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{
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/19efb37b-9b16-4b77-9042-de67fa6e6cc0/",
"subjects": [
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"uuid": "19efb37b-9b16-4b77-9042-de67fa6e6cc0",
"name": "Fritz Pfeffer imprisoned in Neuengamme",
"name_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer gevangen in Neuengamme",
"name_en": "Fritz Pfeffer imprisoned in Neuengamme",
"content": "<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons left Auschwitz for an unkown destination in <strong>November '44 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awch0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. At the Auschwitz Archive, they are not aware of any such a transport of dentists and dental surgeons. What is known is that Fritz Pfeffer ended up in Neuengamme.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The allocation of prisoner numbers in Neuengamme was done by order of entry. Numbers 64230 and 65105 arrived on <strong>10</strong> and <strong>18 November 1944</strong> respectively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Pfeffer's prisoner number in Neuengamme was 64971, showing that this was the time period in which he arrived. Among those who also arrived during this period were at least seven doctors and dentists. These were given the numbers 64969, 64970, 64976, 64977, 64986, 64993 and 64995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing else is known about Pfeffer in Neuengamme, except that he died there on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>. The place of death on the death certificate reads: Hausdeich 60 in Hamburg-Neuengamme, <strong>16 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awch0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/\">https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 maart 2020).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecite, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Volgens een kaart waarmee Charlotte Kaletta op <strong>1 augustus 1945 </strong>bij het Rode Kruis om informatie vroeg, vertrok Pfeffer op <strong>1 oktober 1944 </strong>met een <em>Artzetransport</em> uit Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Waar zij die kennis aan ontleende, is niet bekend. Kampoverlevende Barend Konijn vertelde later aan het Rode Kruis dat in <strong>november 1944 </strong>een speciaal transport van tandartsen en tandheelkundigen uit Auschwitz naar 'elders' vertrok.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awch0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het is niet duidelijk in hoeverre deze berichten juist zijn. Bij het Auschwitz-archief is men niet van een dergelijk (tand)artsentransport op de hoogte. Wat wel bekend is, is dat Fritz Pfeffer in Neuengamme terechtkwam.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De toekenning van gevangenennummers in Neuengamme gebeurde op volgorde van binnenkomst. De nummers 64230 en 65105 kwamen binnen op respectievelijk <strong>10</strong> en <strong>18 november 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Pfeffers gevangenennummer in Neuengamme was 64971, waaruit blijkt dat dit de tijdspanne is waarbinnen hij aankwam. Onder degenen die ook in die periode arriveerden zaten in ieder geval nog zeven artsen en tandartsen. Die kregen de nummers 64969, 64970, 64976, 64977, 64986, 64993 en 64995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Verder is er niets over Pfeffer in Neuengamme bekend, behalve dat hij er op <strong>20 december 1944 </strong>overleed. Als plaats van overlijden staat op de overlijdensakte vermeld: Hausdeich 60 in Hamburg-Neuengamme, <strong>16 februari 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awch0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/\">https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 maart 2020).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecite, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>According to a card Charlotte Kaletta used to request information from the Red Cross on <strong>1 August 1945</strong>, Pfeffer left Auschwitz on an <em>Artzet transport</em> on <strong>1 October 1944 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Where she derived this knowledge from is not known. Camp survivor Barend Konijn later told the Red Cross that a special transport of dentists and dental surgeons left Auschwitz for an unkown destination in <strong>November '44 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"awch0\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It is not clear to what extent these reports are accurate. At the Auschwitz Archive, they are not aware of any such a transport of dentists and dental surgeons. What is known is that Fritz Pfeffer ended up in Neuengamme.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The allocation of prisoner numbers in Neuengamme was done by order of entry. Numbers 64230 and 65105 arrived on <strong>10</strong> and <strong>18 November 1944</strong> respectively.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Pfeffer's prisoner number in Neuengamme was 64971, showing that this was the time period in which he arrived. Among those who also arrived during this period were at least seven doctors and dentists. These were given the numbers 64969, 64970, 64976, 64977, 64986, 64993 and 64995.<sup data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nothing else is known about Pfeffer in Neuengamme, except that he died there on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>. The place of death on the death certificate reads: Hausdeich 60 in Hamburg-Neuengamme, <strong>16 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m0i3f\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De kaart staat afgebeeld in de museumcatalogus van het Anne Frank Huis. Anne Frank Stichting (samenst. en red.), <em>Anne Frank Huis: een museum met een verhaal</em>, Amsterdam: Anne Frank Stichting, 1999, p. 202.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"awch0\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007: inv.nr. 1293, Barend Konijn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uqtof\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bundesarchiv Berlin, Archief WVHA (SS-Wirtschaftsverwaltungs Hauptamt), signatuur NS 3/1577: Gevangenkaarten 64230 en 65105.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"0t2vy\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/\">https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/death-register/deaths-1940-1945/</a> (geraadpleegd 12 maart 2020).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ueepd\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collecite, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-10",
