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"name": "Rachel Frankfoorder and Auguste van Pels in Raguhn",
"name_nl": "Rachel Frankfoorder en Auguste van Pels in Raguhn",
"name_en": "Rachel Frankfoorder and Auguste van Pels in Raguhn",
"content": "<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp <strong>on 7 February 1945</strong>. There, the women had to perform forced labour. Because of the approaching US troops, the women from Raguhn had to be transported again on <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder gave a statement to the Dutch Red Cross on<strong> 28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, no other witnesses confirm Rachel Frankfoorder's testimony, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster explicitly contradict that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">On <strong>16 April 1945, </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. There they were liberated by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlands Rode Kruis, (NRK), Den Haag, dossier nr. 103586, Verklaring februari 1961 m.b.t. Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder werd <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> net als Auguste van Pels op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn. Daar moesten de vrouwen dwangarbeid verrichten. Vanwege de naderende Amerikaanse troepen moesten de vrouwen uit Raguhn op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> opnieuw op transport, dit keer richting Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder verklaarde voor het Nederlandse Rode Kruis op<strong> 28 september 1945</strong>: <em>‘Tijdens de reis van Ranguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud.’</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup><em> </em>Er zijn echter geen andere getuigen die de lezing van Rachel Frankfoorder bevestigen, en Annelore Daniel en Bertha Kaas-Hekster spreken expliciet tegen dat Auguste van Pels door Duitse soldaten onder een rijdende trein zou zijn gegooid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Op <strong>16 april 1945 </strong>kwamen de overlevenden van het transport in Theresienstadt aan. Daar werden zij op <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> door het Sovjetleger bevrijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlands Rode Kruis, (NRK), Den Haag, dossier nr. 103586, Verklaring februari 1961 m.b.t. Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp <strong>on 7 February 1945</strong>. There, the women had to perform forced labour. Because of the approaching US troops, the women from Raguhn had to be transported again on <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, this time to Theresienstadt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Rachel Frankfoorder gave a statement to the Dutch Red Cross on<strong> 28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> However, no other witnesses confirm Rachel Frankfoorder's testimony, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster explicitly contradict that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">On <strong>16 April 1945, </strong>the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. There they were liberated by the Soviet army on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t40yl\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlands Rode Kruis, (NRK), Den Haag, dossier nr. 103586, Verklaring februari 1961 m.b.t. Auguste van Pels-Röttgen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"fzjea\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zujzb\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 282-283.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-07",
"date_end": "1945-05-08",
"summary": "Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp on 7 February 1945, and she was there when Auguste died in April 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Rachel Frankfoorder werd op 7 februari 1945 net als Auguste van Pels op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn en maakte in april 1945 het overlijden van Auguste mee.",
"summary_en": "Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women's camp on 7 February 1945, and she was there when Auguste died in April 1945.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/ae13436d-64c4-4002-a2c9-3f57459b8b71/",
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"name": "Auguste van Pels emprisoned in Raguhn",
"name_nl": "Auguste van Pels gevangen in Raguhn",
"name_en": "Auguste van Pels emprisoned in Raguhn",
"content": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was deported from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Raguhn, a Buchenwald satellite camp. The transport arrived after three days on <strong>10 February 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels was number 457 on the transport list and was given registration number 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was the Buchenwald registration number of Auguste van Pels. The prisoners wore prisoners' clothing and walked under guard through Raguhn each day to their work in the factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known what kind of work Auguste had to do. Witnesses who were there at the same time as Auguste van Pels, have spoken about the work they had to do. Cato Polak and Annelore Daniel did assembly work in an aircraft factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in a potato post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, Auguste was put on a transport again with the final destination of Theresienstadt. She was very sick and weakened by then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was a terrible journey; the train was regularly shelled and stopped for long periods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> During this transport (which arrived in Theresienstadt) Auguste van Pels died. There are two statements on this. