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"name": "Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I",
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"name_en": "Peter van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"content": "<p>Peter van Pels arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau with the other people from the Secret Annex on the night of <strong>Tuesday 5 to Wednesday 6 September 1944.</strong> Subsequently, the men from this transport, including Peter, went on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5169z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> With the other men from the 3 September 1944 transport, Peter van Pels stayed in quarantine block 8.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his quarantine period, Peter entered Block 2, where Meier (Max) Stoppelman (1915-2005) by now held the position of <em>Stubenältester -</em> barrack leader. Peter had by now become separated from Otto, who was assigned to another barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Although Stoppelman and Peter van Pels had never seen each other in Amsterdam, it soon turned out that Peter knew Stoppelman's mother and knew that she was the Jewish landlady of Jan and Miep Gies who had helped them to find a hiding place. Stoppelman later said: <em>"</em>The first thing he told me was that he had heard from Jan and Miep that everything was still fine with my mother. I told him to stay near me as much as possible and that I would try to get him through it."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A bond immediately developed between Peter and Stoppelman, and Stoppelman would take him under his wing as <em>Stubenältester </em>until the evacuation of Auschwitz. After that, they lost sight of each other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phng3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em><strong>Paketstelle</strong></em><br />\r\nOn the transport list of<strong> 3 September 1944, </strong>Peter van Pels was registered as a metal worker. Because having a profession increased the chances of a better life, prisoners made up occupations: bricklayer, carpenter or lathe worker. It is plausible that Peter therefore registered as a metal worker. Whether Peter was indeed initially classified as a metal worker in Auschwitz is unknown. What we do know is that in Auschwitz Peter managed over time - possibly with Stoppelman's help - to secure a good job at the <em>Paketstelle</em> and that later, on his card in the camp administration of Mauthausen, it was recorded that he was <em>Tischler </em>(furniture maker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>"</em>Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for the SS and non-Jewish prisoners who received mail and parcels."<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle </em>were tasked with opening parcels for deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin many of the contents. The regime at the Paketstelle was also less strict: prisoners did not have to be on roll call and they had more freedom of movement. With the extra food and warm clothes, working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> allowed them to gain weight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> So it was that by January 1945 Peter was able to be in relatively good shape and, in addition, able to visit and care for the sick Otto Frank. Otto Frank later stated that he saw Peter daily and that he was a great support to him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5169z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Meier Stoppelman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phng3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stoppelman ging op 17 januari 1945 mee met een van de evacuatietransporten. Schriftelijke verklaring Max Stoppelman, 9 augustus 1995. AFS, Getuigenarchief, Documentatie Max Stoppelman. Zie ook: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2002, p. 138; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, 232-233.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3, Kampkaart Mauthausen. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, p. 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Max Rodrigues Garcia, <em>Auschwitz, Auschwitz… I cannot forget you. as long as I remain alive. </em><em>The story of Max Rodrigues Garcia as told to Priscilla Alden Thwaits Garcia, </em>San Jose, CA: Social Thinking, 2008, p. 109-123.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Peter van Pels kwam samen met de andere onderduikers aan in Auschwitz-Birkenau in de nacht van <strong>dinsdag 5 op woensdag 6 september 1944.</strong> Vervolgens gingen de mannen uit dit transport, waaronder Peter, te voet naar Auschwitz I, ook wel <em>Stammlager</em> genaamd, dat zich op ongeveer 3 kilometer afstand van Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) bevindt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5169z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Met de andere mannen uit het transport van 3 september 1944 verbleef Peter van Pels in quarantaineblok 8.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na zijn quarantaineperiode kwam Peter in blok 2, waar Meier (Max) Stoppelman (1915-2005) inmiddels de functie van <em>Stubenältester</em> – barakleider – had. Peter was inmiddels gescheiden van Otto, die in een andere barak was ingedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hoewel Stoppelman en Peter van Pels elkaar in Amsterdam nooit hadden gezien, bleek algauw dat Peter de moeder van Stoppelman kende en wist dat dit de Joodse huisbazin van Jan en Miep Gies was die zij aan een onderduikadres hadden geholpen. Stoppelman vertelde later: <em>‘Zijn eerste verhaal was dat hij van Jan en Miep wist dat bij mijn moeder nog alles goed was. Ik heb hem gezegd zo veel mogelijk bij mij in de buurt te blijven en dat ik zal trachten hem erdoorheen te halen.’</em></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Er ontstond onmiddellijk een band tussen Peter en Stoppelman en Stoppelman zou hem tot de evacuatie van Auschwitz als Stubenältester onder zijn hoede nemen. Daarna verloren zij elkaar uit het oog.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phng3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Paketstelle</strong><br />\r\nOp de transportlijst van<strong> 3 september 1944 </strong>staat Peter van Pels geregistreerd als metaalbewerker. Omdat het hebben van een beroep de kans op een beter leven vergrootte, werden door de gevangenen beroepen verzonnen: metselaar, timmerman of bankwerker. Het is aannemelijk dat Peter zich daarom als metaalbewerker liet registreren. Of Peter in Auschwitz in eerste instantie inderdaad als metaalbewerker is ingedeeld, is onbekend. Wel weten we dat het Peter in Auschwitz na verloop van tijd lukte – mogelijk met hulp van Stoppelman – om een goede baan bij de <em>Paketstelle</em> te verwerven en dat later, op zijn kaart in de kampadministratie van Mauthausen vermeld staat dat hij <em>Tischler </em>(meubelmaker) was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>‘Peter had het geluk een baan te krijgen op het postkantoor van het kamp dat bestemd was voor de ss’ers en de niet-Joodse gevangenen die post en pakketjes ontvingen.