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"name": "Walter Holländer in Camp Sachsenhausen",
"name_nl": "Walter Holländer in kamp Sachsenhausen",
"name_en": "Walter Holländer in Camp Sachsenhausen",
"content": "<p>In the night of <strong>9 - 10 November 1938</strong>, Jews and their properties were attacked throughout Germany. Synagogues were set on fire and demolished, shops and businesses belonging to Jews were vandalised, 96 Jews were murdered in the streets, and thousands arrested,<sup data-footnote-id=\"s91gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> including 248 Jewish men from Aachen - the hometown of the Holländer brothers - and the surrounding area.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2s8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> By his own account, Walter Höllander was arrested two days later by the Nazis, on <strong>12 november 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocm1m\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> His brother Julius, who had been arrested on the same day, was soon released: he was a war veteran and, thanks to an injury sustained in the First World War, was left alone. Walter, however, had never served in the military and was not treated so leniently: on <strong>15 November</strong>, he was sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, ten kilometres from Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After <em>Kristallnacht</em> in <strong>1938</strong>, 1800 Jews were transported to Sachsenhausen. Many of them were murdered in those first weeks, but Walter Holländer was spared. HIj was told that he would be released on the condition that he would leave Germany immediately and permanently. Thanks to Julius, who had filed an application with the Dutch embassy and managed to secure a guarantee from his brother-in-law, Otto Frank, Walter Holländer was released from the Sachsenhausen concentration camp on <strong>1 December 1938</strong>. Later that month, he left for the Netherlands, where he was placed in the Jewish Refugee Camp Quarantine Institution Zeeburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzoh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s91gn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikpedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht\" target=\"_blank\">Kristallnacht</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2s8l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank; de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz, druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 104-106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocm1m\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bezirksregierung Düsseldorf, Entschädigungsakten Julius & Walter Hollander, 1954-1959. Het zou ook 10 november geweest kunnen zijn. Zie: 'Nachweisung der im Zuge der Aktion (v.10.11.1938) festgenommen und in den Konzentrationslager überführten Juden', in: Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust: die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942</em>, Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, Bd. II, p. 1246-1259, aldaar p. 1253. Melissa Müller suggereert dat het heel goed mogelijk is dat Walter zich, 16 jaar na dato, in de datum vergiste. Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, p. 106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzoh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, p. 107, 112.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>In de nacht van <strong>9 op 10 november</strong> werden in heel Duitsland Joden en hun bezittingen aangevallen. Synagogen werden in brand gestoken en gesloopt, winkels en bedrijven van Joden werden vernield, 96 Joden werden op straat vermoord en duizenden gearresteerd,<sup data-footnote-id=\"s91gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> waaronder 248 Joodse mannen uit Aken, de woonplaats van de broers Holländer, en omgeving.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2s8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup>Volgens eigen zeggen werd Walter Höllander twee dagen later, op <strong>12 november 1938</strong>, gearresteerd door de nazi's.<sup data-footnote-id=\"fx67l\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Zijn broer Julius, die op dezelfde dag was gearresteerd, werd al snel weer op vrije voeten gesteld: hij was een oorlogsveteraan en werd dankzij een in de Eerste Wereldoorlog opgelopen verwonding verder met rust gelaten. Walter daarentegen, was nooit in militaire dienst geweest en werd niet zo mild behandeld: hij werd op <strong>15 november</strong> naar concentratiekamp Sachsenhausen, op tien kilometer van Berlijn, gestuurd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de Kristallnacht in <strong>1938</strong> werden 1.800 Joden naar Sachsenhausen getransporteerd. Velen van hen werden in de weken daarna vermoord, maar dat lot bleef Walter Holländer bespaard. HIj kreeg te horen dat hij zou worden vrijgelaten op voorwaarde dat hij Duitsland onmiddellijk en voorgoed zou verlaten. Dankzij Julius, die een aanvraag had ingediend bij de Nederlandse ambassade en een borgstelling van zijn zwager Otto Frank had weten te regelen, werd Walter Holländer op <strong>1 december 1938</strong> ontslagen uit concentratiekamp Sachsenhausen. Later die maand vertok hij naar Nederland, waar hij werd terechtkwam in het Joodsch Vluchtelingenkamp Quarantaine Inrichting Zeeburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzoh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s91gn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht\" target=\"_blank\">Kristallnacht</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2s8l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank; de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz. druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 104-106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fx67l\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bezirksregierung Düsseldorf, Entschädigungsakten Julius & Walter Hollander, 1954-1959. Het zou ook 10 november geweest kunnen zijn. Zie: 'Nachweisung der im Zuge der Aktion (v.10.11.1938) festgenommen und in den Konzentrationslager überführten Juden', in: Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust: die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942</em>, Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, Bd. II, p. 1246-1259, aldaar p. 1253. Melissa Müller suggereert dat het heel goed mogelijk is dat Walter zich, 16 jaar na dato, in de datum vergiste. Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, p. 106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzoh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, p. 107, 112.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>In the night of <strong>9 - 10 November 1938</strong>, Jews and their properties were attacked throughout Germany. Synagogues were set on fire and demolished, shops and businesses belonging to Jews were vandalised, 96 Jews were murdered in the streets, and thousands arrested,<sup data-footnote-id=\"s91gn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> including 248 Jewish men from Aachen - the hometown of the Holländer brothers - and the surrounding area.