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport, stated for the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong><em>: "</em>During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and thus killed." As the transport started on <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, this is a reason to state that Auguste van Pels' date of death was in the <strong>first half of April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, a fellow prisoner from Bergen-Belsen, said that Auguste van Pels had died on the train en route from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and that she herself had laid Auguste down by the side of the tracks, in the verge, and left her behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Auguste van Pels vanuit concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld voor tewerkstelling in Raguhn, een buitenkamp van concentratiekamp Buchenwald. Na drie dagen kwam het transport op <strong>10 februari 1945</strong> aan. Auguste van Pels was nummer 457 op de transportlijst en kreeg als registratienummer 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Dit was een registratienummer van kamp Buchenwald. De gevangenen droegen gevangenenkleding en liepen dagelijks onder bewaking door het Duitse dorp Raguhn naar hun werk in de fabriek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Het is niet bekend wat voor werk Auguste moest doen. Enkele getuigen die tegelijkertijd met Auguste van Pels gevangen zaten, vertelden over het werk dat zij moesten doen. Zo deden Cato Polak en Annelore Daniel montagewerkzaamheden in een vliegtuigfabriek.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen werkte in een aardappelcommando.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> ging Auguste weer op transport met als eindbestemming Theresienstadt. Zij was toen al heel erg ziek en verzwakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Het was een vreselijke reis; de trein werd regelmatig beschoten en stond lange stil.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Tijdens dit transport (dat aankwam in Theresienstadt) stierf Auguste van Pels. Er bestaan hierover twee verklaringen. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, die deel uitmaakte van hetzelfde transport, verklaarde voor het Rode Kruis op <strong>28 september 1945</strong>:<em>Tijdens de reis van Ranguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud.</em> Omdat het transport begon op <strong>9 april 1945 </strong>is dit aanleiding om als sterfdatum van Auguste van Pels in de <strong>eerste helft van april 1945 </strong>te noemen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medegevangene in Bergen-Belsen, Annelore Daniel, vertelde dat Auguste van Pels onderweg van Raguhn richting Theresienstadt in de trein stierf en dat zij Auguste zelf langs de kant van het spoor, in de berm, heeft neergelegd en achtergelaten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was deported from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Raguhn, a Buchenwald satellite camp. The transport arrived after three days on <strong>10 February 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels was number 457 on the transport list and was given registration number 67357.<sup data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup><sup data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> This was the Buchenwald registration number of Auguste van Pels. The prisoners wore prisoners' clothing and walked under guard through Raguhn each day to their work in the factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> It is not known what kind of work Auguste had to do. Witnesses who were there at the same time as Auguste van Pels, have spoken about the work they had to do. Cato Polak and Annelore Daniel did assembly work in an aircraft factory.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen worked in a potato post.<sup data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, Auguste was put on a transport again with the final destination of Theresienstadt. She was very sick and weakened by then.<sup data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> It was a terrible journey; the train was regularly shelled and stopped for long periods.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> During this transport (which arrived in Theresienstadt) Auguste van Pels died. There are two statements on this. Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport, stated for the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong><em>: "</em>During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and thus killed." As the transport started on <strong>9 April 1945</strong>, this is a reason to state that Auguste van Pels' date of death was in the <strong>first half of April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, a fellow prisoner from Bergen-Belsen, said that Auguste van Pels had died on the train en route from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and that she herself had laid Auguste down by the side of the tracks, in the verge, and left her behind.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"nftvv\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, inv. nr. 704: Transport vom Bergen-Belsen nach Raguhn. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0fm31\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden de vrouwen opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pcxon\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer,<em> De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>, Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yg8js\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Amsterdam, inv.no. 804: Vernietigingskamp Sobibor: Verklaring Cato Polak, 20 oktober 1947; Annelore Daniel, interview.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"94zdj\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"av3gb\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4u29f\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Archief Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen: Getuigenis Simone Grzybowski; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 122-123.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xnhx1\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, Verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dv2t7\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, Interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-10",
"date_end": "1945-04-09",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen to a Buchenwald satellite camp called Raguhn. There she had to perform forced labour until, fatally ill, she was again put on a transport to Theresienstadt. She died during the transport.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels werd vanuit Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld naar een buitenkamp van Buchenwald genaamd Raguhn. Daar moest zij dwangarbeid verrichten totdat zij, dodelijk ziek, opnieuw op transport werd gesteld naar Theresienstadt. Tijdens dat transport sterft ze.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen to a Buchenwald satellite camp called Raguhn. There she had to perform forced labour until, fatally ill, she was again put on a transport to Theresienstadt. She died during the transport.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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{
"id": 41,
"main_image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/24494796-6723-45ee-a60e-edc71acb73c9/",
"subjects": [
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"persons": [
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/a39467ab-0152-4645-9450-72349602960e?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "24494796-6723-45ee-a60e-edc71acb73c9",
"name": "Death of Auguste van Pels",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Auguste van Pels",
"name_en": "Death of Auguste van Pels",
"content": "<p>The date and place of death of Auguste van Pels are not precisely known and have been reconstructed by the Dutch Red Cross as being between <strong>9 April 1945</strong> and <strong>8 May 1945</strong> in Germany or Czechoslovakia.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This is the period between the evacuation transport from Raguhn to Theresienstadt on 9 April 1945 and the liberation of Theresienstadt on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport as Auguste, stated to the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and, as a result, killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated that he heard from someone that Auguste had died in a train carriage after being evacuated from Bergen Belsen. AFS, Anne Frank Collection, Otto Frank Archive, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank to Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth (regarding Entschädigung Auguste van Pels), 13 April 1960.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel told Otto Frank after the war that Auguste died beside her during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and was then laid beside the train. AFS, Witness Stories II, interview with Annelore Beem-Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 May 2014.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bertha Kaas-Hekster also states something about Auguste's death: "(... ) died there of typhus or on transport to Theresienstadt I remember (...) Gusta Pels - German by birth, but deported from Amsterdam". Netherlands Red Cross (NRK), War Aftercare Bureau (entry 2050), inv. no. 1204: statement Bertha Kaas-Hekster, 8 January 1948.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This transport started on <strong>9 April 1945 </strong>and Auguste's date of death is given as the <strong>first half of April 1945 </strong>as a result. See note 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier Hermann van Pels, dossiernummer 103586: Joodse Raad kaart Auguste Roettgen (sic); ibid. Verklaring Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, februari 1961 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>De overlijdensdatum en -plaats van Auguste van Pels staat niet precies vast en is door het Nederlandse Rode Kruis gereconstrueerd tussen <strong>9 april 1945</strong> en <strong>8 mei 1945</strong> in Duitsland of Tsjecho-Slowakije.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Dit is de periode die ligt tussen het evacuatietransport van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt op 9 april 1945 tot en met de bevrijding van Theresienstadt op 8 mei 1945.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, die deel uitmaakt van hetzelfde transport als Auguste, verklaart voor het Rode Kruis op <strong>28 september 1945</strong>: <em>Tijdens de reis van Ranguhn naar Theresienstadt is door de Duitsers onder de trein gegooid en daardoor gedood: Mevr. Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, circa 42 jaar oud</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank verklaart dat hij van iemand gehoord heeft dat Auguste gestorven is in een treinwagon na de ontruiming uit Bergen Belsen. AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank aan Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth (i.v.m. Entschädigung Auguste van Pels), 13 april 1960.