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De mannen die bij de Paketstelle werkten, hadden als taak de pakketjes voor de overleden gevangenen te openen en de inhoud selecteren. Zonder al te veel moeite konden zij veel van de inhoud achteroverdrukken. Ook was het regime bij de Paketstell losser: de gevangenen hoefden niet op appel te staan en zij hadden meer bewegingsvrijheid. Door het extra voedsel en warme kleding was het door het werk bij de Paketstelle mogelijk om aan te sterken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Zo kwam het dat Peter in januari 1945 in relatief goede conditie kon verkeren en daarnaast in staat was de zieke Otto Frank te bezoeken en te verzorgen. Otto Frank verklaarde later dat hij Peter dagelijks zag en dat hij een grote steun voor hem was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5169z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Meier Stoppelman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phng3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stoppelman ging op 17 januari 1945 mee met een van de evacuatietransporten. Schriftelijke verklaring Max Stoppelman, 9 augustus 1995. AFS, Getuigenarchief, Documentatie Max Stoppelman. Zie ook: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2002, p. 138; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, 232-233.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3, Kampkaart Mauthausen. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, p. 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Max Rodrigues Garcia, <em>Auschwitz, Auschwitz… I cannot forget you. as long as I remain alive. </em><em>The story of Max Rodrigues Garcia as told to Priscilla Alden Thwaits Garcia, </em>San Jose, CA: Social Thinking, 2008, p. 109-123.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Peter van Pels arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau with the other people from the Secret Annex on the night of <strong>Tuesday 5 to Wednesday 6 September 1944.</strong> Subsequently, the men from this transport, including Peter, went on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"5169z\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> With the other men from the 3 September 1944 transport, Peter van Pels stayed in quarantine block 8.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After his quarantine period, Peter entered Block 2, where Meier (Max) Stoppelman (1915-2005) by now held the position of <em>Stubenältester -</em> barrack leader. Peter had by now become separated from Otto, who was assigned to another barrack.<sup data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Although Stoppelman and Peter van Pels had never seen each other in Amsterdam, it soon turned out that Peter knew Stoppelman's mother and knew that she was the Jewish landlady of Jan and Miep Gies who had helped them to find a hiding place. Stoppelman later said: <em>"</em>The first thing he told me was that he had heard from Jan and Miep that everything was still fine with my mother. I told him to stay near me as much as possible and that I would try to get him through it."</p>\r\n\r\n<p>A bond immediately developed between Peter and Stoppelman, and Stoppelman would take him under his wing as <em>Stubenältester </em>until the evacuation of Auschwitz. After that, they lost sight of each other.<sup data-footnote-id=\"phng3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p><em><strong>Paketstelle</strong></em><br />\r\nOn the transport list of<strong> 3 September 1944, </strong>Peter van Pels was registered as a metal worker. Because having a profession increased the chances of a better life, prisoners made up occupations: bricklayer, carpenter or lathe worker. It is plausible that Peter therefore registered as a metal worker. Whether Peter was indeed initially classified as a metal worker in Auschwitz is unknown. What we do know is that in Auschwitz Peter managed over time - possibly with Stoppelman's help - to secure a good job at the <em>Paketstelle</em> and that later, on his card in the camp administration of Mauthausen, it was recorded that he was <em>Tischler </em>(furniture maker).<sup data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> <em>"</em>Peter was lucky enough to get a job at the camp's post office which was for the SS and non-Jewish prisoners who received mail and parcels."<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The men working at the <em>Paketstelle </em>were tasked with opening parcels for deceased prisoners and selecting the contents. Without too much effort, they were able to purloin many of the contents. The regime at the Paketstelle was also less strict: prisoners did not have to be on roll call and they had more freedom of movement. With the extra food and warm clothes, working at the <em>Paketstelle</em> allowed them to gain weight.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> So it was that by January 1945 Peter was able to be in relatively good shape and, in addition, able to visit and care for the sick Otto Frank. Otto Frank later stated that he saw Peter daily and that he was a great support to him.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5169z\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"w6jyq\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Meier Stoppelman.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"phng3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stoppelman ging op 17 januari 1945 mee met een van de evacuatietransporten. Schriftelijke verklaring Max Stoppelman, 9 augustus 1995. AFS, Getuigenarchief, Documentatie Max Stoppelman. Zie ook: Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank: de biografie, </em>Amsterdam: Balans, 2002, p. 138; Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, 232-233.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yhzpb\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 135177-3, Kampkaart Mauthausen. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wtea7\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_211: Interview Otto Frank door Arthur Unger, 6 februari 1978. Zie ook het citaat in: Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven</em>, p. 138.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z63i8\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Max Rodrigues Garcia, <em>Auschwitz, Auschwitz… I cannot forget you. as long as I remain alive. </em><em>The story of Max Rodrigues Garcia as told to Priscilla Alden Thwaits Garcia, </em>San Jose, CA: Social Thinking, 2008, p. 109-123.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1945-01-18",
"summary": "Peter van Pels was in Auschwitz from 6 September 1944 to 18 January 1945. There he worked in the Paketstelle and was able to care for the sick Otto Frank.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels verbleef van 6 september 1944 tot 18 januari 1945 in Auschwitz. Daar werkte hij bij de Paketstelle en kon zo de zieke Otto Frank verzorgen.",
