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{
    "id": 15,
    "files": [],
    "main_image": null,
    "latitude": "48.22225",
    "longitude": "15.325917",
    "events": [
        {
            "id": 44,
            "main_image": null,
            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/5de2e668-8c21-4596-82ae-f39abbf07c03/",
            "subjects": [
                "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05?format=api",
                "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api"
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            "location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/5fde37cd-750d-4dce-b304-efae097dc6c2?format=api",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "5de2e668-8c21-4596-82ae-f39abbf07c03",
            "name": "Peter van Pels imprisoned in Melk",
            "name_nl": "Peter van Pels gevangen in Melk",
            "name_en": "Peter van Pels imprisoned in Melk",
            "content": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>H&auml;ftlingnummer 119162</em>, arrived at Mauthausen on <strong>25 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The card from the Mauthausen camp administration shows Peter&#39;s details and lists his physical characteristics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erroneously, the date of birth is given as 6 November 1926. The front of the card reads: <em>Tischler</em> (furniture maker). It also states that he was 1.73 metres tall and had a slim build. His face was oval, he had green eyes, flattened ears, a straight nose, full mouth, good teeth and black hair. According to the card, he spoke Dutch, English and German. It also states as a &#39;special feature&#39; that he had a tattoo: his Auschwitz number.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arrival, Peter was placed in a quarantine hut until <strong>29 January 1945</strong>. In these there were no beds, the inmates&nbsp;lay side by side on the ground.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then Peter was transferred to the Melk subcamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;They were transported to Camp Melk, about seventy kilometres east of Mauthausen, in freight wagons. After a journey of about seven hours, the prisoners had to walk from the train station to the camp through a fierce snowstorm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was set up on 21 April 1944 as a concentration camp for male prisoners, who were to work as forced labourers on a project code-named Quarz: the construction in a mountain of an underground factory for the production of machine parts for tanks and aircraft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The Quarz project lasted from<strong> 20 March 1944 to 15 April 1945</strong>. The work, working conditions and treatment were extremely harsh and inhumane. There was no medical care whatsoever. The camp was overcrowded. With the arrival of the 29 January 1945 transport from Mauthausen, there were 10,314 prisoners at Melk. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between <strong>11 and 15 April 1945,</strong> prisoners from the <em>Aussenlager Melk</em>&nbsp;were evacuated to Ebensee. The sick returned to Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Peter van Pels was also sent back to the <em>Sanit&auml;tslager </em>of the Mauthausen main camp, deathly ill, on<strong> 11 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the Netherlands Red Cross, which relied&nbsp;on a list prepared by the US Army, Peter van Pels died on the day of the liberation of Mauthausen, <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to another list prepared by the US 3rd Army, Peter died after the liberation of Mauthausen on<strong> 10 May 1945</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkst&auml;tte KZ-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7,&nbsp; H&auml;ftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoe&euml;erd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje &lsquo;Mijn eerste interview&rsquo; schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis,&nbsp;&lsquo;Mijn eerste interview&rsquo;,&nbsp;22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen &ndash; Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee,&nbsp;</em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-M&uuml;nichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) &ndash; 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt &quot;Quarz&quot;. Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch H&auml;ftlinge des KZ Melk f&uuml;r die&nbsp; Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik &Ouml;sterreich Bundesministerium f&uuml;r inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkst&auml;tte KZ-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7,&nbsp; Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>H&auml;ftlingnummer 119162</em> kwam op <strong>25 januari 1945</strong> aan in Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de kaart uit de kampadministratie van Mauthausen staan Peters gegevens en worden zijn lichamelijke kenmerken genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Op de voorkant van de kaart staat: <em>Tischler</em> (meubelmaker). Ook staat vermeld dat hij 1,73 meter lang was en een slank postuur had. Zijn gezicht was ovaal, hij had groene ogen, platliggende oren, een rechte neus, volle mond, een goed gebit en zwart haar. Hij sprak volgens de kaart Nederlands, Engels en Duits. Als &lsquo;bijzonder kenmerk&rsquo; staat bovendien vermeldt dat hij een tatoeage had: zijn Auschwitznummer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst werd Peter tot <strong>29 januari 1945</strong> in quarantainebarakken geplaatst. Hierin stonden geen bedden, ze lagen zij aan zij op de grond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;Daarna werd Peter overgeplaatst naar het buitenkamp Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;In goederenwagons werden ze naar kamp Melk vervoerd, ongeveer zeventig kilometer ten oosten van Mauthausen. Na een reis van ongeveer zeven uur zouden de gevangenen door een heftige sneeuwstorm van het treinstation naar het kamp hebben