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel vertelde Otto Frank na de oorlog dat Auguste tijdens de treinreis van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt naast haar is overleden en daarna naast de trein is gelegd. AFS, GetuigenVerhalen II, interview met Annelore Beem- Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 mei 2014. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Bertha Kaas-Hekster verklaart iets over de dood van Auguste: <em>(…) daar overleden aan typhus of op transport naar Theresienstadt herrinner ik me (…) Gusta Pels – Duitsche van afkomst, doch uit Amsterdam gedeporteerd. </em>Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), Bureau Oorlogsnazorg (toegang 2050), inv. nr. 1204: verklaring Bertha Kaas - Hekster, 8 januari 1948.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dit transport begint op <strong>9 april 1945 </strong>en naar aanleiding hiervan wordt de <strong>eerste helft van april 1945 </strong>als overlijdensdatum van Auguste geven.Zie noot 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier Hermann van Pels, dossiernummer 103586: Joodse Raad kaart Auguste Roettgen (sic); ibid. Verklaring Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, februari 1961 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>The date and place of death of Auguste van Pels are not precisely known and have been reconstructed by the Dutch Red Cross as being between <strong>9 April 1945</strong> and <strong>8 May 1945</strong> in Germany or Czechoslovakia.<sup data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> This is the period between the evacuation transport from Raguhn to Theresienstadt on 9 April 1945 and the liberation of Theresienstadt on <strong>8 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel van Amerongen Frankfoorder, who was part of the same transport as Auguste, stated to the Red Cross on <strong>28 September 1945</strong>: "During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old, was thrown under the train by the Germans and, as a result, killed."<sup data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank stated that he heard from someone that Auguste had died in a train carriage after being evacuated from Bergen Belsen. AFS, Anne Frank Collection, Otto Frank Archive, reg. code OFA_076: Otto Frank to Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Späth (regarding Entschädigung Auguste van Pels), 13 April 1960.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel told Otto Frank after the war that Auguste died beside her during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt and was then laid beside the train. AFS, Witness Stories II, interview with Annelore Beem-Daniel, Bilthoven, 19 May 2014.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bertha Kaas-Hekster also states something about Auguste's death: "(... ) died there of typhus or on transport to Theresienstadt I remember (...) Gusta Pels - German by birth, but deported from Amsterdam". Netherlands Red Cross (NRK), War Aftercare Bureau (entry 2050), inv. no. 1204: statement Bertha Kaas-Hekster, 8 January 1948.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>This transport started on <strong>9 April 1945 </strong>and Auguste's date of death is given as the <strong>first half of April 1945 </strong>as a result. See note 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y4b63\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier Hermann van Pels, dossiernummer 103586: Joodse Raad kaart Auguste Roettgen (sic); ibid. Verklaring Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, februari 1961 (kopie bij: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), afd. Collecties, Collectie in handen van derden, Instellingen Nederland).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4a4n9\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-04-09",
"date_end": "1945-04-16",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels died during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt. The location is not known. The exact date is also not known but was between 9 and 16 April 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels stierf tijdens de treinreis van Raguhn naar Theresienstadt. De locatie is niet bekend. De precieze datum is ook niet bekend maar ligt tussen 9 en 16 april 1945.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels died during the train journey from Raguhn to Theresienstadt. The location is not known. The exact date is also not known but was between 9 and 16 April 1945.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
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"parent": null,
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{
"id": 396124661,
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
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"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Raguhn camp",
"name_nl": "Kamp Raguhn",
"name_en": "Raguhn camp",