"summary_en": "Peter van Pels was in Auschwitz from 6 September 1944 to 18 January 1945. There he worked in the Paketstelle and was able to care for the sick Otto Frank.",
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"name": "Hermann van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"name_nl": "Hermann van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"name_en": "Hermann van Pels in Auschwitz I",
"content": "<p>After their registration, the men, including Hermann van Pels, were sent on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, which was located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy labour in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) laying streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the process, Hermann van Pels is said to have injured his thumb on one occasion to such an extent that he could no longer work and was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. When there was a selection, this proved fatal for him and he was taken away to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fellow prisoner Fritz Simon, in a statement shortly after the war for the Dutch Red Cross, named Hermann van Pels as one of those who were temporarily unable to work because of an injury and had been given a few days' exemption from work for this reason: <em>'Blockschonung'.</em> When there was a selection, these persons were then selected and transported to Birkenau for gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This is where Hermann probably died on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondius en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293, Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945. Meerdere getuigen, zoals o,a, Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), en Philip de Jong (inv.nr.1268), noemen een selectie in oktober onder personen die <em>Blockschonung</em> hadden.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Na hun registratie gingen de mannen, waaronder Hermann van Pels, te voet naar Auschwitz I, ook wel <em>Stammlager</em> genaamd, dat zich op ongeveer 3 kilometer afstand van Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) bevond.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank heeft verklaard dat Otto Frank samen met Hermann van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer in de <em>Aussendienst</em> (buiten het kamp) zwaar werk moesten verrichten bij het aanleggen van straten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Hierbij zou Hermann van Pels op een keer zijn duim zodanig verwond hebben dat hij niet meer kon werken en daarom <em>Zimmerdienst</em> kreeg. Toen er een selectie kwam, is dat hem noodlottig geworden en werd hij afgevoerd naar de gaskamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medegevangene Fritz Simon noemde in een verklaring vlak na de oorlog voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis Hermann van Pels als een van de personen die vanwege een verwonding tijdelijk niet konden werken en daarvoor enkele dagen vrijstelling van werk hadden gekregen: <em>‘Blockschonung’</em>. Bij een selectie werden deze personen vervolgens geselecteerd en voor vergassing naar Birkenau vervoerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Hier stierf Hermann waarschijnlijk op <strong>3 oktober 1944</strong>. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondius en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293, Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945. Meerdere getuigen, zoals o,a, Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), en Philip de Jong (inv.nr.1268), noemen een selectie in oktober onder personen die <em>Blockschonung</em> hadden.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>After their registration, the men, including Hermann van Pels, were sent on foot to Auschwitz I, also called <em>Stammlager</em>, which was located about 3 kilometres from Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy labour in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) laying streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In the process, Hermann van Pels is said to have injured his thumb on one occasion to such an extent that he could no longer work and was therefore given <em>Zimmerdienst</em>. When there was a selection, this proved fatal for him and he was taken away to the gas chamber.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fellow prisoner Fritz Simon, in a statement shortly after the war for the Dutch Red Cross, named Hermann van Pels as one of those who were temporarily unable to work because of an injury and had been given a few days' exemption from work for this reason: <em>'Blockschonung'.</em> When there was a selection, these persons were then selected and transported to Birkenau for gassing.<sup data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> This is where Hermann probably died on <strong>3 October 1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h0vu3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: Verklaringen van o.a. Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), Abraham Hakker (inv.nr.1264) en Aron Leyden van Amstel (inv.nr.1277).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qa7ds\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondius en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"edpsl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1293, Fritz Simon, 13 augustus 1945. Meerdere getuigen, zoals o,a, Max Frankfort (inv.nr.1257), en Philip de Jong (inv.nr.1268), noemen een selectie in oktober onder personen die <em>Blockschonung</em> hadden.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-10-03",
"summary": "Hermann van Pels passed selection after arrival, but was sent to the gas chamber a few weeks later during a subsequent selection. He probably died there on 3 October 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Hermann van Pels komt na aankomst door de selectie, maar wordt enkele weken later bij een hernieuwde selectie naar de gaskamer gestuurd. Hier sterft hij waarschijnlijk op 3 oktober 1944.",
"summary_en": "Hermann van Pels passed selection after arrival, but was sent to the gas chamber a few weeks later during a subsequent selection. He probably died there on 3 October 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 46,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6eb5d507-d55c-4ae9-9574-53d7a82fcb52/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/37440287-0235-427b-a964-6ba15ef3ae50?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7d90bb0d-e31e-4a44-a21d-67819dd2944e?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6eb5d507-d55c-4ae9-9574-53d7a82fcb52",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz I",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz I",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz I",
