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"name": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like the Frank family, was put on a transport to Auschwitz, where, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, she was eventually selected for transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>. The transport left on <strong>1 November 1944</strong> and arrived at Bergen-Belsen camp on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>, where Rachel Frankfoorder was allocated number 7356 and ended up in the same hut as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She recalled the moment she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen: "Their parents weren't there. You didn't ask about that because you actually knew... given your own experience with parents, brothers and so on, yes, you have an inkling, nothing more. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, their hair was much closer cropped than ours, how that could be I don't know. And they were cold, just like all of us. It was winter and you had no clothes. So all the factors for illness were there. They in particular were very sick."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder stayed close to Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen and saw how the sisters became increasingly ill: "You could really see them dying, both of them," she recalled seeing the typical symptoms of typhus progressing more and more clearly in the two girls. The girls showed "a kind of apathy, with occasional upturns, until they too became so ill that there was no hope".<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A short time later, she noticed she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and assumed they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder ging net als de familie Frank op transport naar Auschwitz en werd daar net als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels op <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>geselecteerd voor transport naar Bergen-Belsen. Het transport vertrok op <strong>1 november 1944</strong> en kwam op <strong>3 november 1944</strong> aan in kamp Bergen Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder kreeg daar nummer 7356 en kwam in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot terecht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Ze herinnerde zich het moment dat ze Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen weer terugzag: '<em>Hun ouders waren er niet. Daar vroeg je niet naar, omdat je eigenlijk wist… gezien je eigen ervaring met ouders, broers enzovoorts, ja, je hebt een vermoeden, meer niet. De meisjes Frank waren bijna onherkenbaar doordat hun haar was afgeknipt, ze waren veel kaler dan wij, hoe dat kan weet ik niet. En ze hadden het koud, net als wij allemaal. Het was winter en je had geen kleding. Dus alle factoren voor ziekte waren aanwezig. Zij speciaal waren er erg aan toe.</em>'<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder bleef in Bergen-Belsen in de buurt van Anne en Margot en zag de zusjes steeds zieker worden: ‘Je zag ze werkelijk doodgaan, beiden.’ Ze herinnerde zich hoe ze de typische verschijnselen van tyfus steeds duidelijker bij de twee meisjes zag vorderen. De meisjes vertoonden ‘een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was’.<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Korte tijd later merkte ze dat ze Anne en Margot niet meer zag, en nam ze aan dat ze waren omgekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> werd Rachel Frankfoorder, net als Auguste van Pels, op transport gesteld naar vrouwenkamp Raguhn.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Rachel Frankfoorder, like the Frank family, was put on a transport to Auschwitz, where, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, she was eventually selected for transport to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>. The transport left on <strong>1 November 1944</strong> and arrived at Bergen-Belsen camp on <strong>3 November 1944</strong>, where Rachel Frankfoorder was allocated number 7356 and ended up in the same hut as Anne and Margot.<sup data-footnote-id=\"podro\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> She recalled the moment she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen: "Their parents weren't there. You didn't ask about that because you actually knew... given your own experience with parents, brothers and so on, yes, you have an inkling, nothing more. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, their hair was much closer cropped than ours, how that could be I don't know. And they were cold, just like all of us. It was winter and you had no clothes. So all the factors for illness were there. They in particular were very sick."<sup data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder stayed close to Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen and saw how the sisters became increasingly ill: "You could really see them dying, both of them," she recalled seeing the typical symptoms of typhus progressing more and more clearly in the two girls. The girls showed "a kind of apathy, with occasional upturns, until they too became so ill that there was no hope".<sup data-footnote-id=\"63p65\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> A short time later, she noticed she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and assumed they had died.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>On <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, Rachel Frankfoorder, like Auguste van Pels, was transported to Raguhn women's camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"podro\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ay9ac\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1988, p.117.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"63p65\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.118.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sy3vi\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.270.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-03",
"date_end": "1945-02-07",
"summary": "In Bergen-Belsen, Rachel Frankfoorder ran into Anne and Margot again. There she saw how the sisters became increasingly ill. She testified about this after the war.",
"summary_nl": "In kamp Bergen-Belsen kwam Rachel Frankfoorder de zusje Anne en Margot tegen. Ze zag hoe de zusjes steeds zieker werden. Ze getuigde daarover na de oorlog.",
"summary_en": "In Bergen-Belsen, Rachel Frankfoorder ran into Anne and Margot again. There she saw how the sisters became increasingly ill. She testified about this after the war.",
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"name": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank gevangen in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Anne en Margot zaten zo’n vier maanden gevangen in Bergen Belsen, tot hun dood in februari 1945. Over hun gevangenschap kunnen we alleen via verschillende getuigen meer te weten komen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat door een storm in de nacht van <strong>7 november 1944</strong> de tenten in Bergen Belsen waren ingestort, werden de vrouwen, onder wie Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels, enkele dagen opgesloten in een paar opslagbarakken. Vervolgens werden ze ondergebracht in barakken in het zogenaamde <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r dat naast het <em>Sternlager</em>lag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, een meisje uit de paralelklas van Margot op het Joods Lyceum, zat gevangen in het Sternlager en schreef op <strong>20 december 1944</strong> in haar agenda: ‘Margot en Anne Frank in het andere kamp.’<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel die ook met het transport van <strong>1 november 1944</strong> uit Auschwitz naar Bergen-Belsen was gekomen, verbleef in dezelfde barak als Anne, Margot en Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel verklaarde dat ze apathisch waren, niet werkten en vooral met z’n drieën bij elkaar bleven. De getuigenissen van Rachel Frankfoorder en de zussen Janny en Lientje Brilleslijper wijken licht af van dit beeld. Volgens Janny Brilleslijper probeerden zij en haar zus Lientje, de zusjes Frank, de zusjes Daniels in Bergen Belsen elkaar te helpen en zagen zij elkaar regelmatig. Over Auguste van Pels in Bergen Belsen is verder vrijwel niets bekend. </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoetingen met Hanneli en Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich dat ze vermoedde dat Anne en Margot soms naar de afscheiding met het <em>Sternlager</em> gingen om daar iemand te ontmoeten. Dit vermoedde bleek juist te zijn. Bij het hek dat het <em>Kleines Frauenlage</em>r scheidde van het <em>Sternlager</em> ontmoette Anne haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar. Ook Martha van Collem is twee keer bij die ontmoetingen aanwezig en hielp Hanneli met het samenstellen van een pakketje.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben Anne en Hanneli Goslar elkaar tussen <strong>23 januari en 7 februari </strong>ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Iemand kwam Hanneli halen omdat er aan de andere kant van het hek iemand was die haar vriendinnetje Anne in het kamp had gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Via Auguste van Pels kwam het contact met Anne tot stand. Margot was toen waarschijnlijk al te ziek om uit de barak te komen. Nadat de vriendinnen eerste samen huilden, brachten ze elkaar daarna op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Omdat de omstandigheden bij Anne een stuk slechter waren dan in het Sternlager ging Hanneli Goslar opzoek naar eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond spraken ze weer af bij het hek en gooide Hanneli Goslar een pakketje over het prikkeldraad. Tot grote frustratie van Anne werd het pakketje door een andere vrouw gevangen, die er vervolgens mee vandoor ging. Uiteindelijk lukte het Hanneli om opnieuw een pakketje samen te stellen en dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne aan. In het totaal hebben de vriendinnen elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ontmoeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli herinnerde zich dat Anne vertelde dat ze dacht dat haar ouders dood waren. Mogelijk sprak Anne daarom pas na de ontmoeting met Hanneli met kampgenoot Margot Rosenthal, die in <strong>januari 1945</strong> vanuit Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen aankwam, en nog aan Anne en Margot zou hebben verteld dat hun moeder Edith de selectie van <strong>30 oktober 1944 </strong>had overleefd.