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"content": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen concentration camp for work in Raguhn. Raguhn was a relatively small camp located on the western edge of the German village of Raguhn and was one of the sub-camps of Buchenwald concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The <em>SS-Kommando Heerbrandtwerke </em><em>AG </em>in Raguhn was headed by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Herbert Dieckmann (1906-1986) and <em>SS-Obersturmführer</em> Hermann Grossmann (1901-1948). It employed about 45 male and female guards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buchenwald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buchenwald main camp came into existence as early as <strong>1937</strong> and was one of the first and largest concentration camps on German soil. <strong>Between</strong> <strong>1938 and 1945</strong>, around 240,000 people were imprisoned there. Like many other concentration camps, Buchenwald had numerous sub-camps over a large area, which were called outer camps or (outer) commands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arriving in Raguhn, the women were re-registered. Since the Raguhn sub-camp was part of Buchenwald concentration camp, they were included in that camp's records and given 'Buchenwald numbers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Forced labour</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, between five and seven hundred women had to work in an aircraft parts factory of <em>Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke </em><em>AG</em>. The women wore striped prisoners' clothing so that they were clearly identifiable. At the factory, the women had to assemble aircraft parts under the supervision of plainclothed supervisors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Each week, shifts changed between day and night shifts. The work was heavy and inefficient. Due to the chaos of the final phase of the war, the factory faced a constant shortage of materials, which meant there was too little work for all the women in the camp. The prisoners also regularly had to seek refuge in shelters while working because of Allied bombing raids.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, the women did not sleep in standard barrack huts, but in a number of former workshops and sanitary rooms. The prisoners were starving and about 10 per cent of the women were too sick to work. Many had already arrived sick from Bergen-Belsen. Over time, typhus fever also broke out in the camp. Women died in the camp from a variety of conditions: pneumonia, heart failure, meningitis and intestinal diseases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, US troops approached Buchenwald camp and the SS decided to evacuate the Raguhn sub-camp. On <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, guards again loaded the women from Raguhn into freight wagons, this time for transport to Theresienstadt. After a chaotic journey, they arrived there on <strong>16 April 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels had died during the train journey.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0242\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 260.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5npza\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 261.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 262.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 263, 265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0242\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 265-267.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Auguste van Pels vanuit concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen op transport gesteld voor tewerkstelling in Raguhn. Raguhn was een relatief klein kamp dat zich bevond aan de westelijke rand van het Duitse dorp Raguhn en was een van de buitenkampen van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het <em>SS-Kommando Heerbrandtwerke </em><em>AG </em>in Raguhn stond onder leiding van <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Herbert Dieckmann (1906-1986) en <em>SS-Obersturmführer</em> Hermann Grossmann (1901-1948). Er werkten ongeveer 45 mannelijke en vrouwelijke bewakers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buchenwald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het hoofdkamp Buchenwald ontstond al in <strong>1937</strong> en was een van de eerste en grootste concentratiekampen op Duits grondgebied. <strong>Tussen</strong> <strong>1938 en 1945</strong> zaten hier ongeveer 240.000 mensen opgesloten. Net als veel andere concentratiekampen kreeg ook Buchenwald wijdverspreide en talrijke onderafdelingen, die buitenkampen of (buiten)commando’s werden genoemd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na aankomst in Raguhn werden de vrouwen opnieuw geregistreerd. Omdat het buitencommando Raguhn onderdeel was van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald, werden ze opgenomen in de administratie van dat kamp en kregen ze ‘Buchenwaldnummers’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Dwangarbeid</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn moesten tussen de vijf- en zevenhonderd vrouwen werken in een fabriek voor vliegtuigonderdelen van <em>Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke </em><em>AG</em>. De vrouwen droegen gestreepte gevangenenkleding, zodat ze duidelijk herkenbaar waren. In de fabriek moesten de vrouwen onder toezicht van opzichters in burger vliegtuigonderdelen in elkaar zetten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Iedere week wisselden de ploegen tussen dag- en nachtdienst. Het werk was zwaar en inefficiënt. Door de chaos van de eindfase van de oorlog kampte de fabriek met een voortdurend tekort aan materiaal, waardoor er te weinig werk was voor alle vrouwen uit het kamp. Daarnaast moesten de gevangenen tijdens hun werk regelmatig hun toevlucht zoeken in schuilkelders vanwege de geallieerde bombardementen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omstandigheden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn sliepen de vrouwen niet in standaardbarakken, maar in een aantal voormalige werkplaatsen en sanitaire ruimtes. De gevangenen leden honger en ongeveer 10 procent van de vrouwen was te ziek om te kunnen werken. Velen waren al ziek aangekomen uit Bergen-Belsen. Na verloop van tijd brak er ook vlektyfus uit in het kamp. Vrouwen overleden in het kamp aan uiteenlopende aandoeningen: longontsteking, hartfalen, hersenvliesontsteking en darmziekten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Ontruiming</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Begin <strong>april 1945</strong> naderden Amerikaanse troepen kamp Buchenwald en besloot de SS het buitencommando Raguhn te ontruimen. Op <strong>9 april 1945</strong> laadden de bewakers de vrouwen uit Raguhn opnieuw in goederenwagons, ditmaal richting Theresienstadt. Na een chaotische reis kwamen ze daar op <strong>16 april 1945</strong> aan. Auguste van Pels was tijdens de treinreis overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0242\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 260.