"date_end": "1944-12-20",
"summary": "Between 10 and 18 November 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was selected for deportation to Neuengamme, where he was forced to perform forced labour. He died there on 20 December 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer wordt tussen 10 en 18 november 1944 in Auschwitz geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Neuengamme, waar hij dwangarbeid moet verrichten. Hier sterft hij op 20 december 1944.",
"summary_en": "Between 10 and 18 November 1944, Fritz Pfeffer was selected for deportation to Neuengamme, where he was forced to perform forced labour. He died there on 20 December 1944.",
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{
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"uuid": "7efb2d5c-5eed-49d7-93db-1657d904d8ab",
"name": "p 202 - 02 Dodenboek Neuengamme",
"title": "Uit de kampadministratie van Neuengamme: een boek met de namen van de gevangenen die tussen 17 december 1944 en 19 januari 1945 zijn gestorven. Fritz Pfeffer staat zesde van onder.",
"alt": "KZ_Gedenkstätte Neuengamme",
"url": "",
"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/p_202_-_02_Dodenboek_Neuengamme.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
"description": "",
"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
},
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/69136b1c-98b9-4c1a-9a9c-23a3bfb6efbb/",
"subjects": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05?format=api",
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/subjects/298bf86b-0a5f-44dc-a606-0a72436ad431?format=api"
],
"persons": [
"https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/persons/780d0c9f-f8fa-4ab1-89a0-515fd117716c?format=api"
],
"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/523ca8f5-7aaa-4a57-869d-2486f6a8ef1f?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "69136b1c-98b9-4c1a-9a9c-23a3bfb6efbb",
"name": "Death of Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Fritz Pfeffer",
"name_en": "Death of Fritz Pfeffer",
"content": "<p>Sometime in the winter of <strong>1944</strong>, Fritz Pfeffer became seriously ill. On <strong>16 February 1945</strong>, a death certificate No IX/107 was drawn up in the death book of Neuengamme concentration camp at the instructions of Otto von Apenburg. It states that Fritz Pfeffer died at nine o'clock in the morning on <strong>20 December 1944</strong> from enterocolitis: an inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Enterocolitis causes diarrhoea, leads to dysentery without treatment and eventually death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>His marital status was given as 'divorced'. Acknowledgement of the marriage to Charlotte Kaletta, banned in <strong>1937</strong>, was noted in the margin in <strong>1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<p>The address of death given is: Hausdeich 60 at Hamburg Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This address indicated the crematorium of Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is therefore likely that Fritz Pfeffer was cremated.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On 23 October 1945, the Dutch Red Cross wrote a formal death notice to Charlotte Kaletta: 'From a message received here from an aid team in Germany of the Dutch Red Cross, I have the sad duty to inform you that Mr Fritz Pfeffer, born 30 April 1889 and last living in Amsterdam, died on 20 December 1944 in the Neuengamme concentration camp.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>The '<em>Häflings-Toten-Nachweis'</em> lists the date, time and cause of death identically.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Museum Auschwitz says the clerks in Auschwitz could choose at random from a list of several dozen standard causes of death. Perhaps the same thing happened in Neuengamme.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Repatriation Bureau of the Military Authority passed Pfeffer's death on to the Civil Registry of Amsterdam. There, on <strong>15 July 1946,</strong> the death was recorded on certificate 7/495.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis\">http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis </a>(geraadpleegd februari 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 7500: Overlijdensacte Fritz Pfeffer: Nr.IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de\">www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2016); Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 7500: Brief aan mevrouw C. Kaletta van J. van de Voss, 23 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer (onafgeplakte kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ergens in de winter van <strong>1944</strong> werd Fritz Pfeffer ernstig ziek. Op <strong>16 februari 1945 </strong>werd op aangeven van Otto von Apenburg een overlijdensakte nr. IX/107 opgemaakt in het dodenboek van concentratiekamp Neuengamme. Daar staat dat Fritz Pfeffer op <strong>20 december 1944</strong> om negen uur in de ochtend is overleden aan enterocolitis: een ontsteking aan het darmslijmvlies.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Enterocolitis veroorzaakt diarree, leidt zonder behandeling tot dysenterie en uiteindelijk tot de dood.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<div>Als burgerlijke staat werd opgegeven: <em>gescheiden</em>. In de marge werd in <strong>1953</strong> de erkenning van het in <strong>1937</strong> verboden huwelijk met Charlotte Kaletta genoteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<p>Als adres van overlijden wordt vermeld: Hausdeich 60 te Hamburg Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Met dit adres werd het crematorium van Neuengamme aangeduid.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het is daarom aannemelijk dat Fritz Pfeffer is gecremeerd.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>23 oktober 1945</strong> schreef het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK) een formeel overlijdensbericht aan Charlotte Kaletta: ‘Van een alhier binnengekomen bericht van een hulpteam in Duitschland van het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, heb ik de droeve plicht U te moeten mededelen, dat de heer Fritz Pfeffer, geboren 30 April 1889 en laatstelijk woonachtig in Amsterdam, op 20 December 1944 in het concentratiekamp Neuengamme is overleden.