moeten lopen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was op 21 april 1944 ingericht als concentratiekamp voor mannelijke gevangenen, die als dwangarbeiders moesten werken aan een project met de codenaam Quarz: de aanleg in een berg van een ondergrondse fabriek voor de productie van machineonderdelen voor tanks en vliegtuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup>&nbsp;Het project Quarz duurt van<strong> 20 maart 1944 tot 15 april 1945</strong>. De werkzaamheden, arbeidsomstandigheden en behandeling waren extreem zwaar en onmenselijk. Er was geen enkele medische verzorging. Het kamp was overbevolkt Met de komst van het transport van 29 januari 1945 uit Mauthausen telde Melk 10.314 gevangenen. Tussen <strong>januari en april 1945</strong> stierven hier 3106 mensen door ziekte, ongelukken, mishandelingen, of doordat ze werden doodgeschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup>&nbsp;In een jaar tijd zijn ongeveer 5000 van de circa 15.000 gevangenen in het kamp Melk omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tussen <strong>11 en 15 april 1945</strong> worden de gevangenen van het Aussenlager Melk ge&euml;vacueerd naar Ebensee. De zieken gaan terug naar Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup>&nbsp;Ook Peter van Pels werd op<strong> 11 april 1945</strong> doodziek teruggestuurd naar het Sanit&auml;tslager van het hoofdkamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, dat zich baseert op een lijst opgemaakt door het Amerikaanse leger, sterft Peter van Pels op de dag van de bevrijding van Mauthausen, <strong>5 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup>&nbsp;Volgens een andere lijst opgemaakt door het 3rd US Army is Peter na de bevrijding van Mauthausen overleden op<strong> 10 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkst&auml;tte KZ-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7,&nbsp; H&auml;ftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoe&euml;erd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje &lsquo;Mijn eerste interview&rsquo; schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis,&nbsp;&lsquo;Mijn eerste interview&rsquo;,&nbsp;22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen &ndash; Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee,&nbsp;</em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-M&uuml;nichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) &ndash; 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt &quot;Quarz&quot;. Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch H&auml;ftlinge des KZ Melk f&uuml;r die&nbsp; Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik &Ouml;sterreich Bundesministerium f&uuml;r inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkst&auml;tte KZ-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7,&nbsp; Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels, <em>H&auml;ftlingnummer 119162</em>, arrived at Mauthausen on <strong>25 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"136b4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The card from the Mauthausen camp administration shows Peter&#39;s details and lists his physical characteristics.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Erroneously, the date of birth is given as 6 November 1926. The front of the card reads: <em>Tischler</em> (furniture maker). It also states that he was 1.73 metres tall and had a slim build. His face was oval, he had green eyes, flattened ears, a straight nose, full mouth, good teeth and black hair. According to the card, he spoke Dutch, English and German. It also states as a &#39;special feature&#39; that he had a tattoo: his Auschwitz number.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arrival, Peter was placed in a quarantine hut until <strong>29 January 1945</strong>. In these there were no beds, the inmates&nbsp;lay side by side on the ground.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Then Peter was transferred to the Melk subcamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;They were transported to Camp Melk, about seventy kilometres east of Mauthausen, in freight wagons. After a journey of about seven hours, the prisoners had to walk from the train station to the camp through a fierce snowstorm.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk was set up on 21 April 1944 as a concentration camp for male prisoners, who were to work as forced labourers on a project code-named Quarz: the construction in a mountain of an underground factory for the production of machine parts for tanks and aircraft.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The Quarz project lasted from<strong> 20 March 1944 to 15 April 1945</strong>. The work, working conditions and treatment were extremely harsh and inhumane. There was no medical care whatsoever. The camp was overcrowded. With the arrival of the 29 January 1945 transport from Mauthausen, there were 10,314 prisoners at Melk. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Between <strong>11 and 15 April 1945,</strong> prisoners from the <em>Aussenlager Melk</em>&nbsp;were evacuated to Ebensee. The sick returned to Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ig191\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Peter van Pels was also sent back to the <em>Sanit&auml;tslager </em>of the Mauthausen main camp, deathly ill, on<strong> 11 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the Netherlands Red Cross, which relied&nbsp;on a list prepared by the US Army, Peter van Pels died on the day of the liberation of Mauthausen, <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> According to another list prepared by the US 3rd Army, Peter died after the liberation of Mauthausen on<strong> 10 May 1945</strong> .<sup data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"136b4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkst&auml;tte KZ-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7,&nbsp; H&auml;ftlingszugangsbuch der Politischen Abteilung (Y/36), Namenlisten E/13/8/1.