<sup data-footnote-id=\"i2s8l\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> By his own account, Walter Höllander was arrested two days later by the Nazis, on <strong>12 november 1938</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ocm1m\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> His brother Julius, who had been arrested on the same day, was soon released: he was a war veteran and, thanks to an injury sustained in the First World War, was left alone. Walter, however, had never served in the military and was not treated so leniently: on <strong>15 November</strong>, he was sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, ten kilometres from Berlin.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After <em>Kristallnacht</em> in <strong>1938</strong>, 1800 Jews were transported to Sachsenhausen. Many of them were murdered in those first weeks, but Walter Holländer was spared. HIj was told that he would be released on the condition that he would leave Germany immediately and permanently. Thanks to Julius, who had filed an application with the Dutch embassy and managed to secure a guarantee from his brother-in-law, Otto Frank, Walter Holländer was released from the Sachsenhausen concentration camp on <strong>1 December 1938</strong>. Later that month, he left for the Netherlands, where he was placed in the Jewish Refugee Camp Quarantine Institution Zeeburg.<sup data-footnote-id=\"qzoh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"s91gn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wikpedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht\" target=\"_blank\">Kristallnacht</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"i2s8l\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Melissa Müller, <em>Anne Frank; de biografie</em>, 5e, geheel herz, druk, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2013, p. 104-106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ocm1m\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bezirksregierung Düsseldorf, Entschädigungsakten Julius & Walter Hollander, 1954-1959. Het zou ook 10 november geweest kunnen zijn. Zie: 'Nachweisung der im Zuge der Aktion (v.10.11.1938) festgenommen und in den Konzentrationslager überführten Juden', in: Herbert Lepper, <em>Von der Emanzipation zum Holocaust: die Israelitische Synagogengemeinde zu Aachen 1801-1942</em>, Aachen: Verlag der Mayer'schen Buchhandlung, 1994, Bd. II, p. 1246-1259, aldaar p. 1253. Melissa Müller suggereert dat het heel goed mogelijk is dat Walter zich, 16 jaar na dato, in de datum vergiste. Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, p. 106.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"qzoh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Müller, <em>Anne Frank: de biografie</em>, p. 107, 112.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1938-11-15",
"date_end": "1938-12-01",
"summary": "Two days after Kristallnacht, Walter Holländer and his brother Julius were arrested by the Nazis. While Julius was soon released, Walter was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.",
"summary_nl": "Twee dagen na de Kristallnacht werden Walter Holländer en zijn broer Julius gearresteerd door de nazi's. Terwijl Julius al snel weer werd vrijgelaten, werd Walter naar concentratiekamp Sachsenhausen gestuurd.",
"summary_en": "Two days after Kristallnacht, Walter Holländer and his brother Julius were arrested by the Nazis. While Julius was soon released, Walter was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.",
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{
"id": 396124393,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Sachsenhausen concentration camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Sachsenhausen",
"name_en": "Sachsenhausen concentration camp",
"uuid": "08e5787e-a41e-4abe-a31f-32a7068e5d68",
"content": "<p>Sachsenhausen was a concentration camp from <strong>1936</strong> until its liberation by the Red Army on <strong>22 April 1945</strong>, located 35 kilometers from Berlin in the town of Oranienburg. The camp was built by prisoners in <strong>1936</strong>, during the Olympic Games in Berlin. About 200,000 people were imprisoned in Sachsenhausen from <strong>1939 to 1945</strong>. No reliable figures are available for the period from <strong>1936 to 1939</strong>. Prisoners included political opponents, prisoners of war, Jews, 'anti-socials', Sinti and Roma, homosexuals and Jehovah's Witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12671\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12671\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Sachsenhausen was van <strong>1936</strong> tot de bevrijding door het Rode Leger op <strong>22 april 1945</strong> een concentratiekamp, gelegen 35 kilometer van Berlijn in de stad Oranienburg. Het kamp werd in <strong>1936</strong>, ten tijde van de Olympische Spelen in Berlijn, gebouwd door gevangenen. In Sachsenhausen hebben van 1939 tot 1945 ongeveer 200.000 mensen gevangengezeten. Over de periode van <strong>1936</strong> tot <strong>1939</strong> zijn geen betrouwbare cijfers beschikbaar. Gevangen zaten onder anderen politieke tegenstanders, krijgsgevangenen, Joden, ‘a-socialen’, Sinti en Roma, homoseksuelen en Jehova’s getuigen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12671\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12671\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(concentratiekamp)\" target=\"_blank\">Sachsenhausen (concentratiekamp)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Sachsenhausen was a concentration camp from <strong>1936</strong> until its liberation by the Red Army on <strong>22 April 1945</strong>, located 35 kilometers from Berlin in the town of Oranienburg. The camp was built by prisoners in <strong>1936</strong>, during the Olympic Games in Berlin. About 200,000 people were imprisoned in Sachsenhausen from <strong>1939 to 1945</strong>. No reliable figures are available for the period from <strong>1936 to 1939</strong>. Prisoners included political opponents, prisoners of war, Jews, 'anti-socials', Sinti and Roma, homosexuals and Jehovah's Witnesses.<sup data-footnote-id=\"12671\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"12671\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (13.245759 52.752938)",
"summary": "From 1936 to 1945, the Sachsenhausen concentration camp was located near the town of Oranienburg, about 35 kilometers north of Berlin.",
"summary_nl": "Ongeveer 35 kilometer ten noorden van Berlijn, bij de plaats Oranienburg, lag van 1936 tot 1945 concentratiekamp Sachsenhausen.",
"summary_en": "From 1936 to 1945, the Sachsenhausen concentration camp was located near the town of Oranienburg, about 35 kilometers north of Berlin.",
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"city": "Oranienburg",
"state": "",
"land": "Duitsland",
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