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{
"id": 2,
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"main_image": {
"id": 1130,
"uuid": "93ced2e1-9cee-4b13-bb94-29a29a68acf8",
"name": "Westerbork boulevard des miseres",
"title": "De hoofdweg door kamp Westerbork. Langs deze weg lag de spoorweg en vertrokken de treinen, vanaf de zogenaamde 'Rampe', naar de concentratie- en vernietigingskampen in het oosten.",
"alt": "Vervaardiger onbekend. Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Westerbork_boulevard_des_miseres.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Status onduidelijk"
},
"latitude": "52.9173",
"longitude": "6.607",
"events": [
{
"id": 139,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
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],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9d4cbed2-5437-4769-a7cd-e9d6793c2f40",
"name": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau worden gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-03-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"summary_nl": "Op 6 maart 1943 worden Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau opgepakt en naar Kamp Westerbork gebracht. Op 23 maart 1943 worden ze naar Vernietigingskamp Sobibor gedeporteerd, waar ze worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 134,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ff9f1c2f-e2d0-4f2d-a546-d639ae9c466f?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2ed16252-c9b3-467f-bf93-3e29678595c3",
"name": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Clara van Pels wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-04-17",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Clara van Pels is een jongere zus van Hermann van Pels. Op 17 april 1943 wordt zij met haar man Günther Neumann gearresteerd en naar Westerbork gebracht. Daar worden zij op 26 april gedeporteerd naar vernietigingskamp Sobibor, waar ze, vermoedelijk op 29 april 1944, worden vermoord.",
"summary_en": "Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 148,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247/",
"subjects": [
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"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/0d9ec16a-477c-45db-b33b-410e0d9c1306?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/64b06ab5-3490-46dc-9272-e33e03fa3279?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ee61e5a6-41f3-4089-8e1d-18d7d3d0c866?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "6e577153-4221-401f-a44c-59cc84313247",
"name": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Ledermann wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1943 wordt de familie Ledermann in hun woning opgepakt bij een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid. Hun dochter Barbara is ondergedoken. Ze worden op 16 november 1943 naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 149,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/2d652d29-bf54-4283-83c6-be573e061363?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/228fad8f-c9f9-46d1-88d7-18f4e36c68ac?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/706075d4-d796-4db8-a33b-69c1e2a7e1bc?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "da6db03b-a884-43fe-9bd4-c2be740d86f4",
"name": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Familie Goslar wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "",
"content_nl": "",
"content_en": "",
"date": "1943-06-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Op 20 juni 1944 werd de familie Goslar opgepakt tijdens een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht. Hans Goslar had een zogenaamde Albersheimverklaring, waarmee hij de mogelijkheid had om door de Engelsen tegen gevangen Duitsers uitgewisseld te worden. Om daarvoor beschikbaar te zijn, werd hij met twee dochters op 15 februari 1944 naar Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen gedeporteerd.",
"summary_en": "On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork. Hans Goslar had an 'Albersheim declaration', which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 151,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/f565de08-feb8-4e12-802d-b3f22ff193f4?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1f4182-86bf-4083-adff-36d08b19b9d8?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d8b2c26f-8c1c-474f-ac27-ff5f45063ac1",
"name": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen wordt gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>31 augustus '43</strong> is zij naar Concentratiekamp Auschwitz gedeporteerd. Ze kwam <strong>16 juni 1945</strong> terug. Over haar man Max en hun zoon Günter is niet veel bekend. Zij kwamen in <strong>juli 1945</strong> terug.</p>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>31 August 1943</strong>, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on <strong>16 June 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not much is known about her husband Max and her son Günter. They returned in <strong>July 1945</strong>.</p>",
"date": "1943-08-06",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"summary_nl": "Gretha Goldschmidt is een zus van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Ze is op 6 augustus 1943 in Kamp Westerbork in strafbarak 67 gevangen gezet.",
"summary_en": "Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 20,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2e08df39-e056-499f-8465-346045ff6943?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/c096c411-9830-4e8e-bc9c-85ff188a1feb?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/5ca6071b-3f13-4d9e-91e7-182bcd994e2f?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d25d3c8e-2ad8-492e-bbcf-d06da70e3e42?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/d00185dd-b5ac-47da-be2f-f00b624e33d9?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/ae1d4c0d-33fe-491e-be2a-e5cfb9218e41?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/7bfc85d1-8bc1-4259-8572-a7328b046782?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "fc01657a-b8c3-46a8-8b40-376032f5a76c",
