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{
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"latitude": "52.36309",
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{
"id": 396124659,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/59d0af70-cfde-4254-aaa9-03dce11393e3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "59d0af70-cfde-4254-aaa9-03dce11393e3",
"name": "Collaboration",
"name_nl": "Collaboratie",
"name_en": "Collaboration",
"description": "<p>Collaborators were considered disloyal to the nation and thus to be committing treason. In the case of the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, a number of groups are considered collaborators. For example, NSB members, people working for the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>, companies that were gaining economic advantage and people who signed up for the <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>Collaborateurs zouden niet loyaal zijn aan de natie en daarom verraad plegen. In het geval van de Duits bezetting van Nederland tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog worden een aantal groepen als collaborateurs gezien. Bijvoorbeeld NSB leden, mensen die voor de <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em> werken, bedrijven die er economisch op vooruit gaan en mensen die zich aanmelden voor de <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>Collaborators were considered disloyal to the nation and thus to be committing treason. In the case of the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, a number of groups are considered collaborators. For example, NSB members, people working for the <em>Sicherheitsdienst</em>, companies that were gaining economic advantage and people who signed up for the <em>Waffen-SS</em>.</p>",
"summary": "Collaboration is collaboration with a (foreign) enemy in which one turns against one's own people and government.",
"summary_nl": "Collaboratie is samenwerking met een (buitenlandse) vijand waarbij men zich keert tegen eigen bevolking en overheid.",
"summary_en": "Collaboration is collaboration with a (foreign) enemy in which one turns against one's own people and government.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2240"
],
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/8663000a-b3fb-455a-995f-80a1b4df00c7/",
"published": true,
"name": "Kerkstraat 225 I and II",
"name_nl": "Kerkstraat 225 I en II",
"name_en": "Kerkstraat 225 I and II",
"uuid": "8663000a-b3fb-455a-995f-80a1b4df00c7",
"content": "<p>On the second floor of Kerkstraat 225 lived Branca Simons. She worked together with Ans van Dijk in betraying Jewish people in hiding. Both women were Jewish themselves, but collaborated with the Sicherheitsdienst (SD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"31k34\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The first floor was used as a decoy address for Jewish people in hiding, who were then handed over to the SD.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5clb3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erich and Heinz Geiringer were brought to this address by Maria (Miep) Braams-Baerts in <strong>early May 1944</strong>. Here they were arrested by Sicherheitsdienst investigator Pieter Schaap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"86mvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31k34\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2010, p. 338-360</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5clb3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad. Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam, Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 180.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"86mvx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr.: 75212, p. 5-9.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op de tweede verdieping van Kerkstraat 225 woonde Branca Simons. Zij werkte samen met Ans van Dijk bij het verraden van Joodse onderduikers. Beide vrouwen waren zelf ook Joods, maar collaboreerden met de Sicherheitsdienst (SD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"3dm9c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De eerste verdieping werd gebruikt als lokadres voor Joodse onderduikers, die vervolgens werden uitgeleverd aan de SD.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inedj\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>Onder hen waren ook Erich en Heinz Geiringer, die <strong>begin mei 1944</strong> door Maria (Miep) Braams-Baerts naar dit adres waren gebracht. Hier werden zij opgepakt door Sicherheitsdienst-rechercheur Pieter Schaap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sjsmj\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3dm9c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2010, p. 338-360</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inedj\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad. Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam, Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 180.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sjsmj\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr.: 75212, p. 5-9.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On the second floor of Kerkstraat 225 lived Branca Simons. She worked together with Ans van Dijk in betraying Jewish people in hiding. Both women were Jewish themselves, but collaborated with the Sicherheitsdienst (SD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"31k34\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The first floor was used as a decoy address for Jewish people in hiding, who were then handed over to the SD.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5clb3\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erich and Heinz Geiringer were brought to this address by Maria (Miep) Braams-Baerts in <strong>early May 1944</strong>. Here they were arrested by Sicherheitsdienst investigator Pieter Schaap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"86mvx\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"31k34\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij: de jacht op de Joodse onderduiker</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2010, p. 338-360</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5clb3\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad. Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam, Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 180.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"86mvx\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging, inv. nr.: 75212, p. 5-9.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89128 52.36309)",
"summary": "From this decoy address for Jewish people in hiding, Erich and Heinz Geiringer were betrayed in May 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Vanuit dit lokadres voor Joodse onderduikers werden Erich en Heinz Geiringer in mei 1944 verraden.",
"summary_en": "From this decoy address for Jewish people in hiding, Erich and Heinz Geiringer were betrayed in May 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Kerkstraat 225 I en II",
"zipcode": "1017 GK",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": []
},
"score": 1.3397357
},
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"latitude": "52.378494",
"longitude": "4.900181",
"events": [
{
"id": 82,
"main_image": {
"id": 894,
"uuid": "cae8edf4-6b9c-4b71-9529-83ff77b7a145",
"name": "Evelyne Werthauer bij de trein naar Parijs.",
"title": "Evelyne Werthauer met andere actrice en producent Boekman bij de trein naar Parijs.",
"alt": "www.delpher.nl",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/MMKB08_000077079_mpeg21_p012_crop.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Collectie: Delpher. Foto in Delftsche Courant.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a8e37765-f8fa-4342-b44c-1fe381f7d7a3/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/5ea902c2-a419-4311-bd4b-7b1519c94f23?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/019a8124-1c67-47dc-b9e6-1415a0d582d7?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a8e37765-f8fa-4342-b44c-1fe381f7d7a3",
"name": "Evelina Werthauer goes to France",
"name_nl": "Evelina Werthauer naar Frankrijk",
"name_en": "Evelina Werthauer goes to France",
"content": "<p>She made the trip accompanied by Dutch film producer Hans Boekman, brother of the Amsterdam alderman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The film was a Dutch parallel production to the French version <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. The main roles were played by Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer and Elias van Praag, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several newspapers paid attention to the departure on their photo pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ze maakte de reis onder begeleiding van de Nederlandse filmproducent Hans Boekman, broer van de Amsterdamse wethouder.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De film was een Nederlandse parallelproductie bij het maken van de Franse versie <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. De belangrijkere rollen werden onder meer vertolkt door Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer en Elias van Praag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Verschillende kranten besteedden aandacht aan het vertrek op hun fotopagina.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>She made the trip accompanied by Dutch film producer Hans Boekman, brother of the Amsterdam alderman.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The film was a Dutch parallel production to the French version <em>L'homme sans coeur</em>. The main roles were played by Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer and Elias van Praag, among others.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Several newspapers paid attention to the departure on their photo pages.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ohea2\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>"Jeugdige filmsterren", <em>De Avondpost</em>, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q9ma0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1936-09-01",
"date_end": "1936-09-04",
"summary": "In early September 1936, Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer went to France to play a small role in the film 'De man zonder hart' (The Man Without a Heart).",
"summary_nl": "Begin september 1936 ging Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer naar Frankrijk om een klein rolletje te spelen in de film 'De man zonder hart'.",
"summary_en": "In early September 1936, Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer went to France to play a small role in the film 'De man zonder hart' (The Man Without a Heart).",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 17,
"main_image": {
"id": 1118,
"uuid": "d66689ed-96f7-4b68-868f-103a3177d8d8",
"name": "NIOD 249 0361B-9",
"title": "Verzamelrekening Gemeentetram, 4 september 1944.",
"alt": "NIOD, archief Dossier Joden - deportatie.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/NIOD_249_0361B-9_dtVNYYS.PNG",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De verzamelrekening vermeldt ook het vervoer naar het CS op 8 augustus 1944.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b35635f3-1f4b-4cd5-a057-c1ea531d377c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f73f6619-f9da-43bb-a24e-401740e0ab0f?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/c0f73633-fd5b-42ff-8894-faef073cc6e2?format=api"
],
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0855fb95-33ad-4cc8-a549-21853833eff5?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9276945d-3ec3-4d82-aad1-8708abc63e7f?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/e4a1ba76-6838-4779-9853-b332dcee8815?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "b35635f3-1f4b-4cd5-a057-c1ea531d377c",
"name": "Deportation to Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Op transport naar Westerbork",
"name_en": "Deportation to Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On Tuesday <strong>8 August 1944 </strong>, Anne Frank, along with her parents, sister and the other people in hiding, were put on a transport from the Detention Centre on Weteringschans in Amsterdam to the Westerbork transit camp. The prisoners left under police guard by tram to Central Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kok16\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was number seventeen on the 'S' list <em>-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was a criminal transport - as arrested Jews who had been in hiding, the eight people from the Secret Annex were punishment ('S') cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They went to Westerbork in a normal train. On either side were compartments that were locked, and there was surveillance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote that during the train ride he was mainly worried about Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, who had also been arrested. Other than that, the mood was relatively good.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even the weather was nice that day. The sun was shining and a breeze was blowing from the northwest; it was about 19<strong>°</strong>C.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"We were together again and had got some food for the journey. We knew where we were going, but still it was like we were travelling together one more time, and actually we were excited [...], at least if I compare this trip to our next one."<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The journey from Amsterdam to Westerbork took five to six hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The route ran from Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle and Meppel to Hooghalen, from where the train entered Camp Westerbork via a branch line.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kok16\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer & Guus Luijters, <em>Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald</em>, Amsterdam: balans, 2004, p. 117-138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op dinsdag <strong>8 augustus 1944 </strong>ging Anne Frank samen met haar ouders, zus en de andere onderduikers vanuit het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans in Amsterdam op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork. De gevangenen vertrokken onder politiebewaking met de tram naar het Centraal Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8cb3l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was nummer zeventien op de lijst <em>"S"-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwgqr\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het ging hier om een zogeheten straftransport. Als opgepakte ondergedoken Joden waren de acht onderduikers namelijk zogenaamde strafgevallen ('S').</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers gingen in een normale trein naar Westerbork. Aan weerszijden waren coupés die werden afgesloten, en er was bewaking aanwezig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef dat hij zich tijdens de treinrit vooral zorgen maakte over Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, die immers ook waren opgepakt. Verder was de stemming relatief goed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het weer was zelfs mooi die dag. De zon scheen en een zwakke wind waaide vanuit het noordwesten, het was ongeveer negentien graden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"89o00\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto schreef:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>‘We waren weer samen en hadden wat eten voor onderweg gekregen. We wisten waar we heengingen, maar toch was het alsof we nog eenmaal samen op reis waren, en eigenlijk waren we opgewekt […], tenminste als ik deze reis vergelijk met onze volgende.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> </p>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>De reis van Amsterdam naar Westerbork duurde vijf tot zes uur.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het traject liep van Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle en Meppel naar Hooghalen, vanwaar de trein via een aftakking kamp Westerbork binnenreed.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8cb3l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer & Guus Luijters, <em>Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2024, p. 117-138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwgqr\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"89o00\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On Tuesday <strong>8 August 1944 </strong>, Anne Frank, along with her parents, sister and the other people in hiding, were put on a transport from the Detention Centre on Weteringschans in Amsterdam to the Westerbork transit camp. The prisoners left under police guard by tram to Central Station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kok16\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne Frank was number seventeen on the 'S' list <em>-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was a criminal transport - as arrested Jews who had been in hiding, the eight people from the Secret Annex were punishment ('S') cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>They went to Westerbork in a normal train. On either side were compartments that were locked, and there was surveillance.