 1938</strong>. Kortom, tot aan de liquidatie was Pectacon een uitermate winstgevende onderneming.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Arisering</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 oktober 1940:</strong> afkondiging <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), gepubliceerd <strong>26 oktober 1940</strong>. Deze verordening verplichtte Joodse eigenaren hun bedrijven aan te melden. Het was de eerste stap in de zogenaamde <em>Wirtschaftsentjudung</em> (bedrijfseconomische 'arisering').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 oktober 1940:</strong> omdat Otto Frank directeur was van Pectacon en om bij gedwongen arisering een alternatief achter de hand te hebben werd La Synthèse opgericht met Kugler als directeur en Jan Gies als commissaris. Op <strong>8 mei 1941</strong> nam deze firma de naam N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co aan. De doelstelling en de werkzaamheden waren gelijk aan die van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens eigen opgave werd op de aandeelhoudersvergadering van <strong>13 februari 1941</strong> besloten de zich nog in portefeuille bevindende aandelen terwaarde van fl. 8.000 te plaatsen. Op <strong>4 april 1941</strong> stortten de oprichters Kleiman en Dunselman hiertoe respectievelijk fl. 5.000 en fl. 3.000.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Als gevolg hiervan zakte Otto's aandeel in het aandelenkapitaal naar 20 procent. Dat betekende dat zijn aandeel daarmee onder de cruciale grens van 25 procent kwam, die gold als criterium van een 'Joodse' onderneming en zodoende voor aanmelding bij de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>4 april 1941 </strong>werden nieuwe interimbewijzen voor de nieuw uitgegeven aandelen verstrekt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>12 september 1941:</strong> K.O.M. Wolters werd op grond van paragraaf 7 van de <em>Verordening tot verwijdering van joden uit het bedrijfsleven</em> tot bewindvoerder van Pectacon aangesteld, met de opdracht het bedrijf te liquideren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman en Otto gingen naar Wolters’ kantoor om de zaak te bespreken. Wolters ging akkoord met Kleimans voorstel om zelf in acht tot tien dagen tot liquidatie over te gaan. Daardoor hadden Kleiman en Otto de mogelijkheid machines en voorraden door te sluizen naar Gies & Co., toen nog in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ze verkochten vrijwel alles met verlies aan Gies & Co. Alleen op de kantoorinventaris werd winst gemaakt; die verkochten ze aan Wolters zelf.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het gemaakte verlies tijdens de liquidatie bedroeg 14.000 gulden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het saldo na liquidatie bedroeg 18.000 gulden. Kleiman kreeg 5.000 gulden en Dunselman 3.000 gulden. De resterende 10.000 gulden werd na aftrek van 2.300 gulden voor de <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, gestort bij de bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. verhuisde naar Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was tijdens de liquidatiefase gevestigd op Rokin 6, Wolters’ kantoor (het Peek & Cloppenburg-gebouw op de Dam in Amsterdam).<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De verdeling van de liquidatiewaarde ging overigens in tegen het voorstel van Wolters. Die had namelijk voorgesteld het resterende saldo naar rato van het aandelenbezit te verdelen, d.w.z. 50 procent naar Kleiman, 30 procent naar Dunselman en de resterende 20 procent naar Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, ten gunste van Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In praktijk ontvingen Kleiman en Dunselman alleen hun inleg uit <strong>april 1941</strong> retour, zonder winstdeling.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen Otto Frank uit Auschwitz terugkwam werd Pectacon nieuw leven ingeblazen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rechtsherstel</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Na <strong>mei 1945</strong> behoorde Pectacon tot de bedrijven die ingevolge de besluiten van de Londense regering ambtshalve in het Handelsregister kunnen worden heringeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>augustus 1945</strong> was Pectacon nog een 'lege huls', een bedrijf zonder kapitaal Otto wilde met het bedrijf echter onder meer een anti-diarreemiddel, een anti-schimmelmiddel en een schoonmaakmiddel produceren, alle drie op pectine gebaseerd. Dit nog steeds vanuit de gedachte om de seizoensfluctuaties van de Opekta-omzet te ondervangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>november 1945</strong> stonden Otto Frank en Jo Kleiman als directeur vermeld. Enig procuratiehouder was Victor Kugler, met algemene volmacht: 'Z<em>oals deze ook aan de directeur volgens de statuten is toegekend.' </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto schreef in <strong>juni 1947</strong> dat hij het zakelijk moeilijk had. Hij wilde iets in textiel en kunstzijde doen, maar de gevestigde bedrijven duldden geen nieuwkomers. Hij beperkte zich toen maar tot chemicaliën en levensmiddelen, de kernproducten van Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Februari 1951:</strong> Kugler en Otto Frank stonden niet meer voor Pectacon in het Handelsregister. Kleiman was enig directeur en Jeanne Kwakernaak secretaresse met algemene volmacht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>januari 1952</strong> was Ton Dunselman nog altijd commissaris.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> januari 1954 </strong> bezat Otto Frank voor fl. 2.000 gulden aandelen in Pectacon (en fl. 20.000 gulden aandelen Opekta en fl. 9.000 gulden aandelen in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In<strong> maart 1955 </strong><strong> </strong>betaalde Pectacon J. Dikker provisie over februari, waarover omzetbelasting betaald werd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Januari 1959:</strong> Na het overlijden van Kleiman werd J. Dikker directeur van Pectacon. Hij legde contacten met ijs- (o.a. Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) en chocoladefabrikanten (o.a. Verkade, Rademakers). Ook legde hij contacten met bedrijven in puddingproductie en bakkerijgrondstoffen.</li>\r\n\t<li><strong>April 1959: </strong>Toen in 1959 onderhandelingen gevoerd werden die leidden tot de overname van Opekta door Opekta-Keulen, werd Pectacon buiten deze aandelentransactie gehouden. Volgens mw. Kwakernaak wilde 'Keulen', naast Opekta, ook graag Pectacon overnemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Frans Hofhuis, een zoon van Joop Hofhuis, wilde in <strong>1959 </strong>Opekta kopen, maar viste achter het net. Jaren later kwam hij Kleimans opvolger, J. Dikker, bij Pectacon tegen en nam het bedrijf vervolgens alsnog over.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Dit was rond <strong>1977</strong>. In een interview met Dineke Stam, d.d. 10 december 1997, zei Frans Hofhuis dat hij Pectacon “20 jaar geleden” kocht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon bestond voort als Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, met als KvK-nummer 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWanneer en hoe Otto zijn Pectacon-aandelen van de hand deed, is op dit moment bij gebrek aan bronnen niet te zeggen.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Adressen</em>:<strong> </strong>Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (kantoor Wolters), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Opekta's pectin business was seasonal, as fruit was only available in the summer and late summer. To smooth out the sales fluctuations that resulted from this, Otto Frank looked for other products. He found these in <strong>1938</strong> at Pectacon, a trading company in spices and preservatives, which he took over from Johannes Kleiman and Antonius Dunselman shortly after its foundation.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Founding</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><strong>1 June 1938</strong>: </strong>Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V., a company for trading and manufacturing chemical products and foodstuffs, was founded by Jo Kleiman and Ton Dunselman before notary E.J.M. Luykx.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As early as <strong>21 October 1938</strong>, Otto Frank took over the shares from the founders.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pectacon imported raw materials from Hungary and Belgium; sales were also made to Belgium.<sup data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nIn its <strong>1939 </strong>annual report, Opekta noted its cooperation with Pectacon. Pectacon's trade, unlike Opekta's, was mainly concentrated in the winter months. Opekta hoped to benefit from the cooperation the following year.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Volume and nature of trade</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>May '41</strong>, Pectacon registered a logo with the explanation:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Type of goods: herbs and spices and substitutes for herbs and spices; chemicals and flavourings (aromas) for flavouring and/or preserving food and beverages; pharmaceuticals, medicines, chemicals for medical and hygienic purposes; drying agents; cereal and flour products; starches and starch products; sweeteners; odouriferous substances and flavourings; tea, coffee, cocoa, honey and substitutes for these products; juices, broths and extracts of meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, plants, seeds and fruits in liquid, solid or paste form food or beverage colours; soups and soup preparations; yeast and yeast substitutes, raising agents, baking creams, baking powders; custard powders, sauce or gravy preparations, preserved vegetables (for example, ginger, angelica, sucade) malt, malt extract and other malt products, food preparations and beverages consisting essentially of malt, malt extract or malt products; dietetic foodstuffs, vitamin preparations; pectin, binders; polishing, scouring and cleaning preparations.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"qes54\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Pectacon did business with spice broker Van Jinnelt, among other parties. In <strong>September </strong>and <strong>October '39</strong>, the following goods arrived through this business partner:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of white Batavia Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>4 bales of Ambon nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>27/2 (?) crates of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>5 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of Menado nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>3 crates of Banda mace.</li>\r\n\t<li>2 bales of Cassia Lignea (cinnamon).</li>\r\n\t<li>10 bales of black Lampong pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>37 bales of Siauw nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>About 1 tonne of white Muntok pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Jamaica allspice.</li>\r\n\t<li>6 bales of Java nutmeg.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Some of these goods the company sold on immediately. Others were processed first. During this period, Pectacon supplied grocery chain SPAR:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>110 x 1 kg white pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>225 " black pepper.</li>\r\n\t<li>149 " ground cinnamon.</li>\r\n\t<li>25 " ground nutmeg.</li>\r\n\t<li>12 " ground allspice.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Another 1,000 kg of Moroccan coriander arrived in <strong>January '41</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>October '41</strong>, Pectacon sold to sausage seasoning business EFWEKA:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>20 kg clove flavouring, NLG 2 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg pepper flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>50 kg nutmeg flavouring, idem.</li>\r\n\t<li>15 kg nutmeg emulsion, NLG 8.50 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>200 kg citric acid, NLG 1.30 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>450 kg boric acid scales, NLG 0.36 p/kg.</li>\r\n\t<li>245 kg of soup flavouring, NLG 2.05 p/kg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Here we see the first surrogate products already emerging.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Initially, the company benefitted from the reform of the Dutch food supply. The reduction in livestock boosted the meat processing industry, for which Pectacon produced spice mixes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Unlike Opekta, production activities for this company took place on the premises. To this end, Pectacon purchased two spice mills from Peppink in <strong>early 1941</strong>, which it resold to Gies & Co when it was 'aryanised'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 March 1942</strong>, the ascription of the licence passed to Gies & Co.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>September 1941</strong>, the company already had more than 22,000 guilders in undistributed profits on its balance sheet. That was eleven times as much as the paid-in share capital at the <strong>end of 1938</strong>. In short, until its liquidation, Pectacon was an extremely profitable company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Aryanisation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>22 October 1940</strong>: promulgation of <em>Verordnung über die Anmeldung von Unternehmen</em> (VO 189/40), published <strong>26 October 1940</strong>. This regulation required Jewish owners to register their businesses. It was the first step in the 'Wirtschaftsentjudung<em>'</em> (business 'aryanisation').</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>23 October 1940</strong>: because Otto Frank was managing director of Pectacon and to have an alternative in the wings in case of forced aryanisation, La Synthèse was founded with Kugler as managing director and Jan Gies as supervisory director. On <strong>8 May 1941</strong>, this firm adopted the name N.V. Handelsvereniging Gies & Co. Its objective and operations were similar to those of Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"09dde\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to its own statement, it was decided at the shareholders' meeting on <strong>13 February 1941</strong> to place the shares still in the portfolio worth NLG 8,000. On<strong> 4 April 1941</strong>, the founders Kleiman and Dunselman paid NLG 5,000 and NLG 3,000 respectively in this context.