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"uuid": "8f7d90d1-3f31-42a2-8f68-bddc088123b0",
"name": "Adm Mauthausen PetervPels",
"title": "De kaart van Peter van Pels uit Mauthausen. Op de voorgedrukte kant staan, ondersteboven, zijn beroep 'Tischler' en is bij gehouden waar hij gevangen heeft gezeten. Op de andere kant staan zijn persoonsgegevens.",
"alt": "Nationaal Archief, Den Haag",
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"path": "https://research.annefrank.org/media/Adm_Mauthausen_PetervPels.jpg",
"filetype": "image",
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"author": "Collectie kan worden ingezet voor publiek",
"copyright": "Publiek domein"
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/gebeurtenissen/b1606b70-0179-4ed4-aa77-5e81ab7e734f/",
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"published": true,
"uuid": "b1606b70-0179-4ed4-aa77-5e81ab7e734f",
"name": "Peter van Pels to Mauthausen",
"name_nl": "Peter van Pels naar Mauthausen",
"name_en": "Peter van Pels to Mauthausen",
"content": "<p>On <strong>18 January 1945</strong>, large columns of prisoners left Auschwitz from midnight until midday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> For Peter van Pels and about 5,700 others, the destination was camp Mauthausen in Austria.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The group covered the first 60-plus kilometres westward on foot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It was a gruelling trek. Many of the prisoners were already severely weakened before they began the arduous march, and the SS guards shot and killed without mercy anyone who could not keep pace or tried to flee.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After five days on,<strong> 22 January 1945</strong>, they reached Loslau (now Wodzisław Śląsk on the Czech-Polish border).<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There they were loaded per hundred prisoners into open coal or freight wagons that were full of snow and ice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The train did not leave until the next morning. It was freezing twenty degrees and the prisoners were not given any food or drink. Many died during the journey from exhaustion and hypothermia. When the train stopped, the dead bodies were thrown outside.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After three days, they arrived at Mauthausen station. From there, the prisoners walked in a long file to the Mauthausen concentration camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The prisoners worked as forced labourers in the stone quarries of Mauthausen and Gusen. Due to the harsh regime and heavy work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to have a life expectancy of three to four months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Mauthausen's infamous quarry, the men of the penal commandos carried granite blocks on their backs along the steep stairs up in a wooden carrier. Medical care was poor. Jewish prisoners ended up as stone carriers in this punishment commando almost by default until <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 3, 31, 85, en 227; NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 827, Verklaring C. Schimmer en A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijv. kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002, 53. De beschrijving van de dodenmars hier is onder andere gebaseerd op de getuigenissen van Jakob Maestro, Job Jansen, Mari Sloot, Max Garcia, C. Schimmer, A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gebaseerd op de getuigenis van A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kampen werden ingedeeld naar Stufe I, II en III, waarbij Stufe iii het zwaarste regime was.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ladislaus Szücs, <em>Zählappell. Als Arzt im Konzentrationslager, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschebuch, 1995, p. p. 34. Harald Hutterberger lichtte de berekening van calorieën mondeling toe.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Op <strong>18 januari 1945 </strong>vertrokken vanaf middernacht tot in de middag grote colonnes gevangenen uit Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Voor Peter van Pels en ongeveer 5700 anderen was de bestemming kamp Mauthausen in Oostenrijk.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De eerste ruim zestig kilometer in westelijke richting legde de groep te voet af.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Het was een gruwelijke tocht. Veel van de gevangenen waren al ernstig verzwakt voordat ze aan de zware mars begonnen en de ss-bewakers schoten iedereen die het tempo niet kon bijbenen of probeerde te vluchten zonder pardon dood.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na vijf dagen op,<strong> 22 januari 1945</strong>, bereikten ze Loslau (nu Wodzisław Śląsk aan de Tsjechisch-Poolse grens).<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Daar werden ze per honderd gevangenen ingeladen in open kolen- of goederenwagons die vol sneeuw en ijs lagen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De trein vertrok pas de volgende morgen. Het vroor twintig graden en de gevangenen kregen geen eten of drinken. Velen stierven tijdens de reis door uitputting en onderkoeling. Als de trein stilstond, werden de dode lichamen naar buiten gegooid.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na drie dagen kwamen ze aan op het station van Mauthausen. Vandaar liepen de gevangenen in een lange colonne naar het concentratiekamp Mauthausen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was een kamp van de zwaarste categorie.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De gevangenen werkten als dwangarbeiders in de steengroeven van Mauthausen en Gusen. Door het harde regime en het zware werk in de steengroeven waren de sterftecijfers extreem hoog. Het was een combinatie van arbeid en uitroeiing. De gevangenen werkten zich letterlijk dood. Het dieet was berekend op een levensverwachting van drie tot vier maanden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de beruchte steengroeve van Mauthausen droegen de mannen van het strafcommando in een houten drager granietblokken op hun rug langs de steile trap naar boven. De medische verzorging was gebrekkig. Joodse gevangenen kwamen tot aan <strong>1944</strong> bijna standaard als stenendragers in dit strafcommando terecht.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 3, 31, 85, en 227; NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 827, Verklaring C. Schimmer en A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijv. kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002, 53. De beschrijving van de dodenmars hier is onder andere gebaseerd op de getuigenissen van Jakob Maestro, Job Jansen, Mari Sloot, Max Garcia, C. Schimmer, A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gebaseerd op de getuigenis van A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kampen werden ingedeeld naar Stufe I, II en III, waarbij Stufe iii het zwaarste regime was.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ladislaus Szücs, <em>Zählappell. Als Arzt im Konzentrationslager, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschebuch, 1995, p. p. 34. Harald Hutterberger lichtte de berekening van calorieën mondeling toe.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>On <strong>18 January 1945</strong>, large columns of prisoners left Auschwitz from midnight until midday.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> For Peter van Pels and about 5,700 others, the destination was camp Mauthausen in Austria.