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhwwq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen. Foutief staat als geboortedatum 6 november 1926 vermeld. Als lichamelijke kenmerken worden genoemd: 1m73 lang, slank postuur, ovaal gezicht, groene ogen, ronde of rechte neus, volle mond, tegen het hoofdliggende oren, goed gebit, zwart haar. Verder kent Peter van Pels Hollands, Engels en Duits en is hij getatoe&euml;erd (zijn nummer uit Auschwitz)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iy01e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Doorslag registratie Peter van Pels Mauthausen, kopie bij afs. In het verhaaltje &lsquo;Mijn eerste interview&rsquo; schrijft Anne Frank dat hij blauwgrijze ogen had. Anne Frank, Verhalen en gebeurenissen ui het Achterhuis,&nbsp;&lsquo;Mijn eerste interview&rsquo;,&nbsp;22 februari 1944, in: <em>Verzameld werk</em>, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tkwai\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002. Maestro noemt verschillende aantallen: met 1000 in een barak bedoeld voor 100 personen en met 500 in een barak voor 80.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zf69g\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives 5792, Deportationsliste Mauthausen &ndash; Melk; Schimmer noemt wel acht meubelmakers bij deze selectie, dus het is mogelijk dat ook voor de selectie voor Melk gevangenen met hetzelfde beroep samen werden geselecteerd. niod, 250d, inv.nr. 827, verklaring C. Schimmer, 28.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t1wly\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Moshe Ha-Elion, <em>The straits of hell: the chronicles of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee,&nbsp;</em>Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2005, p. 58-59.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4uph2\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wapenfabriek van Steyr-Daimler-Puch ag was de grootste producent van kogellagers in het Duitse Rijk en verplaatste zijn kogellagerfabriek van Steyr-M&uuml;nichholz naar Melk om veilig te zijn voor de geallieerde luchtaanvallen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5n3e6\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>kz-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, B/30/13, Melk, 3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inzpi\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>5000 gevangenen zijn in Melk gestorven, door ongelukken om het leven gekomen of doodgeschoten. In totaal 14.357 gevangenen. Totaal aantal gevangenen april 1944-april 1945: 14.387 (Eingange) &ndash; 8928 (teruggestuurd) = 5459. Gestorven 4873 en gevlucht 85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ig191\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Das Lagersysteem Mauthausen, Hauptlager und Aussenlager, zur geschichte des Aussenlagers Melk op: www.mauthausen-memorial.at (oktober 2010) en Bertrand Perz, <em>Das Projekt &quot;Quarz&quot;. Der Bau einer unterirdischer Fabrik durch H&auml;ftlinge des KZ Melk f&uuml;r die&nbsp; Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG 1944-1945</em>, Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu1lb\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3: Kampkaart Mauthausen; Republik &Ouml;sterreich Bundesministerium f&uuml;r inneres aan Frau Juffinger, 1 april 1999.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qdl21\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Mauthausen Kl. Doss. 21826, map II.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i3wdu\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archiv der Gedenkst&auml;tte KZ-Gedenkst&auml;tte Mauthausen, BM.I, Abteilung IV/7,&nbsp; Hospital Mauth. Abgangsbuch (Tote) 5.5.45-18.5.45.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
            "date": null,
            "date_start": "1945-01-29",
            "date_end": "1945-04-11",
            "summary": "A few days after arriving in Mauthausen, Peter was transferred to Melk subcamp to perform forced labour. In April 1945, he was brought back to Mauthausen, very ill.",
            "summary_nl": "Enkele dagen na aankomst in Mauthausen werd Peter overgebracht naar buitenkamp Melk om daar dwangarbeid te verrichten. In april 1945 werd hij doodziek teruggebracht naar Mauthausen.",
            "summary_en": "A few days after arriving in Mauthausen, Peter was transferred to Melk subcamp to perform forced labour. In April 1945, he was brought back to Mauthausen, very ill.",
            "same_as": null,
            "files": []
        }
    ],
    "subjects": [
        {
            "id": 396124393,
            "image": null,
            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
            "name": "Concentration camps",
            "name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
            "name_en": "Concentration camps",
            "description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
            "description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal&nbsp;in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen:&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
            "description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
            "summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
            "summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
            "summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
            "same_as": [
                "https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
            ],
            "parent": null,
            "files": []
        },
        {
            "id": 396124661,
            "image": null,
            "url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
            "published": true,
            "uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
            "name": "Holocaust",
            "name_nl": "Holocaust",
            "name_en": "Holocaust",