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlektyphus</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Als op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> Auguste van Pels voor dwangarbeid wordt geselecteerd voor een transport naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald), blijven Anne en Margot achter. Mogelijk was Anne na haar ontmoetingen met Hanneli Goslar binnen het kamp verhuisd, of naar een ziekenbarak overgebracht. Nadat Hanneli Goslar haar vader overleed kwam ze een aantal dagen niet uit de barak. Toen ze uiteindelijk opzoek ging naar Anne was het kleine vrouwenkamp leeg en kon ze haar niet meer vinden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder herinnerde zich te hebben gezien hoe Anne en Margot steeds zieker werden en op het laatst duidelijk tekenen van vlektyfus vertoonden. Volgens haar waren ze er op een gewoon niet meer en daarom nam ze aan dat ze gestorven waren. Net als Auguste van Pels ging Rachel Frankfoorder ging op transport naar Raguhn, dus haar constatering van vlektyfus bij de zusjes Frank moet van voor <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, een klasgenote van Anne op het Joods Lyceum, ontmoet Anne een paar keer in Bergen Belsen en zag dat Anne erg mager was en vlektyfus had. Nanny Blitz kwam op <strong>5 december 1945</strong>, na de dood van haar vader, vanuit het Sternlager in hetzelfde kampdeel als Anne terecht. Zij ontmoeten elkaar in<strong> januari 1945</strong> een aantal keer. Nanette Blitz herinnede zich over dezelfde periode: <em>Ik geloof dat ik Margot niet staande heb gezien. Dat ze daar lag. Anne heb ik omhelsd, maar Margot kan ik me staande niet herinneren, die was al helemaal verzwakt. En alles kromp in hè, hersenen, magen, alles hè, ze waren, ze was helemaal… en daar heb ik eigenlijk vrijwel niet mee gesproken. Die was al zo half weg, helemaal verzwakt… Maar Anne, daar heb ik wel mee gesproken, verschillende keren, en ik geloof iedere keer als ze kwam dan was, lag Margot daar in een barak, die was niet meer zo goed bij.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ook Janny Brilleslijper, werkzaam als verpleegster in het kamp, herkende de verschijnselen van epidemische vlektyfus bij Anne en Margot en verklaarde dat de zusjes ook in een ziekenbarak geweest zijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Hoewel er verschillende getuigen net als Janny verklaren dat de zusjes in een ziekenbarak hebben gelegen, is vooralsnog niet duidelijk waar en wanneer dit precies geweest zou zijn.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk zijn Margot en Anne ergens in de maand <strong>februari 1945</strong> aan vlektyfus gestorven.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Anne and Margot were imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen for about four months, until their deaths in February 1945. Details of their imprisonment have only been provided through various witnesses.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a storm on the night of <strong>7 November 1944</strong> caused the tents in Bergen-Belsen to collapse, the women, including Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, were locked up in a few storage huts for several days. They were then housed in huts in the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em>, which was next to the <em>Sternlagerlag</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener, a girl in Margot's parallel class at the Jewish Lyceum, was imprisoned in the <em>Sternlager </em>and wrote in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944</strong>: "Margot and Anne Frank are in the other camp."<sup data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Annelore Daniel, who had also been on the <strong>1 November 1944</strong> transport from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, were put in the same hut as Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels. Annelore Daniel stated that they were apathetic, did not work and mainly stayed together as the three of them. The testimonies of Rachel Frankfoorder and sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper differ slightly from this picture. According to Janny Brilleslijper, in Bergen-Belsen, she and her sister Lientje, the Frank sisters and the Daniel sisters tried to help each other and saw each other regularly. Almost nothing else is known about Auguste van Pels in Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meetings with Hanneli and Martha</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled suspecting that Anne and Margot sometimes went to the partition with the <em>Sternlager</em> to meet someone there. This suspicion turned out to be correct. At the fence that separated the <em>Kleines Frauenlager</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>, Anne met her good friend Hanneli Goslar. Martha van Collem was also present at two of those meetings, and helped Hanneli put together a package.<sup data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"62sai\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Contact with Anne was established through Auguste van Pels. Margot was probably too ill by then to come out of the hut. After the friends first cried together, they then briefed each other on their experiences. As conditions where Anne was were a lot worse than in the <em>Sternlager</em>, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a parcel over the barbed wire. Much to Anne's frustration, the parcel was caught by another woman, who then ran off with it. Eventually, Hanneli managed to put together another parcel and this time it did reach Anne. In total, the girlfriends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Meeting Margot Rosenthal</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli recalled Anne telling her that she thought her parents were dead. This is possibly why Anne did not speak to fellow inmate Margot Rosenthal, who arrived in Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>, until after meeting Hanneli, and who would have been able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother Edith had survived the <strong>30 October 1944 </strong>selection.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Typhus</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>When, on <strong>7 February 1945,</strong> Auguste van Pels was selected for a transport to Raguhn (subcamp of Buchenwald) for forced labour, Anne and Margot were left behind. Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp after her encounters with Hanneli Goslar, or transferred to an infirmary. After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rachel Frankfoorder recalled seeing how Anne and Margot became increasingly ill and at the end showed clear signs of typhus. According to her, at one point they were simply no longer there and so she assumed they had died. Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel Frankfoorder was put on a transport to Raguhn, so her observation of typhus in the Frank sisters must be from before <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nanette (Nanny) Blitz, a classmate of Anne at the Jewish Lyceum, also met Anne several times in Bergen-Belsen and saw that Anne was very thin and had typhus. Nanny Blitz entered the same camp section as Anne from the <em>Sternlager </em>on <strong>5 December 1945</strong>, after her father's death. They met several times in<strong> January 1945</strong>. Nanette Blitz recalled about the same period: "I don't think I saw Margot standing. She was lying there. I hugged Anne, but I don't remember Margot standing, she was already completely weakened. And everything shrank - brains, stomachs, everything - they were, she was completely... and I hardly spoke to her. She was already half gone, completely weakened... But Anne, I did talk to her, several times, and I think every time she came, Margot was lying there in a hut, she wasn't well."<sup data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Janny Brilleslijper, who worked as a nurse in the camp, also recognised the symptoms of epidemic typhus in Anne and Margot and stated that the sisters had also been in an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Although several witnesses like Janny stated that the sisters had been in an infirmary hut, it is as yet unclear where and when exactly this would have been.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the end, Margot and Anne died of typhus sometime in the month of <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"v2s2j\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 248.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"y07t1\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"7xt01\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 264.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"78ybm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>De ontmoeting moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen. Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944<em>.</em> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op 23 januari 1945 een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen. Intenational Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"62sai\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pxog2\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bbv5p\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6yf9d\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, Getuigenarchief, interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"4rbic\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, </em>Hilversum: Gooi&Sticht, 1988, p.99.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xswi7\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 273.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-11-03",
"date_end": "1945-02-28",
"summary": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
"summary_nl": "Auguste van Pels en Anne en Margot Frank zitten vanaf 3 november tot 7 februari samen in kamp Bergen-Belsen. Op 7 februari wordt Auguste geselecteerd voor deportatie naar Raguhn. Kort daarna overlijden Anne en Margot aan de gevolgen van vlektyfus.",
"summary_en": "Auguste van Pels and Anne and Margot Frank were together in Bergen-Belsen camp from 3 November to 7 February. On 7 February, Auguste was selected for transfer to Raguhn. Shortly afterwards, Anne and Margot died of typhus.",