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>In het <em>"Häflings-Toten-Nachweis"</em> staan datum, tijdstip en doodsoorzaak identiek genoteerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Museum Auschwitz zegt dat de klerken in Auschwitz willekeurig konden kiezen uit een lijst met enkele tientallen standaarddoodsoorzaken. Wellicht is hetzelfde in Neuengamme gebeurd.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nHet Bureau Repatriering van het Militair Gezag geeft het overlijden van Pfeffer door aan de Burgerlijke Stand van Amsterdam. Daar wordt op <strong>15 juli 1946</strong> het overlijden in de akte 7/495 ingeschreven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis\">http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis </a>(geraadpleegd februari 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 7500: Overlijdensacte Fritz Pfeffer: Nr.IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de\">www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2016); Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 7500: Brief aan mevrouw C. Kaletta van J. van de Voss, 23 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer (onafgeplakte kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Sometime in the winter of <strong>1944</strong>, Fritz Pfeffer became seriously ill. On <strong>16 February 1945</strong>, a death certificate No IX/107 was drawn up in the death book of Neuengamme concentration camp at the instructions of Otto von Apenburg. It states that Fritz Pfeffer died at nine o'clock in the morning on <strong>20 December 1944</strong> from enterocolitis: an inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Enterocolitis causes diarrhoea, leads to dysentery without treatment and eventually death.<sup data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>His marital status was given as 'divorced'. Acknowledgement of the marriage to Charlotte Kaletta, banned in <strong>1937</strong>, was noted in the margin in <strong>1953</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<p>The address of death given is: Hausdeich 60 at Hamburg Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> This address indicated the crematorium of Neuengamme.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It is therefore likely that Fritz Pfeffer was cremated.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>On 23 October 1945, the Dutch Red Cross wrote a formal death notice to Charlotte Kaletta: 'From a message received here from an aid team in Germany of the Dutch Red Cross, I have the sad duty to inform you that Mr Fritz Pfeffer, born 30 April 1889 and last living in Amsterdam, died on 20 December 1944 in the Neuengamme concentration camp.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>The '<em>Häflings-Toten-Nachweis'</em> lists the date, time and cause of death identically.<sup data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Museum Auschwitz says the clerks in Auschwitz could choose at random from a list of several dozen standard causes of death. Perhaps the same thing happened in Neuengamme.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThe Repatriation Bureau of the Military Authority passed Pfeffer's death on to the Civil Registry of Amsterdam. There, on <strong>15 July 1946,</strong> the death was recorded on certificate 7/495.<sup data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></div>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"uu7v0\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Gedenkstätte Neuengamme, "Häftlings-Toten-Nachweis", 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie: Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jm0t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis\">http://www.menselijk-lichaam.com/besmettelijke-ziektes/enterocolitis </a>(geraadpleegd februari 2016)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ljd2e\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte (AFS, AFC, reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_016).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ldvda\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossier 7500: Overlijdensacte Fritz Pfeffer: Nr.IX/107.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m2w1s\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de\">www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2016); Standesamt Hamburg-Neuengamme: Afschrift overlijdensakte </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"jrg40\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, dossier 7500: Brief aan mevrouw C. Kaletta van J. van de Voss, 23 oktober 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"39vs0\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer (onafgeplakte kopie).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-12-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer died in the Neuengamme concentration camp on 20 December 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Fritz Pfeffer overleed op 20 december 1944 in het concentratiekamp Neuengamme.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer died in the Neuengamme concentration camp on 20 December 1944.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
}
],
"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
"files": []
},
{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Neuengamme concentration camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Neuengamme",
"name_en": "Neuengamme concentration camp",