"content": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I after the selections from <strong>6 September 1944</strong> until <strong>mid-November</strong>. Almost nothing is known about Fritz Pfeffer's stay in Auschwitz. We do know that he ended up in Auschwitz I together with the other men from the Secret Annex and was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"plsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy work in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) paving streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Dutch Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lefir\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons had left Auschwitz to an unknown destination in <strong>November 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>What is certain is that Fritz Pfeffer eventually ended up in Camp Neuengamme <strong>in mid-November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"plsej\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; L. Landsberger, A. de Haas en K. Selowsky (Nederlandsche Roode Kruis) (red.), <em>Auschwitz.</em> <em>Deel 2: De deportatietransporten van juli t/m augustus 1942</em>, 6 dln, Den Haag, 1947-1953, p.26. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondiue en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lefir\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zo zijn ze bijvoorbeeld bij het Auschwitz-archief niet op de hoogte van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer zat na de selecties vanaf <strong>6 september 1944</strong> tot <strong>half november</strong> in Auschwitz I. Over het verblijf van Fritz Pfeffer in Auschwitz is vrijwel niets bekend. Wel weten we dat hij samen met de andere mannelijke onderduikers in Auschwitz I terechtkwam en in dezelfde groep is geregistreerd als Hermann en Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"plsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank heeft verklaard dat Otto Frank samen met Hermann van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer in de <em>Aussendienst</em> (buiten het kamp) zwaar werk moest verrichten bij het aanleggen van straten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens een kaart waarmee Charlotte Kaletta op <strong>1 augustus 1945 </strong>bij het Nederlandse Rode Kruis om informatie vroeg, vertrok Pfeffer op <strong>1 oktober 1944 </strong>met een <em>Artzetransport</em> uit Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lefir\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Waar zij die kennis aan ontleende, is niet bekend. Kampoverlevende Barend Konijn vertelde later aan het Rode Kruis dat in <strong>november '44 </strong>een speciaal transport van tandartsen en tandheelkundigen uit Auschwitz naar 'elders' was vertrokken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Het is niet duidelijk in hoeverre deze berichten juist zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wat wel vaststaat is dat Fritz Pfeffer uiteindelijk <strong>midden november 1944</strong> in kamp Neuengamme terechtkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"plsej\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; L. Landsberger, A. de Haas en K. Selowsky (Nederlandsche Roode Kruis) (red.), <em>Auschwitz.</em> <em>Deel 2: De deportatietransporten van juli t/m augustus 1942</em>, 6 dln, Den Haag, 1947-1953, p.26. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondiue en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lefir\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zo zijn ze bijvoorbeeld bij het Auschwitz-archief niet op de hoogte van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I after the selections from <strong>6 September 1944</strong> until <strong>mid-November</strong>. Almost nothing is known about Fritz Pfeffer's stay in Auschwitz. We do know that he ended up in Auschwitz I together with the other men from the Secret Annex and was registered in the same group as Hermann and Peter van Pels.<sup data-footnote-id=\"plsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fritzi Frank stated that Otto Frank, together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer, had to do heavy work in the <em>Aussendienst</em> (outside the camp) paving streets.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Dutch Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lefir\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons had left Auschwitz to an unknown destination in <strong>November 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. <sup data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>What is certain is that Fritz Pfeffer eventually ended up in Camp Neuengamme <strong>in mid-November 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"plsej\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 3281, Comité International de la Croux-Rouge Häftlings-Nummerzuteilung; L. Landsberger, A. de Haas en K. Selowsky (Nederlandsche Roode Kruis) (red.), <em>Auschwitz.</em> <em>Deel 2: De deportatietransporten van juli t/m augustus 1942</em>, 6 dln, Den Haag, 1947-1953, p.26. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q5jji\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, Frank-Markovits, Elfriede: Interview met Fritzi Frank-Markovits (september 1992) afgenomen door Dienke Hondiue en Dineke Stam.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lefir\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k1hve\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"23cfz\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zo zijn ze bijvoorbeeld bij het Auschwitz-archief niet op de hoogte van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5i0oa\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1944-11-10",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I from 6 September 1944 to mid-November 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer zat vanaf 6 september 1944 tot half november 1944 in Auschwitz I.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer was in Auschwitz I from 6 September 1944 to mid-November 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 158,
"main_image": null,
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"name": "Evacuation of Auschwitz",
"name_nl": "Ontruiming van Auschwitz",
"name_en": "Evacuation of Auschwitz",