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"name": "Ruth Wiener sees Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ruth Wiener ziet Anne en Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Ruth Wiener sees Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noted in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>: "Anne and Margot Frank in the other camp!" <sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1943</strong> on, Ruth wrote in her diary things that struck her in Camp Westerbork and Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Her diary is the only contemporary document that testifies to Anne and Margot Frank's presence in Bergen-Belsen camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener knew Anne and especially Margot from the Liberal Jewish Congregation and the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam. She did not speak to them in Bergen-Belsen, but only saw them. Ruth Wiener said that when a transport arrived, murmurs went round: "Who was on it? Dutch people?" She always went to see, and thus saw the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noteerde op <strong>20 december 1944 </strong>in haar agendaatje: ‘<em>Anne en Margot Frank in het andere kamp!</em>’<sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> In haar agenda schreef Ruth vanaf <strong>1943</strong> in kamp Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen dingen die haar opvielen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Haar agendaatje is het enige contemporaine document dat getuigt van de aanwezigheid van Anne en Margot Frank in kamp Bergen-Belsen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener kende Anne en vooral Margot van de Liberaal Joodse Gemeente en het Joods Lyceum in Amsterdam. Ze heeft hen in Bergen-Belsen niet gesproken, maar alleen gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Ruth Wiener (1927-2011) noted in her diary on <strong>20 December 1944 </strong>: "Anne and Margot Frank in the other camp!" <sup data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> From <strong>1943</strong> on, Ruth wrote in her diary things that struck her in Camp Westerbork and Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> Her diary is the only contemporary document that testifies to Anne and Margot Frank's presence in Bergen-Belsen camp.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ruth Wiener knew Anne and especially Margot from the Liberal Jewish Congregation and the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam. She did not speak to them in Bergen-Belsen, but only saw them. Ruth Wiener said that when a transport arrived, murmurs went round: "Who was on it? Dutch people?" She always went to see, and thus saw the Frank sisters.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m23nh\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Wiener Library, Londen: Ruth Wiener Collection, 1962/1/3/1, Diary Ruth Wiener, 20 november 1944</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dpxyx\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Getuigenarchief, interview Ruth Klemens-Wiener, 12 januari 2010.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": "1944-12-20",
"date_start": null,
"date_end": null,
"summary": "Ruth Wiener wrote in her diary on 20 December 1944 that she saw Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen camp.",
"summary_nl": "Ruth Wiener schreef op 20 december 1944 in haar agenda in kamp Bergen-Belsen dat ze Anne en Margot Frank had gezien.",
"summary_en": "Ruth Wiener wrote in her diary on 20 December 1944 that she saw Anne and Margot in Bergen-Belsen camp.",
"same_as": null,
"files": []
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"name": "Meeting Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Ontmoeting met Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Meeting Margot Rosenthal in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>Margot Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen with a new group of women from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>. She knew at the time that Edith Frank had survived the selection on<strong> 30 October 1944</strong> and is said to have told Anne and Margot as much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Shortly before Margot died, Margot Rosenthal is thought to have run into Anne once more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Nanette Blitz lay next to Margot Rosenthal in hospital and briefly described in a letter to Otto Frank the meeting between Margot Rosenthal and Anne and Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Perhaps you can remember Margot Drach-Rosenthal from Westerbork, who spent a lot of time with Anne? She is lying here next to me and told me the following: she went with your wife and children to Birkenau where they stayed together until November. Then Margot and Anne were sent to Bergen-Belsen, where they arrived on 3 Nov. I met them there (a girl who is also here was above them). I was not in their hut but visited them often. Meanwhile, Margot (known as Monika) Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen in January and told them that she had spoken with your wife in Birkenau which cheered them up a lot, as they had had little hope regarding the selection." <sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal did not know at the time that Edith Frank had finally succumbed to illness in Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>6 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p>Margot Rosenthal kwam in <strong>januari 1945 </strong>met een nieuwe groep vrouwen vanuit Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen aan. Zij wist toen dat Edith Frank de selectie op<strong> 30 oktober 1944</strong> had overleefd en zou dit nog aan Anne en Margot hebben verteld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Kort voordat Margot moet zijn overleden, zou Margot Rosenthal Anne nog een keer hebben ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na de oorlog lag Nanette Blitz naast Margot Rosenthal in het ziekenhuis en beschreef ze kort in een brief aan Otto Frank de ontmoeting tussen Margot Rosenthal en Anne en Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen: </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'Misschien kunt U zich Margot Drach-Rosenthal herinneren uit Westerbork, die nogal veel met Anne omging? Zij ligt hier naast me en vertelde mij het volgende: Zij ging tezamen met uw vrouw en kinderen naar Birkenau waar ze samenbleven tot November. Toen gingen Margot en Anne naar Bergen-Belsen, waar zij 3 Nov. arriveerden. Daar ontmoette ik hen (een meisje die ook hier ligt lag boven hen). Ik was niet in hun barak maar bezocht hen vaak. Ondertussen arriveerde Margot (genaamd Monika) Rosenthal in Januari in Bergen Belsen en vertelde hun dat zij uw vrouw in Birkenau had gesproken wat hun erg opfleurde, omdat zij weinig hoop bij de selectie hadden gehad.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal wist destijds niet dat Edith Frank op <strong>6 januari 1945 </strong>was overleden in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p>Margot Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen with a new group of women from Auschwitz in <strong>January 1945</strong>. She knew at the time that Edith Frank had survived the selection on<strong> 30 October 1944</strong> and is said to have told Anne and Margot as much.<sup data-footnote-id=\"avbla\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Shortly before Margot died, Margot Rosenthal is thought to have run into Anne once more.<sup data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the war, Nanette Blitz lay next to Margot Rosenthal in hospital and briefly described in a letter to Otto Frank the meeting between Margot Rosenthal and Anne and Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>"Perhaps you can remember Margot Drach-Rosenthal from Westerbork, who spent a lot of time with Anne? She is lying here next to me and told me the following: she went with your wife and children to Birkenau where they stayed together until November. Then Margot and Anne were sent to Bergen-Belsen, where they arrived on 3 Nov. I met them there (a girl who is also here was above them). I was not in their hut but visited them often. Meanwhile, Margot (known as Monika) Rosenthal arrived in Bergen-Belsen in January and told them that she had spoken with your wife in Birkenau which cheered them up a lot, as they had had little hope regarding the selection." <sup data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Margot Rosenthal did not know at the time that Edith Frank had finally succumbed to illness in Auschwitz-Birkenau on <strong>6 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"apwip\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"avbla\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Blitz, Nanette: brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel); Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"bh1nf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum, cat.nr. 195, inv. nr. 11723rm, Hol, verklaring Margot Drach-Rosenthal, z.d.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pavo3\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite> AFS, brief Nanette Blitz aan Otto Frank, 31 oktober 1945 (digitale kopie, origineel bij Anne Frank Fonds te Bazel).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"apwip\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_068: Aangifte van overlijden. Op haar archiefkaart staat: <em>omg. Oświęcim</em>. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Edith Holländer: Oświęcim is de oorspronkelijke, Poolse naam voor Auschwitz. Het Nederlandsche Roode Kruis, Auschwitz, Deel V: De Deportatietransporten in 1944. Uitgave van het Hoofdbestuur van de Vereniging het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis, 's Gravenhage, december 1953, p. 23: Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis heeft na de oorlog, in het kader van zijn wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermisten vast te stellen, voor gedeporteerden naar Auschwitz meestal 'in of in de omgeving van Auschwitz' genomen.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-01",
"date_end": "1945-01-21",
"summary": "Margot Rosenthal knew Anne Frank from Westerbork and Auschwitz-Birkenau. When she arrived in Bergen-Belsen two months after Anne, she was able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother had been alive after they had left Auschwitz.",
"summary_nl": "Margot Rosenthal kende Anne Frank goed uit Westerbork en Auschwitz-Birkenau. Toen ze twee maanden na Anne in Bergen-Belsen was aangekomen, kon ze Anne en Margot Frank vertellen dat hun moeder nog leefde nadat zij uit Auschwitz waren vertrokken.",