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-5\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> As a result, Otto's share in the share capital dropped to 20 per cent. This meant that his share thus fell below the crucial limit of 25 per cent, which was the criterion for a 'Jewish' company and thus for registration with the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>New interim certificates for the newly issued shares were issued on <strong>4 April 1941</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>12 September 1941</strong>: K.O.M. Wolters was appointed administrator of Pectacon under section 7 of the <em>Ordinance for the Removal of Jews from Business</em>, with instructions to liquidate the company.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Kleiman and Otto went to Wolters' office to discuss the matter. Wolters agreed to Kleiman's proposal to initiate liquidation himself within eight to 10 days. This allowed Kleiman and Otto to channel machinery and stock to Gies & Co, then still in Hilversum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> They sold almost everything at a loss to Gies & Co. Only the office inventory made a profit; they sold it to Wolters himself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-6\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The loss made during the liquidation was 14,000 guilders.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The balance after liquidation was 18,000 guilders. Kleiman received 5,000 guilders and Dunselman 3,000 guilders. The remaining 10,000 guilders, after deducting 2,300 guilders for the <em>Wirtschaftsprüfstelle</em>, was deposited at the bank Lippmann-Rosenthal-Sarphatistraat. Gies & Co. moved to Prinsengracht 263; Pectacon was located at Rokin 6, Wolters' office (the Peek & Cloppenburg building on Dam Square in Amsterdam) during the liquidation phase.<sup data-footnote-id=\"stmej\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Moreover, the distribution of the liquidation value went against Wolters' proposal. The latter had in fact proposed to divide the remaining balance in proportion to share ownership, i.e. 50 per cent to Kleiman, 30 per cent to Dunselman and the remaining 20 per cent to Lippmann, Rosenthal & co Sarphatistraat, in favour of Otto Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"20nod\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-7\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In practice, Kleiman and Dunselman only received their <strong>April 1941 </strong>deposit back, with no profit sharing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When Otto Frank returned from Auschwitz, Pectacon was revived.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Restorative justice</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After <strong>May 1945</strong>, Pectacon was among the companies that could be ex officio re-registered in the Commercial Register pursuant to the London government's decisions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>August 1945</strong>, Pectacon was still an 'empty shell', a company without capital. However, Otto wanted the company to produce, among other things, an anti-diarrhoeal agent, an anti-fungal agent and a cleaning agent, all three based on pectin. This was still based on the idea of overcoming seasonal fluctuations in Opekta sales.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>November 1945</strong>, Otto Frank and Jo Kleiman were listed as directors. Sole proxy was Victor Kugler, with general power of attorney: '<em>As also granted to the director according to the articles of association' . </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Otto wrote in <strong>June 1947</strong> that he was struggling in business. He wanted to do something in textiles and artificial silk, but the established businesses did not tolerate newcomers. He then restricted himself to chemicals and foodstuffs, Pectacon's core products.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>February 1951</strong>: Kugler and Otto Frank were no longer listed for Pectacon in the Trade Register. Kleiman was sole director and Jeanne Kwakernaak secretary with general power of attorney.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1952</strong>, Ton Dunselman was still a supervisory director.<sup data-footnote-id=\"egeux\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1954</strong>, Otto Frank owned NLG 2,000 worth of shares in Pectacon (and NLG 20,000 worth of Opekta shares and NLG 9,000 worth of shares in Gies & Co).<sup data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>March 1955</strong>, Pectacon paid J. Dikker commission for February, on which turnover tax was paid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>January 1959</strong>: After Kleiman's death, J. Dikker became director of Pectacon. He established contacts with manufacturers of ice cream (including Davino, De Hoop, Mariëndaal) and chocolate (including Verkade, Rademakers). He also established contacts with companies in pudding production and bakery ingredients.</li>\r\n\t<li>In <strong>April 1959</strong>: When negotiations were held in <strong>1959 </strong>leading to Opekta's takeover by Opekta-Keulen, Pectacon was left out of this share transaction. According to Ms Kwakernaak, besides Opekta, 'Cologne' was also keen to take over Pectacon.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Frans Hofhuis, a son of Joop Hofhuis, wanted to buy Opekta in <strong>1959</strong>, but missed out. Years later, he met Kleiman's successor, J. Dikker, at Pectacon and subsequently took over the company after all. <sup data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> This was around <strong>1977</strong>. In an interview with Dineke Stam, dated <strong>10 December 1997</strong>, Frans Hofhuis said he bought Pectacon "20 years ago".<sup data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Pectacon continued to exist as Hofhuis F.I.A. Pectacon BV, with the Chamber of Commerce number 31019094.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup><br />\r\n<br />\r\nWhen and how Otto disposed of his Pectacon shares is unclear at the moment, in the absence of sources.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<em>Addresses</em>: Singel 400, Amsterdam; Prinsengracht 263, Amsterdam; Rokin 6 (Wolters office), Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2><strong>Footnotes</strong></h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kkk0s\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bekendmaking over "Handelsmaatschappij Pectacon N.V.", te Amsterdam, <em>Nederlandsche Staatscourant</em>, 6 oktober 1938. De kosten van de oprichting bedroegen fl. 245,40. Passeren van de akte: fl. 125,--. Registratierechten: fl. 50,--. Publicatie Staatscourant fl. 40,40. Honorarium Dunselman fl. 30,-- (rekening Dunselman, 10 juni 1938).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"20nod\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-4\">d</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-5\">e</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-6\">f</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-7\">g</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, toegang 094f, Collectie dossiers afkomstig uit de archieven van de Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft m.b.H., de Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand A.G. (Zweigniederlassung Den Haag) en de Wirtschaftsprüfstelle, Inv.nr. 5951, Bestallungsurkunde, p.2.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"oujpg\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Facsimile afdruk Pectacons registratie bij Wirtschaftsprüfstelle 27 november 1940 in: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (samenst.), <em>De dagboeken van Anne Frank</em>, 5e, verb. en uitgebr. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2001, p. 13.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yeue\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Opekta_I_004: Opekta jaarverslag 1939.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qes54\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis, Hilversum: Bewijs van Registratie (bij Van der Graaf & Co's Merkenbureau), 26 mei 1941.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0h6cq\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_001: 'Biblioraftus' met doorslagen van rekeningen firma M.P. van Jinnelt. Alle bovenstaande transacties staan hierin.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w79xy\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>G.M.T. Trienekens, <em>Tussen ons volk en de honger : de voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945</em>, Utrecht: Matrijs, 1985.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"09dde\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij (Archief Opekta), toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 3. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l3jyk\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kz31o\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR), inv. nr. 76428: Schrijven Secretaris-generaal Handel, Nijverheid en Scheepvaart aan Kamer van Koophandel, 29 september 1941. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"stmej\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NL-HaNA, CABR, inv. nr. 76428: Getuigenverklaringen Otto Frank en Kleiman inzake Wolters’ naoorlogse strafzaak.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bvzrr\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD, inv. nr. 292, Archief Opekta: toegang op het archief van N.V. Nederlandsche Opekta Mij: Inleiding op toegang Opekta-archief, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l1b0b\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), ref. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Erich Elias, 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ijwt1\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2td5y\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Joseph Spronz, 17 juni 1947.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ovkvi\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Afschrift Handelsregsiter, 15 februari 1951.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"egeux\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Privécollectie Frans Hofhuis: Uittreksel Handelsregister, 15 januari 1952.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"57kjg\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code 005_A_Kleiman_I_05.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tjczs\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Opekta_I_021, 17 maart 1955. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jlb0j\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_075A: W. Kwakernaak aan Otto Frank, 8 april 1959.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wc77f\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis: Verslag interview met F. Hofhuis jr., afgenomen door Yt Stoker op 13 maart 2002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g1oyj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Hofhuis.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcgnz\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Telefonische informatie Kamer van Koophandel Amsterdam, 18 oktober 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"summary_nl": "Pectacon, handelsonderneming in specerijen en conserveermiddelen, was een van de ondernemingen van Otto Frank.",
"summary_en": "Pectacon, trading company in spices and preservatives, was one of Otto Frank's enterprises.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124439,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "682b32b1-3644-4f92-b5e4-bd2827cdd5d4",
"name": "Pomosin Werke",
"name_nl": "Pomosin Werke",
"name_en": "Pomosin Werke",
"description": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was a centre for the soya processing industry in the <strong>early 1920s</strong>. Here there were three companies involved in soy milk production, and one of them was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This company was located at Schmickstraße 45 in the city's <em>Osthafen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was owned by the Jewish Scheinberger family and made soy products as well as pectin and bakery ingredients, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Chemist Robert Feix, nephew of the family and attached to the company, also wanted to open the domestic market for pectin and in <strong>1928</strong> started trading the gelling agent Opekta, which he developed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was the producer of this Opekta pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Pomosin was represented from <strong>1928</strong> by Frans van Angeren and Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank took over the Dutch household market with his <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> in <strong>1933</strong>. He undertook to source all pectin from Pomosin and pay a percentage for the licence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Feix and his aunt Emmy Scheinberger were stripped of the management of the Pomosin group during the Nazi era. Walter Fischer was appointed in their place. In previous years, there had already been many struggles for control and assets within the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two members of the Pomosin management, Joachim Rieke and Heinrich Sauerbrey, visited the Amsterdam Opekta office in spring <strong>1943</strong>. Kugler conducted the meeting because Kleiman was absent due to illness. One floor up, Otto Frank - in hiding - listened in. Three weeks later, on Saturday <strong>24 April 1943</strong>, these Pomosin representatives came to the office again for a meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 and 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was <strong>begin jaren twintig</strong> een centrum voor de sojaverwerkende industrie. Hier zaten drie ondernemingen die zich bezig hielden met de productie van sojamelk, en een daarvan was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit bedrijf was gevestigd op de Schmickstraße 45 in de <em>Osthafen</em> van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was eigendom van de Joodse familie Scheinberger en maakte naast sojaproducten ook onder meer pectine en bakkerijgrondstoffen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De scheikundige Robert Feix, neef van de familie en aan het bedrijf verbonden, wilde ook de huishoudelijke markt voor pectine openen en begon in <strong>1928</strong> de handel in het door hem ontwikkelde geleermiddel Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4y0oz\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was de producent van deze Opekta-pectine.