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Otto Frank wrote that during the train ride he was mainly worried about Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, who had also been arrested. Other than that, the mood was relatively good.<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Even the weather was nice that day. The sun was shining and a breeze was blowing from the northwest; it was about 19<strong>°</strong>C.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Otto wrote:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"We were together again and had got some food for the journey. We knew where we were going, but still it was like we were travelling together one more time, and actually we were excited [...], at least if I compare this trip to our next one."<sup data-footnote-id=\"b8897\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>The journey from Amsterdam to Westerbork took five to six hours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The route ran from Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle and Meppel to Hooghalen, from where the train entered Camp Westerbork via a branch line.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kok16\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, <em>Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945, </em>Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer & Guus Luijters, <em>Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald</em>, Amsterdam: balans, 2004, p. 117-138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eyf9w\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944. Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944: NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7yzmr\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"b8897\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, ‘Bitte schreiben Sie’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvdqp\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi\">Projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/index.cgi</a> (geraadpleegd oktober 2015).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zsmj3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, </em>Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle<em>, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,</em> Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p. 133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, <em>Dagboek Jacob Swart</em>, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w4uyj\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, <em>De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering</em>, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto’s klaar.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On Tuesday 8 August 1944, the eight people in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp.",
"summary_nl": "Op dinsdag 8 augustus 1944 gingen de acht onderduikers op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork.",
"summary_en": "On Tuesday 8 August 1944, the eight people in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124553,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a9cf097d-661f-4ade-b784-9cf87af388e2",
"name": "Amsterdam",
"name_nl": "Amsterdam",
"name_en": "Amsterdam",
"description": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"description_nl": "<p>De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting niet. Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.</p>",
"description_en": "<p>World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation. Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.</p>",
"summary": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam is de hoofdstad van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/locations/9577"
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"parent": 396124554,
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4265a185-f892-4973-98e7-b47650f75901?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/fa71d2a7-0c30-4015-b90a-a791f0cb4049?format=api"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0/",
"published": true,
"name": "Amsterdam Central Station",
"name_nl": "Station Amsterdam Centraal",
"name_en": "Amsterdam Central Station",
"uuid": "63dce380-73c4-4db6-b629-d9e9b21c8dd0",
"content": "<p>After liberation, most survivors returned via Amsterdam Central Station. There was a special repatriation centre for registration, medical control and political control at the station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na de bevrijding keerden de meeste overlevers terug via Station Amsterdam Centraal. Hier was een speciaal repatriëringscentrum voor registratie, medische controle en politieke controle.<sup data-footnote-id=\"06r4i\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"06r4i\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After liberation, most survivors returned via Amsterdam Central Station. There was a special repatriation centre for registration, medical control and political control at the station.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r6oi9\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Bianca Stigter, <em>Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.900181 52.378494)",
"summary": "Amsterdam Central Station was one of the train stations in Amsterdam from which Dutch Jews were deported to Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Station Amsterdam Centraal was een van de treinstations in Amsterdam van waaruit Nederlandse Joden werden gedeporteerd naar Westerbork.",
"summary_en": "Amsterdam Central Station was one of the train stations in Amsterdam from which Dutch Jews were deported to Westerbork.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/locations/8305.html"
],
"street": "Stationsplein",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"uuid": "66ad0935-c5df-4139-9a41-6e44f0b3cc8f",
"name": "A04139001095",
"title": "Schoolgebouwen aan de Dintelstraat, met in de linkervleugel de Diezeschool op nummer 11",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Fototechnisch- en Cartografisch Bedrijf KLM. Collectie: Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/A04139001095.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank/detail/0eeb9bef-b19a-011a-74fa-9d64ae8a11cb",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"latitude": "52.34499",
"longitude": "4.89302",
"events": [],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124646,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/28608122-5c3c-4872-b7bc-3d4d5cf963bd/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "28608122-5c3c-4872-b7bc-3d4d5cf963bd",
"name": "Education, Peter van Pels",
"name_nl": "Opleidingen Peter van Pels",
"name_en": "Education, Peter van Pels",
"description": "<h1><strong>Kindergarten</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is as yet known about a kindergarten that Peter van Pels is said to have attended in Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Primary school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück, Peter van Pels attended the<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>at Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This school was attached to the Synagogue-Gemeinde of Osnabrück. Peter was taught there by Abraham Trepp who, in addition to being a teacher, held the position of preacher, cantor and teacher of religion in the synagogue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pupils from different year levels were in one class together; practically all the lessons were taught by Abraham Trepp. The school initially provided only the first four years of schooling, but when it was made increasingly difficult for Jewish children to attend public schools after <strong>1933</strong>, the Israelitischen Elementarschule extended its four years of schooling to the upper grades of primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More and more children left the school as they moved abroad with their parents, and by the <strong>1936-1937 </strong>school year only 13 children were still in school. As part of the increasing <em>Auswanderung</em>, New Hebrew was taught and there were English courses for adults in the evenings. Kristallnacht put a definitive end to education at the <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During Peter's school days, students were regularly sworn at and attacked by members of the Hitler Youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three class photos of Peter van Pels with his classmates/classmates are known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (b. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Miriam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1937</strong>, Peter emigrated with his parents to Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known exactly which primary school he attended. A former classmate of Peter van Pels at the MULO school, Wim van de Graaff, said in an interview that Peter first did the transition course in the Diez school before going to the regular primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The same Wim van de Graaff also relates that at the Spinoza School (MULO), Peter van Pels sat next to him in the first grade <strong>(August 1940 - July 1941</strong>). Class teacher was Mr Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No official records are known of Peter van Pels' enrolment at the Spinoza School. As a Jewish pupil, he had to leave the school after the summer of <strong>1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Trade school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote in a letter that Peter van Pels ended up at a <em>Handwerkschüle</em>: <em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what course this involved. However, a photograph has survived in which Peter appears to be working on the inner springs of a chair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary that Kleiman gave Peter a new spring for his divan so that he could upholster it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While in hiding in the Secret Annex, Peter learned English and French and did schoolwork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz<strong> (3 September 1944</strong>), Peter is listed as <em>Metallarb.</em> (metal worker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Peter's Jewish Council card indicates that he was without occupation and <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Mauthausen camp records give his occupation as <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Red Cross settlement records after the war gave his occupation as: <em>Tischler</em> and <em>Furniture Maker/Turner</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, 22 March 1944 and 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1><strong>Kleuterschool</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over een kleuterschool die Peter van Pels in Duitsland bezocht zou hebben is vooralsnog niets bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Lagere school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück bezocht Peter van Pels de<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>in de Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Deze school was verbonden aan de Synagoge-Gemeinde van Osnabrück. Peter kreeg daar les van Abraham Trepp die naast zijn leraarschap ook de functie van predikant, kantor en godsdienstleraar in de synagoge uitoefende.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Leerlingen van verschillende jaarlagen zaten bij elkaar in een klas, praktisch alle lessen werden gegeven door Abraham Trepp. De school voorzag aanvankelijk alleen in de eerste vier schooljaren, maar toen het Joodse kinderen na <strong>1933</strong> steeds moeilijker gemaakt werd om openbare scholen te bezoeken breidde de <em>Israelitischen Elementarschule</em> haar vier leerjaren uit naar het onderwijs naar de hogere klassen van de lagere school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Steeds meer kinderen verlieten de school omdat ze met hun ouders naar het buitenland vertrokken en in het schooljaar <strong>1936-1937 </strong>zaten er nog maar dertien kinderen op school. In het kader van de toenemende <em>Auswanderung</em> werd Nieuw-Hebreeuws onderwezen en ’s avonds waren er cursussen Engels voor volwassenen. De <em>Kristallnacht</em> maakte definitief een einde aan het onderwijs op de <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de schoolperiode van Peter werden de leerlingen regelmatig uitgescholden en belaagd door leden van de <em>Hitlerjugend</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn drie klassenfoto’s van Peter van Pels bekend met zijn klasgenoten/medeleerlingen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (geb. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Mirjam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van <strong>1937 </strong>emigreerde Peter met zijn ouders naar Nederland, Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet exact bekend welke lagere school hij bezocht. Oud-klasgenoot van Peter van Pels op de MULO, Wim van de Graaff, vertelt in een interview dat Peter eerst de <em>Overgangscursus</em> in de Diezeschool deed voordat hij naar de gewone lagere school ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Dezelfde Wim van de Graaff vertelt ook dat Peter van Pels op de Spinozaschool (MULO) in de eerste klas (<strong>augustus 1940 – juli 1941</strong>) naast hem in de bank zat. Klassenleraar was de heer Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er zijn geen officiële gegevens bekend van Peter van Pels’ inschrijving op de Spinozaschool. Als Joodse leerling moest hij na de zomer van <strong>1941</strong> de school verlaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ambachtsschool</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef in een brief dat Peter van Pels op een <em>Handwerkschüle</em> terecht kwam: <em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het is niet bekend welke opleiding dit was. Wel is er een foto bewaard gebleven waarop Peter lijkt te werken aan de binnenvering van een stoel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne schrijft in haar dagboek dat Kleiman Peter een nieuwe veer voor zijn divan gaf zodat hij die kon stofferen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tijdens de onderduikperiode in het Achterhuis leerde Peter Engels en Frans en deed hij schoolwerk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Op de transportlijst van Westerbork naar Auschwitz (<strong>3 september 1944</strong>) staat bij Peter vermeld <em>Metallarb.</em> (metaalwerker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>De Joodsche Raadkaart van Peter geeft aan dat hij zonder beroep was en <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>De kampadministratie van Mauthausen geeft als beroep <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>In de afwikkelingsadministratie van het Rode Kruis na de oorlog werd als beroep gegeven: <em>Tischler</em> en <em>Meubelmaker/draaier</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 3 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk,</em> Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 februari 1944, 22 maart 1944 en 10 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Kindergarten</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing is as yet known about a kindergarten that Peter van Pels is said to have attended in Germany.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Primary school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Osnabrück, Peter van Pels attended the<em> Israelitische Elementarschule </em>at Rolandstrasse 5.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This school was attached to the Synagogue-Gemeinde of Osnabrück. Peter was taught there by Abraham Trepp who, in addition to being a teacher, held the position of preacher, cantor and teacher of religion in the synagogue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mqees\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pupils from different year levels were in one class together; practically all the lessons were taught by Abraham Trepp. The school initially provided only the first four years of schooling, but when it was made increasingly difficult for Jewish children to attend public schools after <strong>1933</strong>, the Israelitischen Elementarschule extended its four years of schooling to the upper grades of primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>More and more children left the school as they moved abroad with their parents, and by the <strong>1936-1937 </strong>school year only 13 children were still in school. As part of the increasing <em>Auswanderung</em>, New Hebrew was taught and there were English courses for adults in the evenings. Kristallnacht put a definitive end to education at the <em>Israelitischen Elementairschule </em>in Osnabrück.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>During Peter's school days, students were regularly sworn at and attacked by members of the Hitler Youth.