"content": "<p>Approaching Soviet troops evacuated Auschwitz in<strong> mid-January 1945</strong>, with the exception of the infirmary huts. Otto Frank had been admitted to the infirmary hut from November 1944, where he was visited daily by Peter van Pels. In vain, Otto tried to convince Peter not to join the transport, but to hide in the infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, however, Peter was optimistic about his chances and wanted to join the evacuation transport together with the people he worked with.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels was eventually part of the group of prisoners who left Auschwitz on<strong> 18 January 1945 </strong>and ended up in the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. Samuel Meijer Kropveld (1885-1978), who worked as a doctor in the infirmary huts, also joined the 'healthy' prisoners on the transport and, like Peter, ended up in Mauthausen. Kropveld described in his camp report that he had seriously considered staying behind, but decided to go anyway when he heard that the sick might not be left alive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Peter had probably heard similar rumours and possibly thought his chances of survival were better if he went with the rest. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-widget=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 646, S.M. Kropveld.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Door de naderende Sovjettroepen werd midden<strong> januari 1945</strong> Auschwitz ontruimd, met uitzondering van de ziekenbarakken. Otto Frank was vanaf november 1944 opgenomen in de ziekenbarak en werd daar dagelijks bezocht door Peter van Pels. Tevergeefs probeerde Otto Peter te overtuigen om niet mee te gaan met het transport, maar zich te verstoppen in de ziekenbarak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Volgens Otto Frank was Peter echter optimistisch over zijn kansen en wilde hij samen met de mensen met wie hij werkte mee met het evacuatietransport. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels maakte uiteindelijk deel uit van de groep gevangenen die op<strong> 18 januari 1945 </strong>uit Auschwitz vertrok en in het concentratiekamp Mauthausen in Oostenrijk terecht kwam. Ook Samuel Meijer Kropveld (1885-1978), die als arts in de ziekenbarakken werkte, ging met de ‘gezonde’ gevangenen mee op transport en kwam net als Peter in Mauthausen terecht. Kropveld beschreef in zijn kampverslag dat hij serieus had overwogen achter te blijven, maar besloot om toch mee te gaan toen hij hoorde dat de zieken mogelijk niet in leven gelaten werden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Peter had waarschijnlijk soortgelijke geruchten gehoord en dacht mogelijk dat zijn overlevingskansen groter waren als hij meeging met de rest. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-widget=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 646, S.M. Kropveld.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Approaching Soviet troops evacuated Auschwitz in<strong> mid-January 1945</strong>, with the exception of the infirmary huts. Otto Frank had been admitted to the infirmary hut from November 1944, where he was visited daily by Peter van Pels. In vain, Otto tried to convince Peter not to join the transport, but to hide in the infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> According to Otto Frank, however, Peter was optimistic about his chances and wanted to join the evacuation transport together with the people he worked with.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Peter van Pels was eventually part of the group of prisoners who left Auschwitz on<strong> 18 January 1945 </strong>and ended up in the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. Samuel Meijer Kropveld (1885-1978), who worked as a doctor in the infirmary huts, also joined the 'healthy' prisoners on the transport and, like Peter, ended up in Mauthausen. Kropveld described in his camp report that he had seriously considered staying behind, but decided to go anyway when he heard that the sick might not be left alive.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" data-widget=\"footnotemarker\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Peter had probably heard similar rumours and possibly thought his chances of survival were better if he went with the rest. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-widget=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qqcpm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg.code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ch7lb\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 646, S.M. Kropveld.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": "1945-01-18",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "In mid-January 1945, Auschwitz was evacuated and Peter van Pels and Otto Frank had to say goodbye tp each other.",
"summary_nl": "Midden januari 1945 werd Auschwitz ontruimd en moesten Peter van Pels en Otto Frank afscheid nemen.",
"summary_en": "In mid-January 1945, Auschwitz was evacuated and Peter van Pels and Otto Frank had to say goodbye tp each other.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 57,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/c455fb74-7bcf-4e6c-8e25-d7ed7b2f2769/",
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"name": "Liberation Otto Frank",
"name_nl": "Bevrijding Otto Frank",
"name_en": "Liberation Otto Frank",
"content": "<p>Otto Frank had remained in the camp after the evacuation of Auschwitz between <strong>17 and 21 January 1945</strong>, along with about eight thousand prisoners. Otto had been convinced that he had survived by staying in the sick barracks at all costs and not joining the evacuation marches. Yet it turned out afterwards that there had indeed been plans to kill all those left behind in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>26 January 1945</strong>, just before the liberation of Auschwitz on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>, Otto Frank narrowly escaped execution: <em>'On the 26th we were brought out by the SS to be killed, but the SS was called away before it got that far - a miracle happened.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The next day, the camp was liberated by the Red Army. After the liberation, Otto Frank obtained a notebook. In it he wrote down all kinds of details about his fellow-sufferers, the events after the liberation and the journey home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The notebook mentions on <strong>27 January</strong>:<em> Ruski </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.188-189.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel: <em>Am 26 waren wir durch de S.S. herausgeholt, um ermordet zu werden, aber die S.S. wurde abgerufen, bevor es möglich war – es geschah ein Wunder! </em>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Verschillende bronnen noemen deze ‘bijna’ executie, alleen de datering ervan verschilt: Jacob van West in een verklaring voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis noemt ook 26 januari 1945. Danuta Czech, Kalendarium noemt 25 november 1945 (Berekeningen zijn gebaseerd op de transportlijst van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis en tatoeagenummers zoals vermeld in: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989); volgens 'kapitein Sarphati' ongeveer 8 dagen voor de bevrijding, H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek en Courantmij., 1947, p. 356</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945. Er is een transcriptie beschikbaar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit duidt de aankomst van het Sovjet-leger aan. Ibidem. Carol Ann Lee gebruikt dit boekje als bron voor haar biografie van Otto. Zie Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002. Ze stelt ten onrechte dat Otto op 14 februari Sal de Liema in Auschwitz terugvindt. Het op p. 152 