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"name": "Otto Frank in Auschwitz I",
"name_nl": "Otto Frank in Auschwitz I",
"name_en": "Otto Frank in Auschwitz I",
"content": "<p><em>Otto Frank made little mention of his time in Auschwitz during his lifetime </em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Forced labour</strong></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily life in Auschwitz I was mainly hard labour in often extreme (weather) conditions. Like the Hungarian-born Joseph Spronz, Otto Frank first ended up in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube, </em>which involved working<em> </em>in a pebble quarry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fmiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He was then moved to the <em>Straßenbau</em>, which involved the prisoners being marched to work outside the camp every day, and attending roll call in the morning and evening to be counted. According to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank worked in the <em>Straßenbau </em>together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m31mz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When frost meant work at the <em>Straßenbau had </em>to stop, Otto Frank was moved to the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando </em>. According to him, this was better work. The prisoners had to wash potatoes and peel the large potatoes. These they went into a mincer together with the turnips, beetroot and fodder turnips, forming the basis for the 'soup'. The work was seated and indoors, which meant it was less cold and generally less hard work than outside. Moreover, prisoners could sometimes secretly eat some of the peel, giving them some vitamins.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Häftlingskantine </em>, inmates of the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em> could redeem some kind of voucher they had earned from work. A <em>Raucherkarte</em> was found in Otto Frank's estate. This shows that <em>B.9174</em> (Otto Frank) stayed in Block 5a and had coupons to spend on smoking items in <em>Häftlingskantine 1</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xxvjc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Saving the mind</strong></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sal de Liema and Meier ('Max') Stoppelman testified about Otto Frank's presence in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk39d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Sal de Liema and Otto Frank met about a week after they arrived in Auschwitz on the same <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>train from Westerbork. In an interview with documentary filmmaker Jon Blair, Sal de Liema talked about his friendship with Otto Frank and how they tried to 'save their minds':</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'All people talked about were the crematoria, the lack of food and clothes. But talking about that didn't help. It actually made it worse. And then Mr Frank found me and I found Mr Frank and we said: 'We have to stop this, because we will go crazy if we keep talking about food and clothes.' We can't change anything about what happens to our bodies' - because we knew our bodies were deteriorating every day - 'but let's try to save our minds. (...) Let's say: do you remember the melody of Beethoven's 9th symphony? And then we started singing it to each other. Just to escape the anxiety, to think about something else for a while. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt: '[...] Have you ever been to the Rijksmuseum?' [...] And I really think that helped.'</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto said in 1978 that he saw Peter van Pels almost daily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50id2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Infirmary</strong></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1944</strong>, because of <em>Körperschwache</em>, Otto Frank ended up in the infirmary barracks through the intervention of a Dutch <em>Häftlingsartz</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"460qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Here he met Joseph Spronz, who was from Hungary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l43jw\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In a letter to his niece Milly Stanfield, Otto Frank recounted that two fellow prisoners played cello and violin in the infirmary barracks at Christmas 1944.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2bf6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to a list of the sick present around the time of the liberation of Auschwitz, drawn up by a doctor from the Polish Red Cross, Otto Frank was in the infirmary barracks, in <em>Block 18.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zh2bw\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Otto Frank repeatedly attributed his survival to the fact that he ended up in hospital - thus being safeguarded from hard work, beatings and cold - and to the help of Peter van Pels who: '<em>hat wie ein Sohn alles getan, um mir zu helfen. Täglich brachtte er mir zusätzliche Nahrung.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rgayx\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fmiz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, (OFA) reg. code OFA_080: Verklaring van Otto Frank t.b.v. J. Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m31mz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(ontbreekt)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxvjc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_011: "Raucherkarte" 1944-1945. Häftlingkantine 1. Auschwitz Haftl. nr. B9174 Block 5A"; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk39d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50id2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"460qf\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan meine Lieben, Kattowice 18.II.45. Zie ook: NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d-646, Afschrift verklaring van S. M. Kropveld, 4 maart 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l43jw\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 5 en Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1257: Verklaringen van. Max Frankfort.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2bf6k\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 27 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zh2bw\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dr. Jozef Bellert, hoofd van het kamphospitaal van het Poolse Rode Kruis. Lijst afkomstig uit archief van Auschwitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgayx\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 6 en AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_nl": "<p><em>Otto Frank heeft zich tijdens zijn leven weinig uitgelaten over zijn verblijf in Auschwitz. </em></p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Dwangarbeid</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Het dagelijks leven in Auschwitz I was vooral hard werken in vaak extreme (weers)omstandigheden. Net als de uit Hongarije afkomstige Joseph Spronz werkte Otto Frank daar eerst bij het <em>Kommando Kiesgrube,</em> waarbij de mannen moesten werken in een kiezelgroeve.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fmiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> Daarna kwam hij terecht in de <em>Straßenbau</em>, waarbij de gevangenen dagelijks naar hun werk buiten het kamp marcheerden en zowel 's ochtends als 's avonds op appèl stonden om te worden geteld. Volgens Fritzi Frank werkte Otto Frank bij de <em>Straßenbau </em>samen met Hermann van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m31mz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toen door de vorst het werk bij de <em>Straßenbau </em>moest worden gestaakt, kwam Otto Frank in het <em>Kartoffelschälkommando </em>terecht. Dit zou volgens hem beter werk zijn geweest. De gevangenen moesten aardappels wassen en de grote aardappels schillen. Daarna gingen zij samen met de koolrapen, rode biet en voederrapen een maalmachine in en vormden zo de basis voor de 'soep'. Het werk was zittend en binnen, waardoor het minder koud was en over het algemeen minder zwaar werk was dan buiten. Bovendien konden de gevangenen soms stiekem iets van de schillen opeten waardoor ze wat vitamines binnenkregen.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In de <em>Häftlingskantine </em>konden de gevangen van het <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em> een soort waardebon inwisselen die zij hadden verdiend met het werk. In de nalatenschap van Otto Frank is een <em>Raucherkarte</em> aangetroffen. Hieruit blijkt dat <em>B.9174</em> (Otto Frank) verbleef in <em>Block 5a</em> en coupons voor rookwaar in <em>Häftlingskantine 1</em> te besteden had.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xxvjc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Het redden van de geest</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Sal Bernard de Liema (1914-2004) en Otto ontmoetten elkaar ongeveer een week nadat zij met dezelfde trein van <strong>3 september 1944 </strong>uit Westerbork in Auschwitz waren aangekomen. Sal de Liema vertelde in een interview met documentairemaker Jon Blair over zijn vriendschap met Otto Frank en hoe ze probeerden om hun 'geest te redden': </p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>‘ Laten we zeggen: herinner jij je de melodie van de 9de symfonie van Beethoven? En dan begonnen we die voor elkaar te zingen. Alleen maar om te ontsnappen aan de angst, om even ergens anders aan te denken. We praatten over Van Gogh, Rembrandt: ‘[…] Was jij weleens in het Rijksmuseum?’ […] En ik denk echt dat dat geholpen heeft.'<sup data-footnote-id=\"r25sm\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup></blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Het 'redden van de geest' was van belang om in Auschwitz te overleven. De mensen die lethargisch en onverschillig werden, kregen de bijnaam <em>Muselman</em>, en werden er bij selecties veelal als eerste uitgepikt om te worden vermoord in de gaskamer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"9bujk\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Ziekenbarak</h1>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto Frank maakte verschillende situaties mee waarin de gevangenen werden vernederd en mishandeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ozsw9\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Zelf was hij, zo vertelde hij aan Ernst Schnabel, eens tijdens het werk bij het aardappelschillen zo hard geslagen dat hij zowel fysiek als mentaal gebroken was. De volgende dag kon hij niet meer de kracht opbrengen om op te staan en haalden kampgenoten een Nederlandse arts erbij. Deze arts was Samuel Kropveld (...) en hij zorgde er samen met een andere arts voor dat Otto Frank in <strong>november 1944</strong> in een ziekenbarak terechtkwam.<sup data-footnote-id=\"460qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> Hier leerde Otto de uit Hongarije afkomstige Joseph Spronz kennen, die net als hij bij de kiezelgroeve had gewerkt.