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Three class photos of Peter van Pels with his classmates/classmates are known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1932:</strong><br />\r\nSiegfried Redler, Lilo Fröhlich, Helga Meyer, Ruth Weinberg, Dagobert Rychter, Manfred Elbaum, Else Jacobson, Lisbeth Klein, Hans Löwenstein, Ludwig Elbaum, Fredi ?, Inge Meyer, Lore Weinberg, Ruth Lipschütz, Irmgard Höchster, Marianne Netheim, Margot Schoeps, Peter van Pels, Rudi Heilbrunn, Frieda Redler, Hanna Rychter, Hannelore Frölich, Ilse Weinberg, Nathan Elbaum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kk106\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1934:</strong><br />\r\nMaja Nieporent, Erna Leichentritt, Steffi Loewenstein, Irmgard Heimbach, Eva Netheim, Mirjam Stein, Rudolf Jacobson, Simon Siegbert Schoeps, Martin Trepp, Ewald Aul, Fritz Loewenstein, Ernst Weinberg, Herbert Lipschütz, Liselotte Fröhlich, Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Else Jacobson;<sup data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px\"><strong>1935:</strong><br />\r\nEva Netheim, Rudolf Jacobson, Steffi Loewenstein, Maja Nieporent, Ewald Aul, Ernst Weinberg, Martin Trepp, Fritz Loewenstein, Liselotte Fröhlich, Irmgard Ohl (b. Heimbach), Trude Leeser, Helga Meyer, Herbert Lipschütz, Else Jacobson, Miriam Stein.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer of <strong>1937</strong>, Peter emigrated with his parents to Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known exactly which primary school he attended. A former classmate of Peter van Pels at the MULO school, Wim van de Graaff, said in an interview that Peter first did the transition course in the Diez school before going to the regular primary school.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>MULO</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The same Wim van de Graaff also relates that at the Spinoza School (MULO), Peter van Pels sat next to him in the first grade <strong>(August 1940 - July 1941</strong>). Class teacher was Mr Roemers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>No official records are known of Peter van Pels' enrolment at the Spinoza School. As a Jewish pupil, he had to leave the school after the summer of <strong>1941</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Trade school</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank wrote in a letter that Peter van Pels ended up at a <em>Handwerkschüle</em>: <em>da er unter den herrschenden Zuständen doch sonst nicht weiter gekommen wäre</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is not known what course this involved. However, a photograph has survived in which Peter appears to be working on the inner springs of a chair.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary that Kleiman gave Peter a new spring for his divan so that he could upholster it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>While in hiding in the Secret Annex, Peter learned English and French and did schoolwork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>On the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz<strong> (3 September 1944</strong>), Peter is listed as <em>Metallarb.</em> (metal worker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"zckty\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Peter's Jewish Council card indicates that he was without occupation and <em>unter 16 Jahren</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Mauthausen camp records give his occupation as <em>Tischler</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>The Red Cross settlement records after the war gave his occupation as: <em>Tischler</em> and <em>Furniture Maker/Turner</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kk106\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Peter Junk & Martina Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz. Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung Juden in Osnabrück 1900-1945. Ein Gedenkbuch</em>, Osnabrück: Rasch Verlag Bramsche, 1988, p. 23.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mqees\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.174-178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t7s9y\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 174.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8o2pp\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cj0k8\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 177; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Jacobson, Rudolph, 2011; Getuigenverhalen-II, Interview Fritz Loewenstein, 28 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m5pf8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf den Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p.178; AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_III_006: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uq15m\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Junk & Sellmeyer, <em>Stationen auf dem Weg nach Auschwitz</em>, p. 178; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_008: Klassefoto van de "Israel" lagere school, Rolandstrasse 5 te Osnabrück.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ymol5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Peter van Pels; Niedersächsiches Landesarchiv - Standort Osnabrück, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166: Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabrück (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_I_003-006).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yqbot\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Wim van der Graaff, interview, 21 oktober 1997.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0d0lz\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Spät, 7 maart 1961.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nmg99\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_vPels_III_001.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w1ba2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 3 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works,</em> transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m83nm\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 February 1944, 22 March 1944 and 10 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zckty\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: Transportliste.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xiio1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>NRK: Joodsche Raadkaart Peter van Pels.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"n3k89\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkstätte Konzentationslager Mauthausen, Häftlingszugangsbuch Y/36, Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Peter van Pels attended the Israelitische Elementarschule in Osnabrück and the MULO stream at the Spinoza School in Amsterdam.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels ging in Osnabrück naar de Israelitische Elementarschule en in Amsterdam naar de MULO op de Spinozaschool.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels attended the Israelitische Elementarschule in Osnabrück and the MULO stream at the Spinoza School in Amsterdam.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124547,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/45c13379-72d1-4290-867e-acc5b91003c6?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/ca99d4c6-909d-4e6a-a314-b70871f9e132/",
"published": true,
"name": "Diezeschool",
"name_nl": "Diezeschool",
"name_en": "Diezeschool",
"uuid": "ca99d4c6-909d-4e6a-a314-b70871f9e132",
"content": "<p>From <strong>1935</strong> onwards, children of German refugees children were prepared for Dutch education or Dutch society at this school through the so-called <em>Overgangscursus</em> (<em>Transitional course</em>).</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op deze school werden vanaf <strong>1935</strong> kinderen van Duitse vluchtelingen via de zogenaamde <em>Overgangscursus</em> klaargestoomd voor het Nederlands onderwijs dan wel de Nederlandse samenleving.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>1935</strong> onwards, children of German refugees children were prepared for Dutch education or Dutch society at this school through the so-called <em>Overgangscursus</em> (<em>Transitional course</em>).</p>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.89302 52.34499)",
"summary": "The Dieze School is located in the school complex on Dintel Street, at number 11.",
"summary_nl": "De Diezeschool is gevestigd in het scholencomplex aan de Dintelstraat, op nummer 11.",
"summary_en": "The Dieze School is located in the school complex on Dintel Street, at number 11.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Dintelstraat 11",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
311
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},
"score": 1.3397357
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"type": "location",
"instance": {
"id": 255,
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"main_image": {
"id": 1222,
"uuid": "c6e2bb53-79b5-42ba-8e0f-560ad5bea0a2",
"name": "De groentezaak van Henk van Hoeve",
"title": "De groentewinkel van Henk van Hoeve, ca. 1940. Zijn vrouw Riek staat in de deuropening.",
"alt": "Fotograaf onbekend. Afkomstig uit privécollectie",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/7a3f1080-ee2b-48e3-feb0-ca6ff8c5cb02.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "De groentewinkel van Henk van Hoeve op de Leliegracht 58, ca. 1940. Zijn vrouw Riek staat in de deuropening.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.3758985",
"longitude": "4.8849656",
"events": [
{
"id": 317,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c86a4f1d-572c-4d3e-9cd6-5cb7d169e5f8/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0c13537b-e256-497e-af7d-c889a8403fde?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/9eed29ab-c145-4bf6-b51f-06e0d93f061b?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ffa64f19-9142-4c03-adc7-b4f3f6b72a18?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/13494e4b-73cb-4dc3-9dfc-864f65c87b65?format=api"
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/55395f0b-7bff-4dea-be7f-cc84d4d98b5f?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "c86a4f1d-572c-4d3e-9cd6-5cb7d169e5f8",
"name": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve is arrested",
"name_nl": "Groenteboer Henk van Hoeve gearresteerd",
"name_en": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve is arrested",
"content": "<p>On <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, four SD agents, led by Pieter Schaap, raided the greengrocer's shop and home of Henk and Riek van Hoeve and found two Jews in hiding: Richard Weisz and his spouse Ruth Weisz-Neumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The SD is said to have been informed by anonymous letter about the people in hiding in Van Hoeve's attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The Weiszes and Henk van Hoeve were arrested. Anne Frank wrote about this in her diary the same day:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"There's something fresh every day. This morning v. Hoeven was picked up for having two Jews in his house. It is a great blow to us.not only that those pooor Jews are balancing on the edge of an abyss, it's terrible for v. Hoeven. The world has turned topsy-turvy, the most respectable people are being sent off to concentration camps, prisons, and lonely cells, and the dregs that remain govern young an old, rich and poor. One person walks into the trap through the black market, a second through Jews or other people who've had to go 'underground'; anyone who isn't one of the NSBers doesn't know what may happen to him from one day to another. v. Hoeven is a great loss for us too. (...) We're going to be hungry, but nothing is worse than being discovered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"beixi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrest of coupon suppliers Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar two months earlier, the food supply for the people in hiding had already been endangered; now they were afraid that shortages would arise again. Moreover, the residents of the Secret Annex began to feel increasingly unsafe after Van Hoeve's arrest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the prison at Weteringschans, Van Hoeve was sent to Camp Vught and ultimately survived four concentration camps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The Weiszes were less fortunate. They ended up in <em>Strafbarak 67</em>, the penal hut in Westerbork and were deported from there on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, with the same transport as the Frank family, to Auschwitz, where they arrived on <strong>5 September</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Subsequently, they were separated and sent to different camps. Richard Weisz died on <strong>7 January 1945</strong> n the all-male camp of Hailfingen in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany, while his wife most likely died in Flossenbürg concentration camp in Bavaria, 400 kilometers away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeve's wife was not arrested during the raid <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, and continued the greengrocer's trade after her husband's arrest. On <strong>8 July 1944</strong>, Anne wrote that the people in hiding had received 18 pounds of peas from Mrs. van Hoeve.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op joodse onderduikers</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 371. Also see the chapter 'The greengrocer', in: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2022, p. 208-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Hoeve: Verslag van oorlogsbelevenissen door H. van Hoeve, “Groenteman van Anne Frank”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beixi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg: Transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Volker Mall, Johannes Kuhn, Harald Roth, <em>Die Häftlinge des KZ-Außenlagers Hailfingen/Tailfingen: Daten und Porträts aller Häftlinge</em>, 2. erw. und überarb. Aufl., Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2021, p. 507</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>25 mei 1944</strong> vielen vier SD'ers onder leiding van Pieter Schaap de groentewinkel en woning van Henk en Riek van Hoeve binnen en vonden daar twee ondergedoken Joden: Richard Weisz en diens vrouw Ruth Weisz-Neumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> De SD zou per anonieme brief zijn ingelicht over de onderduikers op de zolder van Van Hoeve.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het echtpaar Weisz en Henk van Hoeve werden gearresteerd. Anne Frank schreef daar nog dezelfde dag over in haar dagboek:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Iedere dag wat anders, vanochtend is Van Hoeven gepakt, hij had twee Joden in huis. Het is een zware slag voor ons, niet alleen dat die arme Joden weer aan de rand van de afgrond staan, voor v. Hoeven is het vreselijk. De wereld staat hier op z’n kop, de meest fatsoenlijke mensen worden weggestuurd naar concentratiekampen, gevangenissen en eenzame cellen en het uitschot regeert over jong en oud, rijk en arm. De een vliegt er door de zwarte handel, de tweede door Joden of andere schuilers in, niemand, die niet bij de N.S.B.ers is weet wat er morgen gebeurt. Ook voor ons is v. Hoeven een zeer zwaar gemis. (...) Dat zal hongeren worden, maar alles is niet zo erg dan ontdekt worden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"beixi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Met de arrestatie van bonnenleveranciers Martin Brouwer en Pieter Daatzelaar twee maanden eerder was de voedselvoorziening van de onderduikers al eens in gevaar gekomen; ze waren bang dat er nu weer tekorten zouden ontstaan. Bovendien begonnen de bewoners van het Achterhuis zich na de arrestatie van Van Hoeve steeds onveiliger te voelen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeve ging via het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans naar Kamp Vught en overleefde uiteindelijk vier concentratiekampen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het echtpaar Weisz had minder geluk. Zij kwamen in Westerbork in Strafbarak 67 terecht en werden van daaruit op <strong>3 september 1944</strong> in dezelfde trein als de familie Frank naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd, waar zij op <strong>5 september</strong> aankwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Vervolgens werden zij van elkaar gescheiden en naar verschillende kampen gestuurd. Richard Weisz stierf op <strong>7 januari 1945</strong> in Baden-Württemberg, Zuid-Duitsland, in het mannenkamp Hailfingen, terwijl zijn vrouw hoogstwaarschijnlijk in concentratiekamp Flossenbürg in Beieren, 400 kilometer verderop, om het leven kwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeves vrouw was bij de inval op <strong>25 mei 1944</strong> niet gearresteerd, en zette na de arrestatie van haar echtgenoot de groentehandel voort. Op <strong>8 juli 1944</strong> schrijft Anne dat de onderduikers 18 pond doperwten van mevrouw van Hoeve hadden gekregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op joodse onderduikers</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 371. Zie ook het hoofdstuk 'De groenteman', in: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>Het verraad van Anne Frank: het baanbrekende onderzoek van een internationaal coldcaseteam in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Ambo|Anthos, 2022, p. 238-248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Hoeve: Verslag van oorlogsbelevenissen door H. van Hoeve, “Groenteman van Anne Frank”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beixi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 26 mei 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg: Transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Volker Mall, Johannes Kuhn, Harald Roth, <em>Die Häftlinge des KZ-Außenlagers Hailfingen/Tailfingen: Daten und Porträts aller Häftlinge</em>, 2. erw. und überarb. Aufl., Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2021, p. 507</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, four SD agents, led by Pieter Schaap, raided the greengrocer's shop and home of Henk and Riek van Hoeve and found two Jews in hiding: Richard Weisz and his spouse Ruth Weisz-Neumann.