"summary_en": "Margot Rosenthal knew Anne Frank from Westerbork and Auschwitz-Birkenau. When she arrived in Bergen-Belsen two months after Anne, she was able to tell Anne and Margot that their mother had been alive after they had left Auschwitz.",
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"name": "Hanneli Goslar and Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_nl": "Hanneli Goslar en Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Hanneli Goslar and Anne Frank in Bergen-Belsen",
"content": "<p>The <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>where Anne and Margot Frank stayed in Bergen-Belsen was right next to the <em>Sternlager</em>. The two sections were separated by a fence consisting of two layers of gauze and barbed wire with straw or reeds in between. So the prisoners could not see each other, but they could hear each other. This is how Anne met up with her good friend Hanneli Goslar (1928), who had been imprisoned in the Sternlager since<strong> January 1944</strong>, at the fence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> January or early February 1945, </strong>someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli thought Anne had fled to Switzerland with her family and was stunned to hear that Anne had ended up in the camp. She well remembered coming to speak to Anne: "So I have no choice but to get close to the barbed wire in the evening, as far as I can. And I start shouting about that [...] And when I called out there at the barbed wire: 'Hello, hello', the woman who answered me was Peter's mother, Mrs Van Pels.(...) And she knew exactly that I was a friend of Anne's and the first thing she says was: 'Oh, you want to speak to Anne,' I say: 'Yes, of course,' We talked for half a minute, it was too dangerous. And then she only added [...]: 'I can't bring Margot, she can't walk up to this barbed wire, but I'll bring Anne,' and there I stood and waited. And really after five minutes or so, a very faint voice, and it was Anne<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the girls first cried together, they informed each other about their experiences. As conditions in the ´small women's camp´ were a lot worse than in the Sternlager, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a package over the barbed wire. "And then I hear Anne crying and screaming and angry. What happened? No, I couldn't see her, and that barbed wire was high and the night was dark and I had to throw at what I hear. But there were hundreds of other hungry women there, and another woman had picked up that package, run away, and didn't give her anything. Well, I had to calm her down first and I promised: 'We'll do it again.´"<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, Hanneli managed to put together another package and this time it did arrive in Anne's possession. In total, the friends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Martha van Collem (1929), who knew the Frank family from the Liberal Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam, also attended these meetings once or twice. As did Irene Hasenberg (1930), who had become good friends with Hanneli Goslar in the camp and remembered that they had gone together looking for clothes to put in the parcel that was stolen by another woman the first time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It must have been before 7 February, because Auguste van Pels was sent to Raguhn that day and they were able to get in touch through Auguste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> We also know through a surviving list that Hanneli Goslar's grandmother received a parcel through the Swiss Red Cross on <strong>23 January 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp, or transferred to an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Het <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>waar Anne en Margot Frank verbleven in Bergen-Belsen lag direct naast het <em>Sternlager</em>. De twee delen werden van elkaar gescheiden door een hek dat bestond uit twee lagen gaas en prikkeldraad met daartussen stro of riet. De gevangenen konden elkaar dus niet zien, maar wel horen. Zo ontmoette Anne bij het hek haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar (1928), die sinds<strong> januari 1944 </strong>in het Sternlager zat opgesloten.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>januari of begin februari 1945 </strong>kwam iemand Hanneli halen omdat er aan de andere kant van het hek iemand was die haar vriendinnetje Anne in het kamp had gezien.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli dacht dat Anne met haar familie naar Zwitserland was gevlucht en was stomverbaasd om te horen dat Anne in het kamp terecht was gekomen. Ze herinnerde zich nog goed dat ze met Anne kwam te spreken: <em>Dus ik heb geen andere keuze dan in de avond, zover als ik kan, dichtbij het prikkeldraad te komen. En ik begin daarover heen te roepen […] En toen ik daar aan het prikkeldraad riep: ‘Hallo, hallo’, de vrouw die mij antwoordde was de moeder van Peter, mevrouw Van Pels.(…) En zij wist precies dat ik een vriendin van Anne was en het eerste wat ze zegt was: ‘O, jij wilt Anne spreken.’ Ik zeg: ‘Ja natuurlijk.’ We hebben een halve minuut gepraat, het was te gevaarlijk. En toen voegde ze alleen nog bij […]: ‘Margot kan ik niet brengen, die kan niet meer tot dit prikkeldraad lopen, maar ik breng Anne.’ En daar stond ik en wachtte. En werkelijk na vijf minuten of zo, een heel zwak stemmetje, en het was Anne.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nadat de meisjes eerste samen huilden, brachten ze elkaar op de hoogte van hun ervaringen. Omdat de omstandigheden in het ´kleine vrouwenkamp´ een stuk slechter waren dan in het Sternlager ging Hanneli Goslar opzoek naar eten en kleding voor Anne. De volgende avond spraken ze weer af bij het hek en gooide Hanneli Goslar een pakketje over het prikkeldraad. <em>En toen hoor ik dat Anne huilt en schreeuwt en kwaad is. Wat is er gebeurd? Nee, ik kon haar niet zien, en dat prikkeldraad was hoog en de nacht was donker en ik moest gooien naar wat ik hoor. Maar daar waren honderden andere hongerige vrouwen, en een andere vrouw had dat pakje opgepakt, rende weg, en heeft haar niets gegeven. Nou, ik moest haar eerst kalmeren en ik heb beloofd: ‘Wij doen het nog een keer.´</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Uiteindelijk lukte het Hanneli om opnieuw een pakketje samen te stellen en dit keer kwam het wel bij Anne aan. In het totaal hebben de vriendinnen elkaar drie keer aan het hek ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Ook Martha van Collem (1929), die de familie Frank kende van de Liberaal Joodse Gemeente in Amsterdam, was een of twee keer bij deze ontmoetingen aanwezig. Net als Irene Hasenberg (1930) die in het kamp goed bevriend was geraakt met Hanneli Goslar en herinnerde dat ze samen opzoek waren gegaan naar kleding voor in het pakketje dat de eerste keer gestolen werd door een andere vrouw.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid hebben Anne en Hanneli Goslar elkaar tussen <strong>23 januari en 7 februari </strong>ontmoet.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> Het moet vóór 7 februari zijn geweest, omdat Auguste van Pels die dag naar Raguhn vertrok en ze via Auguste met elkaar in contact konden komen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Ook weten we door een bewaard gebleven lijst dat de grootmoeder van Hanneli Goslar op <strong>23 januari 1945 </strong>een pakket via het Zwitserse Rode Kruis heeft ontvangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>Nadat Hanneli Goslar haar vader overleed kwam ze een aantal dagen niet uit de barak. Toen ze uiteindelijk op zoek ging naar Anne was het kleine vrouwenkamp leeg en kon ze haar niet meer vinden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Mogelijk was Anne binnen het kamp verhuisd, of naar een ziekenbarak overgebracht.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hannah Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>The <em>Kleine Frauenlager </em>where Anne and Margot Frank stayed in Bergen-Belsen was right next to the <em>Sternlager</em>. The two sections were separated by a fence consisting of two layers of gauze and barbed wire with straw or reeds in between. So the prisoners could not see each other, but they could hear each other. This is how Anne met up with her good friend Hanneli Goslar (1928), who had been imprisoned in the Sternlager since<strong> January 1944</strong>, at the fence.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In<strong> January or early February 1945, </strong>someone came to get Hanneli because there was someone on the other side of the fence who had seen her friend Anne in the camp.<sup data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hanneli thought Anne had fled to Switzerland with her family and was stunned to hear that Anne had ended up in the camp. She well remembered coming to speak to Anne: "So I have no choice but to get close to the barbed wire in the evening, as far as I can. And I start shouting about that [...] And when I called out there at the barbed wire: 'Hello, hello', the woman who answered me was Peter's mother, Mrs Van Pels.(...) And she knew exactly that I was a friend of Anne's and the first thing she says was: 'Oh, you want to speak to Anne,' I say: 'Yes, of course,' We talked for half a minute, it was too dangerous. And then she only added [...]: 'I can't bring Margot, she can't walk up to this barbed wire, but I'll bring Anne,' and there I stood and waited. And really after five minutes or so, a very faint voice, and it was Anne<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the girls first cried together, they informed each other about their experiences. As conditions in the ´small women's camp´ were a lot worse than in the Sternlager, Hanneli Goslar went in search of food and clothes for Anne. The next evening they met again at the fence and Hanneli Goslar threw a package over the barbed wire. "And then I hear Anne crying and screaming and angry. What happened? No, I couldn't see her, and that barbed wire was high and the night was dark and I had to throw at what I hear. But there were hundreds of other hungry women there, and another woman had picked up that package, run away, and didn't give her anything. Well, I had to calm her down first and I promised: 'We'll do it again.´"<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Finally, Hanneli managed to put together another package and this time it did arrive in Anne's possession. In total, the friends met at the fence three times.