"name": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Anne Frank in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Hoe Anne Frank Westerbork heeft ervaren weten we niet precies. Wel hebben haar vader Otto en enkele anderen hier iets over gezegd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank vertelde dat het verblijf in Westerbork voor de kinderen in zekere zin een opluchting was, omdat ze niet meer 'opgesloten' waren en andere mensen konden ontmoeten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup>Rosa de Winter, die Anne en haar familie in Westerbork leerden kennen, beschreef haar als een persoonlijkheid. Volgens Ernst Schnabel vertelde Rosa de Winter dat Anne in Westerbork een gelukkige indruk maakt. Ze zou veel samen zijn geweest met Peter van Pels. Ook vertelde De Winter dat Otto Frank uren aan haar bed zit toen Anne een keer ziek was en dat Anne zich ontfermde over een zieke jongen in de barak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank vertelde naderhand dat zijn gezin in Westerbork moest werken, maar dat ze ’s avonds bij elkaar konden zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne was op <strong>12 juni 1944</strong> vijftien jaar geworden en in Westerbork moeten kinderen van vijftien jaar en ouder werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in Westerbork bij de binnendienst. waar ze moest: schrobben, wc's schoonmaken, nieuwe transporten ontvangen, overalls en klompen uitdelen. Zij vertelde dat Otto Frank vroeg of Anne haar kon helpen, maar Rachel had daar niets over te zeggen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Verschillende getuigen vertelden dat Anne en haar moeder, zusje in de batterijensloop werkten: aan lange tafels gezeten moesten ze met een hamer en een beitel oude batterijen opensplijten en vervolgens de verschillende onderdelen scheiden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>Het was vies en eentonig werk.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Als voordeel werd genoemd dat je met elkaar kon praten tijdens het werk, dat je dagelijks een glas melk kreeg en na het werk mocht douchen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer 'locked up' and could meet other people.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne had turned 15 on <strong>12 June 1944</strong>, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup><em> </em>It was dirty and monotonous work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ito4n\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p.5.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i8f84\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ernst Schnabel, <em>Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mh6av\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8vrwv\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik 's avonds naar de revue': kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</em>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kf4wc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3fu4s\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7qq04\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.70. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ale3s\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>'Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p.151, 255.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank zat bijna een maand gevangen in kamp Westerbork. Ze verbleef in Strafbarak 67 en moest waarschijnlijk samen met haar moeder en zusje werken in de batterijensloop.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 21,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/531ccadf-0ac4-4bfa-88b0-8f195a12fc52/",
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"name": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Aankomst en registratie onderduikers in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork",
"content": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Toen de acht onderduikers in Westerbork aankwamen, moesten zij eerst worden geregistreerd. Vanaf <strong>1944</strong>, toen de groepen nieuwaangekomenen steeds kleiner werden, werden de registraties doorgaans afgehandeld in administratiebarak nummer 34, waar nu ook de controle op luizen plaatsvond. Waarschijnlijk was dit ook het geval voor het transport waarmee de acht onderduikers naar Westerbork kwamen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Eerst werd er een lijst van binnenkomst gemaakt (<em>Eingangsliste</em>), het persoonsbewijs en de distributiebescheiden moesten worden afgegeven. De gevangenen werden ingeschreven in de centrale administratie (<em>Zentralkartei</em>) en ze kregen een <em>Lagerpass</em> (kamppas).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was het belangrijkste administratieve instrument in het kamp voor het doorsturen van de transporten. De <em>Zentralkartei</em> was alfabetisch-lexicografisch geordend, zodat de leden van een gezin administratief bij elkaar stonden. Zo kwamen ze ook op de transportlijst te staan, en de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis dus bij elkaar.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Lagerpas</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Alle gevangenen krijgen een <em>Lagerpas </em>en<em> </em>mogen per gezin maximaal tweehondervijftig gulden inwisselen tegen kampgeld. De rest van hun geld en waardevolle voorwerpen moeten ze inleveren bij de afdeling van Lippmann Rosenthal in het kamp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De strafgevallen moeten naast hun bagage en bezittingen ook hun kleren inleveren en kregen een blauwe overall met een rood ingezet schouderstuk, een witte band met daarop de S van ‘strafgeval’, een Jodenster en klompen. De mannen kregen bovendien een rood-blauw petje. Zo waren ze duidelijk te herkennen als strafgevallen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Een belangrijk onderdeel van de registratieprocedure was het aanmeldingsbureau, de <em>Antragstelle</em>, dat onder leiding stond van de Duitse jurist Hans Ottenstein. Dat regelde niet alleen de registratie van de nieuwkomers in het kamp, maar handelde ook de aanvragen voor voorlopige vrijstellingen van deportatie naar de kampen in het oosten af. Gevangenen die aan bepaalde voorwaarden voldeden, kregen op advies van Ottenstein vrijstelling van deportatie. Iemand kreeg dan een <em>Sperre </em>(uitstel).