weergegeven lijstje notities komt precies zo uit dit boekje, alleen de notitie van 14 februari voegt Lee er eigenhandig tussen. Waarschijnlijk baseert ze zich op Otto’s agenda van 1945. Daar staat op 14 februari “Sal de Liema” ter aanduiding van zijn verjaardag. Naast het notitieboekje zijn er nog enkele losse documenten, kaarten en brieven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Otto Frank was na de ontruiming van Auschwitz tussen <strong>17 en 21 januari 1945</strong>, samen met ongeveer achtduizend gevangen achtergebleven in het kamp. Otto was er van overtuigd geweest dat hij had overleefd door koste wat het kost in de ziekenbarak te blijven en niet mee te gaan met de ontruimingsmarsen. Toch bleek achteraf dat er wel degelijk plannen hadden bestaan om de achterblijvers in het kamp allemaal te vermoorden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Op <strong>26 januari 1945</strong>, vlak voor de bevrijding van Auschwitz op <strong>27 januari 1945</strong>, ontkwam Otto Frank ternauwernood aan executie: <em>‘Op de 26e werden we door de ss naar buiten gebracht om vermoord te worden, maar de SS werd weggeroepen voor het zo ver was gekomen – er gebeurde een wonder.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De volgende dag werd het kamp door het Rode leger bevrijd. Na de bevrijding bemachtigde Otto Frank een notitieboekje. Daarin noteerde hij allerlei gegevens over zijn lotgenoten, de gebeurtenissen na de bevrijding en de thuisreis.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het boekje vermeldt op <strong>27 januari</strong>:<em> Ruski </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.188-189.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel: <em>Am 26 waren wir durch de S.S. herausgeholt, um ermordet zu werden, aber die S.S. wurde abgerufen, bevor es möglich war – es geschah ein Wunder! </em>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Verschillende bronnen noemen deze ‘bijna’ executie, alleen de datering ervan verschilt: Jacob van West in een verklaring voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis noemt ook 26 januari 1945. Danuta Czech, Kalendarium noemt 25 november 1945 (Berekeningen zijn gebaseerd op de transportlijst van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis en tatoeagenummers zoals vermeld in: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989); volgens 'kapitein Sarphati' ongeveer 8 dagen voor de bevrijding, H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek en Courantmij., 1947, p. 356</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945. Er is een transcriptie beschikbaar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit duidt de aankomst van het Sovjet-leger aan. Ibidem. Carol Ann Lee gebruikt dit boekje als bron voor haar biografie van Otto. Zie Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002. Ze stelt ten onrechte dat Otto op 14 februari Sal de Liema in Auschwitz terugvindt. Het op p. 152 weergegeven lijstje notities komt precies zo uit dit boekje, alleen de notitie van 14 februari voegt Lee er eigenhandig tussen. Waarschijnlijk baseert ze zich op Otto’s agenda van 1945. Daar staat op 14 februari “Sal de Liema” ter aanduiding van zijn verjaardag. Naast het notitieboekje zijn er nog enkele losse documenten, kaarten en brieven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Otto Frank had remained in the camp after the evacuation of Auschwitz between <strong>17 and 21 January 1945</strong>, along with about eight thousand prisoners. Otto had been convinced that he had survived by staying in the sick barracks at all costs and not joining the evacuation marches. Yet it turned out afterwards that there had indeed been plans to kill all those left behind in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> On <strong>26 January 1945</strong>, just before the liberation of Auschwitz on <strong>27 January 1945</strong>, Otto Frank narrowly escaped execution: <em>'On the 26th we were brought out by the SS to be killed, but the SS was called away before it got that far - a miracle happened.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The next day, the camp was liberated by the Red Army. After the liberation, Otto Frank obtained a notebook. In it he wrote down all kinds of details about his fellow-sufferers, the events after the liberation and the journey home.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The notebook mentions on <strong>27 January</strong>:<em> Ruski </em><sup data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ztftu\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.188-189.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kw3bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Origineel: <em>Am 26 waren wir durch de S.S. herausgeholt, um ermordet zu werden, aber die S.S. wurde abgerufen, bevor es möglich war – es geschah ein Wunder! </em>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Verschillende bronnen noemen deze ‘bijna’ executie, alleen de datering ervan verschilt: Jacob van West in een verklaring voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis noemt ook 26 januari 1945. Danuta Czech, Kalendarium noemt 25 november 1945 (Berekeningen zijn gebaseerd op de transportlijst van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis en tatoeagenummers zoals vermeld in: Danuta Czech, <em>Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945</em>, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989); volgens 'kapitein Sarphati' ongeveer 8 dagen voor de bevrijding, H. Wielek, <em>De oorlog die Hitler won</em>, Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek en Courantmij., 1947, p. 356</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3se1j\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_040: Notitieboekje 1945. Er is een transcriptie beschikbaar.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"acz2n\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dit duidt de aankomst van het Sovjet-leger aan. Ibidem. Carol Ann Lee gebruikt dit boekje als bron voor haar biografie van Otto. Zie Carol Ann Lee, <em>Het verborgen leven van Otto Frank</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 2002. Ze stelt ten onrechte dat Otto op 14 februari Sal de Liema in Auschwitz terugvindt. Het op p. 152 weergegeven lijstje notities komt precies zo uit dit boekje, alleen de notitie van 14 februari voegt Lee er eigenhandig tussen. Waarschijnlijk baseert ze zich op Otto’s agenda van 1945. Daar staat op 14 februari “Sal de Liema” ter aanduiding van zijn verjaardag. Naast het notitieboekje zijn er nog enkele losse documenten, kaarten en brieven.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1945-01-27",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 27 January 1945, the Soviet army liberated the Auschwitz concentration camp. Otto Frank was free.",
"summary_nl": "Op 27 januari 1945 bevrijdde het Sovjet-leger concentratiekamp Auschwitz. Daardoor was Otto Frank weer vrij.",