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In Nederland werd Pomosin vanaf <strong>1928</strong> vertegenwoordigd door Frans van Angeren en Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Franks nam in <strong>1933</strong> met zijn <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/nl/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> de Nederlandse huishoudelijke markt over. Hij verplichtte zich alle pectine van Pomosin te betrekken en een percentage voor de licentie te betalen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan Feix en zijn tante Emmy Scheinberger werd tijdens de nazi-tijd het beheer over het Pomosin-concern ontnomen. In hun plaats trad Walter Fischer naar voren. In voorgaande jaren was er binnen de familie al veel strijd geweest om zeggenschap en vermogen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Twee leden van de Pomosin-directie, Joachim Rieke en Heinrich Sauerbrey, bezochten in het voorjaar van <strong>1943</strong> het Amsterdamse Opekta-kantoor. Kugler voerde de bespreking omdat Kleiman wegens ziekte afwezig was. Een verdieping hoger luisterde de ondergedoken Otto Frank mee. Drie weken later, op zaterdag <strong>24 april 1943</strong>, kwamen deze vertegenwoordigers van Pomosin opnieuw naar kantoor voor een bespreking.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4y0oz\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 en 27 april 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Frankfurt am Main was a centre for the soya processing industry in the <strong>early 1920s</strong>. Here there were three companies involved in soy milk production, and one of them was Pomosin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This company was located at Schmickstraße 45 in the city's <em>Osthafen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Pomosin was owned by the Jewish Scheinberger family and made soy products as well as pectin and bakery ingredients, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7j684\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Chemist Robert Feix, nephew of the family and attached to the company, also wanted to open the domestic market for pectin and in <strong>1928</strong> started trading the gelling agent Opekta, which he developed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Pomosin was the producer of this Opekta pectin.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In the Netherlands, Pomosin was represented from <strong>1928</strong> by Frans van Angeren and Joop Hofhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Otto Frank took over the Dutch household market with his <a href=\"https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/60372a46-0754-4cde-8460-8c2a436b879d/\">Opekta Mij.</a> in <strong>1933</strong>. He undertook to source all pectin from Pomosin and pay a percentage for the licence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Feix and his aunt Emmy Scheinberger were stripped of the management of the Pomosin group during the Nazi era. Walter Fischer was appointed in their place. In previous years, there had already been many struggles for control and assets within the family.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s57te\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Two members of the Pomosin management, Joachim Rieke and Heinrich Sauerbrey, visited the Amsterdam Opekta office in spring <strong>1943</strong>. Kugler conducted the meeting because Kleiman was absent due to illness. One floor up, Otto Frank - in hiding - listened in. Three weeks later, on Saturday <strong>24 April 1943</strong>, these Pomosin representatives came to the office again for a meeting.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ssz1a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Joachim Drews, <em>Die "Nazi-Bohne". Anbau, Verwendung und Auswirkung der Sojabohne im Deutschen Reich und Südosteuropa (1933-1945)</em>, Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004, p. 41 (noot 74).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fi18u\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, <em>Adressbuch </em>1924 (microfiches).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7j684\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching (AFS), afd. Collecties, interview Frans Hofhuis door Teresien da Silva, Amsterdam, 17 november 2011.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ygk0\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feix\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Feix</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5zxmj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Rudolf Ripa, <em>Die Pektinstoffe. Einführung mit besonderem Hinblick auf die Obstkonserven-Industrie, </em>Braunschweig: Dr. Serger & Hempel, 1937, p. 171.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2uixg\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Utrechts Archief, Utrecht, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Utrecht, Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken, toegang 4004, inv. nrs. 09, dossier 8857 en 13, dossier 12095.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s57te\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA, External Assets Investigation OMGUS, toegang M1922, dossier Pomosin Werke GmbH, Fisher KG, p. 37-43.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hj5dv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 and 27 April 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Pomosin is known as a producer of pectin.",
"summary_nl": "Pomosin is bekend geworden als producent van pectine.",
"summary_en": "Pomosin is known as a producer of pectin.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124419,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124616,
"image": {
"id": 896,
"uuid": "ac160611-2c49-4e00-a5fb-8c2b1f38bf81",
"name": "A_Opekta_III_004",
"title": "Foto van medewerkers van Opekta Miep Gies, Isa Cauvern, Henk van Beusekom, Hetty Levie en Victor Kugler op het bordes van het kantoor aan de Singel 400, Amsterdam, 1935-1937",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie: Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/01cd478c-9fad-9004-919a-0f61346ceb2a.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Otto Frank richt in 1933 de Nederlandse tak van Opekta op, een van oorsprong Duits bedrijf dat zich richt op de import van pectine voor Nederlandse huishoudens. Pectine is een middel dat vruchten en gelei sneller laat geleren tot jam, en via advertenties, recepten in kranten en presentaties op beurzen wordt het product vanaf1933 aangeboden aan de detailhandel. In 1938 neemt Otto Frank het bedrijf Pectacon over van Johannes Kleiman en Ton Dunselman, een bedrijf dat handelt in specerijen en conserveermiddelen. Vanaf respectievelijk 1933 en 1937 werken Miep Gies en Bep Voskuijl voor het bedrijf. Vanwege de gedwongen arisering van het Joodse bedrijfsleven in 1941 gaat op 25 maart 1942 de tenaamstelling van de vergunning van Pectacon over op het bedrijf Gies & Co., waar Jan Gies de commissaris is en Viktor Kugler optreedt als directeur. Aanvankelijk profiteert Opekta net als veel andere Nederlandse bedrijven van de hervorming van de Nederlandse voedselvoorziening. Later in de oorlog en na het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog wordt de import van pectine moeilijker. In 1959 neemt de Keulse vestiging van Opekta de Amsterdamse tak over, later wordt het bedrijf overgenomen door Dr. Oetker. De Anne Frank Stichting beheert van Opekta objecten uit de periode van 1935 tot en met 1955. Het betreft verpakkingsmateriaal voor pectine en andere producten, voorwerpen die werden gebruikt om de pectine te produceren, zakelijke administratie en correspondentie, reclamemateriaal en foto's van het personeel. Dit object is een voorbeeld uit deze collectie.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/f997b534-3e67-4c27-b888-3680fa329ea2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "f997b534-3e67-4c27-b888-3680fa329ea2",
"name": "Victor Kugler, work at Opekta",
"name_nl": "Victor Kugler werkzaam bij Opekta",
"name_en": "Victor Kugler, work at Opekta",
"description": "<p>Otto Frank visited Frans van Angeren's office <strong>in mid-July 1933</strong> in the company of his brother-in-law, Joop Hofhuis. There he met Victor Kugler, with whom he worked ever since.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At that time, Kugler worked for De Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij until, in <strong>October 1940</strong>, he founded the company Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. with Jan Gies, initially called La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of Victor Kugler with four other Opekta employees on the pavement in front of the Singel 400 building, taken between <strong>1934 </strong>and <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio 1934 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Otto Frank bezocht <strong>half juli 1933</strong> het kantoor van Frans van Angeren in het gezelschap van diens zwager, Joop Hofhuis. Daar ontmoette hij Victor Kugler, met wie hij sindsdien samenwerkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kugler werkte vervolgens voor de Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij tot hij in <strong>oktober 1940</strong> met Jan Gies het bedrijf Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. oprichtte, aanvankelijk genaamd La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een foto bewaard gebleven van Victor Kugler met vier andere Opekta-employees op de stoep van het pand Singel 400. Deze is gemaakt tussen <strong>1934 </strong>en <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio 1934 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Otto Frank visited Frans van Angeren's office <strong>in mid-July 1933</strong> in the company of his brother-in-law, Joop Hofhuis. There he met Victor Kugler, with whom he worked ever since.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a656r\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> At that time, Kugler worked for De Nederlansche Opekta Maatschappij until, in <strong>October 1940</strong>, he founded the company Handelsvereeniging Gies & Co. with Jan Gies, initially called La Synthèse.<sup data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>A photograph has survived of Victor Kugler with four other Opekta employees on the pavement in front of the Singel 400 building, taken between <strong>1934 </strong>and <strong>1937</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a656r\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel: Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"azwmf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Handelsregister Kamer van Koophandel Hilversum, inv. nr. 199, dossier 8859.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l5fub\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_Opekta_III_004: Foto van medewerkers van Opekta, staand op de stoep van Singel 400. De firma betrok dit perceel medio 1934 en Henk van Beusekom, die ook op de foto staat, verliet het bedrijf begin januari 1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Victor Kugler worked for De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_nl": "Victor Kugler werkte voor de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_en": "Victor Kugler worked for De Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
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"parent": 396124420,
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"published": true,
"name": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"name_nl": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"name_en": "Opekta | Singel 400",
"uuid": "5c893854-c6f4-4ec1-8bc7-3f53d91174cc",
"content": "<p>The property previously housed the textile firm Hofhuis & Janus. It was also the home address of Joop Hofhuis <strong>in the late 1920</strong>s,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his brother-in-law owned it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It therefore looks like Otto Frank was able to move to this location through his business network.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the <strong>summer of 1933</strong>, Opekta visited fairs and women's organisations across the country for years to demonstrate the product. In January <strong>1937</strong>, its own company kitchen served as a demonstration room. The second class of the Alkmaar household school visited the Singel on the 20th to learn the use of Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November of 1940</strong>, Opekta and Pectacon moved to Prinsengracht 263. A short time later, the paramilitary Resistance Division (WA) of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) occupied Singel 400 as a Unit House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In het pand was eerder de textielfirma Hofhuis & Janus gevestigd. Ook was het <strong>eind jaren twintig</strong> het woonadres van Joop Hofhuis,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> en zijn zwager was er eigenaar van.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het ziet er dan ook naar uit dat Otto Frank zich hier via zijn zakelijk netwerk kon vestigen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf de <strong>zomer van 1933</strong> bezocht Opekta jarenlang in het hele land beurzen en vrouwenorganisaties om het product te demonstreren. In <strong>januari 1937</strong> diende de eigen bedrijfskeuken als demonstratielokaal. De tweede klas van de Alkmaarse huishoudschool kwam de 20e op het Singel langs om het gebruik van Opekta te leren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november van 1940</strong> vertrokken Opekta en Pectacon naar Prinsengracht 263. Korte tijd later had de paramilitaire Weerbaarheidsafdeling (WA) van de Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB) Singel 400 in gebruik als Vendelhuis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The property previously housed the textile firm Hofhuis & Janus. It was also the home address of Joop Hofhuis <strong>in the late 1920</strong>s,<sup data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and his brother-in-law owned it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It therefore looks like Otto Frank was able to move to this location through his business network.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the <strong>summer of 1933</strong>, Opekta visited fairs and women's organisations across the country for years to demonstrate the product. In January <strong>1937</strong>, its own company kitchen served as a demonstration room. The second class of the Alkmaar household school visited the Singel on the 20th to learn the use of Opekta.<sup data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November of 1940</strong>, Opekta and Pectacon moved to Prinsengracht 263. A short time later, the paramilitary Resistance Division (WA) of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) occupied Singel 400 as a Unit House.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0gizm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Gezinskaarten, toegang 5422, gezinskaart J.A.W. Hofhuijs (een eerder gecorrigeerde verschrijving is bij de digitalering opnieuw overgenomen).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fbsaa\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"72ns5\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Huishoud- en industrieschool”, <em>Alkmaarsche Courant</em>, 31 maart 1937, p. 2. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ve9r7\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 2956, processen-verbaal inzake gevechten 10 en 11 februari 1941, verklaring P.B. Ruppert, d.d. 18 februari 1941; Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 197.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88745 52.36892)",