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l43jw\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>In een brief aan zijn nicht Milly Stanfield vertelde Otto Frank dat twee medegevangenen met<strong> Kerstmis 1944</strong> in de ziekenbarak cello en viool hebben gespeeld.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2bf6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>Volgens een overzicht van de aanwezige zieken, omstreeks de bevrijding van Auschwitz, opgemaakt door een arts van het Poolse Rode Kruis, bevond Otto Frank zich in de ziekenbarak, in <em>Block 18.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zh2bw\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup> Otto Frank schreef herhaaldelijk zijn overleven toe aan het feit dat hij in het ziekenhuis belandde - waardoor hij gevrijwaard was van het zware werk, mishandeling en kou - en aan de hulp van Peter van Pels die: '<em>hat wie ein Sohn alles getan, um mir zu helfen. Täglich brachtte er mir zusätzliche Nahrung.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rgayx\"><a href=\"#footnote-11\" id=\"footnote-marker-11-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[11]</a></sup> </p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto vertelde in <strong>1978</strong> dat hij bijna dagelijks Peter van Pels zag.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50id2\"><a href=\"#footnote-12\" id=\"footnote-marker-12-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[12]</a></sup> Toen Auschwitz midden <strong>januari 1945</strong> werd ontruimd vanwege het naderende Sovjetleger, namen Peter en Otto afscheid van elkaar. Peter ging mee met een van de zogenaamde dodenmarsen, terwijl Otto achterbleef in de ziekenbarak.<sup data-footnote-id=\"ln4du\"><a href=\"#footnote-13\" id=\"footnote-marker-13-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[13]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fmiz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, (OFA) reg. code OFA_080: Verklaring van Otto Frank t.b.v. J. Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m31mz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(ontbreekt)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxvjc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_011: "Raucherkarte" 1944-1945. Häftlingkantine 1. Auschwitz Haftl. nr. B9174 Block 5A"; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"r25sm\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>‘[A]ll people are talking about was of course the crematorias, no food, no clothes… But talking about it didn’t help. It actually hurt much. And then Mr. Frank found me, and I found Mr. Frank and we said: We have to stop this, because we are killing our brain here, to talk about, all the time about food and clothes. (…) We cannot do anything [about] what will happen to our body, and we knew our body was going down every day, but let’s try to save our brain. (…) Let’s say: do you remember the melody from… the 9th symphony of Beethoven and then we start singing toe ach other. Just to get away from this fear, just to get our brain thinking about other things. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt, […] did you ever go to the Rijksmuseum? […] And it really helped I think.’ AFS, Sal de Liema, Collectie Jon Blair, ‘Anne Frank Remembered’, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.3. Zie voor meer details ook USC Shoah Foundation - The Institute for Visual History and Education: Interview Sal de Liema, 25 april 1995.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"9bujk\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, </em>Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p.178-179.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ozsw9\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis, </em>p.181-182.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"460qf\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, <em>Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.182; AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan meine Lieben, Kattowice 18.II.45. Zie ook: NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d-646, Afschrift verklaring van S. M. Kropveld, 4 maart 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l43jw\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 1 en Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1257: Verklaringen van. Max Frankfort.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2bf6k\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 27 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zh2bw\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dr. Jozef Bellert, hoofd van het kamphospitaal van het Poolse Rode Kruis. Lijst afkomstig uit archief van Auschwitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgayx\" id=\"footnote-11\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-11-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 6 en AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50id2\" id=\"footnote-12\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-12-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"ln4du\" id=\"footnote-13\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-13-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,<em> Na het Achterhuis</em>, p.183-187.</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"content_en": "<p><em>Otto Frank made little mention of his time in Auschwitz during his lifetime </em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Forced labour</strong></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Daily life in Auschwitz I was mainly hard labour in often extreme (weather) conditions. Like the Hungarian-born Joseph Spronz, Otto Frank first ended up in the <em>Kommando Kiesgrube, </em>which involved working<em> </em>in a pebble quarry.