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Martha van Collem (1929), who knew the Frank family from the Liberal Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam, also attended these meetings once or twice. As did Irene Hasenberg (1930), who had become good friends with Hanneli Goslar in the camp and remembered that they had gone together looking for clothes to put in the parcel that was stolen by another woman the first time.<sup data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>In all likelihood, Anne and Hanneli Goslar met between <strong>23 January and 7 February </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> It must have been before 7 February, because Auguste van Pels was sent to Raguhn that day and they were able to get in touch through Auguste.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> We also know through a surviving list that Hanneli Goslar's grandmother received a parcel through the Swiss Red Cross on <strong>23 January 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div>After Hanneli Goslar's father died, she did not come out of the hut for several days. When she finally went looking for Anne, the small women's camp was empty and she could not find her.<sup data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-3\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> Possibly Anne had been moved within the camp, or transferred to an infirmary hut.<sup data-footnote-id=\"q472h\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup>\r\n\r\n<div> </div>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"t75ir\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Interview Hanna Elisabeth Pick, ‘Persönliche Erinnerungen an Anne Frank’, <em>Mitteilungsblatt</em>, uitgegeven door het<em> </em>Verband der Einwanderer deutsch-jüdische Herkunft, nr. 28, 12 juli 1957.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"aj4g6\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009. Zie ook: AFS, Getuigenarchief, Interview Nanette König-Blitz, 2 augustus 2012, die zich ook herinnert Anne bij het hek te hebben ontmoet.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rzl3a\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-3\">c</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Hannah Pick-Goslar, 6-7 mei 2009.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"gid8f\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.irenebutter.com/about\">http://www.irenebutter.com/about</a> geraadpleegd 12 augustus 2022. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"q472h\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.261-263.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vj20l\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 949, Netherland names extracted by I.R.O. I.T.S.; transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ff46r\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service, bad Arolsen, doc.nr. 3396827#1, Brief Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix-Rouge Internationale aan Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Generalführer Hartmann, 23 januari 1945, met opgaven van 51 ontvangers.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-01-23",
"date_end": "1945-02-07",
"summary": "Anne Frank met several times with her close friend Hanneli Goslar at the fence in Bergen-Belsen.",
"summary_nl": "Anne Frank ontmoette haar goede vriendin Hanneli Goslar meermaals bij het hek in Bergen-Belsen.",
"summary_en": "Anne Frank met several times with her close friend Hanneli Goslar at the fence in Bergen-Belsen.",
"same_as": null,
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"location": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/api/locations/4c7c4d6c-b4f0-4ede-a91a-8f7908cb31f8?format=api",
"published": true,
"uuid": "07728a87-5c7b-4581-b2f9-4692d2495dc7",
"name": "Death of Anne and Margot Frank",
"name_nl": "Overlijden Anne en Margot Frank",
"name_en": "Death of Anne and Margot Frank",
"content": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">The exact date of death of Anne and Margot Frank has not been established, but is believed to be in the month of February 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">After the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross (NRK) had the statutory task of establishing the place and date of death of the many missing persons. This was not done on the basis of research, but by approximation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Camp inmate Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper stated in <strong>1952</strong> that "Anne Frank died around March 1945", from which<em> </em>the NRK concluded that Anne Frank's date of death must have been somewhere between <strong>1</strong> and <strong>31 March 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Dutch Ministry of Justice's Committee to Report the Death of Missing Persons adopted this conclusion and fixed the date at <strong>31 March 1945</strong>. This date was then published in the Government Gazette.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The official death certificate was finally drawn up ten years later on <strong>29 July 1954</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On the basis of testimonies, documents and an analysis of the disease progression of typhus, it can be deduced that Anne and her sister Margot presumably died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Hanneli Goslar and sisters Martha and Ilse van Collem stated that they had met Anne in <strong>February</strong> <strong>1945 </strong>at the fence separating the <em>Frauenkamp</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As this meeting came about through the mediation of Auguste van Pels, who, according to a transport list, was transported to Raguhn (a subcamp of Buchenwald) on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, this meeting must have taken place <strong>in late January </strong>or early <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to witness statements, was by then too ill to get up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The parcel the girls threw over the fence to Anne contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel van Amerongen and Annelore Daniel, who were staying in the same hut as Anne and Margot Frank, left on a transport to Raguhn on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Both Rachel and Annelore stated that Anne was ill and showed the symptoms of typhus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen said in a 1988 interview:<em> "</em>(...) that they had typhus was obvious (...). They got those drawn away faces, that skin and bone. (...) The symptoms of typhus clearly revealed themselves in them: that slow fading away, a kind of apathy, mixed with revivals, until they too became so sick that there was no hope (...)<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nanette Blitz, who last met Anne in January 1945, also said in a 2012 interview that Anne and Margot were ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Typhus is a disease that is often fatal after about two weeks. After an incubation period of about a week, the first symptoms appear: severe headache, chills, fever and muscle aches. Followed five days later by skin rash and reduced consciousness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Given this course of illness, it is likely that Anne and Margot died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\"><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank heard on <strong>18 July 1945</strong> that both his daughters had died in Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> He later recounted: "Eventually I found two sisters who had been in Bergen-Belsen at the same time as them and who then told me about my children's final, fatal illness. Both had been so weakened by hardship that they had fallen prey to the typhus prevalent there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> He was referring to sisters Jannie and Lientje Brilleslijper.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The Rectification Department of the Population Register wanted to know from Otto Frank whether there were any witnesses to the death of his daughters in Bergen-Belsen. On <strong>4 October </strong>1945, Otto Frank wrote to Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper asking if she could send him a 'relevant letter'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper stated on <strong>11 November 1945</strong> that Margot and Anne Frank died around <strong>late February</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> early March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> This contradicts statements she and her sister made later in which the date ranges from late February to very shortly before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>De exacte overlijdensdatum van Anne en Margot Frank staat niet vast, maar ligt vermoedelijk in de maand februari 1945<em>.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het Informatiebureau van het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK heeft na de oorlog de wettelijk taak om plaats en datum van overlijden van de vele vermiste personen vast te stellen. Dit gebeurde niet op basis van onderzoek, maar bij benadering.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kampgenote Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper verklaarde in <strong>1952</strong> dat <em>Anne Frank plm. Maart 1945 stierf. </em>Hieruit heeft het NRK geconcludeerd dat de sterfdatum van Anne Frank ergens tussen <strong>1</strong> en <strong>31 maart 1945 </strong>gelegen moet hebben.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> De '<em>Commissie tot het doen van aangifte van overlijden van vermisten</em>' van het Ministerie van Justitie nam deze conclusie over en de datum vastgesteld op <strong>31 maart 1945</strong>. Deze datum is vervolgens gepubliceerd in de Staatscourant.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> De officiele overlijdensakte werd uiteindelijk tien jaar later op <strong>29 juli 1954</strong> in Amsterdam opgemaakt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Op grond van getuigenissen, documenten en een analyse van het ziekteverloop van vlektyfus valt af te leiden dat Anne en haar zus Margot vermoedelijk al in <strong>februari 1945</strong> zijn overleden:</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hanneli Goslar en de zussen Martha en Ilse van Collem verklaarden dat zij Anne in <strong>februari 1945</strong> ontmoet hadden bij het hek dat het <em>Frauenkamp</em> scheidde van het Sternlager.