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The SD is said to have been informed by anonymous letter about the people in hiding in Van Hoeve's attic.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The Weiszes and Henk van Hoeve were arrested. Anne Frank wrote about this in her diary the same day:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"There's something fresh every day. This morning v. Hoeven was picked up for having two Jews in his house. It is a great blow to us.not only that those pooor Jews are balancing on the edge of an abyss, it's terrible for v. Hoeven. The world has turned topsy-turvy, the most respectable people are being sent off to concentration camps, prisons, and lonely cells, and the dregs that remain govern young an old, rich and poor. One person walks into the trap through the black market, a second through Jews or other people who've had to go 'underground'; anyone who isn't one of the NSBers doesn't know what may happen to him from one day to another. v. Hoeven is a great loss for us too. (...) We're going to be hungry, but nothing is worse than being discovered."<sup data-footnote-id=\"beixi\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrest of coupon suppliers Martin Brouwer and Pieter Daatzelaar two months earlier, the food supply for the people in hiding had already been endangered; now they were afraid that shortages would arise again. Moreover, the residents of the Secret Annex began to feel increasingly unsafe after Van Hoeve's arrest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From the prison at Weteringschans, Van Hoeve was sent to Camp Vught and ultimately survived four concentration camps.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The Weiszes were less fortunate. They ended up in <em>Strafbarak 67</em>, the penal hut in Westerbork and were deported from there on <strong>3 September 1944</strong>, with the same transport as the Frank family, to Auschwitz, where they arrived on <strong>5 September</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Subsequently, they were separated and sent to different camps. Richard Weisz died on <strong>7 January 1945</strong> n the all-male camp of Hailfingen in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany, while his wife most likely died in Flossenbürg concentration camp in Bavaria, 400 kilometers away.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van Hoeve's wife was not arrested during the raid <strong>25 May 1944</strong>, and continued the greengrocer's trade after her husband's arrest. On <strong>8 July 1944</strong>, Anne wrote that the people in hiding had received 18 pounds of peas from Mrs. van Hoeve.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rs0nf\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Sytze van der Zee, <em>Vogelvrij. De jacht op joodse onderduikers</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2010, p. 371. Also see the chapter 'The greengrocer', in: Rosemary Sullivan, <em>The betrayal of Anne Frank: a cold case investigation</em>, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2022, p. 208-218.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zqnhn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Van Hoeve: Verslag van oorlogsbelevenissen door H. van Hoeve, “Groenteman van Anne Frank”.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"beixi\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sje4c\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 26 May 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"to1ow\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg: Transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dql4a\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Volker Mall, Johannes Kuhn, Harald Roth, <em>Die Häftlinge des KZ-Außenlagers Hailfingen/Tailfingen: Daten und Porträts aller Häftlinge</em>, 2. erw. und überarb. Aufl., Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2021, p. 507</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kyqbu\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The collected works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-05-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Van Hoeve was arrested by the SD because he was hiding Jewish people in hiding.",
"summary_nl": "Van Hoeve werd door de SD gearresteerd omdat hij Joodse onderduikers verborg.",
"summary_en": "Van Hoeve was arrested by the SD because he was hiding Jewish people in hiding.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 192,
"image": {
"id": 960,
"uuid": "2329e575-c78d-4159-a479-53bc76b76293",
"name": "Bonnenboekje",
"title": "Bonnenboekje",
"alt": "Collectie: Anne Frank Stichting",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Bonnenboekje.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Tijdens de bezetting waren allerlei goederen 'op de bon', zodat iedereen een deel van de schaarse producten kon kopen.",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "AFS rechthebbende"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2cb4ec5b-d423-4255-8b7c-0c667a54f33c",
"name": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"name_nl": "De voedselvoorziening van het Achterhuis",
"name_en": "The food supply of the Secret Annex",
"description": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het voedselthema is nauw verwant aan de onderwerpen Distributie en Bevoorrading in het algemeen. Wat er gegeten werd, en hoeveel, hing daar tenslotte mede van af. Gebrek werd er in eerste instantie in het Achterhuis niet geleden. Via reguliere en clandestiene distributiekanalen was er voldoende voedsel voorhanden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met ingang van <strong>8 augustus 1943</strong> kwam er in een groot aantal plaatsen, waaronder Amsterdam, een ‘klantenbinding’ voor groente en fruit tot stand. Dit wil zeggen dat ieder huishouden zich per periode van vier weken aan een vaste groentehandelaar diende te verbinden. Deze verstrekte een ‘gezinskaart’ op naam en moest zorgen voor inname van bonnen en een redelijke verdeling van zijn aanbod, afhankelijk van het aantal gezinsleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hoe de helpers deze complicatie in de praktijk oplosten is niet bekend.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Groente en aardappelen komen van groenteboer Van Hoeve op de Leliegracht; voor brood was een regeling getroffen met bakker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Vlees kwam van een bij Hermann van Pels bekende slager in de omgeving, waarschijnlijk - op grond van het hieronder genoemd menukaartje met “Roastbeaf SCHOLTE” - het filiaal van Piet Scholte op de Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Met het verstrijken van de tijd ontstonden moeilijkheden, die verschillende oorzaken hadden. Victor Kugler schreef jaren later in zijn herinneringen dat gaandeweg de problemen groeiden; vooral levensmiddelen werden schaars.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Versobering van de maaltijden en rantsoenen gaven herhaaldelijk aanleiding tot ruzies. Aan de hand van Annes notities en verschillende externe bronnen zijn diverse aspecten van het vraagstuk goed te beschrijven en ook te verklaren.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Het eetpatroon en de verschuivingen daarin</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Bij aanvang van de onderduikperiode was er een flinke voorraad levensmiddelen aangelegd, waaronder honderdvijftig conservenblikken met groente. Door de zakelijke contacten waren melkpoeder, tarwezetmeel en suiker steeds in ruime hoeveelheden voorhanden, waarmee volgens Kugler voedzame pudding kon worden gemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <strong>nazomer en de herfst van 1942</strong> schrijft Anne dat zijzelf en Hermann van Pels flink aten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Tegelijkertijd daalde het vetrantsoen in de <strong>tweede helft van 1942</strong> gestaag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Op <strong>7 oktober</strong> van dat jaar is te lezen welke spanningen het wel of niet op brood smeren van boter in het Achterhuis tot gevolg had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In die periode kwam het officiële boter/vetrantsoen neer op 62½ gram per persoon per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne meldt in november de levering van 135 kilo peulvruchten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>maart 1943</strong> schrijft ze dat haar moeder bewerkstelligde dat de kinderen extra boter kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Het was echter de distributie die bepaalde dat de jeugd tussen 4 en 21 jaar een hoger vetrantsoen kregen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Op dezelfde dag schrijft ze dat ze genoeg kreeg van de witte en bruine bonen, en dat de 'avond-broodverstrekking' was ingetrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> De overvloed aan bonen is te verklaren uit de eerder genoemde 135 kilo. Waarom de broodconsumptie, gezien de soepele regeling met Siemons, werd verminderd is onduidelijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het werd vooral in de <strong>eerste maanden van 1944</strong> zichtbaar dat externe factoren veel bepaalden. De arrestatie van bonnenleveranciers Brouwer en Daatzelaar in maart bracht de aanvoer van onder meer aardappelen en boter in gevaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gebakken aardappelen als ontbijt werden dan ook vervangen door pap.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Het bleek mogelijk extra volle melk te kopen, wat op aandringen van mevrouw Van Pels ook gebeurde. Volle melk was officieel voorbehouden aan kinderen onder de veertien, dus die aanschaf was clandestien. De zwarte melkprijzen bedroegen <strong>begin 1944</strong> zo’n 40 à 50 cent per liter in Amsterdam-Noord en tot 1,30 à 1,50 gulden per liter in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> De onderduikers konden dus voor extra melk betrekkelijk hoge kosten maken. Dit duidt erop dat tekorten in het Achterhuis meer waren te wijten aan schaarste en verdelingsproblemen dan aan geldgebrek.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne beklaagt zich op <strong>8 mei 1944 </strong>over het feit dat ze steeds '<em>sla, stoofsla, spinazie, spinazie en nog eens spinazie</em>' aten. In deze periode leidde gebrek aan meststoffen tot teeltbeperkingen. Vooral de zogenaamde 'massaproducten' waren toen ruim verkrijgbaar, een categorie waartoe ook de gewraakte bladgroenten behoorden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De problemen groeiden wel na de arrestatie van groenteboer Van Hoeve <strong>eind mei 1944</strong>. Het toenemende tekort aan aardappelen en groente leidde tot het geleidelijk afschaffen van het ontbijt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensatie door het vervroegen van de lunch kon niet verhullen dat de schaarste toenam.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extra’s</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er was ruimte om af en toe iets extra’s te doen. In de eerste dagen kregen de Franks, toen nog alleen in het Achterhuis, van de helpers rabarber, aardbeien en kersen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> Ter gelegenheid van de huwelijksdag van Jan en Miep was er op <strong>18 juli 1942</strong>, vlak na de aankomst van de familie Van Pels, een diner in het Achterhuis. Hiervan is een getypt menukaartje bewaard gebleven, en op tafel kwamen bouillon, roast beef, diverse salades en per persoon één ‘pomme de terre’. Verder jus, ‘zeer miniem te gebruiken’ vanwege het boterrantsoen, riz à la Trautmannsdorf (‘surrogaat’) en koffie met suiker en room.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon- en juspoeders behoorden tot het kernassortiment van Gies & Co. Gezien de heersende schaarste en daardoor erg hoge prijzen zal de koffie ook wel ‘surrogaat’ zijn geweest. Toen Jan en Miep in oktober kwamen logeren, stonden er volgens Anne soep, gehaktballetjes, aardappels, worteltjes en koffie met kruidkoek en Maria’s op tafel.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Door het verhaaltje <em>Worstdag</em> en uit de B-versie is de door Anne in <strong>december ‘42</strong> gesitueerde episode bekend waarin Van Pels een grote hoeveelheid vlees had kunnen bemachtigen en daar worst van maakte.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Via de voedseldistributie profiteerden de onderduikers soms van incidentele meevallers, zoals bij de verstrekking van extra snoep, olie en stroop met Kerstmis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> Daar staat tegenover dat ze het ook merkten toen er, als sanctie voor de stakingen van <strong>1943</strong> een boterbon werd ingehouden. Uit dezelfde notitie komt de opsomming van levensmiddelen die Pfeffer bij zijn verjaardag in <strong>1943</strong> kennelijk van Charlotte Kaletta toegestuurd kreeg: eieren, boter, koekjes, limonade, brood, cognac, sinaasappelen, kruidkoek en chocolade.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Eind ’43</strong> wisten de helpers aan ‘vooroorlogse’ boterkoekjes voor de onderduikers te komen, en bij Ediths verjaardag enkele weken later aan een dito mokkataart.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> Bij Otto Franks 55e verjaardag was er bier en via Siemons waren er zelfs vijftig ‘vooroorlogse’ petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In het geval van de koek en taart betekende dit dat de betreffende bakkers via de helpers vooraf van benodigde ingrediënten als boter, suiker en eieren moeten zijn voorzien. Omdat bakkers hiermee karig werden bevoorraad, was dit destijds een gebruikelijke methode om aan behoorlijk - ‘vooroorlogs’ - gebak te komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>juli ’44</strong> leverde mevrouw Van Hoeve – haar man zat toen gevangen vanwege het verbergen van het Joodse echtpaar Weisz – negen kilo doperwten. Hiervan werden ook de peulen gegeten. Op dezelfde dag noteert Anne de aanvoer van een grote partij aardbeien, door Broks rechtstreeks van de Beverwijkse veiling gehaald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Gezien de hoeveelheden moet ook hier sprake zijn geweest van niet-reguliere transacties. Op clandestiene handel in aardbeien werd ook in Amsterdam rond deze tijd scherp toegezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ten slotte was er nog Peters kat Mouschi. Na veel overleg en onduidelijkheid besloot de overheid dat alleen voor economisch nuttige katten, zoals pakhuiskatten, voedsel beschikbaar kon zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> Dat betekende dat Mouschi’s voer, in tegenstelling tot dat van pakhuiskat Moffie, langs andere kanalen moest komen, of dat hij at wat de onderduikers aten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit dit overzicht blijkt dat externe factoren een grotere rol spelen bij de verschraling van de voedselpositie in het Achterhuis dan interne. De afname van variatie en hoeveelheden hield gelijke tred met het wegvallen van leveranciers van bonnen en levensmiddelen. Financiële zorgen hebben zich ongetwijfeld doen gelden, maar herhaaldelijk blijkt toch dat incidentele mogelijkheden om extra’s aan te schaffen lang zijn blijven bestaan. Geldgebrek lijkt daarom geen doorslaggevende factor te zijn geweest in de achteruitgang van de voedselpositie.