"summary": "Singel 400 was the home of the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij from late 1934 to late 1940.",
"summary_nl": "Singel 400 was van eind 1934 tot eind 1940 het onderkomen van de Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij.",
"summary_en": "Singel 400 was the home of the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij from late 1934 to late 1940.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Singel 400",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "Noord-Holland",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
248,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "8d855521-e228-4a1a-83f7-2ba215294b44",
"name": "Fire at Singel 400",
"name_nl": "Brand op Singel 400",
"name_en": "Fire at Singel 400",
"content": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Opekta gebruikte de benedenverdiepingen van het gebouw aan Singel 400. Boven woonde de kunstschilder Gerrit Jongert met zijn gezin. In <strong>april 1940</strong> ontstond brand doordat het zoontje van Jongert in een onbewaakt moment met lucifers speelde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De brandweer rukte met drie motorspuiten en een ladderwagen uit. Dertien brandwachten gebruikten 4.500 liter Vechtwater voor het blussen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In de woning en het atelier van Jongert gingen de lambrizering en enkele doeken verloren, maar op de benedenverdieping was alleen waterschade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Opekta used the ground floors of the building at Singel 400. Upstairs lived the artist Gerrit Jongert and his family. In April 1940, Jongert's little boy was playing with matches in an unguarded moment and started a fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l113a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The fire brigade rushed out with three fire engines and a ladder truck. Thirteen firemen used 4,500 litres of water from the Vecht river to put out the fire.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Jongert's home and studio, the panelling and some paintings were lost, but the ground floor only sustained water damage.<sup data-footnote-id=\"botib\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l113a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, toegang 5225, inv. nr. 7055, rapportenboek bureau Warmoesstraat, 24 april 1940, mut. 5.30 uur n.m.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rpow7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Brandweer en rechtsvoorgangers, toegang 635, inv. nr. 1239, dagboek van plaats gehad hebbende branden, 24 april 1940.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"botib\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Brand in het atelier van een kunstschilder", <em>Utrechts Volksblad</em>, 25 april 1940, p. 10.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1940-04-24",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"summary_nl": "Een spelende kleuter veroorzaakte onbedoeld brand.",
"summary_en": "A playing child inadvertently caused a fire.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124430
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"persons": [
2087
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"files": []
},
"score": 0.0
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{
"type": "event",
"instance": {
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"main_image": null,
"location": {
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"latitude": "-23.98092",
"longitude": "-46.352005",
"events": [
{
"id": 143,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf17fb0a-2912-4c70-9f22-eb028ff0004c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416"
],
"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/b6b6c4af-743d-4a49-8876-43b583dcfc25",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf17fb0a-2912-4c70-9f22-eb028ff0004c",
"name": "Meta Haag-van Pels arrives in São Paulo",
"name_nl": "Meta Haag-van Pels komt aan in São Paulo",
"name_en": "Meta Haag-van Pels arrives in São Paulo",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1936-02-01",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Meta Haag-van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels. Little is known about her move to São Paulo. The arrival date is a rough estimate.",
"summary_nl": "Meta Haag-van Pels was een zus van Hermann van Pels. Over haar vertrek naar São Paulo is weinig bekend. De aankomstdatum is een benadering.",
"summary_en": "Meta Haag-van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels. Little is known about her move to São Paulo. The arrival date is a rough estimate.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124407,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59a72c2a-c340-45bc-8ef5-d0a634dfb416",
"name": "Emigration from Europe",
"name_nl": "Emigratie uit Europa",
"name_en": "Emigration from Europe",
"description": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het uiteindelijke reisdoel van veel vluchtelingen was de Verenigde Staten, er waren er ook die naar Zuid-Afrika, Palestina en Latijns-Amerika vertrokken. Maar emigratie was niet vanzelfsprekend. Wie weg wilde kwam in een bureaucratische molen terecht van ontelbare formulieren voor uitreisvergunningen, doorreisvergunningen, inreisvisa, gerechtelijke verklaringen en borgstellingen. De rijen wachtenden bij hulporganisaties, consulaten, ambassades en reisbureaus waren eindeloos. Regels veranderden voortdurend en emigratielanden stelden hoge financiële eisen. Naarmate anti-Joodse maatregelen en oorlogsdreiging toenamen, groeide de paniek om weg te komen. Uiteindelijk heeft maar een relatief kleine groep de Jodenvervolging in Europa weten te ontvluchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook de families Frank, Van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer hebben pogingen ondernomen uit Europa weg te komen. Otto Frank probeerde al vanaf <strong>1937</strong> geprobeerd een zaak op te zetten in Engeland en deed in <strong>1938</strong> een visumaanvraag gedaan bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Beide pogingen liepen op niets uit. Toen in <strong>1939</strong> de Tweede Wereldoorlog uitbrak, werd het nog moelijker om te vluchten. Na de Duitse inval in <strong>1940</strong> probeerde de familie Frank in <strong>1941</strong> opnieuw naar de Verenigde Staten te gaan. Ze worden daarbij geholpen door Amerikaanse vrienden en Julius en Walter Holländer, de broers van Edith, die er al in zijn geslaagd naar de Verenigde Staten te vluchten. Tevergeefs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het gezin van Pels had ook geen geluk. Ondanks hun Nederlanderschap voelden zij zich niet veilig in Nederland. In <strong>1939</strong> deden zij een visumaanvraag bij het Amerikaanse consulaat in Rotterdam. Zij kwamen op een wachtlijst te staan die al zo lang was dat hun kansen gering waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hun poging om verder te trekken mislukte, al zijn er enkele familieleden van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen er wel in geslaagd naar Noord-, Zuid-Amerika of een andere bestemming overzee te emigreren.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de vreemdelingenkaart van Fritz Pfeffer staat dat hij naar Australië wilde, maar hij probeerde ook naar Aruba te gaan. Verder deed hij een emigratieaanvraag voor Chili. Maar het lukte ook hem niet weg te komen uit Nederland.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>25 november 1941</strong> verloren alle in het buitenland wonende Duitse Joden hun nationaliteit en werden daarmee stateloos. Emigratie werd daarmee onmogelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bgn18\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/de-on-mogelijkheden-om-te-vluchten-joodse-emigratie-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>De (on)mogelijkheden om te vluchten: Joodse emigratie 1933-1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xlh47\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The ultimate destination of many refugees was the United States; there were also those who left for South Africa, Palestine and Latin America. But emigration could not be taken for granted. Those who wanted to leave entered a bureaucratic mill of countless forms for exit permits, transit permits, entry visas, court declarations and sureties. The queues waiting at aid organisations, consulates, embassies and travel agencies were endless. Rules were constantly changing and emigration countries were making high financial demands. As anti-Jewish measures and threats of war increased, panic to get away grew. In the end, only a relatively small group managed to flee the persecution of Jews in Europe.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Frank, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer families also made attempts to get away from Europe. Otto Frank tried to set up a business in England as early as <strong>1937</strong> and applied for a visa at the American consulate in Rotterdam in <strong>1938</strong>. Both attempts came to nothing. When World War II broke out in <strong>1939</strong>, it became even more difficult to flee. After the German invasion in <strong>1940</strong>, the Frank family tried to go to the United States again in <strong>1941</strong>. They were helped by American friends and Julius and Walter Holländer, Edith's brothers, who had already managed to flee to the United States. This was all to be in vain.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Van Pels family was not lucky either. Despite their Dutch citizenship, they did not feel safe in the Netherlands. In <strong>1939</strong>, they applied for visas at the US consulate in Rotterdam. They ended up on a waiting list that was already so long that their chances were slim.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Their attempt to move on failed, although some relatives of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen did manage to emigrate to North America, South America and other overseas destinations.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritz Pfeffer's immigration card states that he wanted to go to Australia, but he also tried to go to Aruba. He also applied for emigration to Chile. But he too failed to get away from the Netherlands.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>25 November 1941</strong>, all German Jews living abroad lost their nationality and thus became stateless. As a result, emigration became impossible.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bsj3b\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/impossibilities-escaping-1933-1942/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The (im)possibilities of escaping. Jewish emigration 1933 – 1942</em></a>, Website Anne Frank House.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xd9f8\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Rebecca Erbelding & Gertjan Broek, <a href=\"https://us-holocaust-museum.medium.com/german-bombs-and-us-bureaucrats-how-escape-lines-from-europe-were-cut-off-1b3e14137cc4\" target=\"_blank\"><em>German bombs and US bureaucrats: how escape lines from Europe were cut off</em></a>, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
"summary_nl": "Tussen 1933 en 1941 vluchtten ongeveer 280.000 Joden uit nazi-Duitsland en 130.000 uit het door Hitler geannexeerde Oostenrijk. Velen zochten hun toevlucht in de omringende landen. Voor velen was dit echter slechts een tussenstop op weg naar veiliger oorden.",
"summary_en": "Between 1933 and 1941, about 280,000 Jews fled Nazi Germany and 130,000 fled Hitler-annexed Austria. Many sought refuge in neighbouring countries. For many, however, this was just a stopover on the way to safer places.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/b6b6c4af-743d-4a49-8876-43b583dcfc25/",
"published": true,
"name": "São Paulo",
"name_nl": "São Paulo",
"name_en": "São Paulo",
"uuid": "b6b6c4af-743d-4a49-8876-43b583dcfc25",
"content": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div> </div>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (-46.352005 -23.98092)",
"summary": "City in Brazil where Meta Haag-van Pels arrives.",
"summary_nl": "Plaats in Brazilie waar Meta Haag-van Pels aankomt.",
"summary_en": "City in Brazil where Meta Haag-van Pels arrives.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "São Paulo",
"state": "",
"land": "Brazilië",
"location_events": [
143
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},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/bf17fb0a-2912-4c70-9f22-eb028ff0004c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "bf17fb0a-2912-4c70-9f22-eb028ff0004c",
"name": "Meta Haag-van Pels arrives in São Paulo",
"name_nl": "Meta Haag-van Pels komt aan in São Paulo",
"name_en": "Meta Haag-van Pels arrives in São Paulo",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1936-02-01",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Meta Haag-van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels. Little is known about her move to São Paulo. The arrival date is a rough estimate.",
"summary_nl": "Meta Haag-van Pels was een zus van Hermann van Pels. Over haar vertrek naar São Paulo is weinig bekend. De aankomstdatum is een benadering.",
"summary_en": "Meta Haag-van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels. Little is known about her move to São Paulo. The arrival date is a rough estimate.",
"same_as": null,
"subjects": [
396124407
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"latitude": "52.352217",
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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6f578205-c4f4-443b-adb0-0d1b6e87f10e/",
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d0da592-ac93-4786-b1c3-932a0fd9dcf5",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6f578205-c4f4-443b-adb0-0d1b6e87f10e",