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup>Omdat deze ontmoeting tot stand kwam door tussenkomst van Auguste van Pels die blijkens een transportlijst al op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> naar Raguhn (buitencommando van Buchenwald) vertrekt, moet deze ontmoeting <strong>eind januari </strong>of begin <strong>februari 1945</strong> hebben plaatsgevonden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot was, volgens getuigenverklaringen, dan al te ziek om op te staan.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> In het pakketje dat de meisjes over het hek naar Anne gooiden, zatten spullen afkomstig uit een Rode Kruispakket. De grootmoeder van Hanneli had omstreeks <strong>23 januari 1945</strong> een Rode Kruispakket ontvangen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Net als Auguste van Pels vertrokken Rachel van Amerongen en Annelore Daniel, die in dezelfde barak als Anne en Margot Frank verbleven, op <strong>7 februari 1945</strong> naar Raguhn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Zowel Rachel als Annelore verklaarden dat Anne ziek was en de verschijnselen van vlektyfus vertoonde.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen zeiin een interview uit 1988:<em> '(...) dat ze tyfus hadden was duidelijk (...). Ze kregen die weggetrokken gezichten, dat vel over been. (...) De verschijnselen van tyfus openbaarden zich duidelijk bij hen: dat langzame wegebben, een soort apathie, gemengd met oplevingen, totdat ook zij zo ziek werden dat er geen hoop meer was (…).'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Ook Nanette Blitz die Anne voor het laatst in januari 1945 ontmoette, vertelde in een interview uit 2012 dat Anne en Margot ziek waren.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Vlektyfus is een ziekte met vaak een dodelijke afloop na ongeveer twee weken. Na een incubatietijd van ongeveer een week treden de eerste verschijnselen op: ernstige hoofdpijn, rillingen, koorts en spierpijn. Vijf dagen later gevolgd door huiduitslag en verminderd bewustzijn.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Gezien dit ziekteverloop is het aannemelijk dat Anne en Margot al in <strong>februari 1945</strong> zijn overleden. </p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank hoorde op <strong>18 juli 1945</strong> dat zijn beide dochters in Bergen-Belsen zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> Later vertelde hij: <em>Uiteindelijk vond ik twee zusters die gelijk met hen in Bergen-Belsen hadden gezeten en die me dan over de laatste, dodelijke ziekte van mijn kinderen vertelden. Beiden waren door ontberingen zo verzwakt dat ze aan de daar heersende tyfus ten prooi waren gevallen.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> Hij doelde hier op de zussen Jannie en Lientje Brilleslijper. </p>\r\n\r\n<p>De afdeling Rectificatie van het Bevolkingsregister wilde van Otto Frank weten of er getuigen waren van het overlijden van zijn dochters in Bergen Belsen. Op <strong>4 oktober 1945 </strong>vroeg Otto Frank schriftelijk aan Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper of zij hem een 'desbetreffend schrijven' zou kunnen doen toekomen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper verklaarde op <strong>11 november 1945</strong> dat Margot en Anne Frank omstreeks <strong>eind februari</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> begin maart 1945</strong> zijn overleden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> Dit is in tegenspraak met de verklaringen die zij en haar zus later aflegden waarin de datum varieert van eind februari tot heel kort voor de bevrijding van Bergen-Belsen op <strong>15 april 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (geraadpleegd maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p style=\"text-align:start\">The exact date of death of Anne and Margot Frank has not been established, but is believed to be in the month of February 1945.<sup data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">After the war, the Information Bureau of the Netherlands Red Cross (NRK) had the statutory task of establishing the place and date of death of the many missing persons. This was not done on the basis of research, but by approximation.<sup data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Camp inmate Lientje Rebling-Brilleslijper stated in <strong>1952</strong> that "Anne Frank died around March 1945", from which<em> </em>the NRK concluded that Anne Frank's date of death must have been somewhere between <strong>1</strong> and <strong>31 March 1945 </strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> The Dutch Ministry of Justice's Committee to Report the Death of Missing Persons adopted this conclusion and fixed the date at <strong>31 March 1945</strong>. This date was then published in the Government Gazette.<sup data-footnote-id=\"my59u\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> The official death certificate was finally drawn up ten years later on <strong>29 July 1954</strong> in Amsterdam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">On the basis of testimonies, documents and an analysis of the disease progression of typhus, it can be deduced that Anne and her sister Margot presumably died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>:</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Hanneli Goslar and sisters Martha and Ilse van Collem stated that they had met Anne in <strong>February</strong> <strong>1945 </strong>at the fence separating the <em>Frauenkamp</em> from the <em>Sternlager</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> As this meeting came about through the mediation of Auguste van Pels, who, according to a transport list, was transported to Raguhn (a subcamp of Buchenwald) on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>, this meeting must have taken place <strong>in late January </strong>or early <strong>February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Margot, according to witness statements, was by then too ill to get up.<sup data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> The parcel the girls threw over the fence to Anne contained items from a Red Cross parcel. Hanneli's grandmother had received a Red Cross parcel around <strong>23 January 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Like Auguste van Pels, Rachel van Amerongen and Annelore Daniel, who were staying in the same hut as Anne and Margot Frank, left on a transport to Raguhn on <strong>7 February 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"51trc\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Both Rachel and Annelore stated that Anne was ill and showed the symptoms of typhus.<sup data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Rachel van Amerongen said in a 1988 interview:<em> "</em>(...) that they had typhus was obvious (...). They got those drawn away faces, that skin and bone. (...) The symptoms of typhus clearly revealed themselves in them: that slow fading away, a kind of apathy, mixed with revivals, until they too became so sick that there was no hope (...)<em>."</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> Nanette Blitz, who last met Anne in January 1945, also said in a 2012 interview that Anne and Margot were ill.<sup data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">Typhus is a disease that is often fatal after about two weeks. After an incubation period of about a week, the first symptoms appear: severe headache, chills, fever and muscle aches. Followed five days later by skin rash and reduced consciousness.<sup data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup> Given this course of illness, it is likely that Anne and Margot died as early as <strong>February 1945</strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\"><strong>Otto Frank</strong><br />\r\nOtto Frank heard on <strong>18 July 1945</strong> that both his daughters had died in Bergen-Belsen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"mic47\"><a href=\"#footnote-14\" id=\"footnote-marker-14-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[14]</a></sup> He later recounted: "Eventually I found two sisters who had been in Bergen-Belsen at the same time as them and who then told me about my children's final, fatal illness. Both had been so weakened by hardship that they had fallen prey to the typhus prevalent there."<sup data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\"><a href=\"#footnote-15\" id=\"footnote-marker-15-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[15]</a></sup> He was referring to sisters Jannie and Lientje Brilleslijper.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">The Rectification Department of the Population Register wanted to know from Otto Frank whether there were any witnesses to the death of his daughters in Bergen-Belsen. On <strong>4 October </strong>1945, Otto Frank wrote to Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper asking if she could send him a 'relevant letter'.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\"><a href=\"#footnote-16\" id=\"footnote-marker-16-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[16]</a></sup> Lientje Brilleslijper stated on <strong>11 November 1945</strong> that Margot and Anne Frank died around <strong>late February</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> early March 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\"><a href=\"#footnote-17\" id=\"footnote-marker-17-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[17]</a></sup> This contradicts statements she and her sister made later in which the date ranges from late February to very shortly before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on <strong>15 April 1945</strong>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"lw397\"><a href=\"#footnote-18\" id=\"footnote-marker-18-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[18]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"93bwg\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Erika Prins en Gertjan Broek, "Margot was al te ziek, maar Anne kwam nog naar het hek", in <em>NRC</em>, 31 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zpjuy\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Raymund Schütz, <em>Vermoedelijk op transport, </em>masterscriptie Archief Wetenschappen, Leiden november 2010 (update juni 2011), p.3.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"kuuih\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Oorlogsnazorg, 117266, volgnr. 