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 30 september en 6 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 7 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 5 november 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 12 maart 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 maart 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 25 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 10 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Verhaaltjes en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis, “Worstdag”, 10 december 1942; Dagboek B, 10 december 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 22 december 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 1 mei 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 27 december 1943 en 19 januari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 9 en 13 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 8 juli 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>The theme of food is closely related to the topics of Rationing and Supply in general. After all, what was eaten, and how much, partly depended on these aspects. Food was not initially lacking in the Secret Annex. Sufficient food was available through regular and clandestine distribution channels.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>8 August 1943</strong>, a 'customer loyalty' scheme for fruit and vegetables came into effect in many places, including Amsterdam. This meant that every household had to commit to a regular greengrocer for each four-week period. The latter issued a 'family card' by name and had to ensure collection of vouchers and reasonable distribution of his supply, depending on the number of family members.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> How the helpers solved this complication in practice is not known.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vegetables and potatoes came from greengrocer Van Hoeve on Leliegracht; for bread, an arrangement was made with baker Siemons.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Meat came from a butcher in the area known to Hermann van Pels, probably - based on the menu mentioned below with 'Roastbeaf SCHOLTE' - Piet Scholte's branch on Elandsgracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> As time passed, difficulties arose, which had several causes. Victor Kugler wrote years later in his recollections that gradually the problems grew; food in particular became scarce.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Austerity of meals and rations repeatedly gave rise to quarrels. Using Anne's notes and various external sources, various aspects of the issue can be well described and also explained.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diet and its shifts</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>At the start of the hiding period, a substantial stock of food had been established, including one hundred and fifty tins of canned vegetables. Through business contacts, powdered milk, wheat starch and sugar were always available in ample quantities, with which, according to Kugler, nutritious puddings could be made.<sup data-footnote-id=\"33qes\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>late summer and autumn of 1942,</strong> Anne writes that she and Hermann van Pels ate heavily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> At the same time, fat rations steadily decreased in the <strong>second half of 1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> On <strong>7 October</strong> that year, we can read about the tensions caused by whether or not butter was spread on bread in the Secret Annex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> At the time, the official butter/fat ration amounted to 62½ grams per person per week.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Anne reports the delivery of 135 kilos of pulses in November.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> In <strong>March 1943</strong>, she writes that her mother arranged for the children to receive extra butter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> However, it was the rationing system that determined that the youth between the ages of 4 and 21 received a higher fat ration.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> On the same day, she writes that she got tired of white and brown beans, and that the 'evening bread ration' had been withdrawn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> The abundance of beans can be explained by the aforementioned 135 kilos. Given the lenient arrangement with Siemons, why bread consumption was reduced is unclear.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>It became especially apparent in the <strong>first months of 1944</strong> that external factors had a major influence. The arrest of voucher suppliers Brouwer and Daatzelaar in March jeopardised the supply of potatoes and butter, among other things.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Fried potatoes for breakfast were therefore replaced by porridge.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> It proved possible to buy extra whole milk, which was done at Mrs Van Pels' insistence. Whole milk was officially reserved for children under 14, so that purchase was clandestine. Black market milk prices <strong>in early 1944</strong> were around 40 to 50 cents per litre in Amsterdam-Noord and up to 1.30 to 1.50 guilders per litre in Zuid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> So it's likely the people in hiding incurred relatively high costs for extra milk. This suggests that shortages in the Secret Annex were due more to scarcity and distribution problems than to lack of money.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne complained on <strong>8 May 1944</strong> that they were constantly eating<em> 'lettuce, stewing lettuce, spinach, spinach and more spinach</em> '. During this period, a shortage of fertilisers led to crop restrictions. Especially the so-called 'mass products' were widely available then, a category that included the controversial leafy vegetables.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Problems did grow after the arrest of greengrocer Van Hoeve in <strong>late May 1944</strong>. The growing shortage of potatoes and vegetables led to the gradual abolition of breakfast.<sup data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Compensating by bringing lunch forward could not conceal the fact that scarcity had increased.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Extras</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>There was room to do something extra now and then. In the early days, the Franks, at that time alone in the Secret Annex, received rhubarb, strawberries and cherries from the helpers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> To mark Jan and Miep's wedding anniversary, there was a dinner in the Secret Annex on <strong>18 July 1942</strong>, just after the Van Pels family arrived. A typed menu of this has been preserved, and on the table were broth, roast beef, various salads and one 'pomme de terre' per person. Also gravy, 'to be used very minimally' because of the butter ration, riz à la Trautmannsdorf ('surrogate') and coffee with sugar and cream.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Bouillon and gravy powders were part of Gies & Co's core range. Given the prevailing scarcity and therefore very high prices, the coffee must also have been 'surrogate'. When Jan and Miep came to stay in October, soup, meatballs, potatoes, carrots and coffee with gingerbread and Maria biscuits were served, according to Anne.<sup data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Through the story <em>Sausage Day</em> and from the B-version, the episode situated by Anne in <strong>December 1942</strong> is known in which Van Pels had managed to get hold of a large quantity of meat and made sausage from it.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup> Through food distribution, the people in hiding sometimes benefited from occasional windfalls, as in the provision of extra sweets, oil and syrup at Christmas.<sup data-footnote-id=\"418fw\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup> On the other hand, they also noticed when a butter coupon was withheld as a sanction for the <strong>1943</strong> strikes. From the same note comes the list of foodstuffs apparently sent to Pfeffer by Charlotte Kaletta on his birthday in <strong>1943</strong>: eggs, butter, biscuits, lemonade, bread, brandy, oranges, gingerbread and chocolate.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>In late 1943,</strong> the helpers managed to get 'pre-war' butter biscuits for the people in the Secret Annex, and on Edith's birthday a few weeks later, a 'pre-war' mocha cake.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup> On Otto Frank's 55th birthday there was beer, and through Siemons there were even fifty 'pre-war' petit fours.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup> In the case of the cake and pie, this meant that the relevant bakers must have been provided with necessary ingredients such as butter, sugar and eggs in advance via the helpers. As bakers were sparsely supplied with these, this was a common method of obtaining decent - 'pre-war' - pastries at the time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, Mrs Van Hoeve - her husband was imprisoned at that time for hiding the Jewish couple Weisz - delivered nine kilos of peas. The pods of these were also eaten. On the same day, Anne notes the delivery of a large batch of strawberries, taken by Broks directly from the Beverwijk auction.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> Given the quantities, these must also have been non-regular transactions. Clandestine trade in strawberries was also closely monitored in Amsterdam around this time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gaose\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, there was Peter's cat Mouschi. After much deliberation and ambiguity, the government decided that food could only be available for economically useful cats, such as warehouse cats.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\"><a href=\"#footnote-28\" id=\"footnote-marker-28-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[28]</a></sup> This meant that Mouschi's food, unlike that of warehouse cat Moffie, had to come through other channels, or he ate what the people in hiding ate.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This overview shows that external factors played a greater role in the impoverishment of the food position in the Secret Annex than internal ones. The decline in variety and quantities kept pace with the disappearance of suppliers of coupons and foodstuffs. Financial concerns undoubtedly made themselves felt, yet repeatedly it appears that occasional opportunities to purchase extras remained for a long time. Lack of money therefore does not seem to have been a decisive factor in the decline of the food position.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bfc4v\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Klantenbinding voor groente en fruit”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 24 juli 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zuvn7\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works, </em>transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nhrst\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Gies_I_032: Menukaartje.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eigvn\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Kugler_I_048: Getypte herinneringen Victor Kugler.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"33qes\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach, Archief Ernst Schnabel; Victor Kugler aan Ernst Schnabel, 17 september 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mj8k3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 30 September and 6 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rnja0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Rantsoeneering van levensmiddelen in de bezettingsjaren</em>, [S.l.] : Ministerie van Landbouw, Visscherij en Voedselvoorziening, Afdeeling Voorlichting, [ca. 1945], p. 4-5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t9erf\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 7 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vmsnc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Boter op bon 51”, <em>Het Vaderland</em>, 6 oktober 1942, ochtendeditie.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dtuop\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 5 November 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6mvl2\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 12 March 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmn6e\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Distributie”, <em>De Tijd</em>, 10 maart 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fgk2m\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wsny7\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 March 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qhwm1\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Rond de rundveeprijzen”, <em>Provinciale Noordhollandsche Courant</em>, 25 januari 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tm99x\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Groente wordt verdeeld in massaproduct en keuze-artikel”, <em>Gooi- en Eemlander</em>, 29 april 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"be9ki\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 25 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9hyih\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"eht5s\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 10 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qowi6\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Tales and events from the Secret Annex, “Sausage Day”, 10 December 1942; Diary Version B, 10 December 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"418fw\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 22 December 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgvir\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 1 May 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hvefd\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 27 December 1943 and 19 January 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tbdtz\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 9 and 13 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9k62b\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“Gebak en koek met ‘bijlevering’”, <em>Het Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 4 november 1943.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hdme4\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 8 July 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gaose\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>“C.C.D. waakte over de aardbeien”, <em>Nieuws van den Dag</em>, 6 juli 1944; “Ruim 2000 pond aardbeien achterhaald”, <em>Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant</em>, 3 juli 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cga6x\" id=\"footnote-28\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-28-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Paul Arnoldussen, 'Poes in verdrukking en verzet 1940 – 1945'<em>, </em>in: <em>Poezenkrant</em>, (2013) nr. 57, p. 27-30.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
"summary_nl": "De dagboeken van Anne Frank geven veel informatie over wat er in het Achterhuis zoal op tafel kwam. Wat er op tafel stond was sterk afhankelijk van het aanbod en de mogelijkheden om distributiebeperkingen en andere problemen te omzeilen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank's diaries provide a lot of information about what was eaten in the Secret Annex. What was available depended heavily on supply and opportunities to get around rationing restrictions and other problems.",
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"parent": 396124663,
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}
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/55395f0b-7bff-4dea-be7f-cc84d4d98b5f/",
"published": true,
"name": "Greengrocer's Henk van Hoeve",
"name_nl": "Groentewinkel van Henk van Hoeve",
"name_en": "Greengrocer's Henk van Hoeve",
"uuid": "55395f0b-7bff-4dea-be7f-cc84d4d98b5f",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.8849656 52.3758985)",
"summary": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve helped Miep Gies to supply potatoes to the people in hiding in the Secret Annex during the German occupation.",
"summary_nl": "Henk van Hoeve was de groenteboer die Miep Gies tijdens de Duitse bezetting hielp om de onderduikers in het Achterhuis van aardappelen te voorzien.",
"summary_en": "Greengrocer Henk van Hoeve helped Miep Gies to supply potatoes to the people in hiding in the Secret Annex during the German occupation.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Leliegracht 58",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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"name": "Advertentie Kunstijsbaan",
"title": "Nieuwe Haarlemsche Courant, 12 november 1934.",
"alt": "Delpher. Nieuwe Haarlemsche Courant, 12 november 1934.",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Nieuwe_Haarlemsche_Courant_12_november_1934_voorpagina..png",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
}
],
"main_image": {
"id": 1054,
"uuid": "b880b916-9ae1-4219-9db3-f74c8dcac30f",
"name": "OSIM00005005232",
"title": "Kunstijsbaan in Amsterdam-Oost, oktober 1935.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: Polygoon. Beeldbank Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/OSIM00005005232.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Publiek domein."