"name": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Henny van Pels woont in Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Henny van Pels lives in Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Zij vestigde zich in Amsterdam-Zuid als costumière.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was de eerste uit het gezin van Aäron van Pels en Lina Vorsänger die naar Amsterdam trok. Wel was hun nicht Bertel Hess haar al in <strong>1933</strong> voorgegaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Op termijn zouden al haar broers en zussen, net als hun vader, hun thuisstad Osnabrück verlaten. Allen wilden ook verder naar Noord- of Zuid-Amerika, maar dat zou slechts enkelen lukken.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She settled in Amsterdam-Zuid as a costumier.<sup data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Henny was the first from the family of Aaron van Pels and Lina Vorsänger to move to Amsterdam. However, her cousin Bertel Hess had preceded her in <strong>1933</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Eventually all her brothers and sisters would leave their home town of Osnabrück, just like their father. They all wanted to move on to North or South America, but only a few would succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"g8bwf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626: archiefkaart H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lcvti\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Archief van het Bevolkingsregister, toegang 5000, inv. nr. 2554: bijzondere registers, Gesticht voor Joodsche Invaliden, blad 236, volgnr. 198.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1935-10-30",
"date_end": "1943-02-24",
"summary": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Henny van Pels is een oudere zus van Hermann van Pels. Zij was de eerste van haar familie die naar Amsterdam vertrok.",
"summary_en": "Henny van Pels is the older sister of Hermann van Pels. She was the first of her family to move to Amsterdam.",
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"files": []
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{
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"uuid": "588f6db0-3f3c-4b1f-96d9-26f2134af198",
"name": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Aäron David van Pels komt naar Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Aäron David van Pels moves to Amsterdam",
"content": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Aäron van Pels voelde zich lang veilig in Duitsland omdat hij Nederlands staatsburger was. In <strong>september 1938</strong> troffen nationaal-socialistische maatregelen echter ook zijn zaak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij vertrok enkele maanden later naar Amsterdam om bij zijn dochter Henny te gaan wonen. Een poging om visa voor Brazilië te krijgen, waar hij zich bij zijn dochter Meta wilde voegen, liep op niets uit. Hij overleed <strong>eind 1941</strong> in Amsterdam.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>For a long time, Aäron van Pels felt safe in Germany because he was a Dutch citizen. In <strong>September 1938</strong>, however, National Socialist measures also affected his business,<sup data-footnote-id=\"sapec\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> and he left for Amsterdam a few months later to live with his daughter Henny. An attempt to get visas for Brazil, where he wanted to join his daughter Meta, came to nothing. He died in Amsterdam at the <strong>end of 1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sapec\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hannover, Nds. 110W, Acc. 70/95 Nr. 538: beschikking 15 januari 1969.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1939-02-07",
"date_end": "1941-12-27",
"summary": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
"summary_nl": "Aäron David van Pels was de vader van Hermann en grootvader van Peter van Pels. Begin 1939 kwam hij naar Amsterdam.",
"summary_en": "Aäron David van Pels was Hermann's father and grandfather of Peter van Pels. He moved to Amsterdam in early 1939.",
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"name": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"name_nl": "Ida van Pels naar Chili",
"name_en": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"content": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Kort na de Novemberpogroms kwam zij naar Nederland en woonde bijna een jaar in Bloemendaal. Vervolgens woonde ze kort bij haar zus Henny in Amsterdam alvorens naar Chili te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-11-30",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Ida van Pels was een zuster van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"name_nl": "Ida van Pels naar Chili",
"name_en": "Ida van Pels goes to Chile",
"content": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Kort na de Novemberpogroms kwam zij naar Nederland en woonde bijna een jaar in Bloemendaal. Vervolgens woonde ze kort bij haar zus Henny in Amsterdam alvorens naar Chili te vertrekken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Shortly after the November pogroms, she came to the Netherlands and lived in Bloemendaal for almost a year. She then lived briefly with her sister Henny in Amsterdam before leaving for Chile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i1ai8\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregisters, Archiefkaarten, toegang 30238, inv. nr. 626, archiefkaart I.H. van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1939-11-30",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_nl": "Ida van Pels was een zuster van Hermann van Pels.",
"summary_en": "Ida van Pels was a sister of Hermann van Pels.",
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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer lives in Berlin",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer woont in Berlijn",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer lives in Berlin",
"content": "<p>The Municipality of Giessen recorded Fritz Pfeffer's move to Berlin on<strong> 20 May 1912</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 </strong>until shortly before his departure to the Netherlands in <strong>1938</strong>, he had a dental practice at Passauerstrasse 33, where he also lived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Between <strong>1914 </strong>and <strong>1918</strong>, he served in the German army.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Bernd Lindenthal, Giessen: brief Stadtarchiv Giessen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/berliner-adressbuecher/\" target=\"_blank\">Berliner Adreßbuch. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</a>, Berlijn: August Scherl: jaargangen 1913-1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De gemeente Giessen noteerde de verhuizing van Fritz Pfeffer naar Berlijn op <strong>20 mei 1912</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij had in deze stad vanaf <strong>1913</strong> tot kort voor zijn vertrek naar Nederland in <strong>1938</strong> een tandartspraktijk aan de Passauerstrasse 33, waar hij ook woonde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tussen <strong>1914</strong> en <strong>1918</strong> diende hij in het Duitse leger.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Bernd Lindenthal, Giessen: brief Stadtarchiv Giessen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/berliner-adressbuecher/\" target=\"_blank\">Berliner Adreßbuch. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</a>, Berlijn: August Scherl: jaargangen 1913-1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Municipality of Giessen recorded Fritz Pfeffer's move to Berlin on<strong> 20 May 1912</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 </strong>until shortly before his departure to the Netherlands in <strong>1938</strong>, he had a dental practice at Passauerstrasse 33, where he also lived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Between <strong>1914 </strong>and <strong>1918</strong>, he served in the German army.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Bernd Lindenthal, Giessen: brief Stadtarchiv Giessen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/berliner-adressbuecher/\" target=\"_blank\">Berliner Adreßbuch. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</a>, Berlijn: August Scherl: jaargangen 1913-1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1912-05-20",
"date_end": "1938-12-09",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in Berlin from 1912 to 1938.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer woonde van 1912 tot 1938 in Berlijn.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in Berlin from 1912 to 1938.",
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"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"published": true,
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer's home in Berlin",
"name_nl": "Woning Fritz Pfeffer in Berlijn",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer's home in Berlin",
"uuid": "04f5ebdc-fe09-4ce6-991b-cf851a81c198",
"content": "<p>To this day, the Passauerstraße still has a special character due to the adjacent <em>Kaufhaus des Westens</em> (Department Store of the West: KaDeWe) and as a center of Jewish religion and culture. In the period before the Second World War it was also a center of modern literature and Russian life in exile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhgbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Administratively, the street then belonged to three districts, namely Schöneberg, Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) in front of Lietzenburger Straße 20b, then Passauerstraße 33, commemorates Fritz Pfeffer's stay at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0r0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhgbm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passauer_Straße_(Berlin)\" target=\"_blank\">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passauer_Straße_(Berlin)</a> (geraadpleegd 10 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0r0k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/lietzenburger-str/20-b/fritz-pfeffer\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine in Berling</a> (geraadpleegd 10 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De Passauerstraße heeft tot op de dag van vandaag nog steeds een bijzonder karakter door het aangrenzende <em>Kaufhaus des Westens</em> (KaDeWe) én als centrum van joodse religie en cultuur. In de periode vóór de Tweede Wereldoorlog was het ook een centrum van moderne literatuur en het Russische leven in ballingschap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhgbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Bestuurlijk gezien behoorde de straat toen tot drie districten, te weten Schöneberg, Charlottenburg en Wilmersdorf.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Een <em>Stolperstein</em> voor Lietzenburger Straße 20b, destijds Passauerstraße 33, herinnert aan het verblijf van Fritz Pfeffer op dit adres.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0r0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhgbm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passauer_Straße_(Berlin)\" target=\"_blank\">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passauer_Straße_(Berlin)</a> (geraadpleegd 10 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0r0k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/lietzenburger-str/20-b/fritz-pfeffer\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine in Berlin</a> (geraadpleegd 10 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>To this day, the Passauerstraße still has a special character due to the adjacent <em>Kaufhaus des Westens</em> (Department Store of the West: KaDeWe) and as a center of Jewish religion and culture. In the period before the Second World War it was also a center of modern literature and Russian life in exile.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dhgbm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Administratively, the street then belonged to three districts, namely Schöneberg, Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A <em>Stolperstein</em> (stumbling stone) in front of Lietzenburger Straße 20b, then Passauerstraße 33, commemorates Fritz Pfeffer's stay at this address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y0r0k\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dhgbm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passauer_Straße_(Berlin)\" target=\"_blank\">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passauer_Straße_(Berlin)</a> (geraadpleegd 10 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y0r0k\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/lietzenburger-str/20-b/fritz-pfeffer\" target=\"_blank\">Stolpersteine in Berling</a> (geraadpleegd 10 januari 2024).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (13.339574 52.50029)",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in Berlin from 1912 until he fled to the Netherlands in late 1938.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer woonde van 1912 tot aan zijn vlucht naar Nederland eind 1938 in Berlijn.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in Berlin from 1912 until he fled to the Netherlands in late 1938.",
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"street": "Passauerstraße 33",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Berlijn",
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"name": "Fritz Pfeffer lives in Berlin",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer woont in Berlijn",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer lives in Berlin",