3: Carthoteekkaartje Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen., Annelies M. Frank.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"my59u\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, E-mail Michiel Schwartzenberg aan Erika Prins (Anne Frank Stichting), 16 maart 2015.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pwe1a\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>NRK, Oorlogsnazorg, 117267, volgnr. 3: Brief van het Rode Kruis, juni 1960. Het nummer van de akte is Reg A 105, fol 9v.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"6oe45\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Hanneli Goslar in Jon Blair (regie & prod.), <em>Anne Frank remembered</em>, London: The Jon Blair Film Company, 1995; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen I, interview, Martha Dotan van Collem, 2011; Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Interview, Ilse Zilversmit - van Collem. 2013</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfoeq\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>International Tracing Service (ITS), Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x4a3u\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, docnr. 3396827#1 (1.1.3.1/0025/0071), Commission Mixte de Secours de la croix-rouge internationale, brief aan Generalführer hartmann, 23 januari 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"51trc\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>ITS, Bad Arolson, Archivnummer: 5792, Abschrift Überstellungsliste von KL Bergen-Belsen an KL Buchenwald/Raguhn.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"iuy8p\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Willy Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank</em>. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht, 1988, p.128-129; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, Annelore Daniel. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"tuttk\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p.128-129.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"dfilw\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, Getuigenverhalen II, interview, Nanette Blitz, 2012. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"igjgs\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie <a href=\"http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/LCI_richtlijnen/LCI_richtlijn_Vlektyfus</a> (maart 2015). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"mic47\" id=\"footnote-14\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-14-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA): Agenda 1945; Brief Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l6dpk\" id=\"footnote-15\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-15-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_070: bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas über Anne Frank (Nederlandse vertaling van Ingeborg Lesener). </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lwwok\" id=\"footnote-16\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-16-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg.code OFA_085: Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling, 4 oktpber 1945. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ja3rq\" id=\"footnote-17\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-17-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, OFA, reg.code OFA_085: Verklaring van C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"lw397\" id=\"footnote-18\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-18-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>A_Getuigen_I_001: verklaring C.R. Rebling-Brilleslijper, 11 november 1945; OFA_85, Uittreksel uit "Herinneringen aan Anne Frank van Lien Jaldati, 5 of 15 april 1951; Lindwer, <em>De laatste zeven maanden</em>, p. 100. </cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1945-02-07",
"date_end": "1945-02-28",
"summary": "Anne and Margot Frank died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhus, presumably in February 1945.",
"summary_nl": "Anne en Margot Frank stierven in concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen aan de gevolgen van vlektyfus, vermoedelijk in februari 1945.",
"summary_en": "Anne and Margot Frank died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhus, presumably in February 1945.",
"same_as": null,
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"subjects": [
{
"id": 396124393,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"same_as": [
"https://data.niod.nl/WO2_Thesaurus/2017"
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"parent": null,
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{
"id": 396124661,
"image": null,
"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "d47a0e7d-c105-4da3-82fa-3212475a577c",
"name": "Holocaust",
"name_nl": "Holocaust",
"name_en": "Holocaust",
"description": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_nl": "<p>De moorden vonden grotendeels plaats in vernietigingskampen in gaskamers en bij massa-executies door <em>Einsatzgruppen</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Hierdoor kwamen tussen de 5,1 en 6 miljoen Joden om het leven, waarvan 102.000 tot 104.000 Nederlandse Joden.<sup data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Oost-Europa werden de Joden grotendeels vermoord tijdens massa-executies, terwijl de West-Europese Joden grotendeels via doorgangskampen werden getransporteerd naar vernietigingskampen in Oost-Europa om daar te worden vergast.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vazq1\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-frank/verdieping/wat-is-de-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">Wat is de Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"x5n7r\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"description_en": "<p> Most of the killings took place in death camps in gas chambers and in mass executions by Einsatzgruppen.<sup data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> As a result, between 5.1 and 6 million Jews were killed, including 102.000 to 104.000 Dutch Jews.<sup data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> In Eastern Europe, Jews were largely murdered in mass executions, while Western European Jews were largely transported via transit camps to extermination camps in Eastern Europe to be gassed.</p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"j1qs3\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Voor samenvattende overzichtsartikelen, zie: Koen Smilde, <a href=\"https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/what-is-the-holocaust/\" target=\"_blank\">What is the Holocaust?</a>, Website Anne Frank Stichting; Kevin Prenger, <a href=\"https://historiek.net/jodenvervolging-in-nederland-tijdens-de-duitse-bezetting-1940-1945/164332/\" target=\"_blank\">Jodenvervolging in Nederland tijdens de Duitse bezetting (1940-1945)</a>, Historiek.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"sz0sf\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie o.a.: Jacques Presser, <em>Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945</em>, 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1965; Nanda van der Zee, <em>Om erger te voorkomen. De voorbereiding en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse Jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog</em>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1997; Bob Moore, <em>Slachtoffers en overlevenden. De nazi-vervolging van de Joden in Nederland</em>, Amsterdam: Bakker, 1998; Pim Griffioen & Ron Zeller, <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België 1940-1945. Overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2011; Carry van Lakerveld & Victor Levie, <em>'Ze doen ons niets'. Vervolging en deportatie van de Joden in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016; Katja Happe, <em>Veel valse hoop. De Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945</em>, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2018; Conny Kristel, Boudewijn Smits & Frank van Vree (red.), <em>Jodenvervolging in Nederland 1940-1945 : Wat Loe de Jong schreef over de Sjoa in 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'</em>, Laren: Verbum, 2018</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"summary": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "De Holocaust, ook wel Shoah, Shoa of Sjoa genoemd, was de systematische Jodenvervolging en genocide door de nazi's en hun bondgenoten voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.",
"summary_en": "The Holocaust, also called Shoah or Shoa, was the systematic persecution and genocide of Jews by the Nazis and their allies before and during World War II.",
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"name": "Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen",
"name_en": "Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp",
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"content": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was originally a large training site for Wehrmacht armoured troops and a barracks complex near the towns of Bergen and Belsen on the Lüneburg Heath.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was initially not a labour or extermination camp - there were no gas chambers - and served as a POW camp and 'exchange camp'. From <strong>May 1940</strong>, French, Belgian, Soviet, and other allied soldiers and resistance fighters from many different countries were imprisoned in the camp.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":611,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":832,"abs_y":1051}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1943 </strong>, the SS took over a large area of the POW camp from the Wehrmacht to set up the <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen, which housed Jews who could be exchanged with German POWs abroad; something that in the end hardly ever happened.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":464,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":685,"abs_y":1162}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Sternlager</em> was part of the <em>Austauschlager </em>and consisted of about eighteen barrack huts in which many Dutch Jews were imprisoned. In the Sternlager, families were improsoned together and, for a time, conditions were relatively better than in other camps.