"summary_en": "On 27 January 1945, the Soviet army liberated the Auschwitz concentration camp. Otto Frank was free.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"name": "Auschwitz I Concentration Camp (Stammlager)",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Auschwitz I (Stammlager)",
"name_en": "Auschwitz I Concentration Camp (Stammlager)",
"uuid": "7d90bb0d-e31e-4a44-a21d-67819dd2944e",
"content": "<p>From <strong>spring 1942</strong>, the Nazis began the systematic mass deportations of Jews from Germany and the occupied territories to death camps. Auschwitz grew into the largest German concentration and extermination camp complex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's first camp (Auschwitz I) was set up in <strong>May 1940</strong> as a prison for political prisoners and prisoners of war. These were mainly Polish and Soviet POWs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rllos\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As there was too little space for the growing number of prisoners, Birkenau was built a few kilometres away in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Arbeit macht frei'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz I was located in a former Polish military barracks near the town of Oświęcim, called Auschwitz in German. The large gate that gave access to this camp bore the cynical text <em>Arbeit macht frei</em>, which was meant to give the impression that this was a labour camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>November 1943</strong>, the Auschwitz complex was so extensive that it was organisationally divided into three camps: Auschwitz I (The Base Camp or <em>Stammlager</em>), Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) and Auschwitz III. A large proportion of the female prisoners were placed in Auschwitz-Birkenau, making Auschwitz I predominantly a men's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding in the Secret Annex arrived in Auschwitz on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Richard Baer (1911-1963) was the camp commandant of Auschwitz. Under his predecessor Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), Auschwitz had become one of the centres of mass murder of European Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Block 10 </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Block 10 of Auschwitz I, the notorious camp doctor Josef Mengele (1911-1979) and his staff performed medical experiments on prisoners. They were often extremely cruel experiments, in which prisoners were given poisonous injections or deliberately infected with deadly diseases to analyse disease progression. Despite Block 10 being in the men's camp, the experiments were mainly carried out on women and twins.<sup data-footnote-id=\"enabr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zyklon B</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1941</strong>, experiments with the extremely poisonous prussic acid gas zyklon B were first conducted at Auschwitz I. Around <strong>5 September 1941</strong>, larger groups of Russian POWs were murdered for the first time. The first systematic gassings at Auschwitz I took place between <strong>late March and early April 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>May 1942</strong>, the second camp (Auschwitz-Birkenau) was still under development, but was already being increasingly set up by the camp management as an extermination camp and largely took over the killing from Auschwitz I. In<strong> autumn 1942</strong>, gassings in the camp crematorium at Auschwitz I ceased. From <strong>1943</strong>, Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> </strong><strong>September 1944,</strong> the males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-I. Otto would remain a prisoner there until the liberation of the camp in<strong> January 1945.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"66zon\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rllos\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz I</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The maxim was in use by the Nazis since 1933 and was also used in other concentration camps, such Oranienburg, Dachau, Groß-Rosen and Theresienstadt. Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis</em>, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"enabr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66zon\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 158, 190.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Vanaf het <strong>voorjaar van 1942</strong> begonnen de nazi’s met de systematische en massale deportaties van Joden uit Duitsland en de bezette gebieden naar vernietigingskampen. Auschwitz groeide uit tot het grootste Duitse concentratie- en vernietigingskampcomplex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het eerste kamp van Auschwitz (Auschwitz I) was in <strong>mei 1940</strong> ingericht als gevangenis voor politieke en krijgsgevangenen. Dit waren vooral Polen en Sovjetkrijgsgevangenen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4mvqn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Omdat er te weinig ruimte was voor het groeiende aantal gevangenen, werd in <strong>1942</strong> een paar kilometer verderop Birkenau gebouwd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>‘Arbeit macht frei’</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz I was gevestigd in een voormalige Poolse militaire kazerne nabij het plaatsje Oświęcim, in het Duits <em>Auschwitz </em>geheten. Op de grote poort die toegang gaf tot dit kamp prijkte de cynische tekst <em>Arbeit macht frei</em>, die de indruk moest wekken dat het hier om een werkkamp ging.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>november 1943</strong> was het Auschwitzcomplex zo omvangrijk dat het organisatorisch werd opgedeeld in drie kampen: Auschwitz I (Het basiskamp of <em>Stammlager</em>), Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) en Auschwitz III. Een groot deel van de vrouwelijke gevangenen werd in Auschwitz-Birkenau geplaatst, waarmee Auschwitz I voornamelijk een mannenkamp werd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis op <strong>6 september 1944</strong> in Auschwitz aankwamen, was <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Richard Baer (1911-1963) de kampcommandant van Auschwitz. Onder zijn voorganger Rudolf Höss (1901-1947) was Auschwitz uitgegroeid tot één van de centra van de massamoord op de Europese Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Blok 10 </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In blok 10 van Auschwitz I voerde onder andere de beruchte kamparts Josef Mengele (1911-1979) medische experimenten uit op gevangenen. Het waren vaak uitermate wrede experimenten, waarbij gevangenen giftige injecties kregen of doelbewust met dodelijke ziekten werden besmet om ziekteverloop te analyseren. Ondanks dat blok 10 in het mannenkamp lag, werden de experimenten vooral op vrouwen en tweelingen uitgevoerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"enabr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zyklon B</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>augustus 1941</strong> werd in Auschwitz I voor het eerst geëxperimenteerd met het extreem giftige blauwzuurgas <em>Zyklon B</em>. Rond <strong>5 september 1941</strong> werden voor het eerst grotere groepen Russische krijgsgevangenen vermoord. De eerste systematische vergassingen in Auschwitz I vonden plaats tussen <strong>eind maart en begin april 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>mei 1942</strong> was het tweede kamp (Auschwitz-Birkenau) nog in ontwikkeling, maar werd het door de kampleiding al steeds meer ingericht als vernietigingskamp en nam het de moordpraktijk grotendeels over van Auschwitz I. In het<strong> najaar van 1942</strong> werden de vergassingen in het kampcrematorium in Auschwitz I gestaakt. Vanaf <strong>1943</strong> werd Auschwitz-Birkenau het centrum van de Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> </strong><strong>september 1944</strong> kwamen de mannelijke onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Auschwitz-I terecht. Otto zou er gevangen blijven tot de bevrijding van het kamp in<strong> januari 1945.