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"latitude": "52.356622",
"longitude": "4.929428",
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{
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"name": "A_AFrank_III_055.077.jpg",
"title": "Margot Frank en haar vriendin Hetty Ludel, winter 1937-1938.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Fotocollectie Anne Frank Stichting, Amsterdam",
"url": "https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/250x250/83f5a83d-7446-d375-331c-422278e596d7.jpg",
"path": null,
"filetype": "image",
"description": "Foto van Margot Frank en haar vriendin Hetty Ludel op schaatsen op de ijsbaan, winter 1937-1938.",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek.",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/7e611418-a939-409e-9e0c-7f667267f009/",
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"uuid": "7e611418-a939-409e-9e0c-7f667267f009",
"name": "Leisure activities, Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Vrijetijdsbesteding Margot Frank",
"name_en": "Leisure activities, Margot Frank",
"description": "<h1><strong>Swimming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 August 1935</strong>, Margot passed a swimming test consisting of 60 metres breaststroke and 40 metres backstroke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not clear where this took place, but probably in the Amstelparkbad (now De Mirandabad).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Greet Bezema, a friend of hers at the Girls' High School:<em> 'We went swimming in Diemen once and I remember Margot had a very nice swimming costume, a sunbathing suit</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank wrote in a letter dated <strong>18 January 1937</strong> to former neighbour Gertrud Naumann that Margot went ice skating once a week that winter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There is a photograph of Margot, dated <strong>winter of 1937-'38</strong>, showing her with Hetty Ludel at the ice rink. In it, she can be seen wearing figure skates.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ice rink where Margot went ice skating was an initiative of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan'. It was an open-air swimming pool that was used as an ice skating rink in winter. The ice rink was in use from <strong>1934</strong> to <strong>1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The rink was opened on the weekend of <strong>24-25 November 1934</strong>. On <strong>26 November</strong>, Sonja Henie performed for an audience of schoolchildren. As a result of this performance, Henie became hugely popular among Amsterdam schoolgirls. In <strong>spring 1940</strong>, the rink was shut down and the installation moved to the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Later (while in hiding), Anne Frank pasted a picture of Sonja Henie on the wall of her little room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot initially skated on ice skates that had to be bolted on with a spanner.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rowing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank rowed with the <em>Vereeniging ter Bevordering van de Watersport onder Jongeren </em>(VBWJ).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot was in second position in a 'four' with Bella Kohlwey on stroke, Jaaike van Bork on bow and Anna Harting on three. They were trained by Roos (Rozette) van Gelder. They won a silver medal in school races.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> All four rowers were at the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> They used the facilities of the VBWJ under the Berlagebrug in Amsterdam. This rowing activity was initiated from the Meisjeslyceum, but its exact status is unclear. On <strong>8 September 1940</strong>, they participated in races of the <em>Zaanlandsche Zeil Vereeniging </em>(ZZV) in Zaandam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8627i\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> They won a medal in the 'style rowing' event in the girls 14-16 category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y627e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is not known whether this competition participation took place in the context of school rowing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Just before the 1941 races<strong>,</strong> Margot, being Jewish, was no longer allowed to row at the club. Her friends subsequently refused to participate in the races any more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Roos van Gelder, as a Jew, was also no longer allowed to coach. Her replacement was not accepted by the remaining rowers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, the inspector for physical education asked alderman Smit whether Jewish children were allowed to use (among other things) the rowing facility under the Berlage Bridge. Smit replied in the negative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In anticipation of the new season, the VBWJ secretary asked the Government Commissioner of Amsterdam Municipality on <strong>1 March 1942</strong> whether it would not be possible for Jewish students to row separately and with Jewish instructors at certain times, at which time the boathouse would remain closed to "the others". An unknown person, someone at the Education Department or perhaps Mayor Vôute, wrote in the margin<em> 'Seems possible to me. V</em> '. A reply to the letter is not known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1941</strong>, Margot was a member of a<em> 'tennis club with lessons</em>', namely Tennisvereniging Temminck on Zuidelijke Wandelweg in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A number of classmates from the Girls' High School, including Henny Corts, were also members of this club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riooz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Jan Temmink was also the owner of a sports shop at Weteringschans 76 and founder of Amsterdam's first golf course in the 'railway bend' near Duivendrecht; Hetty Last said that she (Hetty) was the initiator of playing tennis; a court was rented for a whole group of girls and whoever wanted could join in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There is a photo showing, in addition to Margot: Lidy Schuit, Hennie Coster, Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Annemarie van Ees, Fita Weddepohl, An van der Burg, Tineke Cohen, Jetteke Frijda and Tine ten Kley. They are all wearing sports/tennis clothes and posing near a net on a tennis court.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer <strong>of 1945</strong>, Otto Frank wrote to his family in Basel:<em> 'Edith u Margot waren beide starke Leser</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary about Margot:<em> 'Reads everything, preferably on religion and medicine</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"zunku\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> And in an earlier diary entry, Anne writes:<em> 'I laid with Margot on the divan together and read "The Stormers"</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the following books, we know that Margot has owned and/or read them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Margot read a book by Molière, <em>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</em>. This was a school book.</li>\r\n\t<li>She had the English textbook <em>English Passages for Translation</em>.</li>\r\n\t<li>She also had a book by A. de Chateaubriand, <em>Monsieur de Lourdines</em>, annotated by H. Noordhof. This was probably also a school book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot's books also included Gottfried Keller, <em>Die drei gerechten Kammacher. Spiegel das Kätzchen</em> (Leipzig 1922). Edith wrote in the front:<em> "Margot Frank Amsterdam 16. Februar</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"71kej\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>We know from a diary entry by Anne that Margot owned a copy of <em>Camera Obscura</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne received the <em>Camera Obscura</em> for her 13th birthday, but since Margot already had it, she swapped it for a volume of <em>Dutch Sagas and Legends.</em></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot and Peter, according to Anne, were allowed to read almost all the books Kleiman brought with him during the hiding period, except: a war book from the previous war, rather freely written or as Anne calls it in her diary: <em>a special book on a female subject.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot was allowed to read the book <em>Gentlemen, Servants and Women</em> while in hiding, but Anne was not.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On Fritz Pfeffer's recommendation, Margot and Anne read <em>Henri from the Other Side</em>. Despite Pfeffer's commendations, according to Anne, neither thought it was a good book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A diary entry by Anne shows that she and Margot kept track of which books they both read. They did this in an old cartography box, with blank cards on one side.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ry624\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From Anne’s diary, we know that Margot also kept a diary. "<em>Margot and I got in the same bed last evening, it was a frightful squash, but that was just the fun of it, she asked if she could read my diary sometime, I said yes at least bits of it, and then I asked if I could read hers</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"assv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Margot’s diary has not survived. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_MFrank_I_025: Getuigschrift, 22 August 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bezema: Interview of Greet Bezema by Dineke Stam, 10 May 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_099: Edith Frank to Gertrud Naumann, 18 January 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: Foto's bij gashouder in "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Berends, <a href=\"https://docplayer.nl/17016089-De-eerste-kunstijsbaan-van-nederland-schaatsen-op-een-zwembad.html\" target=\"_blank\">"De eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland, schaatsen op een zwembad"</a> (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, <a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/bevroren-borstplaat\" target=\"_blank\">'Bevroren borstplaat'</a>, in: Ons Amsterdam, 179 (2008) 1 (January), p. 26-29 (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey to Otto Frank, 22 July 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school</em>, Amsterdam 1950, p. 99; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_040-042).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8627i\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Also see: <a href=\"https://meitotmei.nl/margot-frank-en-jo-kleiman-de-zaanse-links/\" target=\"_blank\">Margot Frank en Jo Kleiman: de Zaanse links</a>: Mei tot mei: verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog (consulted 13 March 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y627e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De Zaanlander</em>, 8 September 1940; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_II_001: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/d2e5ab69-c462-4ecd-9a5d-97941c2fb607\" target=\"_blank\">Medaille met o.a. twee roeiriemen en op achterzijde "Z.Z.V. 8-9-'40"</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od3za\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Afdeling onderwijs en rechtsvoorganger (toegang 5191), inv. nr.7552, volgnr. 1254: A.J.H. Dokkum (secretaris VBWJ) aan Den Heer Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam, 1 March 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voluit N.V. Temminks Robak Tennispark, Zuidelijke Wandelweg 43. See photo from May 1954 in the Image Vault of the Amsterdam City Archives, no. <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197\" target=\"_blank\">10122042197</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riooz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Corts: Statement by H.M. Swart-Corts, 11 February 2005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFAC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_035: Group photo of Margot Frank and her friends on the tennis court, ca. 1941/42. The photo is from Tine ten Kley. She probably confused Hennie Corts with Hennie Coster.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank to "ihr Lieben', 19 August 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zunku\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71kej\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_001. Judging by the date, it probably was a birthday gift.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 Juni 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 and Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It was the trilogy <em>Gij Vrouwen..!, Vrouwen in nood en Vrouwenroeping</em> by Helen Zenna Smith, published in 1938 by the Arbeiderspers. The original English titles are: <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932, and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 Sseptember 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 Sseptember 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ry624\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"assv1\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<h1>Zwemmen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>22 augustus 1935</strong> legde Margot met goed gevolg een zwemproef af, bestaande uit 60 meter borstslag en 40 meter rugslag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Niet duidelijk is waar dit plaats heeft gevonden, maar waarschijnlijk in het Amstelparkbad (nu het De Mirandabad).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vriendin op het Meisjeslyceum Greet Bezema: '<em>We gingen een keer zwemmen in Diemen en ik weet nog dat Margot een heel mooi zwempak had, een zonnepakje</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Schaatsen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank schreef in een brief van <strong>18 januari 1937</strong> aan voormalig buurmeisje Gertrud Naumann dat Margot die winter een keer per week schaatste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Er is een foto van Margot, gedateerd <strong>winter van 1937-'38</strong>, waarop zij met Hetty Ludel op de kunstijsbaan is. Daarop is te zien dat draagt kunstschaatsen draagt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De ijsbaan waar Margot schaatst, was een initiatief van de 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan'. Het was een openluchtzwembad dat 's winters in gebruik was als schaatsbaan. De ijsbaan deed dienst van <strong>1934</strong> tot <strong>1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> In het weekend van <strong>24-25 november 1934</strong> werd de baan geopend. Op <strong>26 november</strong> trad Sonja Henie op voor de schooljeugd. Als gevolg van dit optreden werd Henie ongekend populair onder Amsterdamse schoolmeisjes. In het <strong>voorjaar van 1940</strong> werd de baan opgeheven en ging de installatie naar de Apollohal.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Later (tijdens de onderduik) plakte Anne Frank een plaatje van Sonja Henie op de muur van haar kamertje.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot schaatste aanvankelijk op schaatsen die met een sleuteltje aangeschroefd moesten worden.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Roeien</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank roeide bij de Vereeniging ter Bevordering van de Watersport onder Jongeren (VBWJ).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot zat op de tweede positie in een 'vier' met Bella Kohlwey op slag, Jaaike van Bork op boeg en Anna Harting op drie. Ze werden getraind door Roos (Rozette) van Gelder. Ze wonnen een zilveren medaille bij schoolwedstrijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De roeisters zaten alle vier op het Meisjeslyceum.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Ze maakten gebruik van de faciliteiten van de VBWJ onder de Berlagebrug te Amsterdam. Deze roeiactiviteit ging van het Meisjeslyceum uit, maar de precieze status is onduidelijk. Op <strong>8 september 1940</strong> namen ze deel aan wedstrijden van de Zaanlandsche Zeil Vereeniging (ZZV) in Zaandam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"aqfvc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Ze wonnen een medaille op het onderdeel 'stijlroeien' in de categorie meisjes 14-16 jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y627e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend of deze wedstrijddeelname in het kader van het schoolroeien plaatsvond.