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5npza\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 261.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 262.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 263, 265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0242\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 265-267.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Auguste van Pels was transported from Bergen-Belsen concentration camp for work in Raguhn. Raguhn was a relatively small camp located on the western edge of the German village of Raguhn and was one of the sub-camps of Buchenwald concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The <em>SS-Kommando Heerbrandtwerke </em><em>AG </em>in Raguhn was headed by <em>SS-Hauptscharführer</em> Herbert Dieckmann (1906-1986) and <em>SS-Obersturmführer</em> Hermann Grossmann (1901-1948). It employed about 45 male and female guards.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Buchenwald</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Buchenwald main camp came into existence as early as <strong>1937</strong> and was one of the first and largest concentration camps on German soil. <strong>Between</strong> <strong>1938 and 1945</strong>, around 240,000 people were imprisoned there. Like many other concentration camps, Buchenwald had numerous sub-camps over a large area, which were called outer camps or (outer) commands.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5npza\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After arriving in Raguhn, the women were re-registered. Since the Raguhn sub-camp was part of Buchenwald concentration camp, they were included in that camp's records and given 'Buchenwald numbers'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Forced labour</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, between five and seven hundred women had to work in an aircraft parts factory of <em>Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke </em><em>AG</em>. The women wore striped prisoners' clothing so that they were clearly identifiable. At the factory, the women had to assemble aircraft parts under the supervision of plainclothed supervisors.<sup data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Each week, shifts changed between day and night shifts. The work was heavy and inefficient. Due to the chaos of the final phase of the war, the factory faced a constant shortage of materials, which meant there was too little work for all the women in the camp. The prisoners also regularly had to seek refuge in shelters while working because of Allied bombing raids.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In Raguhn, the women did not sleep in standard barrack huts, but in a number of former workshops and sanitary rooms. The prisoners were starving and about 10 per cent of the women were too sick to work. Many had already arrived sick from Bergen-Belsen. Over time, typhus fever also broke out in the camp. Women died in the camp from a variety of conditions: pneumonia, heart failure, meningitis and intestinal diseases.<sup data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Evacuation</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In early <strong>April 1945</strong>, US troops approached Buchenwald camp and the SS decided to evacuate the Raguhn sub-camp. On <strong>9 April</strong> <strong>1945</strong>, guards again loaded the women from Raguhn into freight wagons, this time for transport to Theresienstadt. After a chaotic journey, they arrived there on <strong>16 April 1945</strong>. Auguste van Pels had died during the train journey.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l0242\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"71xd7\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 260.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5npza\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 261.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"5wd2d\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 262.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"yvvh4\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 263, 265.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l0242\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 265-267.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Raguhn was a sub-camp of Buchenwald concentration camp where Auguste van Pels was imprisoned and had to perform forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Raguhn was een buitenkamp van het concentratiekamp Buchenwald waar Auguste van Pels gevangen zat en dwangarbeid moest verrichten.",
"summary_en": "Raguhn was a sub-camp of Buchenwald concentration camp where Auguste van Pels was imprisoned and had to perform forced labour.",
"same_as": null,
"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Raguhn",
"state": "",
"land": "Duitsland",
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}