            "description": "<p>&nbsp;Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997;&nbsp;Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998;&nbsp; Pim Griffioen &amp; Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en Belgi&euml; 1940-1945.&nbsp;Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011;&nbsp;Carry van Lakerveld &amp; Victor Levie, <em>&#39;Ze doen ons niets&#39;. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016;&nbsp;Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018;&nbsp;Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits &amp; Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in &#39;Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog&#39;</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1&nbsp;en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997;&nbsp;Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998;&nbsp; Pim Griffioen &amp; Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en Belgi&euml; 1940-1945.&nbsp;Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011;&nbsp;Carry van Lakerveld &amp; Victor Levie, <em>&#39;Ze doen ons niets&#39;. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016;&nbsp;Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018;&nbsp;Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits &amp; Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in &#39;Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog&#39;</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "description_en": "<p>&nbsp;Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997;&nbsp;Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998;&nbsp; Pim Griffioen &amp; Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en Belgi&euml; 1940-1945.&nbsp;Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011;&nbsp;Carry van Lakerveld &amp; Victor Levie, <em>&#39;Ze doen ons niets&#39;. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016;&nbsp;Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018;&nbsp;Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits &amp; Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in &#39;Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog&#39;</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
            "summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
            "summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
            "summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
            "same_as": [
                "https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2005"
            ],
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    "name": "Melk camp",
    "name_nl": "Kamp Melk",
    "name_en": "Melk camp",
    "uuid": "5fde37cd-750d-4dce-b304-efae097dc6c2",
    "content": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">As the Soviet army approached Auschwitz<strong> in mid-January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent on one of the many death marches used to clear the camp. On <strong>25 January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels arrived at Mauthausen camp. After several days of quarantine, Peter was transported to Melk camp on <strong>29 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mauthausen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was one of the sub-camps of Mauthausen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mauthausen had been established in <strong>1938</strong> as a camp for male prisoners. They had to perform extremely hard forced labour in the area&#39;s stone quarries. The camp was run by camp commander and <em>ss-Standartenf&uuml;hrer</em> Franz Ziereis (1905-1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category. Due to the harsh regime and hard work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to give a life expectancy of three to four months. Some 190,000 people were deported to Mauthausen, over 90,000 of whom died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Melk</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was established as a concentration camp for male prisoners on <strong>21 April 1944</strong>. Melk was located in a former barracks, perched on the south-western edge of the town of Melk on the banks of the Danube. The camp commander was Julius Ludolph (1893-1947). The camp held an average of seven thousand prisoners of various nationalities. There were a striking number of young Jewish men under the age of 20 in Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners had to work as forced labourers on a project code-named <em>Quarz</em>, which involved the prisoners building an underground factory in a mountain to produce machine parts for tanks and aircraft. Due to the increase in Allied air raids<strong> in late 1943</strong>, aircraft and weapons factories were moved to secret underground locations so that war production could continue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrival of the <strong>29 January 1945 </strong>transport from Mauthausen, Melk had 10,314 prisoners. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot. In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Heavy forced labour </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was mainly the extremely hard forced labour to which many prisoners succumbed. In three shifts, the prisoners worked day and night drilling, excavating and shoring up the tunnel corridors, draining (quartz) sand, manufacturing the beams needed to shore up the tunnels, loading and unloading building materials and other construction work in the huge factory complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners worked under the supervision of SS officers, <em>kapos </em>and civilian workers. Each day, the prisoners attended roll call before marching downhill out of the camp in blocks of five by five under the guard of SS officers. The prisoners were forced to march in a line arm-in-arm to prevent anyone from escaping. If any of them made an escape attempt, the whole row was shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medical care was non-existent in Melk. The sick prisoners were left to fend for themselves and in some cases gassed or shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, as the Soviet army drew ever closer and was about to capture Vienna, Melk camp was evacuated in great haste. On <strong>11 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, the sick from the infirmary and the young men from the camp were sent back to Mauthausen by train. Peter van Pels was also among them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 May 1945</strong>, a reconnaissance unit of the US Third Army entered Mauthausen camp and Mauthausen was liberated. According to the Mauthausen death book, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 268, 276, 280-281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipdia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Melk\" target=\"_top\">KZ Melk</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 274 en 276.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275-276, 280.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 284.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 285.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 286.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n</div>",