"content": "<p>The Municipality of Giessen recorded Fritz Pfeffer's move to Berlin on<strong> 20 May 1912</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 </strong>until shortly before his departure to the Netherlands in <strong>1938</strong>, he had a dental practice at Passauerstrasse 33, where he also lived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Between <strong>1914 </strong>and <strong>1918</strong>, he served in the German army.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Bernd Lindenthal, Giessen: brief Stadtarchiv Giessen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/berliner-adressbuecher/\" target=\"_blank\">Berliner Adreßbuch. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</a>, Berlijn: August Scherl: jaargangen 1913-1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De gemeente Giessen noteerde de verhuizing van Fritz Pfeffer naar Berlijn op <strong>20 mei 1912</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hij had in deze stad vanaf <strong>1913</strong> tot kort voor zijn vertrek naar Nederland in <strong>1938</strong> een tandartspraktijk aan de Passauerstrasse 33, waar hij ook woonde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Tussen <strong>1914</strong> en <strong>1918</strong> diende hij in het Duitse leger.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Bernd Lindenthal, Giessen: brief Stadtarchiv Giessen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/berliner-adressbuecher/\" target=\"_blank\">Berliner Adreßbuch. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</a>, Berlijn: August Scherl: jaargangen 1913-1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The Municipality of Giessen recorded Fritz Pfeffer's move to Berlin on<strong> 20 May 1912</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1913 </strong>until shortly before his departure to the Netherlands in <strong>1938</strong>, he had a dental practice at Passauerstrasse 33, where he also lived.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Between <strong>1914 </strong>and <strong>1918</strong>, he served in the German army.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1uf9d\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Collectie Bernd Lindenthal, Giessen: brief Stadtarchiv Giessen aan Bernd Lindenthal, 2 september 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bs70y\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/berliner-adressbuecher/\" target=\"_blank\">Berliner Adreßbuch. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen</a>, Berlijn: August Scherl: jaargangen 1913-1938.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1912-05-20",
"date_end": "1938-12-09",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in Berlin from 1912 to 1938.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer woonde van 1912 tot 1938 in Berlijn.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer lived in Berlin from 1912 to 1938.",
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396124598,
396124556
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"longitude": "8.681774",
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{
"id": 182,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/3389fc38-b731-473d-9aa9-6b20b7049e1c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9387d3f9-946e-454c-a5ca-114d9d072653"
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"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8eb86b87-b516-415d-a0de-410bb88a0ab6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3389fc38-b731-473d-9aa9-6b20b7049e1c",
"name": "Otto Frank's 'Lehrzeit' with Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander",
"name_nl": "Otto Franks 'Lehrzeit' bij Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander",
"name_en": "Otto Frank's 'Lehrzeit' with Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander",
"content": "<p>Between autumn <strong>1908</strong> and September <strong>1909,</strong> Otto had a <em>Lehrzeit</em> at <em>Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander</em>, in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awp90\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Further details are lacking. After this <em>Lehrzeit</em>, Otto left for New York, where he worked as an intern at department store Macy's.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awp90\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: 'Lebenslauf' Otto Frank. Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander opgericht in 1800 als huisbank voor het hof van de groothertog van Hessen-Darmstadt met sinds 1880 een kantoor in Frankfurt en in 1914 opgegaan in de Deutsche Bank. E-mail Reinhard Frost, Historische Gesellschaft Deutsche Bank, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Tussen het najaar van <strong>1908</strong> en september <strong>1909</strong> doorliep Otto een <em>Lehrzeit</em> bij <em>Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander</em>, in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awp90\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Verdere gegevens ontbreken. Na deze <em>Lehrzeit</em> vertrok Otto naar New York, waar hij als volontair bij warenhuis Macy's werkte.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awp90\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: 'Lebenslauf' Otto Frank. Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander opgericht in 1800 als huisbank voor het hof van de groothertog van Hessen-Darmstadt met sinds 1880 een kantoor in Frankfurt en in 1914 opgegaan in de Deutsche Bank. E-mail Reinhard Frost, Historische Gesellschaft Deutsche Bank, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Between autumn <strong>1908</strong> and September <strong>1909,</strong> Otto had a <em>Lehrzeit</em> at <em>Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander</em>, in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awp90\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Further details are lacking. After this <em>Lehrzeit</em>, Otto left for New York, where he worked as an intern at department store Macy's.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awp90\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: 'Lebenslauf' Otto Frank. Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander opgericht in 1800 als huisbank voor het hof van de groothertog van Hessen-Darmstadt met sinds 1880 een kantoor in Frankfurt en in 1914 opgegaan in de Deutsche Bank. E-mail Reinhard Frost, Historische Gesellschaft Deutsche Bank, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1908-09-01",
"date_end": "1909-09-01",
"summary": "Otto Frank had a 'Lehrzeit' at Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander, in Frankfurt am Main from 1908 to 1909.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank doorliep een Lehrzeit bij Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander, in Frankfurt am Main van 1908 tot 1909.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank had a 'Lehrzeit' at Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander, in Frankfurt am Main from 1908 to 1909.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 177,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/758abcf7-92f1-4b66-8d22-b4ce66399439/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/bb812692-213a-4024-9860-a7909f985762"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/8eb86b87-b516-415d-a0de-410bb88a0ab6",
"published": true,
"uuid": "758abcf7-92f1-4b66-8d22-b4ce66399439",
"name": "Otto Frank in primary school",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank op de lagere school",
"name_en": "Otto Frank in primary school",
"content": "<p>No concrete details are known about the primary school Otto Frank attended. It can only be inferred indirectly that he did not attend a Jewish school. On the occasion of his marriage, a celebration poem was made with the following passage about Otto's childhood:</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Doch als die Schulzeit kam heran,</em><br />\r\n<em>War’s eine Qual dem kleinen Mann,</em><br />\r\n<em>Denn auf die Frag nach Religion:</em><br />\r\n<em>“Bin maiisch”, sagte stolz der Sohn.</em><br />\r\n<em>Denn ob er Jude oder Christ,</em><br />\r\n<em>Wußt nur, daß im Mai er geboren ist.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"60rly\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the fact that he was asked about his religion, it can be inferred that it was not a Jewish school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60rly\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_pdoc_09: Aachener-Frankfurter Tageblatt, Erste und einzige Ausgabe, Auflage 50 Exemplare, erscheint am 12. Mai 1925.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Er zijn geen concrete gegevens bekend over de lagere school die Otto Frank heeft bezocht. Alleen indirect valt af te leiden dat hij niet op een joodse school heeft gezeten. Ter gelegenheid van zijn huwelijk is een feestgedichtje gemaakt met de volgende passage over Otto's kindertijd:</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Doch als die Schulzeit kam heran,</em><br />\r\n<em>War’s eine Qual dem kleinen Mann,</em><br />\r\n<em>Denn auf die Frag nach Religion:</em><br />\r\n<em>“Bin maiisch”, sagte stolz der Sohn.</em><br />\r\n<em>Denn ob er Jude oder Christ,</em><br />\r\n<em>Wußt nur, daß im Mai er geboren ist.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"60rly\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit het feit dat hem naar zijn godsdienst gevraagd werd, is af te leiden dat het geen joodse school was.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60rly\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_pdoc_09: Aachener-Frankfurter Tageblatt, Erste und einzige Ausgabe, Auflage 50 Exemplare, erscheint am 12. Mai 1925.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>No concrete details are known about the primary school Otto Frank attended. It can only be inferred indirectly that he did not attend a Jewish school. On the occasion of his marriage, a celebration poem was made with the following passage about Otto's childhood:</p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Doch als die Schulzeit kam heran,</em><br />\r\n<em>War’s eine Qual dem kleinen Mann,</em><br />\r\n<em>Denn auf die Frag nach Religion:</em><br />\r\n<em>“Bin maiisch”, sagte stolz der Sohn.</em><br />\r\n<em>Denn ob er Jude oder Christ,</em><br />\r\n<em>Wußt nur, daß im Mai er geboren ist.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"60rly\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the fact that he was asked about his religion, it can be inferred that it was not a Jewish school.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"60rly\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_pdoc_09: Aachener-Frankfurter Tageblatt, Erste und einzige Ausgabe, Auflage 50 Exemplare, erscheint am 12. Mai 1925.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "No concrete details are known about Otto Frank's primary school days.",
"summary_nl": "Er zijn geen concrete gegevens bekend over Otto Franks lagere schooltijd.",
"summary_en": "No concrete details are known about Otto Frank's primary school days.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124665,
"image": {
"id": 1252,
"uuid": "9d01aed3-2694-4127-8e8a-64473bed4178",
"name": "Briefkaart en verpakking Fabrik Fay’s Sodener Mineralpastillen",
"title": "Briefkaart en verpakking Fabrik Fay’s Sodener Mineralpastillen",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/IMG_20231213_1125222_3FdD94k.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/cba6570e-40ed-48dd-b995-143067f0e417/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "cba6570e-40ed-48dd-b995-143067f0e417",
"name": "Fabrik Fay’s Sodener Mineralpastillen",
"name_nl": "Fabrik Fay’s Sodener Mineralpastillen",
"name_en": "Fabrik Fay’s Sodener Mineralpastillen",
"description": "<p>The exploitation of mineral springs in Bad Soden am Taunus, a suburb of Frankfurt, ran along several lines. These included the Sodener Mineral Produkte and the Brunnenverwaltung Bad Soden. Otto Frank's parents had interests in some of these enterprises. One of these was Fabrik Fay's Sodener Mineralpastillen, one of several producers of cough drops. Otto Frank was part of the management of this company for several years from <strong>1927</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The pastilles were in great demand and formed a significant market. They were said to help against coughs, colds and phlegm. Manufacturers advertised and stunted their product heavily. In <strong>1887</strong>, the German crown prince was given an "elegantly crafted box of Sodener mineral pastilles" for his birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5gen\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Philipp Hermann Fay and Ruben Morgenstern leased various parts of the spring operation from <strong>1887</strong> onwards from the municipality of Bad Soden. One such component was the distribution of cough drops.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gvh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank's father, Michael Frank, and Raphael Moses Kirchheim were Morgenstern's successors in 1891. Together with his wife Alice, Michael Frank additionally bought two of the mineral springs in Bad Soden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0thtn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frank and Kirchheim transferred the "Generaldepot" of Fay's Sodener Pastillen to their office at Hochstrasse 31 in Frankfurt in <strong>1894</strong>. Fay's and Sodener Mineral Produkte was later located together with the Bankhaus Michael Frank at Börsenplatz 1. According to sources, there was at least one staff member who worked for both the Bankhaus, Mineral Produkte and the firm E. Schneider & Co at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5vug2\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The first joint mention of these three companies is in the<strong> 1926</strong> address book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"grt0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>1933</strong>, all three - with a few other companies - are listed under 'Zwangsverwaltung', with the address Bockenheimer Anlage 20.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn4qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> 'Zwangsverwaltung' indicates taking over the management of companies or institutions for legal or administrative reasons.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>By his own account, Otto Frank took up a leading position in the company around <strong>1927</strong>. His salary was initially 1500 marks per month, but dropped to 1000 marks as times worsened. Upon Otto's emigration to Amsterdam, his involvement came to an end and the lawyer Prof Dr (August) Saenger took over the liquidation of the G.m.b.H.<sup data-footnote-id=\"leclc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The municipality eventually continued the pastille business itself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qxtze\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As part of its marketing, the company distributed postcards with promotional texts such as: 'Fay's genuine Sodener Mineral Pastilles wirken gegen Husten, Heiserkeit, Verschleimung.' Edith Frank used one such card in her correspondence with former neighbour Gertrud Naumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"740os\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> That card has a tear-off edge, apparently they were in blocs.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The pastilles remained on the market for a long time. In <strong>2003</strong>, production came to a permanent end.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq6br\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5gen\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitschland”, <em>Leidsche Courant</em>, 25 oktober 1887, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gvh3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Konrad Schneider, <a href=\"http://www.vhghessen.de/inhalt/zhg/ZHG_122/Schneider_Sooden.