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlak voor de wedstrijden van <strong>1941</strong> mocht Margot als Joodse niet meer bij de club roeien. Haar vriendinnen weigerden vervolgens om nog deel te nemen aan de wedstrijden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Roos van Gelder mocht als Joodse ook niet meer coachen. Haar vervangster werd door de overblijvende roeisters niet geaccepteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>september 1941</strong> vroeg de inspecteur voor de lichamelijke opvoeding aan wethouder Smit of Joodse kinderen gebruik mochten maken van (o.a.) de roeigelegenheid onder de Berlagebrug. Smit antwoordde negatief.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vooruitlopend op het nieuwe seizoen vroeg de secretaris van VBWJ op <strong>1 maart 1942</strong> aan de Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam of het niet mogelijk was om Joodse leerlingen afzonderlijk en met Joodse instructeurs op bepaalde tijden te laten roeien. Waarbij het botenhuis voor "de overigen" gesloten bleef. Een onbekende, iemand aan de Afdeling Onderwijs of wellicht burgemeester Vôute, schreef in de marge '<em>Lijkt mij wel mogelijk. V</em>'. Een antwoord op de brief is niet bekend.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Tennis</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In het <strong>voorjaar van 1941</strong> was Margot lid van een '<em>tennisclub met les</em>', t.w. Tennisvereniging Temminck aan de Zuidelijke Wandelweg te Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Ook een aantal klasgenoten van het Meisjeslyceum, onder wie Henny Corts, was lid van deze vereniging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riooz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Jan Temmink was tevens eigenaar van een sportzaak aan de Weteringschans 76 en stichter van de eerste Amsterdamse golfbaan in de 'spoorboog' bij Duivendrecht; Hetty Last vertelde dat zij (Hetty) de initiatiefneemster van het tennissen was; voor een hele groep meisjes werd er een baan gehuurd en wie wilde deed mee.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is een foto met daarop naast Margot: Lidy Schuit, Hennie Coster, Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Annemarie van Ees, Fita Weddepohl, An van der Burg, Tineke Cohen, Jetteke Frijda en Tine ten Kley. Ze dragen allemaal sport/tenniskleding en poseren bij een net op een tennisbaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lezen</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank schreef in de <strong>zomer van 1945</strong>, aan zijn familie in Bazel: '<em>Edith u Margot waren beide starke Leser</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Anne schrijft in haar dagboek over Margot: '<em>Leest alles, liefst over godsdienst en medicijnen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"zunku\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> En in een vroegere dagboeknotitie schrijft Anne: '<em>Ik heb met Margot samen op de divan gelegen en in «De Stormers» gelezen</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van onderstaande boeken weten we dat Margot ze in haar bezit heeft gehad en/of gelezen heeft:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Margot las een boek van Molière, <em>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</em>. Dit was een schoolboek.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ze hadt het Engelse leerboek <em>English Passages for Translation</em>.</li>\r\n\t<li>Ze had ook een boek van A. de Chateaubriand, <em>Monsieur de Lourdines</em>, geannoteerd door H. Noordhof. Dit was waarschijnlijk ook een schoolboek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Tot de boeken van Margot behoorde ook Gottfried Keller, <em>Die drei gerechten Kammacher. Spiegel das Kätzchen</em> (Leipzig 1922). Edith schreef voorin: "<em>Margot Frank Amsterdam 16. Februar</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"71kej\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Uit een dagboeknotie van Anne weten we dat Margot een exemplaar bezat van de <em>Camera Obscura</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne kreeg voor haar 13e verjaardag de <em>Camera Obscura</em>, maar omdat Margot het al had, ruilde ze het voor een deel van <em>Nederlandse Sagen en Legenden.</em></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot en Peter mochten, volgens Anne, tijdens de onderduik bijna alle boeken die Kleiman meenam, lezen, behalve: een oorlogsboek uit de vorige oorlog, nogal vrij geschreven of zoals Anne het in haar dagboek noemt: <em>een bijzonder boek over een vrouwenonderwerp.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot mocht tijdens de onderduik het boek <em>Heren, Knechten en vrouwen lezen</em>, maar Anne niet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Op aanraden van Fritz Pfeffer lazen Margot en Anne <em>Henri van de overkant</em>. Ondanks Pfeffers aanprijzingen vonden zij het, volgens Anne, allebei geen goed boek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit een dagboeknotitie van Anne blijkt dat ze samen met Margot bijhield welke boeken ze allebei lazen. Ze deden dit in een oude cartotheekdoos, met aan één kant onbeschreven kaartjes.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ry624\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dagboek</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Uit Annes dagboek blijkt trouwens dat Margot ook een dagboek bijhield. ‘<em>Gisteren avond lagen Margot en ik samen in mijn bed, het was onnoemelijk klein maar juist grappig, ze vroeg of ze soms mijn dagboek mocht lezen, ik zeg sommige stukken wel, en toen vroeg ik naar de hare dat mocht ik dan ook lezen</em>.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"fjbcw\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Dat dagboek is niet bewaard gebleven.</p>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_MFrank_I_025: Getuigschrift, 22 augustus 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bezema: Gesprek Greet Bezema met Dineke Stam, 10 mei 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_099: Edith Frank aan Gertrud Naumann, 18 januari 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: Foto's bij gashouder in "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Berends, <a href=\"https://docplayer.nl/17016089-De-eerste-kunstijsbaan-van-nederland-schaatsen-op-een-zwembad.html\" target=\"_blank\">"De eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland, schaatsen op een zwembad"</a>, (geraadpleegd 19 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot,<a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/bevroren-borstplaat\" target=\"_blank\"> 'Bevroren borstplaat'</a>, in: Ons Amsterdam, 179 (2008) 1 (januari), p. 26-29, (geraadpleegd 19 augustus 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey aan Otto Frank, 22 juli 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school</em>, Amsterdam 1950, p. 99; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_040-042).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aqfvc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie ook: <a href=\"https://meitotmei.nl/margot-frank-en-jo-kleiman-de-zaanse-links/\" target=\"_blank\">Margot Frank en Jo Kleiman: de Zaanse links</a>: Mei tot mei: verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog (geraadpleegd 13 maart 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y627e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De Zaanlander</em>, 8 september 1940; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_II_001: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/d2e5ab69-c462-4ecd-9a5d-97941c2fb607\" target=\"_blank\">Medaille met o.a. twee roeiriemen en op achterzijde "Z.Z.V. 8-9-'40"</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od3za\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Afdeling onderwijs en rechtsvoorganger (toegang 5191), inv. nr.7552, volgnr. 1254: A.J.H. Dokkum (secretaris VBWJ) aan Den Heer Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam, 1 maart 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voluit N.V. Temminks Robak Tennispark, Zuidelijke Wandelweg 43. Zie een foto uit mei '54 in de Beeldbank van het Stadsarchief Amsterdam, <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197\" target=\"_blank\">fotonummer 010122042197</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riooz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Corts: Mededeling H.M. Swart-Corts, 11 februari 2005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFAC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_035: Groepsfoto van Margot Frank en haar vriendinnen op de tennisbaan omstreeks 1941/42. De foto is afkomstig van Tine ten Kley. Waarschijnlijk vergist zij zich en moet Hennie Coster zijn Hennie Corts.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan "ihr Lieben', 19 augustus 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zunku\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 16 mei 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 4 oktober 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71kej\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_001. Gezien de datum was het waarschijnlijk een verjaardagscadeau.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 14 en 15 juni 1942, in:<em> Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942 en Dagboek B, 2 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>. Het ging om de trilogie <em>Gij Vrouwen..!, Vrouwen in nood en Vrouwenroeping</em> door Helen Zenna Smith, dat in 1938 bij de Arbeiderspers was verschenen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 21 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 september 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ry624\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek B, 27 februari 1943, in: <em>Verzameld werk.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fjbcw\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Dagboek A, 28 september 1942, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<h1><strong>Swimming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>22 August 1935</strong>, Margot passed a swimming test consisting of 60 metres breaststroke and 40 metres backstroke.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> It is not clear where this took place, but probably in the Amstelparkbad (now De Mirandabad).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to Greet Bezema, a friend of hers at the Girls' High School:<em> 'We went swimming in Diemen once and I remember Margot had a very nice swimming costume, a sunbathing suit</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ice skating</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith Frank wrote in a letter dated <strong>18 January 1937</strong> to former neighbour Gertrud Naumann that Margot went ice skating once a week that winter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> There is a photograph of Margot, dated <strong>winter of 1937-'38</strong>, showing her with Hetty Ludel at the ice rink. In it, she can be seen wearing figure skates.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The ice rink where Margot went ice skating was an initiative of the 'N.V. Sportfondsen Kunstijsbaan'. It was an open-air swimming pool that was used as an ice skating rink in winter. The ice rink was in use from <strong>1934</strong> to <strong>1940</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> The rink was opened on the weekend of <strong>24-25 November 1934</strong>. On <strong>26 November</strong>, Sonja Henie performed for an audience of schoolchildren. As a result of this performance, Henie became hugely popular among Amsterdam schoolgirls. In <strong>spring 1940</strong>, the rink was shut down and the installation moved to the Apollo Hall.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Later (while in hiding), Anne Frank pasted a picture of Sonja Henie on the wall of her little room.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot initially skated on ice skates that had to be bolted on with a spanner.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Rowing</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Frank rowed with the <em>Vereeniging ter Bevordering van de Watersport onder Jongeren </em>(VBWJ).<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot was in second position in a 'four' with Bella Kohlwey on stroke, Jaaike van Bork on bow and Anna Harting on three. They were trained by Roos (Rozette) van Gelder. They won a silver medal in school races.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> All four rowers were at the Girls' High School.<sup data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> They used the facilities of the VBWJ under the Berlagebrug in Amsterdam. This rowing activity was initiated from the Meisjeslyceum, but its exact status is unclear. On <strong>8 September 1940</strong>, they participated in races of the <em>Zaanlandsche Zeil Vereeniging </em>(ZZV) in Zaandam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8627i\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> They won a medal in the 'style rowing' event in the girls 14-16 category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y627e\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> It is not known whether this competition participation took place in the context of school rowing.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Just before the 1941 races<strong>,</strong> Margot, being Jewish, was no longer allowed to row at the club. Her friends subsequently refused to participate in the races any more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Roos van Gelder, as a Jew, was also no longer allowed to coach. Her replacement was not accepted by the remaining rowers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-4\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In <strong>September 1941</strong>, the inspector for physical education asked alderman Smit whether Jewish children were allowed to use (among other things) the rowing facility under the Berlage Bridge. Smit replied in the negative.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In anticipation of the new season, the VBWJ secretary asked the Government Commissioner of Amsterdam Municipality on <strong>1 March 1942</strong> whether it would not be possible for Jewish students to row separately and with Jewish instructors at certain times, at which time the boathouse would remain closed to "the others". An unknown person, someone at the Education Department or perhaps Mayor Vôute, wrote in the margin<em> 'Seems possible to me. V</em> '. A reply to the letter is not known.<sup data-footnote-id=\"od3za\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Tennis</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>spring of 1941</strong>, Margot was a member of a<em> 'tennis club with lessons</em>', namely Tennisvereniging Temminck on Zuidelijke Wandelweg in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> A number of classmates from the Girls' High School, including Henny Corts, were also members of this club.<sup data-footnote-id=\"riooz\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Jan Temmink was also the owner of a sports shop at Weteringschans 76 and founder of Amsterdam's first golf course in the 'railway bend' near Duivendrecht; Hetty Last said that she (Hetty) was the initiator of playing tennis; a court was rented for a whole group of girls and whoever wanted could join in.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>There is a photo showing, in addition to Margot: Lidy Schuit, Hennie Coster, Bea van Overbeek, Ineke Beugelink, Annemarie van Ees, Fita Weddepohl, An van der Burg, Tineke Cohen, Jetteke Frijda and Tine ten Kley. They are all wearing sports/tennis clothes and posing near a net on a tennis court.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Reading</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the summer <strong>of 1945</strong>, Otto Frank wrote to his family in Basel:<em> 'Edith u Margot waren beide starke Leser</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Anne writes in her diary about Margot:<em> 'Reads everything, preferably on religion and medicine</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"zunku\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup> And in an earlier diary entry, Anne writes:<em> 'I laid with Margot on the divan together and read "The Stormers"</em>.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\"><a href=\"#footnote-19\" id=\"footnote-marker-19-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[19]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the following books, we know that Margot has owned and/or read them:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Margot read a book by Molière, <em>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</em>. This was a school book.</li>\r\n\t<li>She had the English textbook <em>English Passages for Translation</em>.