    "content_nl": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">Toen het Sovjetleger<strong> midden januari 1945 </strong>Auschwitz naderde werd Peter van Pels meegestuurd op een van de vele dodenmarsen waarmee het kamp werd ontruimd. Op <strong>25 januari 1945</strong> kwam Peter van Pels aan in kamp Mauthausen. Na enkele dagen quarantaine werd Peter op <strong>29 januari 1945</strong> op transport gesteld naar kamp Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mauthausen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Kamp Melk was een van de buitenkampen van concentratiekamp Mauthausen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xl95n\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mauthausen was in <strong>1938</strong> opgericht als een kamp voor mannelijke gevangenen. Zij moesten extreem zware dwangarbeid verrichten in de steengroeven in het gebied. Het kamp werd geleid door kampcommandant en ss-<em>Standartenführer </em>Franz Ziereis (1905-1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was een kamp van de zwaarste categorie. Door het harde regime en het zware werk in de steengroeven waren de sterftecijfers extreem hoog. Het was een combinatie van arbeid en uitroeiing. De gevangenen werkten zich letterlijk dood. Het dieet was berekend op een levensverwachting van drie tot vier maanden. Er werden circa 190.000 mensen naar Mauthausen gedeporteerd, van wie er ruim 90.000 omkwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Melk</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Kamp Melk was op <strong>21 april 1944</strong> ingericht als concentratiekamp voor mannelijke gevangenen. Melk was gevestigd in een voormalige kazerne, hooggelegen aan de zuidwestrand van het stadje Melk aan de oever van de Donau. De kampcommandant was Julius Ludolph (1893-1947). In het kamp verbleven gemiddeld zevenduizend gevangenen van verschillende nationaliteiten. In Melk waren opvallend veel jonge Joodse mannen onder de twintig jaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gevangenen moesten als dwangarbeiders werken aan een project met de codenaam <em>Quarz</em>, waarbij de gevangenen in een berg van een ondergrondse fabriek moesten aanleggen voor de productie van machineonderdelen voor tanks en vliegtuigen. Vanwege de toename van de geallieerde luchtaanvallen<strong> eind 1943 </strong>werden vliegtuig- en wapenfabrieken verplaatst naar geheime ondergrondse locaties, zodat de oorlogsproductie door kon gaan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Met de komst van het transport van <strong>29 januari 1945 </strong>uit Mauthausen telde Melk 10.314 gevangenen. Tussen <strong>januari en april 1945</strong> stierven hier 3106 mensen door ziekte, ongelukken, mishandelingen, of doordat ze werden doodgeschoten. In een jaar tijd zijn ongeveer 5000 van de circa 15.000 gevangenen in kamp Melk omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zware dwangarbeid </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het was vooral de extreem zware dwangarbeid waaraan veel gevangenen bezweken. In drie ploegendiensten werkten de gevangenen dag en nacht bij het boren, uitgraven en stutten van de tunnelgangen, het afvoeren van (kwarts)zand, de vervaardiging van de balken, nodig om de tunnels te stutten, het laden en lossen van bouwmaterialen en bij andere bouwwerkzaamheden in het gigantische fabriekscomplex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De gevangenen werkten onder toezicht van SS&rsquo;ers, kapo&rsquo;s en civiele arbeiders. Dagelijks stonden de gevangenen op appel voordat ze in blokken van vijf bij vijf onder bewaking van SS&rsquo;ers het kamp uit marcheerden naar beneden. De gevangenen liepen verplicht gearmd in een rij om te voorkomen dat iemand vluchtte. Wanneer een van hen een vluchtpoging deed, werd het hele rijtje doodgeschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Medische verzorging was er in Melk niet. De zieke gevangenen werden aan hun lot overgelaten en in sommige gevallen vergast of doodgeschoten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ontruiming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen begin <strong>april 1945</strong> het Sovjetleger steeds dichterbij kwam en op het punt stond Wenen te veroveren, werd kamp Melk in grote haast ontruimd. Op <strong>11 april 1945</strong> werden de zieken uit het Revier en de jonge mannen uit het kamp per trein teruggestuurd naar Mauthausen. Ook Peter van Pels was hierbij.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5 mei 1945</strong> kwam een verkenningseenheid van het Amerikaanse Derde Leger kamp Mauthausen binnen en was Mauthausen bevrijd. Volgens het dodenboek van Mauthausen overleed Peter van Pels uiteindelijk op <strong>10 mei 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 268, 276, 280-281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xl95n\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Melk\" target=\"_blank\">KZ Melk</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 274 en 276.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275-276, 280.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 284.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 285.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 286.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n</div>",