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"66zon\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4mvqn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_I\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz I</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De spreuk was al sinds 1933 door de nazi’s in gebruik genomen en werd ook in andere concentratiekampen, zoals Oranienburg, Dachau, Groß-Rosen en Theresienstadt gebruikt. Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"enabr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66zon\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 158, 190.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>From <strong>spring 1942</strong>, the Nazis began the systematic mass deportations of Jews from Germany and the occupied territories to death camps. Auschwitz grew into the largest German concentration and extermination camp complex.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz's first camp (Auschwitz I) was set up in <strong>May 1940</strong> as a prison for political prisoners and prisoners of war. These were mainly Polish and Soviet POWs.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rllos\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As there was too little space for the growing number of prisoners, Birkenau was built a few kilometres away in <strong>1942</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>'Arbeit macht frei'</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Auschwitz I was located in a former Polish military barracks near the town of Oświęcim, called Auschwitz in German. The large gate that gave access to this camp bore the cynical text <em>Arbeit macht frei</em>, which was meant to give the impression that this was a labour camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>By <strong>November 1943</strong>, the Auschwitz complex was so extensive that it was organisationally divided into three camps: Auschwitz I (The Base Camp or <em>Stammlager</em>), Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau) and Auschwitz III. A large proportion of the female prisoners were placed in Auschwitz-Birkenau, making Auschwitz I predominantly a men's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding in the Secret Annex arrived in Auschwitz on <strong>6 September 1944</strong>, <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Richard Baer (1911-1963) was the camp commandant of Auschwitz. Under his predecessor Rudolf Höss (1901-1947), Auschwitz had become one of the centres of mass murder of European Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Block 10 </strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Block 10 of Auschwitz I, the notorious camp doctor Josef Mengele (1911-1979) and his staff performed medical experiments on prisoners. They were often extremely cruel experiments, in which prisoners were given poisonous injections or deliberately infected with deadly diseases to analyse disease progression. Despite Block 10 being in the men's camp, the experiments were mainly carried out on women and twins.<sup data-footnote-id=\"enabr\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Zyklon B</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>August 1941</strong>, experiments with the extremely poisonous prussic acid gas zyklon B were first conducted at Auschwitz I. Around <strong>5 September 1941</strong>, larger groups of Russian POWs were murdered for the first time. The first systematic gassings at Auschwitz I took place between <strong>late March and early April 1942</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>May 1942</strong>, the second camp (Auschwitz-Birkenau) was still under development, but was already being increasingly set up by the camp management as an extermination camp and largely took over the killing from Auschwitz I. In<strong> autumn 1942</strong>, gassings in the camp crematorium at Auschwitz I ceased. From <strong>1943</strong>, Auschwitz-Birkenau became the centre of the Holocaust.<sup data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> </strong><strong>September 1944,</strong> the males from the Secret Annex ended up in Auschwitz-I. Otto would remain a prisoner there until the liberation of the camp in<strong> January 1945.</strong><sup data-footnote-id=\"66zon\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rllos\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I\" target=\"_blank\">Auschwitz concentration camp: Auschwitz I</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zcs4f\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jbsej\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The maxim was in use by the Nazis since 1933 and was also used in other concentration camps, such Oranienburg, Dachau, Groß-Rosen and Theresienstadt. Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het achterhuis</em>, p. 126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ze1kj\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"enabr\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 125-126.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"e9aon\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 128-136.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"66zon\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 158, 190.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (19.203351 50.027469)",
"summary": "Auschwitz I, also known as Stammlager, was one of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp complex.",
"summary_nl": "Auschwitz I, ook wel Stammlager, was een van de drie grote kampen van het concentratie- en vernietigingskampencomplex Auschwitz.",
"summary_en": "Auschwitz I, also known as Stammlager, was one of the three major camps of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp complex.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/kampen/9331"
],
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Auschwitz",
"state": "",
"land": "",
"location_events": [
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}