</li>\r\n\t<li>She also had a book by A. de Chateaubriand, <em>Monsieur de Lourdines</em>, annotated by H. Noordhof. This was probably also a school book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\"><a href=\"#footnote-20\" id=\"footnote-marker-20-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[20]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot's books also included Gottfried Keller, <em>Die drei gerechten Kammacher. Spiegel das Kätzchen</em> (Leipzig 1922). Edith wrote in the front:<em> "Margot Frank Amsterdam 16. Februar</em>".<sup data-footnote-id=\"71kej\"><a href=\"#footnote-21\" id=\"footnote-marker-21-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[21]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>We know from a diary entry by Anne that Margot owned a copy of <em>Camera Obscura</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\"><a href=\"#footnote-22\" id=\"footnote-marker-22-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[22]</a></sup> Anne received the <em>Camera Obscura</em> for her 13th birthday, but since Margot already had it, she swapped it for a volume of <em>Dutch Sagas and Legends.</em></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot and Peter, according to Anne, were allowed to read almost all the books Kleiman brought with him during the hiding period, except: a war book from the previous war, rather freely written or as Anne calls it in her diary: <em>a special book on a female subject.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\"><a href=\"#footnote-23\" id=\"footnote-marker-23-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[23]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>Margot was allowed to read the book <em>Gentlemen, Servants and Women</em> while in hiding, but Anne was not.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\"><a href=\"#footnote-24\" id=\"footnote-marker-24-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[24]</a></sup></li>\r\n\t<li>On Fritz Pfeffer's recommendation, Margot and Anne read <em>Henri from the Other Side</em>. Despite Pfeffer's commendations, according to Anne, neither thought it was a good book.<sup data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\"><a href=\"#footnote-25\" id=\"footnote-marker-25-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[25]</a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>A diary entry by Anne shows that she and Margot kept track of which books they both read. They did this in an old cartography box, with blank cards on one side.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ry624\"><a href=\"#footnote-26\" id=\"footnote-marker-26-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[26]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Diary</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>From Anne’s diary, we know that Margot also kept a diary. "<em>Margot and I got in the same bed last evening, it was a frightful squash, but that was just the fun of it, she asked if she could read my diary sometime, I said yes at least bits of it, and then I asked if I could read hers</em>."<sup data-footnote-id=\"assv1\"><a href=\"#footnote-27\" id=\"footnote-marker-27-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[27]</a></sup> Margot’s diary has not survived. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1eydh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_MFrank_I_025: Getuigschrift, 22 August 1935.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ixk9b\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Bezema: Interview of Greet Bezema by Dineke Stam, 10 May 1996.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fo0rm\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Getuigen_I_099: Edith Frank to Gertrud Naumann, 18 January 1937.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9yhc\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_AFrank_III_055: Foto's bij gashouder in "Blanco Electro Monster Huishoudboek 1937", p. 33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a0xwi\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Berends, <a href=\"https://docplayer.nl/17016089-De-eerste-kunstijsbaan-van-nederland-schaatsen-op-een-zwembad.html\" target=\"_blank\">"De eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland, schaatsen op een zwembad"</a> (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3ggx3\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hansje Galesloot, <a href=\"https://onsamsterdam.nl/bevroren-borstplaat\" target=\"_blank\">'Bevroren borstplaat'</a>, in: Ons Amsterdam, 179 (2008) 1 (January), p. 26-29 (consulted 19 August 2022).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8ejyg\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-3\">c</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-4\">d</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Bella Kohlwey to Otto Frank, 22 July 1967.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s5au5\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>Gedenkboek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig bestaan van het Gemeentelijk Lyceum voor Meisjes te Amsterdam en het afscheid van Dr Magrita J. Freie als rectrix van deze school</em>, Amsterdam 1950, p. 99; Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Archief Curatoren van het Lyceum voor Meisjes: Rapportenregisters van de HBS, 421 (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_I_040-042).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8627i\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Also see: <a href=\"https://meitotmei.nl/margot-frank-en-jo-kleiman-de-zaanse-links/\" target=\"_blank\">Margot Frank en Jo Kleiman: de Zaanse links</a>: Mei tot mei: verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog (consulted 13 March 2024).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y627e\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><em>De Zaanlander</em>, 8 September 1940; AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_II_001: <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/21.12139/d2e5ab69-c462-4ecd-9a5d-97941c2fb607\" target=\"_blank\">Medaille met o.a. twee roeiriemen en op achterzijde "Z.Z.V. 8-9-'40"</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7lwzu\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dienke Hondius, <em>Absent. Herinneringen aan het Joods Lyceum Amsterdam, 1941-1943</em>, Amsterdam: Vassallucci, 2001, p. 35.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"od3za\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>SAA, Afdeling onderwijs en rechtsvoorganger (toegang 5191), inv. nr.7552, volgnr. 1254: A.J.H. Dokkum (secretaris VBWJ) aan Den Heer Regeeringscommissaris der Gemeente Amsterdam, 1 March 1942.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3wfzz\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voluit N.V. Temminks Robak Tennispark, Zuidelijke Wandelweg 43. See photo from May 1954 in the Image Vault of the Amsterdam City Archives, no. <a href=\"https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank?q=010122042197\" target=\"_blank\">10122042197</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"riooz\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Corts: Statement by H.M. Swart-Corts, 11 February 2005.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mchc5\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Last, Hetty.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ga0ss\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFAC, reg. code A_MFrank_III_035: Group photo of Margot Frank and her friends on the tennis court, ca. 1941/42. The photo is from Tine ten Kley. She probably confused Hennie Corts with Hennie Coster.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"02qvt\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank to "ihr Lieben', 19 August 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zunku\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 16 May 1944, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>, transl. from the Dutch by Susan Massotty, London [etc.]: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0heb\" id=\"footnote-19\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-19-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 4 October 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0kvxy\" id=\"footnote-20\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-20-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_002.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71kej\" id=\"footnote-21\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-21-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, AFC, reg. code A_MFrank_VII_001. Judging by the date, it probably was a birthday gift.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l9lsj\" id=\"footnote-22\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-22-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 14 and 15 Juni 1942, in:<em> The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8e83f\" id=\"footnote-23\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-23-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 September 1942 and Diary Version B, 2 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>. It was the trilogy <em>Gij Vrouwen..!, Vrouwen in nood en Vrouwenroeping</em> by Helen Zenna Smith, published in 1938 by the Arbeiderspers. The original English titles are: <em>Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war</em> (1930), <em>Women of the aftermath</em> (1932, and <em>Shadow women</em> (1932).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p4aay\" id=\"footnote-24\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-24-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 21 Sseptember 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"o4z3r\" id=\"footnote-25\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-25-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 Sseptember 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works</em>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ry624\" id=\"footnote-26\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-26-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version B, 27 February 1943, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"assv1\" id=\"footnote-27\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-27-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank, Diary Version A, 28 September 1942, in: <em>The Collected Works.</em></cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Margot Frank was sporty: she played tennis, rowed, swam and ice skated.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Frank was sportief: ze speelde tennis, deed aan roeien, zwemmen en schaatsen.",
"summary_en": "Margot Frank was sporty: she played tennis, rowed, swam and ice skated.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124413,
"files": []
}
],
"related_locations": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a59471bd-25c4-4200-b2f7-2ec1cea699d0?format=api"
],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/8f2c40de-072e-461e-82cc-3b92fd05be0c/",
"published": true,
"name": "Ice rink Amsterdam-East",
"name_nl": "Kunstijsbaan Amsterdam-Oost",
"name_en": "Ice rink Amsterdam-East",
"uuid": "8f2c40de-072e-461e-82cc-3b92fd05be0c",
"content": "<p>In <strong>1940</strong> the rink was closed due to lack of public interest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Geheugen van Oost, <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/1638/van-natuurbad-tot-kunstijsbaan#comment-35901\">Van natuurbad tot kunstijsbaan</a> & <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/37418/schaatsen-boven-op-het-zwembad\">Schaatsen boven op het zwembad</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In <strong>1940</strong> werd de baan wegens gebrek aan publieke belangstelling gesloten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dwnvq\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dwnvq\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Geheugen van Oost, <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/1638/van-natuurbad-tot-kunstijsbaan#comment-35901\">Van natuurbad tot kunstijsbaan</a> & <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/37418/schaatsen-boven-op-het-zwembad\">Schaatsen boven op het zwembad</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In <strong>1940</strong> the rink was closed due to lack of public interest.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wrlwb\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Geheugen van Oost, <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/1638/van-natuurbad-tot-kunstijsbaan#comment-35901\">Van natuurbad tot kunstijsbaan</a> & <a href=\"https://geheugenvanoost.amsterdam/page/37418/schaatsen-boven-op-het-zwembad\">Schaatsen boven op het zwembad</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.929428 52.356622)",
"summary": "In 1934 Amsterdam East got the first artificial ice rink in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Amsterdam Oost kreeg in 1934 de eerste kunstijsbaan van Nederland.",
"summary_en": "In 1934 Amsterdam East got the first artificial ice rink in the Netherlands.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Linnaeusstraat",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "",
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"uuid": "fbaf4c9e-f644-405b-b8bc-203e5581cb1f",
"name": "ANWU01712000013 - City Theater",
"title": "Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen 15-17, City Theater, rond 1937",
"alt": "Vervaardiger: J. Sleding. Stadsarchief Amsterdam.",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/ANWU01712000013_2H8sbO9.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "https://archief.amsterdam/beeldbank/detail/e278de28-d593-d6be-446f-503cfdbb08eb",
"author": "De collectie kan worden ingezet voor het publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek Domein"
},
"latitude": "52.36345",
"longitude": "4.88384",
"events": [
{
"id": 261,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/a83ad500-4c56-4b63-8e34-7252fc9a7fbc/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/056db7c0-e6bc-4968-a370-6950d4344792?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/3880fed2-b10b-4f94-94c6-4ea3f4b5bbe8?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/09aa391b-0dd2-406e-992d-66032b552cb4?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "a83ad500-4c56-4b63-8e34-7252fc9a7fbc",
"name": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_nl": "Nederlandse première van de film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"name_en": "Dutch premiere of the film 'The Diary Anne Frank'",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1959-04-16",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
"summary_nl": "De Amerikaanse verfilming van 'Het dagboek van Anne Frank' beleefde zijn Nederlandse première in aanwezigheid van koningin Juliana en prinses Beatrix.",
"summary_en": "The American film adaptation of 'The Diary of Anne Frank' had its Dutch premiere in the presence of Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [],
"related_locations": [],
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5/",
"published": true,
"name": "City Theater",
"name_nl": "City Theater",
"name_en": "City Theater",
"uuid": "058f0d43-a443-49f0-85dd-aeba46d1f9b5",
"content": "<p>City Theater was a Dutch cinema chain. The first City Theater was opened in The Hague in <strong>1923</strong>. In <strong>1935</strong>, the City Theater opened in Amsterdam, the company's fifth cinema.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4taub\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4taub\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>City Theater was een Nederlandse bioscoopketen. In <strong>1923</strong> werd in Den Haag het eerste City Theater geopend. In <strong>1935</strong> opende het City Theater in Amsterdam, de vijfde bioscoop van de firma.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pjoyh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pjoyh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>City Theater was a Dutch cinema chain. The first City Theater was opened in The Hague in <strong>1923</strong>. In <strong>1935</strong>, the City Theater opened in Amsterdam, the company's fifth cinema.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4taub\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4taub\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Theater_(gebouw_in_Amsterdam)\" target=\"_blank\">City Theater (gebouw in Amsterdam)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (4.88384 52.36345)",
"summary": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
"summary_nl": "In het City Theater vond de Nederlandse première van de speelfilm 'The Diary of Anne Frank' plaats.",
"summary_en": "The City Theatre hosted the Dutch premiere of the feature film 'The Diary of Anne Frank'.",
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"street": "Kleine-Gartmanplantsoen 15-17",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Amsterdam",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
"location_events": [
261
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