    "content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">As the Soviet army approached Auschwitz<strong> in mid-January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels was sent on one of the many death marches used to clear the camp. On <strong>25 January 1945</strong>, Peter van Pels arrived at Mauthausen camp. After several days of quarantine, Peter was transported to Melk camp on <strong>29 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Mauthausen</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was one of the sub-camps of Mauthausen concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Mauthausen had been established in <strong>1938</strong> as a camp for male prisoners. They had to perform extremely hard forced labour in the area&#39;s stone quarries. The camp was run by camp commander and <em>ss-Standartenf&uuml;hrer</em> Franz Ziereis (1905-1945).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category. Due to the harsh regime and hard work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to give a life expectancy of three to four months. Some 190,000 people were deported to Mauthausen, over 90,000 of whom died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Melk</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Melk camp was established as a concentration camp for male prisoners on <strong>21 April 1944</strong>. Melk was located in a former barracks, perched on the south-western edge of the town of Melk on the banks of the Danube. The camp commander was Julius Ludolph (1893-1947). The camp held an average of seven thousand prisoners of various nationalities. There were a striking number of young Jewish men under the age of 20 in Melk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners had to work as forced labourers on a project code-named <em>Quarz</em>, which involved the prisoners building an underground factory in a mountain to produce machine parts for tanks and aircraft. Due to the increase in Allied air raids<strong> in late 1943</strong>, aircraft and weapons factories were moved to secret underground locations so that war production could continue.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>With the arrival of the <strong>29 January 1945 </strong>transport from Mauthausen, Melk had 10,314 prisoners. Between <strong>January and April 1945,</strong> 3106 people died here due to illness, accidents, beatings, or being shot. In one year, about 5,000 of the approximately 15,000 prisoners in Melk camp died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Heavy forced labour </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>It was mainly the extremely hard forced labour to which many prisoners succumbed. In three shifts, the prisoners worked day and night drilling, excavating and shoring up the tunnel corridors, draining (quartz) sand, manufacturing the beams needed to shore up the tunnels, loading and unloading building materials and other construction work in the huge factory complex.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prisoners worked under the supervision of SS officers, <em>kapos </em>and civilian workers. Each day, the prisoners attended roll call before marching downhill out of the camp in blocks of five by five under the guard of SS officers. The prisoners were forced to march in a line arm-in-arm to prevent anyone from escaping. If any of them made an escape attempt, the whole row was shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medical care was non-existent in Melk. The sick prisoners were left to fend for themselves and in some cases gassed or shot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, as the Soviet army drew ever closer and was about to capture Vienna, Melk camp was evacuated in great haste. On <strong>11 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, the sick from the infirmary and the young men from the camp were sent back to Mauthausen by train. Peter van Pels was also among them.<sup data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5 May 1945</strong>, a reconnaissance unit of the US Third Army entered Mauthausen camp and Mauthausen was liberated. According to the Mauthausen death book, Peter van Pels died on <strong>10 May 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u9q1l\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 268, 276, 280-281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yjpqz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipdia: <a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Melk\" target=\"_top\">KZ Melk</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5jhik\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u8buu\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 274 en 276.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pvtx7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1o37\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 275-276, 280.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2tvvf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 281.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"u4b5c\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2p5p2\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 284.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hy3iw\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 285.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bnb6m\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 286.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n</div>",
    "position": "SRID=4326;POINT (15.325917 48.22225)",
    "summary": "Melk camp was located about 80 kilometres east of concentration camp Mauthausen and was intended to house people forced to work in underground factories nearby.",
    "summary_nl": "Kamp Melk lag ongeveer 80 kilometer ten oosten van concentratiekamp Mauthausen en was bedoeld voor de huisvesting van dwangarbeiders in naburige onderaardse fabrieken.",
    "summary_en": "Melk camp was located about 80 kilometres east of concentration camp Mauthausen and was intended to house people forced to work in underground factories nearby.",
    "same_as": [
        "https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/kampen/3684"
    ],
    "street": "",
    "zipcode": "",
    "city": "Melk",
    "state": "",
    "land": "Oostenrijk",
    "location_events": [
        44
    ]
}