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"content": "<p>Neuengamme was a German concentration camp to the south of Hamburg, from <strong>1938 to 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Neuengamme was a village located about twenty kilometres south-east of Hamburg, where a sub-camp of Sachsenhausen concentration camp had been established since <strong>1938</strong>. In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Neuengamme camp was enlarged and organised as an independent concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1q418\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The camp commander of Neuengamme from <strong>1942</strong> was <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Max Pauly (1907-1946). Pauly commanded a total of 2,600 SS men who had to guard Neuengamme and the sub-camps and supervise forced labour. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, a gas chamber was set up in one of the camp's bunkers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The concentration camp aimed to intern political opponents and other 'enemies' of the Nazi regime, such as Jews, Roma and Sinti, Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals. It also held Russian prisoners of war and labour draft evaders from German-occupied territories. The prisoners had to perform forced labour under harsh conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Until <strong>1945</strong>, over 100,000 people were imprisoned in Neuengamme and the outer camps, almost half of whom, at least 42,900, would not survive due to poor living conditions, ill-treatment or because they were killed directly. Fritz Pfeffer also died in Neuengamme on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Neuengamme concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1q418\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 289.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,<em> Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 291-292.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 292-293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 299.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Neuengamme was een Duits concentratiekamp ten zuiden van Hamburg, van <strong>1938 tot 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2epc4\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Neuengamme was een dorpje gelegen op ongeveer twintig kilometer ten zuidoosten van Hamburg, waar sinds <strong>1938</strong> een buitenkamp van het concentratiekamp Sachsenhausen was gevestigd. In <strong>juni 1940</strong>, werd kamp Neuengamme vergroot en als een zelfstandig concentratiekamp georganiseerd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1q418\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>De kampcommandant van Neuengamme was vanaf <strong>1942</strong> <em>SS</em><em>-Sturmbannführer</em> Max Pauly (1907-1946). Pauly gaf leiding over in totaal 2600 SS’ers die Neuengamme en de buitenkampen moesten bewaken en toezicht hielden op de dwangarbeid. In <strong>oktober 1942 </strong>werd in een van de bunkers van het kamp een gaskamer ingericht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het concentratiekamp was gericht op het interneren van politieke tegenstanders en andere ‘vijanden’ van het naziregime, zoals Joden, Roma en Sinti, Jehova’s getuigen en homoseksuelen. Ook zaten er Russische krijgsgevangenen en arbeidsinzetontduikers uit de door Duitsland bezette gebieden. De gevangenen moesten onder zware omstandigheden dwangarbeid verrichten.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tot <strong>1945</strong> zaten in Neuengamme en de buitenkampen ruim 100.000 mensen gevangen, van wie bijna de helft, minstens 42.900, het niet zou overleven door de slechte leefomstandigheden, mishandeling of omdat ze direct werden vermoord. Ook Fritz Pfeffer stierf in Neuengamme op <strong>20 december 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2epc4\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme\" target=\"_blank\">Neuengamme</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1q418\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 289.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,<em> Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 291-292.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 292-293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 299.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Neuengamme was a German concentration camp to the south of Hamburg, from <strong>1938 to 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Neuengamme was a village located about twenty kilometres south-east of Hamburg, where a sub-camp of Sachsenhausen concentration camp had been established since <strong>1938</strong>. In <strong>June 1940</strong>, Neuengamme camp was enlarged and organised as an independent concentration camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1q418\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The camp commander of Neuengamme from <strong>1942</strong> was <em>SS-Sturmbannführer</em> Max Pauly (1907-1946). Pauly commanded a total of 2,600 SS men who had to guard Neuengamme and the sub-camps and supervise forced labour. In <strong>October 1942</strong>, a gas chamber was set up in one of the camp's bunkers.<sup data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The concentration camp aimed to intern political opponents and other 'enemies' of the Nazi regime, such as Jews, Roma and Sinti, Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals. It also held Russian prisoners of war and labour draft evaders from German-occupied territories. The prisoners had to perform forced labour under harsh conditions.<sup data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Until <strong>1945</strong>, over 100,000 people were imprisoned in Neuengamme and the outer camps, almost half of whom, at least 42,900, would not survive due to poor living conditions, ill-treatment or because they were killed directly. Fritz Pfeffer also died in Neuengamme on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"wmu95\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Neuengamme concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1q418\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 289.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"cvjp3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,<em> Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 291-292.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tj26t\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 292-293.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7ol24\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 299.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (10.230694 53.430417)",
"summary": "Fritz Pfeffer was probably transported from Auschwitz to Neuengamme concentration camp in November 1944.",
"summary_nl": "Waarschijnlijk werd Fritz Pfeffer in november 1944 uit Auschwitz op transport gesteld naar concentratiekamp Neuengamme.",
"summary_en": "Fritz Pfeffer was probably transported from Auschwitz to Neuengamme concentration camp in November 1944.",
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