<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Op enkele uitzonderingen na was de kans op het verkrijgen van een <em>Sperre</em> voor strafgevallen (de ‘S’ gevallen) klein. Of Otto Frank en Fritz Pfeffer op basis van hun status als Eerste Wereldoorlog veteraan desondanks een poging hebben gedaan om van hun S af te komen, weten we niet: de kaarten van de Zentralkartei en de Antragstelle zijn niet bewaard gebleven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Maar zij zouden dit zeker kunnen hebben geprobeerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medisch onderzoek</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>De registratieprocedure van de acht onderduikers eindigde met een medisch onderzoek. Alle mannen en vrouwen moesten zich uitkleden en werden gecontroleerd op besmettelijke ziekten en hoofdluis.Ten slotte kregen zij een plek in een van de barakken toegewezen. De acht onderduikers kwamen terecht in strafbarak 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> De volgende ochtend werden de mannen in de wasruimte van de barak kaalgeschoren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Dat gold dus ook voor Otto Frank, Hermann en Peter van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer. Ze droegen vanaf dat moment een petje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank behielden, net als de andere meisjes en vrouwen, hun haar. Alleen vrouwen die luizen hadden, werden kaalgeschoren en kregen dan een petroleumkap op. Uit alle beschikbare verklaringen is er niets wat erop wijst dat dit bij Auguste, Edith of de twee meisjes het geval was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>First, a list of entry was made<em> (Eingangsliste</em>), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration<em> (Zentralkartei</em>) and they were given a <em>Lagerpass</em> (camp pass).<sup data-footnote-id=\"84u38\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> The <em>Zentralkartei</em> was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The <em>Zentralkartei </em>was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Camp pass</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>All prisoners received a <em>Lagerpas </em><em> </em>and were<em> </em>allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal's department in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate 'prison case', a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them clearly recognisable as criminal cases.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Antragstelle</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the <em>Antragstelle</em>, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein's advice. Prisoners were given a <em>Sperre </em>(postponement) in such cases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> With few exceptions, the chances of prison cases (the 'S' cases) obtaining a <em>Sperre</em> were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the <em>Zentralkartei </em>and the <em>Antragstelle </em>have not been preserved.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> But they may certainly have tried.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Medical examination</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice. Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in prison barrack 67.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack's washroom.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<sup data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<sup data-footnote-id=\"map4c\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a1c7c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"84u38\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, </em>Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p.33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5z4kl\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de <em>Zentralkartei</em> zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Schütz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pbi2q\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51rcq\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga… Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,</em> Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Schütz<em>, Vermoedelijk op transport</em>, p. 20.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dgkp6\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.124.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zkrs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holländer (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-Röttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xoivi\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, <em>Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,</em> Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,<em> </em>p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"3jq1r\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel, <em>Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,</em> Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, <em>Westerbork</em>, p. 8.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"map4c\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henriëtte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga</em>, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-08",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Na aankomst doorlopen de acht onderduikers de procedure van inschrijving en registratie, om vervolgens te worden ondergebracht in een strafbarak.",
"summary_en": "Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a prison barrack.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"name_en": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork",