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">‘Bad Soden am Taunus und seine Heilquellen’</a>. in: <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, Band 122 (2017), p. 153-174, aldaar p. 169.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0thtn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schneider, <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, p. 170.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5vug2\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_85: W.H. Schneider aan Otto Frank, 24 januari 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"grt0r\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtliches Frankfurter Adressbuch</em> 1926, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl, 1926, deel II, p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn4qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtliches Frankfurter Adressbuch</em> 1933, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl, 1933, deel II, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"leclc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA_58:<em> </em>“Lebenslauf” Otto Frank (ongedateerd). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qxtze\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Günter Menze, <em>Ächte Sodener Mineral-Pastillen. </em><em>Sole, Salz und Unternehmer</em>, Bad Soden am Taunus: Selbstverlag, 2021, p. 70; AFS, AFC, inv. nr. OFA_58, 'Lebenslauf'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"740os\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code AFS.00115: Briefkaart Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann (ongedateerd, omstreeks 1933, gepost in Frankfurt am Main).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq6br\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schneider, <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De exploitatie van de minerale bronnen in Bad Soden am Taunus, een voorstad van Frankfurt, liep langs verschillende lijnen. Zo waren er de Sodener Mineral Produkte en de Brunnenverwaltung Bad Soden. Otto Franks ouders hadden belangen in enkele van deze ondernemingen. Een daarvan was Fabrik Fay’s Sodener Mineralpastillen, een van meerdere producenten van hoestpastilles. Otto Frank maakte vanaf 1927 enkele jaren deel uit van de leiding van deze onderneming.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De pastilles waren erg in trek en vormden een aanzienlijke markt. Ze zouden helpen tegen hoesten, verkoudheid en slijmvorming. De fabrikanten adverteerden en stuntten flink met hun product. In <strong>1887</strong> kreeg de Duitse kroonprins voor zijn verjaardag een 'elegant bewerkt kistje met Sodener mineraal-pastilles' cadeau<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"11dsr\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Philipp Hermann Fay en Ruben Morgenstern pachtten vanaf <strong>1887</strong> verschillende onderdelen van de bronnenexploitatie van de gemeente Bad Soden. Een van die onderdelen was de distributie van hoestpastilles.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z580v\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Franks vader, Michael Frank, en Raphael Moses Kirchheim waren in <strong>1891</strong> de opvolgers van Morgenstern. Samen met zijn vrouw Alice kocht Michael Frank bovendien twee van de minerale bronnen in Bad Soden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sb5et\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frank en Kirchheim brachten in <strong>1894</strong> het “Generaldepot” van de Fay’s Sodener Pastillen over naar hun kantoor aan de Hochstrasse 31 in Frankfurt. Fay’s en Sodener Mineral Produkte zetelden later samen met het Bankhaus Michael Frank op Börsenplatz 1. Er was volgens de bronnen in ieder geval één personeelslid die op dat adres voor zowel het Bankhaus, de Mineral Produkte en de firma E. Schneider & Co werkte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vbk66\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De eerste gezamenlijke vermelding van deze drie bedrijven is in het adresboek van <strong>1926</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k7pvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In 1933 staan ze alle drie – met nog enkele andere bedrijven – onder zogenaamde <em>Zwangsverwaltung</em>, met als adres Bockenheimer Anlage 20.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71mxv\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> ‘Zwangsverwaltung’ duidt op het beheer over bedrijven of instellingen overnemen om juridische of administratieve redenen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank nam naar eigen zeggen rond <strong>1927</strong> een leidende functie in het bedrijf op zich. Zijn salaris bedroeg aanvankelijk 1500 mark per maand, maar zakte toen de tijden slechter werden tot duizend mark. Bij Otto’s emigratie naar Amsterdam kwam aan zijn betrokkenheid een einde en nam de jurist prof. dr. (August) Saenger de liquidatie van de G.m.b.H. ter hand.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3quny\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De gemeente zette uiteindelijk de pastillehandel zelf voort.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m7rzv\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Als onderdeel van de marketing verspreidde het bedrijf briefkaarten met wervende teksten als: 'Fay’s echte Sodener Mineral Pastillen wirken gegen Husten, Heiserkeit, Verschleimung.' Edith Frank gebruikte zo’n kaart in haar correspondentie met voormalig buurmeisje Gertrud Naumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yndm\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Die kaart heeft een afscheurrand, kennelijk zaten ze in blocs<sup data-footnote-id=\"fuwqe\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De pastilles bleven nog lang op de markt. In <strong>2003</strong> kwam aan de productie een definitief einde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4axyl\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"11dsr\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitschland”, <em>Leidsche Courant</em>, 25 oktober 1887, p. 4. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z580v\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Konrad Schneider, <a href=\"http://www.vhghessen.de/inhalt/zhg/ZHG_122/Schneider_Sooden.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">‘Bad Soden am Taunus und seine Heilquellen’</a>. in: <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, Band 122 (2017), p. 153-174, aldaar p. 169.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sb5et\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schneider, <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, p. 170.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vbk66\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg code OFA_85: W.H. Schneider aan Otto Frank, 24 januari 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k7pvf\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtliches Frankfurter Adressbuch</em> 1926, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl, 1926, deel II, p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71mxv\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtliches Frankfurter Adressbuch</em> 1933, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl, 1933, deel II, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3quny\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA_58:<em> </em>“Lebenslauf” Otto Frank (ongedateerd). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m7rzv\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Günter Menze, <em>Ächte Sodener Mineral-Pastillen. </em><em>Sole, Salz und Unternehmer</em>, Bad Soden am Taunus: Selbstverlag, 2021, p. 70; AFS, AFC, inv. nr. OFA_58, 'Lebenslauf'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yndm\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code AFS.00115: Briefkaart Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann (ongedateerd, omstreeks 1933, gepost in Frankfurt am Main).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fuwqe\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zoals een postzegel.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4axyl\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schneider, <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The exploitation of mineral springs in Bad Soden am Taunus, a suburb of Frankfurt, ran along several lines. These included the Sodener Mineral Produkte and the Brunnenverwaltung Bad Soden. Otto Frank's parents had interests in some of these enterprises. One of these was Fabrik Fay's Sodener Mineralpastillen, one of several producers of cough drops. Otto Frank was part of the management of this company for several years from <strong>1927</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The pastilles were in great demand and formed a significant market. They were said to help against coughs, colds and phlegm. Manufacturers advertised and stunted their product heavily. In <strong>1887</strong>, the German crown prince was given an "elegantly crafted box of Sodener mineral pastilles" for his birthday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v5gen\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Philipp Hermann Fay and Ruben Morgenstern leased various parts of the spring operation from <strong>1887</strong> onwards from the municipality of Bad Soden. One such component was the distribution of cough drops.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3gvh3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank's father, Michael Frank, and Raphael Moses Kirchheim were Morgenstern's successors in 1891. Together with his wife Alice, Michael Frank additionally bought two of the mineral springs in Bad Soden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0thtn\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frank and Kirchheim transferred the "Generaldepot" of Fay's Sodener Pastillen to their office at Hochstrasse 31 in Frankfurt in <strong>1894</strong>. Fay's and Sodener Mineral Produkte was later located together with the Bankhaus Michael Frank at Börsenplatz 1. According to sources, there was at least one staff member who worked for both the Bankhaus, Mineral Produkte and the firm E. Schneider & Co at that address.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5vug2\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The first joint mention of these three companies is in the<strong> 1926</strong> address book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"grt0r\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In <strong>1933</strong>, all three - with a few other companies - are listed under 'Zwangsverwaltung', with the address Bockenheimer Anlage 20.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dn4qw\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> 'Zwangsverwaltung' indicates taking over the management of companies or institutions for legal or administrative reasons.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>By his own account, Otto Frank took up a leading position in the company around <strong>1927</strong>. His salary was initially 1500 marks per month, but dropped to 1000 marks as times worsened. Upon Otto's emigration to Amsterdam, his involvement came to an end and the lawyer Prof Dr (August) Saenger took over the liquidation of the G.m.b.H.<sup data-footnote-id=\"leclc\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The municipality eventually continued the pastille business itself.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qxtze\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>As part of its marketing, the company distributed postcards with promotional texts such as: 'Fay's genuine Sodener Mineral Pastilles wirken gegen Husten, Heiserkeit, Verschleimung.' Edith Frank used one such card in her correspondence with former neighbour Gertrud Naumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"740os\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> That card has a tear-off edge, apparently they were in blocs.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The pastilles remained on the market for a long time. In <strong>2003</strong>, production came to a permanent end.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eq6br\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v5gen\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Duitschland”, <em>Leidsche Courant</em>, 25 oktober 1887, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3gvh3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Konrad Schneider, <a href=\"http://www.vhghessen.de/inhalt/zhg/ZHG_122/Schneider_Sooden.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">‘Bad Soden am Taunus und seine Heilquellen’</a>. in: <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, Band 122 (2017), p. 153-174, aldaar p. 169.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0thtn\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schneider, <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, p. 170.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5vug2\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_85: W.H. Schneider aan Otto Frank, 24 januari 1955.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"grt0r\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtliches Frankfurter Adressbuch</em> 1926, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl, 1926, deel II, p. 30.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dn4qw\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Amtliches Frankfurter Adressbuch</em> 1933, Frankfurt am Main: August Scherl, 1933, deel II, p. 32.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"leclc\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA_58:<em> </em>“Lebenslauf” Otto Frank (ongedateerd). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qxtze\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Günter Menze, <em>Ächte Sodener Mineral-Pastillen. </em><em>Sole, Salz und Unternehmer</em>, Bad Soden am Taunus: Selbstverlag, 2021, p. 70; AFS, AFC, inv. nr. OFA_58, 'Lebenslauf'.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"740os\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code AFS.00115: Briefkaart Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann (ongedateerd, omstreeks 1933, gepost in Frankfurt am Main).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eq6br\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schneider, <em>Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessiche Geschichte und Landeskunde</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "From 1927, Otto Frank was part of the management of Fabrik Fay's Sodener Mineral pastilles for several years.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank maakte vanaf 1927 enkele jaren deel uit van de leiding van Fabrik Fay’s Sodener Mineralpastillen.",