<sup data-footnote-id=\"1fmiz\"><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-marker-1-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[1]</a></sup> He was then moved to the <em>Straßenbau</em>, which involved the prisoners being marched to work outside the camp every day, and attending roll call in the morning and evening to be counted. According to Fritzi Frank, Otto Frank worked in the <em>Straßenbau </em>together with Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer.<sup data-footnote-id=\"m31mz\"><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-marker-2-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[2]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>When frost meant work at the <em>Straßenbau had </em>to stop, Otto Frank was moved to the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando </em>. According to him, this was better work. The prisoners had to wash potatoes and peel the large potatoes. These they went into a mincer together with the turnips, beetroot and fodder turnips, forming the basis for the 'soup'. The work was seated and indoors, which meant it was less cold and generally less hard work than outside. Moreover, prisoners could sometimes secretly eat some of the peel, giving them some vitamins.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the <em>Häftlingskantine </em>, inmates of the <em>Kartoffelschälkommando</em> could redeem some kind of voucher they had earned from work. A <em>Raucherkarte</em> was found in Otto Frank's estate. This shows that <em>B.9174</em> (Otto Frank) stayed in Block 5a and had coupons to spend on smoking items in <em>Häftlingskantine 1</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"xxvjc\"><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-marker-3-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[3]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Saving the mind</strong></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sal de Liema and Meier ('Max') Stoppelman testified about Otto Frank's presence in Auschwitz.<sup data-footnote-id=\"pk39d\"><a href=\"#footnote-4\" id=\"footnote-marker-4-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[4]</a></sup> Sal de Liema and Otto Frank met about a week after they arrived in Auschwitz on the same <strong>3 September 1944 </strong>train from Westerbork. In an interview with documentary filmmaker Jon Blair, Sal de Liema talked about his friendship with Otto Frank and how they tried to 'save their minds':</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>'All people talked about were the crematoria, the lack of food and clothes. But talking about that didn't help. It actually made it worse. And then Mr Frank found me and I found Mr Frank and we said: 'We have to stop this, because we will go crazy if we keep talking about food and clothes.' We can't change anything about what happens to our bodies' - because we knew our bodies were deteriorating every day - 'but let's try to save our minds. (...) Let's say: do you remember the melody of Beethoven's 9th symphony? And then we started singing it to each other. Just to escape the anxiety, to think about something else for a while. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt: '[...] Have you ever been to the Rijksmuseum?' [...] And I really think that helped.'</blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p>Otto said in 1978 that he saw Peter van Pels almost daily.<sup data-footnote-id=\"50id2\"><a href=\"#footnote-5\" id=\"footnote-marker-5-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[5]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Infirmary</strong></h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In <strong>November 1944</strong>, because of <em>Körperschwache</em>, Otto Frank ended up in the infirmary barracks through the intervention of a Dutch <em>Häftlingsartz</em>.<sup data-footnote-id=\"460qf\"><a href=\"#footnote-6\" id=\"footnote-marker-6-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[6]</a></sup> Here he met Joseph Spronz, who was from Hungary.<sup data-footnote-id=\"l43jw\"><a href=\"#footnote-7\" id=\"footnote-marker-7-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[7]</a></sup> In a letter to his niece Milly Stanfield, Otto Frank recounted that two fellow prisoners played cello and violin in the infirmary barracks at Christmas 1944.<sup data-footnote-id=\"2bf6k\"><a href=\"#footnote-8\" id=\"footnote-marker-8-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[8]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to a list of the sick present around the time of the liberation of Auschwitz, drawn up by a doctor from the Polish Red Cross, Otto Frank was in the infirmary barracks, in <em>Block 18.</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"zh2bw\"><a href=\"#footnote-9\" id=\"footnote-marker-9-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[9]</a></sup> Otto Frank repeatedly attributed his survival to the fact that he ended up in hospital - thus being safeguarded from hard work, beatings and cold - and to the help of Peter van Pels who: '<em>hat wie ein Sohn alles getan, um mir zu helfen. Täglich brachtte er mir zusätzliche Nahrung.'</em><sup data-footnote-id=\"rgayx\"><a href=\"#footnote-10\" id=\"footnote-marker-10-1\" rel=\"footnote\">[10]</a></sup></p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<header>\r\n<h2>Footnotes</h2>\r\n</header>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"1fmiz\" id=\"footnote-1\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-1-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief, (OFA) reg. code OFA_080: Verklaring van Otto Frank t.b.v. J. Spronz, 29 juli 1962.