"content": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De acht onderduikers ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of Fritz. Eén van hen was de destijds dertig jaar oude Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder was in de <strong>zomer van 1944 </strong>in de trein opgepakt met een vals persoonsbewijs en kwam in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich dat ze in de strafbarak van het kamp ook de familie Frank ontmoette.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork werkte Rachel Frankfoorder bij de ‘binnendienst’ waarbij ze moest schrobben, de wc’s schoonmaken en wanneer er een transport aankwam deelde ze klompen en overalls uit aan nieuwaangekomen gevangenen. Het was een gewild baantje en ze herinnerde zich dat Otto Frank haar vroeg om voor Anne een plekje bij de schoonmaak te regelen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Otto Frank kwam met Anne naar mij toe en vroeg of Anne mij mocht helpen. Anne was heel aardig en vroeg mij ook of ze mocht helpen. Ze zei: ‘Ik kan van alles, ik ben toch zó handig.’ Ze was werkelijk allerliefst, een beetje ouder dan op de foto die wij van haar kennen, vrolijk en opgewekt. Ik had daar helaas geen zeggenschap in en stuurde haar naar de barakleiding. Meer aandacht kon ik daar natuurlijk niet aan besteden.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne bleef uiteindelijk in de batterijenafdeling werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder zou net als Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels vanuit Westerbork via Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen terecht komen en ook in die kampen dichtbij hen blijven. </p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the <strong>summer of 1944 </strong>with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp's punishment barrack.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in 'internal services', scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: 'I can do anything, I'm so handy,' she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.<em>"</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"lx469\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r0g0o\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite><a href=\"https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/\">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>. geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lx469\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank </em>(Hilversum 1988) 106-107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h68f6\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen </em>(Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-08-08",
"date_end": "1944-09-03",
"summary": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
"summary_nl": "In Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers onder meer Rachel Frankfoorder. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.",
"summary_en": "In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.",
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"name": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Brief Bram Asscher uit kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork",
"content": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 vanuit Westerbork aan zijn moeder: <em>‘Mama, weet U dat Margot hier is? Dat vriendinnetje van Trees. U kent haar zeker nog wel hè? Zij is met haar ouders en zusje in de S. Erg jammer!</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram zat zelf in het ‘vrije’ kampdeel en hij mocht eens in de veertien dagen een brief of twee kaarten schrijven en pakjes ontvangen. De acht onderduikers hadden deze mogelijkheden niet omdat ze strafgevallen waren. Of Bram Margot, die dus in een ander, afgezonderd deel van het kamp zat, zelf heeft gezien of zelfs gesproken, blijkt niet uit de briefwisseling. Het is een van de weinige documenten over het verblijf van de familie Frank in Kamp Westerbork. </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: <em>"Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don't you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!</em>"<sup data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bram himself was in the 'free' camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were criminal cases. Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family's stay in Camp Westerbork.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mdus4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-08-25",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
"summary_nl": "Bram Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 aan zijn moeder dat Margot in Westerbork was.",
"summary_en": "Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.",
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"name_nl": "Deportatie naar Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"name_en": "Deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau",
"content": "<p>On Sunday 3 <strong>September 1944,</strong> the eight people from the Secret Annex were put on a transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz. About 70 people at a time were locked in cattle wagons. In each wagon was a barrel of water and a toilet barrel. More than 1000 people were on the transport: Anne Frank was number 309 on the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to testimony by Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), who was in the same wagon with the Frank family, Edith Frank allegedly tore off the red top of her clothing during the journey. Lenie also said that many of the children in the wagon slept next to their mother or father, as did the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5</strong> <strong>September 1944,</strong> late at night, the transport arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <em>Rampe </em>(platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selections took place and the men and women were separated. The prisoners had to leave their luggage in the wagons and were herded onto the <em>Rampe </em>(loading platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, accompanied by shouting, dogs barking and spotlights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op zondag <strong>3 september 1944</strong> gingen de acht onderduikers op transport van Westerbork naar Auschwitz. In vergrendelde veewagons zaten steeds ongeveer 70 personen opgesloten. In iedere wagon stond een ton met water en een wc-ton. Het transport omvatte ruim 1000 personen: Anne Frank is nummer 309 op de transportlijst van Westerbork naar Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens een getuigenis van Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), die met de familie Frank in dezelfde wagon zat, zou Edith Frank tijdens de reis het rode bovenstuk van haar kleding hebben afgetornd. Ook vertelde Lenie dat veel van de kinderen in de wagon tegen hun moeder of vader aan sliepen, zo ook de zusjes Frank.