"summary_en": "From 1927, Otto Frank was part of the management of Fabrik Fay's Sodener Mineral pastilles for several years.",
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"parent": 396124419,
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"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d7ba8d2c-3824-4286-96da-1af0f02ba645",
"name": "Accommodation",
"name_nl": "Verblijf",
"name_en": "Accommodation",
"description": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Onder verblijf wordt verstaan een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Accommodation refers to a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.</p>",
"summary": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
"summary_nl": "Verblijf is een plek om te wonen en/of te werken, tijdelijk of permanent.",
"summary_en": "Accommodation is a place in which to live and/or work, either temporarily or permanently.",
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"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
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"published": true,
"name": "Frankfurt am Main",
"name_nl": "Frankfurt am Main",
"name_en": "Frankfurt am Main",
"uuid": "8eb86b87-b516-415d-a0de-410bb88a0ab6",
"content": "<p>In terms of population, Frankfurt am Main is the fifth largest city in Germany. Frankfurt was granted the status of <em>Freie Reichsstadt</em> in the Middle Ages. From <strong>1816</strong> to <strong>1866</strong>, Frankfurt was the seat of the <em>Deutsche Bund</em>; after annexation, the city became part of Prussia. After World War I, the city developed rapidly, especially in cultural and urban planning terms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank's maternal family had been resident in Frankfurt from the early sixteenth century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxnp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael Frank built up a banking business in the city. From the <strong>later 1920</strong>s, due to the presence of the stock exchange and many banks, Frankfurter Börsenplatz was a popular rally site for the emerging National Socialists. On <strong>1 May 1932</strong>, there was a rally at which a harsh tone was struck against the <em>Finanzjudentums</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qsivs\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late March 1933,</strong> the mayor decided to dismiss all Jews from municipal service.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boeos\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <strong>In early April 1933,</strong> interventions by the new regime expelled 15 Jewish brokers from the Frankfurt stock exchange.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79eka\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Frankfurt University stripped a large number of Jewish professors and private lecturers of teaching qualifications, including the obstetrician Marcel Traugott (who attended the births of Anne and Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"su29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More than 11,000 Jewish residents were expelled and/or murdered during the National Socialist period. At the end of World War II, air raids destroyed a very large part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main\" target=\"_blank\">Frankfurt am Main</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxnp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jürgen Steen & Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, p. 12.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qsivs\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Steen & von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt</em>, p. 53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boeos\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1933, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79eka\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 3 april 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"su29f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Klinische Wochenschrift</em>, 14 oktober 1933.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Naar inwonertal gemeten, is Frankfurt am Main de vijfde stad van Duitsland. Frankfurt kreeg in de middeleeuwen de status van <em>Freie Reichsstadt</em>. Van <strong>1816</strong> tot <strong>1866</strong> was Frankfurt de zetel van de <em>Deutsche Bund</em>; na annexatie maakte de stad deel uit van Pruisen. Na de Eerste Wereldoorlog ontwikkelde de stad zich vooral in cultureel en stedenbouwkundig opzicht snel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Franks familie van moederszijde was vanaf de vroege zestiende eeuw in Frankfurt woonachtig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxnp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto’s vader Michael Frank bouwde in de stad een bankbedrijf op. Vanaf de <strong>latere jaren twintig</strong> was de Frankfurter Börsenplatz, vanwege de aanwezigheid van de beurs en vele banken, een geliefd manifestatieterrein voor de opkomende nationaal-socialisten. Op <strong>1 mei 1932</strong> was er een bijeenkomst waarbij een harde toon tegen het <em>Finanzjudentums</em> wordt gebezigd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qsivs\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind maart ’33</strong> besloot de burgemeester alle Joden uit de gemeentedienst te ontslaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boeos\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <strong>Begin april ’33</strong> verdreven ingrepen van het nieuwe regime vijftien Joodse makelaars van de Frankfurter beurs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79eka\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> De universiteit van Frankfurt ontnam een groot aantal Joodse professoren en privaat-docenten, waaronder de verloskundige Marcel Traugott (die Anne en Margot ter wereld bracht), de lesbevoegdheid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"su29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de nationaal-socialistische periode werden ruim 11.000 Joodse inwoners verdreven en/of vermoord. Aan het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog verwoestten luchtaanvallen een zeer groot deel van de stad.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main\" target=\"_blank\">Frankfurt am Main</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxnp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jürgen Steen & Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, p. 12.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qsivs\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Steen & von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt</em>, p. 53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boeos\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1933, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79eka\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 3 april 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"su29f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Klinische Wochenschrift</em>, 14 oktober 1933.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"content_en": "<p>In terms of population, Frankfurt am Main is the fifth largest city in Germany. Frankfurt was granted the status of <em>Freie Reichsstadt</em> in the Middle Ages. From <strong>1816</strong> to <strong>1866</strong>, Frankfurt was the seat of the <em>Deutsche Bund</em>; after annexation, the city became part of Prussia. After World War I, the city developed rapidly, especially in cultural and urban planning terms.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank's maternal family had been resident in Frankfurt from the early sixteenth century.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jxnp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto's father Michael Frank built up a banking business in the city. From the <strong>later 1920</strong>s, due to the presence of the stock exchange and many banks, Frankfurter Börsenplatz was a popular rally site for the emerging National Socialists. On <strong>1 May 1932</strong>, there was a rally at which a harsh tone was struck against the <em>Finanzjudentums</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qsivs\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late March 1933,</strong> the mayor decided to dismiss all Jews from municipal service.<sup data-footnote-id=\"boeos\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <strong>In early April 1933,</strong> interventions by the new regime expelled 15 Jewish brokers from the Frankfurt stock exchange.<sup data-footnote-id=\"79eka\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Frankfurt University stripped a large number of Jewish professors and private lecturers of teaching qualifications, including the obstetrician Marcel Traugott (who attended the births of Anne and Margot).<sup data-footnote-id=\"su29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More than 11,000 Jewish residents were expelled and/or murdered during the National Socialist period. At the end of World War II, air raids destroyed a very large part of the city.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6p9va\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main\" target=\"_blank\">Frankfurt am Main</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jxnp3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jürgen Steen & Wolf von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Historisches Museum, 1990, p. 12.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qsivs\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Steen & von Wolzogen, <em>Anne aus Frankfurt</em>, p. 53.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"boeos\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Het Vaderland</em>, 29 maart 1933, avondeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"79eka\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Nieuwsblad van het Noorden</em>, 3 april 1933.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"su29f\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> <em>Klinische Wochenschrift</em>, 14 oktober 1933.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (8.681774000000001 50.115763)",
"summary": "Birthplace of Otto Frank and his daughters Anne and Margot Frank. The Frank family lived here until their departure in 1933.",
"summary_nl": "Geboorteplaats van Otto Frank en zijn dochters Anne en Margot Frank. Woonplaats van de familie Frank tot hun vertrek in 1933.",
"summary_en": "Birthplace of Otto Frank and his daughters Anne and Margot Frank. The Frank family lived here until their departure in 1933.",
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"street": "",
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"city": "Frankfurt am Main",
"state": "",
"land": "Duitsland",
"location_events": [
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/3389fc38-b731-473d-9aa9-6b20b7049e1c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "3389fc38-b731-473d-9aa9-6b20b7049e1c",
"name": "Otto Frank's 'Lehrzeit' with Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander",
"name_nl": "Otto Franks 'Lehrzeit' bij Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander",
"name_en": "Otto Frank's 'Lehrzeit' with Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander",
"content": "<p>Between autumn <strong>1908</strong> and September <strong>1909,</strong> Otto had a <em>Lehrzeit</em> at <em>Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander</em>, in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awp90\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Further details are lacking. After this <em>Lehrzeit</em>, Otto left for New York, where he worked as an intern at department store Macy's.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awp90\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: 'Lebenslauf' Otto Frank. Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander opgericht in 1800 als huisbank voor het hof van de groothertog van Hessen-Darmstadt met sinds 1880 een kantoor in Frankfurt en in 1914 opgegaan in de Deutsche Bank. E-mail Reinhard Frost, Historische Gesellschaft Deutsche Bank, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Tussen het najaar van <strong>1908</strong> en september <strong>1909</strong> doorliep Otto een <em>Lehrzeit</em> bij <em>Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander</em>, in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awp90\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Verdere gegevens ontbreken. Na deze <em>Lehrzeit</em> vertrok Otto naar New York, waar hij als volontair bij warenhuis Macy's werkte.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awp90\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: 'Lebenslauf' Otto Frank. Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander opgericht in 1800 als huisbank voor het hof van de groothertog van Hessen-Darmstadt met sinds 1880 een kantoor in Frankfurt en in 1914 opgegaan in de Deutsche Bank. E-mail Reinhard Frost, Historische Gesellschaft Deutsche Bank, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Between autumn <strong>1908</strong> and September <strong>1909,</strong> Otto had a <em>Lehrzeit</em> at <em>Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander</em>, in Frankfurt am Main.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awp90\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Further details are lacking. After this <em>Lehrzeit</em>, Otto left for New York, where he worked as an intern at department store Macy's.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awp90\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: 'Lebenslauf' Otto Frank. Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander opgericht in 1800 als huisbank voor het hof van de groothertog van Hessen-Darmstadt met sinds 1880 een kantoor in Frankfurt en in 1914 opgegaan in de Deutsche Bank. E-mail Reinhard Frost, Historische Gesellschaft Deutsche Bank, 15 december 2008.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1908-09-01",
"date_end": "1909-09-01",
"summary": "Otto Frank had a 'Lehrzeit' at Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander, in Frankfurt am Main from 1908 to 1909.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank doorliep een Lehrzeit bij Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander, in Frankfurt am Main van 1908 tot 1909.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank had a 'Lehrzeit' at Bankhaus Ferdinand Sander, in Frankfurt am Main from 1908 to 1909.",
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