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The group covered the first 60-plus kilometres westward on foot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> It was a gruelling trek. Many of the prisoners were already severely weakened before they began the arduous march, and the SS guards shot and killed without mercy anyone who could not keep pace or tried to flee.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After five days on,<strong> 22 January 1945</strong>, they reached Loslau (now Wodzisław Śląsk on the Czech-Polish border).<sup data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> There they were loaded per hundred prisoners into open coal or freight wagons that were full of snow and ice.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The train did not leave until the next morning. It was freezing twenty degrees and the prisoners were not given any food or drink. Many died during the journey from exhaustion and hypothermia. When the train stopped, the dead bodies were thrown outside.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After three days, they arrived at Mauthausen station. From there, the prisoners walked in a long file to the Mauthausen concentration camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mauthausen was a camp of the toughest category.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The prisoners worked as forced labourers in the stone quarries of Mauthausen and Gusen. Due to the harsh regime and heavy work in the quarries, mortality rates were extremely high. It was a combination of labour and extermination. The prisoners literally worked themselves to death. The diet was calculated to have a life expectancy of three to four months.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In Mauthausen's infamous quarry, the men of the penal commandos carried granite blocks on their backs along the steep stairs up in a wooden carrier. Medical care was poor. Jewish prisoners ended up as stone carriers in this punishment commando almost by default until <strong>1944</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zivsn\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>L. Landsberger, A. de Haas, K. Selowsky (red.), <em>Auschwitz. Deel VI: De afvoertransporten uit Auschwitz en omgeving naar het noorden en het westen, en de grote evacuatietransporten</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, 1952, p. 3, 31, 85, en 227; NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, inv.nr. 827, Verklaring C. Schimmer en A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"a3da2\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Zie bijv. kz-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, amm oh/zp1/299, Interview Jakob Maestro, 17 juni 2002, 53. De beschrijving van de dodenmars hier is onder andere gebaseerd op de getuigenissen van Jakob Maestro, Job Jansen, Mari Sloot, Max Garcia, C. Schimmer, A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4s2qk\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Gebaseerd op de getuigenis van A.F. van Velzen.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gfooi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Kampen werden ingedeeld naar Stufe I, II en III, waarbij Stufe iii het zwaarste regime was.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lo0mw\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ladislaus Szücs, <em>Zählappell. Als Arzt im Konzentrationslager, </em>Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschebuch, 1995, p. p. 34. Harald Hutterberger lichtte de berekening van calorieën mondeling toe.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-18",
"date_end": "1945-01-25",
"summary": "On 18 January 1945, Peter van Pels left Auschwitz, sent on one of the many death marches, the forced evacuations, mostly on foot, of prisoners that took place after the evacuation of concentration camps. After five days of walking and three days on the train, he arrived at the Mauthausen camp with 5.714 other prisoners.",
"summary_nl": "Peter van Pels werd op 18 januari 1945 uit Auschwitz meegestuurd met een van de vele dodenmarsen, de gedwongen evacuaties, meestal te voet, van gevangenen die plaatsvonden na de ontruiming van concentratiekampen. Na vijf dagen lopen en drie dagen in de trein, kwamen hij en 5.714 andere gevangenen aan in kamp Mauthausen.",
"summary_en": "On 18 January 1945, Peter van Pels left Auschwitz, sent on one of the many death marches, the forced evacuations, mostly on foot, of prisoners that took place after the evacuation of concentration camps. After five days of walking and three days on the train, he arrived at the Mauthausen camp with 5.714 other prisoners.",
"same_as": [
"http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/evacuation/in-the-wake-of-death-march/"
],
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}
],
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{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
],
"parent": null,
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{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Mauthausen Concentration Camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Mauthausen",
"name_en": "Mauthausen Concentration Camp",
"uuid": "a4547dbc-f124-4f4e-86d9-b72acaae0bee",
"content": "<p>Mauthausen concentration camp was used by the Nazis as a punishment camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had to work under harsh conditions in a quarry, mining granite. Through sub-camps, prisoners were put to work in other factories. Of the nearly 200,000 prisoners, 95,000 perished. It was liberated by the US army on <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Concentratiekamp Mauthausen werd door de nazi's gebruikt als strafkamp voor politieke gevangenen, verzetsmensen en Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9h7fo\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Zij moesten onder zware omstandigheden in een steengroeve werken om graniet te delven. Via subkampen werden gevangenen in andere fabrieken te werk gesteld. Van de bijna 200.000 gevangenen zijn er 95.000 omgekomen. Het werd op <strong>5 mei 1945</strong> door het Amerikaanse leger bevrijd.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9h7fo\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_(concentratiekamp)\" target=\"_blank\">Mauthausen (concentratiekamp)</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Mauthausen concentration camp was used by the Nazis as a punishment camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> They had to work under harsh conditions in a quarry, mining granite. Through sub-camps, prisoners were put to work in other factories. Of the nearly 200,000 prisoners, 95,000 perished. It was liberated by the US army on <strong>5 May 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"64h4a\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (14.50102 48.256334)",
"summary": "Concentration camp Mauthausen in Austria was established by the Nazis in August 1938 as a penal camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews. It existed until 5 May 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekamp Mauthausen in Oostenrijk is in augustus 1938 opgericht door de nazi's als strafkamp voor politieke gevangenen, verzetsmensen en Joden Het heeft bestaan tot 5 mei 1945.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camp Mauthausen in Austria was established by the Nazis in August 1938 as a penal camp for political prisoners, resistance fighters and Jews. It existed until 5 May 1945.",
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"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Mauthausen",
"state": "",
"land": "Oostenrijk",
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