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2tvn\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>5</strong> <strong>september 1944</strong>, laat in de avond, arriveerde het transport in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op de <em>Rampe</em> (het perron) van Auschwitz-Birkenau vonden de selecties plaats en werden de mannen en vrouwen van elkaar gescheiden. De gevangenen moesten hun bagage in de wagons achterlaten en werden onder geschreeuw, hondengeblaf en schijnwerpers de <em>Rampe </em>(laadperron) van Auschwitz-Birkenau opgedreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2tvn\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On Sunday 3 <strong>September 1944,</strong> the eight people from the Secret Annex were put on a transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz. About 70 people at a time were locked in cattle wagons. In each wagon was a barrel of water and a toilet barrel. More than 1000 people were on the transport: Anne Frank was number 309 on the transport list from Westerbork to Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to testimony by Lenie de Jong - van Naarden (1915-2015), who was in the same wagon with the Frank family, Edith Frank allegedly tore off the red top of her clothing during the journey. Lenie also said that many of the children in the wagon slept next to their mother or father, as did the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>5</strong> <strong>September 1944,</strong> late at night, the transport arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II).<sup data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the <em>Rampe </em>(platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selections took place and the men and women were separated. The prisoners had to leave their luggage in the wagons and were herded onto the <em>Rampe </em>(loading platform) of Auschwitz-Birkenau, accompanied by shouting, dogs barking and spotlights.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1gelm\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork-Auschwitz, 3 september 1944. Otto Frank staat op nummer 307 als <em>Frank Otto 12.5.89 Kaufman</em> op de transportlijst.Margot, Edith en Anne hebben de nummers 306, 308 en 309. NRK, Transportlijst, blatt 7. Het transport vindt plaats per spoor in gesloten veewagons. Otto Frank zegt hierover: <em>Während des schrecklichen Transports -3 Tage in verschlossenem Viehwagen- war ich zum letzten Mal zusammen mit meiner Familie.</em> Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"f6wev\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988,<em> </em>p.158-159.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mst6a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Vanaf begin mei 1944 komen de transporten niet meer buiten het kamp (Judenrampe) aan, maar in Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Verschillende verklaringen zeggen dat het transport van 3 september in de nacht aankwam. Verklaringen dat bij aankomst de poort met ‘Arbeit macht frei’ zichtbaar is kunnen dus niet kloppen omdat deze zich in Auschwitz I bevindt. Zie: Franciszek Piper, Tersesa Swiebocka (eds.), <em>Auschwitz Nazi death camp</em>, Oswicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State museum in Oswicim, 2007, ill. tussen pp.32-33.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wnpkl\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds (AFF), Bazel, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945. Zie ook: AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 23 februari 1945 (‘Wir sind seit 5. Sept. 44 getrennt’).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-03",
"date_end": "1944-09-05",
"summary": "On 3 September 1944, Anne Frank and the other people from the Secret Annex were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz. The journey took three days.",
"summary_nl": "Op 3 september 1944 werden Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers uit Westerbork naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd. De reis duurde drie dagen.",
"summary_en": "On 3 September 1944, Anne Frank and the other people from the Secret Annex were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz. The journey took three days.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124421,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d251b2da-a36c-453f-ab92-dc3b7e340ad3",
"name": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Daily life in camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork werd voor een belangrijk deel bepaald door werk. Iedereen in Westerbork tussen de 15 en 65 jaar moest zes dagen in de week, tien uur per dag werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Maar strafgevallen kregen daarnaast op zondagochtend van zes tot acht uur ook nog strafexercitie (voor de mannen) of verplichte gymnastiek (voor de vrouwen).<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot en Anne Frank moesten ‘in de batterijen’ werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het recyclen van batterijen was smerig en ongezond werk. Na het werk gingen ze onder begeleiding van de Ordedienst (OD) naar de douches.<sup data-footnote-id=\"p89we\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De meeste mensen hadden geen zeep om zich mee te wassen. Wel kregen ze dagelijks een extra rantsoen melk.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Batterijensloop</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Wat de andere onderduikers moesten doen is onbekend. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – wier echtgenoot Sal later in Auschwitz goed bevriend zou raken met Otto Frank – suggereert in een interview dat ook Otto Frank en Peter en Hermann van Pels bij de batterijensloop waren ingedeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Er zijn geen andere gegevens gevonden die dit bevestigen, en ook uit Otto Franks eigen verklaringen wordt niet duidelijk of de mannen en vrouwen in Westerbork hetzelfde werk deden. Otto Frank heeft hier alleen over verklaard dat iedereen moest werken en ze ’s avonds vrij waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dagritme</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Er is dus alleen in algemene zin iets bekend over het dagritme in Westerbork. ’s Ochtends om halfzes werden de gevangenen in de strafbarak gewekt. Na het wassen, kleden, eten halen en ontbijten moesten ze om kwart voor zeven naast de barak opgesteld staan in blokken van drie bij drie. Onder leiding van de OD gingen ze vervolgens door het hek naar de industriebarakken in het ‘vrije’ kamp. Daar werkten ze van zeven tot twaalf uur. Daarna onder begeleiding van de OD weer terug naar de barak om te eten (meestal stamppot van rodekool of knolraap) en vervolgens werden ze weer teruggebracht om van twee tot zeven uur te werken.