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":536,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":757,"abs_y":1220}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1944</strong>, Bergen-Belsen also became a <em>Durchgangslager </em>(transit camp) for thousands of women from occupied parts of Eastern Europe who had been transported for forced labour to German sub-camps. In early August 1944, a tent camp was set up on an open plain in the south-west corner of the camp to accommodate the large deportations arriving from <strong>mid-August 1944</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":279,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":500,"abs_y":1351}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over time, conditions deteriorated throughout the camp. Under camp commander Josef Kramer, who had been transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>2 December 1944</strong>, the harsh regime hardened even further. Due to overcrowding, ill-treatment, hunger, the cold winter and infectious diseases, Bergen-Belsen eventually became a place where the Nazis brought Jews only to have them die because of the poor conditions there.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":478,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":699,"abs_y":1483}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the approximately 120,000 prisoners, more than 72,000 perished. Among these were Anne and Margot Frank, who were imprisoned in the camp from <strong>3 November 1944 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\"> \r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":584,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":1572}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":601,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":1589}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_nl": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was van oorsprong de locatie van een groot oefenterrein voor pantsertroepen van de Wehrmacht en een kazernecomplex bij de plaatsjes Bergen en Belsen op de Lüneburger Heide.<sup data-footnote-id=\"69jnx\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Het kamp was in eerste instantie geen werk- of vernietigingskamp – er waren geen gaskamers – en diende als krijgsgevangenenkamp en ‘uitwisselingskamp’. Vanaf <strong>mei 1940</strong> werden er Franse, Belgische, Sovjet-, en andere geallieerde soldaten en verzetsstrijders uit allerlei landen in het kamp gevangengezet.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":891,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":1112,"abs_y":2024}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>april 1943 </strong>nam de SS een groot terrein van het krijgsgevangenenkamp over van de Wehrmacht voor de inrichting van het <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen waarin Joden werden ondergebracht die konden worden uitgewisseld met Duitse krijgsgevangenen in het buitenland; iets wat uiteindelijk nauwelijks gebeurde.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":803,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":1024,"abs_y":2135}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Het <em>Sternlager</em> was onderdeel van het <em>Austauschlager </em>en bestond uit ongeveer achttien barakken waarin veel Nederlandse Joden gevangen zaten. In het Sternlager zaten families bij elkaar en waren de omstandigheden een tijd lang relatief beter dan in andere kampen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":532,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":753,"abs_y":2193}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In de zomer van 1944 werd Bergen-Belsen ook een <em>Durchgangslager</em> (doorgangskamp) voor duizenden vrouwen die uit de bezette delen van Oost-Europa die voor dwangarbeid op transport waren gezet naar Duitse buitenkampen. Begin augustus 1944 werd op een open vlakte in de zuidwestelijke hoek van het kamp een tentenkamp ingericht voor de opvang van de grote deportaties die vanaf half augustus 1944 aankwamen.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":453,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":674,"abs_y":2324}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Omstandigheden</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Na verloop van tijd verslechterde de omstandigheden in het gehele kamp. Onder kampcommandant Josef Kramer, die op <strong>2 december 1944</strong> van Auschwitz naar Bergen-Belsen was overgeplaatst, verhardde het strenge regime nog verder. Door overbevolking, mishandeling, honger, de koude winter en besmettelijke ziektes werd Bergen-Belsen uiteindelijk een plek waar de nazi’s Joden naartoe brachten om hen door de slechte omstandigheden daar te laten sterven.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":661,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":882,"abs_y":2456}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Van de ongeveer 120.000 gevangenen zijn er meer dan 72.000 omgekomen. Zo ook Anne en Margot Frank die vanaf <strong>3 november 1944 </strong>in het kamp gevangenzaten.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\">\r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":563,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":2524}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":580,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":2541}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"69jnx\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen</a> (geraadpleegd 28 november 2023).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
"content_en": "<p>Bergen-Belsen was originally a large training site for Wehrmacht armoured troops and a barracks complex near the towns of Bergen and Belsen on the Lüneburg Heath.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> The camp was initially not a labour or extermination camp - there were no gas chambers - and served as a POW camp and 'exchange camp'. From <strong>May 1940</strong>, French, Belgian, Soviet, and other allied soldiers and resistance fighters from many different countries were imprisoned in the camp.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":611,"y":63,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":832,"abs_y":1051}\" data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Sternlager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>April 1943 </strong>, the SS took over a large area of the POW camp from the Wehrmacht to set up the <em>Aufenthaltslager </em>Bergen-Belsen, which housed Jews who could be exchanged with German POWs abroad; something that in the end hardly ever happened.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":464,"y":174,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":685,"abs_y":1162}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Sternlager</em> was part of the <em>Austauschlager </em>and consisted of about eighteen barrack huts in which many Dutch Jews were imprisoned. In the Sternlager, families were improsoned together and, for a time, conditions were relatively better than in other camps.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":536,"y":232,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":757,"abs_y":1220}\" data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-2\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong><em>Durchgangslager</em></strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <strong>summer of 1944</strong>, Bergen-Belsen also became a <em>Durchgangslager </em>(transit camp) for thousands of women from occupied parts of Eastern Europe who had been transported for forced labour to German sub-camps. In early August 1944, a tent camp was set up on an open plain in the south-west corner of the camp to accommodate the large deportations arriving from <strong>mid-August 1944</strong>.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":279,"y":363,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":500,"abs_y":1351}\" data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h1><strong>Conditions</strong></h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Over time, conditions deteriorated throughout the camp. Under camp commander Josef Kramer, who had been transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen on <strong>2 December 1944</strong>, the harsh regime hardened even further. Due to overcrowding, ill-treatment, hunger, the cold winter and infectious diseases, Bergen-Belsen eventually became a place where the Nazis brought Jews only to have them die because of the poor conditions there.<sup bis_size=\"{"x":478,"y":495,"w":12,"h":11,"abs_x":699,"abs_y":1483}\" data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Of the approximately 120,000 prisoners, more than 72,000 perished. Among these were Anne and Margot Frank, who were imprisoned in the camp from <strong>3 November 1944 </strong>.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align:start\"> \r\n<div>\r\n<section bis_size=\"{"x":19,"y":584,"w":1035,"h":166,"abs_x":240,"abs_y":1572}\" class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header bis_size=\"{"x":34,"y":601,"w":1005,"h":23,"abs_x":255,"abs_y":1589}\">\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ilbi5\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp\" target=\"_blank\">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"vry1z\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen</em>, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 119.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"hto5h\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">a</a>, <a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-2\">b</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 220-221.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"8yr38\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p. 222.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ge36k\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p. 224-225.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>",
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"summary": "Bergen-Belsen was a POW and concentration camp in northern Germany where more than 70,000 people died during World War II.",
"summary_nl": "Bergen-Belsen was een krijgsgevangenen- en concentratiekamp in het noorden van Duitsland waar tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog meer dan 70.000 mensen de dood vonden.",
"summary_en": "Bergen-Belsen was a POW and concentration camp in northern Germany where more than 70,000 people died during World War II.",
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"street": "",
"zipcode": "",
"city": "Lohheide",
"state": "Niedersachsen",
"land": "Duitsland",
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