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"m31mz\" id=\"footnote-2\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-2-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>(ontbreekt)</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"xxvjc\" id=\"footnote-3\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-3-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code A_OFrank_I_011: "Raucherkarte" 1944-1945. Häftlingkantine 1. Auschwitz Haftl. nr. B9174 Block 5A"; Familiearchief Anne Frank-Fonds, Alice Frank, AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan Alice Frank-Stern, 8 juni 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"pk39d\" id=\"footnote-4\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-4-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_070. </cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"50id2\" id=\"footnote-5\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-5-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, afgenomen door Arthur Unger (1978) (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"460qf\" id=\"footnote-6\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-6-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFF_AlF_corr_10: Otto Frank aan meine Lieben, Kattowice 18.II.45. Zie ook: NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d-646, Afschrift verklaring van S. M. Kropveld, 4 maart 1948.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"l43jw\" id=\"footnote-7\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-7-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 5 en Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv.nr.1257: Verklaringen van. Max Frankfort.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"2bf6k\" id=\"footnote-8\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-8-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_071: Otto Frank aan Milly Stanfield, 27 juli 1945.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"zh2bw\" id=\"footnote-9\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-9-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Dr. Jozef Bellert, hoofd van het kamphospitaal van het Poolse Rode Kruis. Lijst afkomstig uit archief van Auschwitz.</cite></li>\r\n\t<li data-footnote-id=\"rgayx\" id=\"footnote-10\"><sup><a href=\"#footnote-marker-10-1\">^</a> </sup><cite>Zie noot 6 en AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_211: Interview met Otto Frank, door Arthur Unger (transcriptie p. 95).</cite></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</section>",
"date": null,
"date_start": "1944-09-06",
"date_end": "1945-01-27",
"summary": "After selection, Otto Frank ended up in Auschwitz I where he was forced to perform forced labour until he became too ill and ended up in an infirmary barrack.",
"summary_nl": "Otto Frank kwam na de selectie in Auschwitz I terecht waar hij dwangarbeid moest verrichten tot hij te ziek werd en in een ziekenbarak belandde.",
"summary_en": "After selection, Otto Frank ended up in Auschwitz I where he was forced to perform forced labour until he became too ill and ended up in an infirmary barrack.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/onderwerpen/2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05/",
"published": true,
"uuid": "2f953762-15f3-4feb-b405-3e6663a0db05",
"name": "Concentration camps",
"name_nl": "Concentratiekampen",
"name_en": "Concentration camps",
"description": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_nl": "<p>Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen: </p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"description_en": "<p>There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left:40px\">\r\n\t<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Margot Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>\r\n\t<li>Edith Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>\r\n\t<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>\r\n\t<li>Hermann van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>\r\n\t<li>Auguste van Pels: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>\r\n\t<li>Fritz Pfeffer: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>\r\n</ul>",
"summary": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
"summary_nl": "Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.",
"summary_en": "Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.",
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"url": "https://research.annefrank.org/en/locaties/48a9283c-9645-4b3e-a728-13ae8d5e289e/",
"published": true,
"name": "Auschwitz I camp - Block 8",
"name_nl": "Kamp Auschwitz I - Blok 8",
"name_en": "Auschwitz I camp - Block 8",
"uuid": "48a9283c-9645-4b3e-a728-13ae8d5e289e",
"content": "",
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"position": "SRID=4326;POINT (19.204069 50.025722)",
"summary": "Otto Frank, Herman and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were quarantined in Block 8 until October 1944.",
"summary_nl": "In Blok 8 waren Otto Frank, Herman en Peter van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer in quarantaine tot in oktober 1944.",
"summary_en": "Otto Frank, Herman and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were quarantined in Block 8 until October 1944.",
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"city": "Oświęcim",
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"land": "Bezet Polen",
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