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Tijdens het werk mochten ze met elkaar praten, maar er werd ook streng door de OD op toegezien dat er geen contact was met gevangenen uit het andere kampdeel. Om naar de wc te gaan had je toestemming nodig.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> Na het werk en het douchen (voor hen die in de batterijen werkten) werd in de strafbarak brood gegeten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>‘s Ochtends en ’s avonds moest iedereen zich melden bij de barak- of zaalleider. Buiten werktijd konden mannen, vrouwen en families bij elkaar zijn. Om tien uur ’s avonds moest iedereen weer in zijn eigen gedeelte zijn, de deur tussen beide barakdelen werd dan gesloten en om kwart over tien ging het licht uit.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ernst Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"p89we\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> But criminal cases also were forced to punitive drills (for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"spcon\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work "in the batteries".<sup data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called <em>Ordedienst</em> (OD).<sup data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder – whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz – suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<sup data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank's own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igo47\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Daily routine</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the penal barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the "free" camp. There they worked from seven o'clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o'clock.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the penal barracks.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o'clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wb1um\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Eva Moraal, <em>Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering</em>, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"spcon\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Jacques Presser, <em>ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tzsqk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel,<em> Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bücherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i5b61\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de gevangenen werd verafschuwd. 'De joodse SS', zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder: Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"h8dnn\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igo47\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xbcni\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rf7yz\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Leny Boeken Velleman <em>Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende</em>, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Westerbork moesten de onderduikers dwangarbeid verrichten.",
"summary_en": "At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.",
"same_as": null,
"parent": 396124395,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2005"
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{
"id": 396124395,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "9a6b6ce9-b049-43c0-b2da-cdd092501d17",
"name": "Camp Westerbork",
"name_nl": "Kamp Westerbork",
"name_en": "Camp Westerbork",
"description": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>Kamp Westerbork werd in <strong>1939</strong> gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de Duitse bezetting in <strong>mei 1940</strong>, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong> werd het kamp door de nazi's uitgebreid en vanaf <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> functioneerde het kamp officieel een <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager </em>Joodse mensen werden in het kamp verzameld en werden vervolgens naar concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"k03go\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>8 augustus 1944</strong> werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork gebracht. Ze verbleven er bijna een maand. Op <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de 107.000 Joodse mensen die uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"smy6e\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x19bc\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"k03go\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p>Camp Westerbork was built in <strong>1939</strong> as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from <strong>October 1939</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"z320c\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the German occupation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>1942</strong>, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from <strong>1 July 1942</strong> the camp officially functioned as a <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. </em>Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>8 August 1944</strong>, the eight people from the Secret Annex were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On <strong>3 September 1944, </strong>they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"z320c\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dick Houwaart, <em>Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ...</em>, Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder & Ben Prinsen (red.), <em>Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4o6in\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fn5gd\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, <em>Boulevard des Misères. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork</em>, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, <em>Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, <em>Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork</em>, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t58jf\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 68, 101.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
"summary_nl": "Kamp Westerbork was het grootste Duitse gevangenkamp in Nederland.",
"summary_en": "Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.",
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"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/1983"
],
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"name_en": "Westerbork camp",
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"content": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Westerbork fungeerde vanaf <strong>oktober 1939</strong> als een vluchtelingenkamp voor Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen die, vooral na de <em>Kristallnacht</em>, naar Nederland waren gekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Na de capitulatie in <strong>mei 1940</strong> bleef de leiding van het kamp vooralsnog in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>1 juli 1942</strong> werd het kamp officieel overgedragen aan de Duitse autoriteiten. Westerbork heette nu officieel <em>Polizeiliches </em><em>Judendurchgangslager</em> onder het gezag van de <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) en het <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). Het kamp maakte vanaf die datum deel uit van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde als belangrijk doorgangspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vanaf <strong>15 juli 1942</strong> werden ruim 100.000 Joden vanuit het kamp doorgestuurd naar concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt. Soms werd onderweg gestopt om mannen bij Duitse werkkampen af te geven. In Westerbork werden naast Joden ook Roma, Sinti en soms verzetsmensen vastgehouden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Aan het hoofd van Westerbork stond vanaf <strong>13 oktober 1942</strong> kampcommandant ss-Obersturmführer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>maart 1944</strong> werd in opdracht van Gemmeker een film gemaakt over het kamp, waarin hij wilde laten zien hoe goed en efficiënt het kamp georganiseerd was.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Deze film laat een duidelijk propagandistisch beeld zien van het functioneren van doorgangskamp Westerbork. Vijf maanden na de opnames van de film kwamen ook de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Westerbork terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het laatste transport uit Westerbork was op <strong>4 september 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>De achtergebleven gevangenen zaten gevangen tot de bevrijding van het kamp op<strong> </strong><strong>12 april 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6cwhx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie de <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De film werd gemaakt door kampgevangene Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). De opnamen begonnen op 5 maart 1944. De film wordt bewaard in het <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\" target=\"_blank\">archief van Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Westerbork functioned from <strong>October 1939</strong> as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after <em>Kristallnacht</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> After the capitulation in <strong>May 1940</strong>, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>1 July 1942,</strong> the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called <em>Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager</em> under the authority of the <em>Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst </em>(BdS) and the <em>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</em> (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>From <strong>15 July 1942,</strong> over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the head of Westerbork from <strong>13 October 1942</strong> was camp commander <em>ss-Obersturmführer</em> Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In <strong>March 1944</strong>, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<sup data-footnote-id=\"geckc\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The last transport from Westerbork was on <strong>4 September 1944</strong><strong>. </strong>The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on<strong> </strong><strong>12 April 1945</strong><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bhgdz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See the <a href=\"https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/\" target=\"_blank\">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>: .</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tykvy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. </em><em>Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"inqv7\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 59; Frank van Riet, <em>De bewakers van Westerbork, </em>Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p.27-62; Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, </em>’s-Gravenhage: Aspekt, 1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lvhar\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href=\"https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten\">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"geckc\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis,</em> p. 73.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"summary_nl": "Westerbork was het Nederlandse doorgangskamp voor de deportaties van met name Joden naar de concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt.",
"summary_en": "Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "Schattenberg 4",
"zipcode": "9433 TA",
"city": "Zwiggelte",
"state": "",
"land": "Nederland",
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